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Aquino P, Siqueira ED, Paes L, Magalhães E, Barbosa T, Carvalho MD, Azul FS, Lustosa IR, Mottin M, Sampaio T, Martins A, Silveira E, Viana G. N-Methyl-(2S, 4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, the major bioactive compound from Sideroxylon obtusifolium, attenuates pilocarpine-induced injury in cultured astrocytes. Braz J Med Biol Res 2022; 55:e12381. [DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2022e12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - M. Mottin
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brasil
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2
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Dalangin R, Kim A, Campbell RE. The Role of Amino Acids in Neurotransmission and Fluorescent Tools for Their Detection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6197. [PMID: 32867295 PMCID: PMC7503967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmission between neurons, which can occur over the span of a few milliseconds, relies on the controlled release of small molecule neurotransmitters, many of which are amino acids. Fluorescence imaging provides the necessary speed to follow these events and has emerged as a powerful technique for investigating neurotransmission. In this review, we highlight some of the roles of the 20 canonical amino acids, GABA and β-alanine in neurotransmission. We also discuss available fluorescence-based probes for amino acids that have been shown to be compatible for live cell imaging, namely those based on synthetic dyes, nanostructures (quantum dots and nanotubes), and genetically encoded components. We aim to provide tool developers with information that may guide future engineering efforts and tool users with information regarding existing indicators to facilitate studies of amino acid dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelin Dalangin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (R.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Anna Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (R.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Robert E. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (R.D.); (A.K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Teymoori F, Asghari G, Farhadnejad H, Nazarzadeh M, Atifeh M, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Various proline food sources and blood pressure: substitution analysis. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 71:332-340. [PMID: 31460809 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1650004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the association of total proline intake, proline of various food sources, and substitution analysis for proline of food sources with blood pressure (BP) and 3.1-year incidence of hypertension in the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. The cohort consisted of 4287 participants (41.9% male), aged ≥ 20-70 years. In fully-adjusted model, individuals in the highest tertile for proline intake had an increased risk of incident hypertension than those in the lowest one (OR: 1.45; 95%CI: 1.06-1.97; p for trend: .017). Replacing proline of cheese and legumes source with that of yogurt, poultry, milk, and red meat source was associated with significant negative β coefficient for BP. The present study indicated that high dietary intakes of proline may increase the risk of incident hypertension. Also, substituting proline intake of cheese and legumes by those of proline intake of meats and milk is associated with a lower risk of high BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Teymoori
- Student Research Committee, Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Golaleh Asghari
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Farhadnejad
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Nazarzadeh
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,The Collaboration Center of Meta-Analysis Research, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Mitra Atifeh
- Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Motahari Z, Moody SA, Maynard TM, LaMantia AS. In the line-up: deleted genes associated with DiGeorge/22q11.2 deletion syndrome: are they all suspects? J Neurodev Disord 2019; 11:7. [PMID: 31174463 PMCID: PMC6554986 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-019-9267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a copy number variation (CNV) disorder, occurs in approximately 1:4000 live births due to a heterozygous microdeletion at position 11.2 (proximal) on the q arm of human chromosome 22 (hChr22) (McDonald-McGinn and Sullivan, Medicine 90:1-18, 2011). This disorder was known as DiGeorge syndrome, Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) or conotruncal anomaly face syndrome (CTAF) based upon diagnostic cardiovascular, pharyngeal, and craniofacial anomalies (McDonald-McGinn and Sullivan, Medicine 90:1-18, 2011; Burn et al., J Med Genet 30:822-4, 1993) before this phenotypic spectrum was associated with 22q11.2 CNVs. Subsequently, 22q11.2 deletion emerged as a major genomic lesion associated with vulnerability for several clinically defined behavioral deficits common to a number of neurodevelopmental disorders (Fernandez et al., Principles of Developmental Genetics, 2015; Robin and Shprintzen, J Pediatr 147:90-6, 2005; Schneider et al., Am J Psychiatry 171:627-39, 2014). RESULTS The mechanistic relationships between heterozygously deleted 22q11.2 genes and 22q11DS phenotypes are still unknown. We assembled a comprehensive "line-up" of the 36 protein coding loci in the 1.5 Mb minimal critical deleted region on hChr22q11.2, plus 20 protein coding loci in the distal 1.5 Mb that defines the 3 Mb typical 22q11DS deletion. We categorized candidates based upon apparent primary cell biological functions. We analyzed 41 of these genes that encode known proteins to determine whether haploinsufficiency of any single 22q11.2 gene-a one gene to one phenotype correspondence due to heterozygous deletion restricted to that locus-versus complex multigenic interactions can account for single or multiple 22q11DS phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our 22q11.2 functional genomic assessment does not support current theories of single gene haploinsufficiency for one or all 22q11DS phenotypes. Shared molecular functions, convergence on fundamental cell biological processes, and related consequences of individual 22q11.2 genes point to a matrix of multigenic interactions due to diminished 22q11.2 gene dosage. These interactions target fundamental cellular mechanisms essential for development, maturation, or homeostasis at subsets of 22q11DS phenotypic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Motahari
- The Institute for Neuroscience, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037 USA
| | - Sally Ann Moody
- The Institute for Neuroscience, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037 USA
| | - Thomas Michael Maynard
- The Institute for Neuroscience, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037 USA
| | - Anthony-Samuel LaMantia
- The Institute for Neuroscience, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037 USA
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Lopes-Azevedo S, Busnardo C, Corrêa FMA. Central mechanism of the cardiovascular responses caused by L-proline microinjected into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in unanesthetized rats. Brain Res 2016; 1652:43-52. [PMID: 27693394 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that microinjection of L-proline (L-Pro) into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) caused vasopressin-mediated pressor responses in unanesthetized rats. In the present study, we report on the central mechanisms involved in the mediation of the cardiovascular effects caused by the microinjection of L-Pro into the PVN. Microinjection of increasing doses of L-Pro (3-100nmol/100nL) into the PVN caused dose-related pressor and bradycardic responses. No cardiovascular responses were observed after the microinjection of equimolar doses (33nmol/100nL) of its isomer D-Proline (D-Pro) or Mannitol. The PVN pretreatment with either a selective non-NMDA (NBQX) or selective NMDA (LY235959 or DL-AP7) glutamate receptor antagonists blocked the cardiovascular response to L-Pro (33nmol/100nL). The dose-effect curve for the pretreatment with increasing doses of LY235959 was located at the left in relation to the curves for NBQX and DL-AP7, showing that LY235959 is more potent than NBQX, which is more potent than DL-AP7 in inhibiting the cardiovascular response to L-Pro. The cardiovascular response to the microinjection of L-Pro into the PVN was not affected by local pretreatment with Nω-Propyl-l-arginine (N-Propyl), a selective inhibitor of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), suggesting that NO does not mediate the responses to L-Pro in the PVN. In conclusion, the results suggest that ionotropic receptors in the PVN, blocked by both NMDA and non-NMDA receptor antagonists, mediate the pressor response to L-Pro that results from activation of PVN vasopressinergic magnocellular neurons and vasopressin release into the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Lopes-Azevedo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Busnardo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Morgan Aguiar Corrêa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Iqbal Z, Willemsen M, Papon MA, Musante L, Benevento M, Hu H, Venselaar H, Wissink-Lindhout W, Vulto-van Silfhout A, Vissers L, de Brouwer A, Marouillat S, Wienker T, Ropers H, Kahrizi K, Nadif Kasri N, Najmabadi H, Laumonnier F, Kleefstra T, van Bokhoven H. Homozygous SLC6A17 mutations cause autosomal-recessive intellectual disability with progressive tremor, speech impairment, and behavioral problems. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 96:386-96. [PMID: 25704603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on Dutch and Iranian families with affected individuals who present with moderate to severe intellectual disability and additional phenotypes including progressive tremor, speech impairment, and behavioral problems in certain individuals. A combination of exome sequencing and homozygosity mapping revealed homozygous mutations c.484G>A (p.Gly162Arg) and c.1898C>G (p.Pro633Arg) in SLC6A17. SLC6A17 is predominantly expressed in the brain, encodes a synaptic vesicular transporter of neutral amino acids and glutamate, and plays an important role in the regulation of glutamatergic synapses. Prediction programs and 3D modeling suggest that the identified mutations are deleterious to protein function. To directly test the functional consequences, we investigated the neuronal subcellular localization of overexpressed wild-type and mutant variants in mouse primary hippocampal neuronal cells. Wild-type protein was present in soma, axons, dendrites, and dendritic spines. p.Pro633Arg altered SLC6A17 was found in soma and proximal dendrites but did not reach spines. p.Gly162Arg altered SLC6A17 showed a normal subcellular distribution but was associated with an abnormal neuronal morphology mainly characterized by the loss of dendritic spines. In summary, our genetic findings implicate homozygous SLC6A17 mutations in autosomal-recessive intellectual disability, and their pathogenic role is strengthened by genetic evidence and in silico and in vitro functional analyses.
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7
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Takemoto Y. Functional cardiovascular action of l-cysteine microinjected into pressor sites of the rostral ventrolateral medulla of the rat. Amino Acids 2013; 46:863-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1651-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Mechanism of the cardiovascular responses caused by l-proline microinjected into the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus in unanesthetized rats. Amino Acids 2013; 45:797-810. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Luo M, Singh RK, Tanner JJ. Structural determinants of oligomerization of δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase: identification of a hexamerization hot spot. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:3106-20. [PMID: 23747974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) superfamily member Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDH) catalyzes the NAD(+)-dependent oxidation of glutamate semialdehyde to glutamate, which is the final step of proline catabolism. Defects in P5CDH activity lead to the metabolic disorder type II hyperprolinemia, P5CDH is essential for virulence of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, and bacterial P5CDHs have been targeted for vaccine development. Although the enzyme oligomeric state is known to be important for ALDH function, the oligomerization of P5CDH has remained relatively unstudied. Here we determine the oligomeric states and quaternary structures of four bacterial P5CDHs using a combination of small-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray crystallography, and dynamic light scattering. The P5CDHs from Thermus thermophilus and Deinococcus radiodurans form trimer-of-dimers hexamers in solution, which is the first observation of a hexameric ALDH in solution. In contrast, two Bacillus P5CDHs form dimers in solution but do not assemble into a higher-order oligomer. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to identify a hexamerization hot spot that is centered on an arginine residue in the NAD(+)-binding domain. Mutation of this critical Arg residue to Ala in either of the hexameric enzymes prevents hexamer formation in solution. Paradoxically, the dimeric Arg-to-Ala T. thermophilus mutant enzyme packs as a hexamer in the crystal state, which illustrates the challenges associated with predicting the biological assembly in solution from crystal structures. The observation of different oligomeric states among P5CDHs suggests potential differences in cooperativity and protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Lopes-Azevedo S, Scopinho AA, Busnardo C, Aguiar Corrêa FM. Cardiovascular effects of the microinjection of L-proline into the third ventricle or the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in unanesthetized rats. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:2183-92. [PMID: 22740501 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the cardiovascular effects of the microinjection of L-proline (L-Pro) into the third ventricle (3V) and its peripheral mechanisms. Different doses of L-Pro into the 3V caused dose-related pressor and bradycardiac responses. The pressor response to L-Pro injected into the 3V was potentiated by intravenous pretreatment with the ganglion blocker pentolinium (5 mg/kg), thus excluding any significant involvement of the sympathetic nervous system. Because the response to the microinjection of L-Pro into the 3V was blocked by intravenous pretreatment with the V1-vasopressin receptor antagonist dTyr(CH(2) )(5) (Me)AVP (50μg/kg), it is suggested that these cardiovascular responses are mediated by a vasopressin release. The pressor response to the microinjection of L-Pro into the 3V was found to be mediated by circulating vasopressin, so, given that the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) is readily accessible from the 3V, we investigated whether the PVN could be a site of action for the L-Pro microinjected in the 3V. The microinjection of L-Pro (0.033 μmoles/0.1 μl) into the PVN caused cardiovascular responses similar to those of injection of the 3V and were also shown to be mediated by vasopressin release. In conclusion, these results show that the microinjection of L-Pro into the 3V causes pressor and bradycardiac responses that could involve stimulation of the magnocellular cells of the PVN and release of vasopressin into the systemic circulation. Also, because the microinjection of L-Pro into the PVN caused a pressor response, this is the first evidence of cardiovascular effects caused by its injection in a supramedullary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Lopes-Azevedo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Srivastava D, Singh RK, Moxley MA, Henzl MT, Becker DF, Tanner JJ. The three-dimensional structural basis of type II hyperprolinemia. J Mol Biol 2012; 420:176-89. [PMID: 22516612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Type II hyperprolinemia is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency in Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDH; also known as ALDH4A1), the aldehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the oxidation of glutamate semialdehyde to glutamate. Here, we report the first structure of human P5CDH (HsP5CDH) and investigate the impact of the hyperprolinemia-associated mutation of Ser352 to Leu on the structure and catalytic properties of the enzyme. The 2. 5-Å-resolution crystal structure of HsP5CDH was determined using experimental phasing. Structures of the mutant enzymes S352A (2.4 Å) and S352L (2.85 Å) were determined to elucidate the structural consequences of altering Ser352. Structures of the 93% identical mouse P5CDH complexed with sulfate ion (1.3 Å resolution), glutamate (1.5 Å), and NAD(+) (1.5 Å) were determined to obtain high-resolution views of the active site. Together, the structures show that Ser352 occupies a hydrophilic pocket and is connected via water-mediated hydrogen bonds to catalytic Cys348. Mutation of Ser352 to Leu is shown to abolish catalytic activity and eliminate NAD(+) binding. Analysis of the S352A mutant shows that these functional defects are caused by the introduction of the nonpolar Leu352 side chain rather than the removal of the Ser352 hydroxyl. The S352L structure shows that the mutation induces a dramatic 8-Å rearrangement of the catalytic loop. Because of this conformational change, Ser349 is not positioned to interact with the aldehyde substrate, conserved Glu447 is no longer poised to bind NAD(+), and Cys348 faces the wrong direction for nucleophilic attack. These structural alterations render the enzyme inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Takemoto Y. Intracisternally injected L-proline activates hypothalamic supraoptic, but not paraventricular, vasopressin-expressing neurons in conscious rats. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2012; 2011:230613. [PMID: 22312458 PMCID: PMC3268034 DOI: 10.4061/2011/230613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
When injected into specific rat brain regions, the neurotransmitter candidate L-proline produces various cardiovascular changes through ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptors. The present study used an immunohistochemical double-labeling approach to determine whether intracisternally injected L-proline in freely moving rats, which increases blood pressure, activates hypothalamic vasopressin-expressing neurons and ventral medullary tyrosine-hydroxylase- (TH-) containing neurons. Following injection of L-proline, the number of activated hypothalamic neurons that coexpressed vasopressin and c-Fos was much greater in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) than in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats with increased blood pressure. The number of activated TH-containing neurons was significantly greater following L-proline treatment than following control injections of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF). These results clearly demonstrate that intracisternally injected L-proline activates hypothalamic supraoptic, but not paraventricular, vasopressin-expressing neurons and medullary TH-containing (A1/C1) neurons in freely moving rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Takemoto
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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Tada Y, Yano N, Takahashi H, Yuzawa K, Ando H, Kubo Y, Nagasawa A, Ohashi N, Ogata A, Nakae D. Toxicological evaluation of L-proline in a 90-day feeding study with Fischer 344 rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 58:114-20. [PMID: 20447433 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
L-proline (L-Pro) is a non-essential amino acid, and has become widely used as supplements and health foods, recently. A subchronic oral toxicity study of L-Pro was conducted with groups of 10 male and 10 female Fischer 344 rats fed a powder diet containing 0%, 0.625%, 1.25%, 2.5% and 5.0% of L-Pro for 90 days. No treatment-related clinical signs and mortality were noted. We observed no clear treatment-related effects with regard to body weight, food intake or urinalysis data. The average daily water intakes of the treated female groups were significantly increased compared to the controls. The hematology (red blood cell parameter) and serum biochemistry (glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine or uric acid) of the treated male and/or female groups were lower than those of the control groups. However, these changes were lacked dose-dependence, and no abnormalities were found in corresponding pathological findings. In conclusion, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) for L-Pro was determined to be a dietary dose of 5.0% (2772.9 mg/kg body weight/day for males and 3009.3mg/kg body weight/day for females) under the present experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tada
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Shin'juku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan.
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14
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Hamasu K, Shigemi K, Kabuki Y, Tomonaga S, Denbow DM, Furuse M. Central l-proline attenuates stress-induced dopamine and serotonin metabolism in the chick forebrain. Neurosci Lett 2009; 460:78-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Parra LA, Baust T, El Mestikawy S, Quiroz M, Hoffman B, Haflett JM, Yao JK, Torres GE. The orphan transporter Rxt1/NTT4 (SLC6A17) functions as a synaptic vesicle amino acid transporter selective for proline, glycine, leucine, and alanine. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 74:1521-32. [PMID: 18768736 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.050005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rxt1/NTT4 (SLC6A17) belongs to a gene family of "orphan transporters" whose substrates and consequently functions remain unidentified. Although Rxt1/NTT4 was previously thought to function as a sodium-dependent plasma membrane transporter, recent studies localized the protein to synaptic vesicles of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. Here, we provide evidence indicating that Rxt1/NTT4 functions as a vesicular transporter selective for proline, glycine, leucine, and alanine. Using Western blot, immunoprecipitation, immunocytochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction approaches, we demonstrate that PC12 cells express the Rxt1/NTT4 gene and protein. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of Rxt1/NTT4 in PC12 cells resulted in selective reductions in uptake levels for proline, glycine, leucine, and alanine. Likewise, gas chromatography analysis of amino acid content in an enriched synaptic vesicle fraction from wild-type and siRNA-Rxt1/NTT4 PC12 cells revealed that proline, glycine, leucine, and alanine levels were decreased in siRNA-treated cells compared with wild-type cells. Furthermore, Rxt1/NTT4-transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells exhibited significant uptake increases of these amino acids compared with mock-transfected CHO cells. Finally, proline uptake in both PC12 cells and Rxt1/NTT4-transfected CHO cells was dependent on the electrochemical gradient maintained by the vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase. These data indicate that the orphan Rxt1/NTT4 protein functions as a vesicular transporter for proline, glycine, leucine, and alanine, further suggesting its important role in synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A Parra
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Romero-Calderón R, Shome RM, Simon AF, Daniels RW, DiAntonio A, Krantz DE. A screen for neurotransmitter transporters expressed in the visual system of Drosophila melanogaster identifies three novel genes. Dev Neurobiol 2007; 67:550-69. [PMID: 17443808 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The fly eye provides an attractive substrate for genetic studies, and critical transport activities for synaptic transmission and pigment biogenesis in the insect visual system remain unknown. We therefore screened for transporters in Drosophila melanogaster that are down-regulated by genetically ablating the eye. Using a large panel of transporter specific probes on Northern blots, we identified three transcripts that are down-regulated in flies lacking eye tissue. Two of these, CG13794 and CG13795, are part of a previously unknown subfamily of putative solute carriers within the neurotransmitter transporter family. The third, CG4476, is a member of a related subfamily that includes characterized nutrient transporters expressed in the insect gut. Using imprecise excision of a nearby transposable P element, we have generated a series of deletions in the CG4476 gene. In fast phototaxis assays, CG4476 mutants show a decreased behavioral response to light, and the most severe mutant behaves as if it were blind. These data suggest an unforeseen role for the "nutrient amino acid transporter" subfamily in the nervous system, and suggest new models to study transport function using the fly eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Romero-Calderón
- Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1761, USA
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Tomiya M, Fukushima T, Watanabe H, Fukami G, Fujisaki M, Iyo M, Hashimoto K, Mitsuhashi S, Toyo'oka T. Alterations in serum amino acid concentrations in male and female schizophrenic patients. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 380:186-90. [PMID: 17367771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2006] [Revised: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since several studies have investigated gender-related differences in the onset of disease, response to drug therapy, etc. in schizophrenic patients, we examined the alterations in serum amino acids concentrations in male and female patients separately. METHODS Serum amino acid concentrations in the normal (n=35; male 21 and female 14) and schizophrenic patients (n=32; male 19 and female 13) were determined by HPLC using a pre-column fluorescence derivatization with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole. RESULTS Serum glutamate and serine concentrations were significantly increased in the male schizophrenic patients (p=0.0161 and 0.0257, respectively), while the serum Pro concentration was significantly increased in female schizophrenic patients (p=0.0398). Serum Glu, Ser, and Pro concentrations in the patients did not significantly correlate with the age, age of onset of disease, duration of illness, and chlorpromazine equivalents. Among the amino acids, serum Orn concentrations in male and female schizophrenic patients positively correlated with the duration of illness (p<0.01, r=0.685 and 0.688, respectively). CONCLUSION The present data suggest the existence of gender-related differences in the alterations in serum amino acid concentrations in schizophrenic patients; further, serum Orn concentration in both sexes might be influenced by medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Tomiya
- Division of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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