1
|
Bibineyshvili Y, Vajtay TJ, Salsabilian S, Fliss N, Suvarnakar A, Fang J, Teng S, Alder J, Najafizadeh L, Margolis DJ. Imaging the large-scale and cellular response to focal traumatic brain injury in mouse neocortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.24.590835. [PMID: 38712183 PMCID: PMC11071467 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.24.590835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects neural function at the local injury site and also at distant, connected brain areas. However, the real-time neural dynamics in response to injury and subsequent effects on sensory processing and behavior are not fully resolved, especially across a range of spatial scales. We used in vivo calcium imaging in awake, head-restrained male and female mice to measure large-scale and cellular resolution neuronal activation, respectively, in response to a mild/moderate TBI induced by focal controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury of the motor cortex (M1). Widefield imaging revealed an immediate CCI-induced activation at the injury site, followed by a massive slow wave of calcium signal activation that traveled across the majority of the dorsal cortex within approximately 30 s. Correspondingly, two-photon calcium imaging in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) found strong activation of neuropil and neuronal populations during the CCI-induced traveling wave. A depression of calcium signals followed the wave, during which we observed atypical activity of a sparse population of S1 neurons. Longitudinal imaging in the hours and days after CCI revealed increases in the area of whisker-evoked sensory maps at early time points, in parallel to decreases in cortical functional connectivity and behavioral measures. Neural and behavioral changes mostly recovered over hours to days in our M1-TBI model, with a more lasting decrease in the number of active S1 neurons. Our results in unanesthetized mice describe novel spatial and temporal neural adaptations that occur at cortical sites remote to a focal brain injury.
Collapse
|
2
|
Perkins GD, Neumar R, Hsu CH, Hirsch KG, Aneman A, Becker LB, Couper K, Callaway CW, Hoedemaekers CWE, Lim SL, Meurer W, Olasveengen T, Sekhon MS, Skrifvars M, Soar J, Tsai MS, Vengamma B, Nolan JP. Improving Outcomes After Post-Cardiac Arrest Brain Injury: A Scientific Statement From the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Resuscitation 2024; 201:110196. [PMID: 38932555 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
This scientific statement presents a conceptual framework for the pathophysiology of post-cardiac arrest brain injury, explores reasons for previous failure to translate preclinical data to clinical practice, and outlines potential paths forward. Post-cardiac arrest brain injury is characterized by 4 distinct but overlapping phases: ischemic depolarization, reperfusion repolarization, dysregulation, and recovery and repair. Previous research has been challenging because of the limitations of laboratory models; heterogeneity in the patient populations enrolled; overoptimistic estimation of treatment effects leading to suboptimal sample sizes; timing and route of intervention delivery; limited or absent evidence that the intervention has engaged the mechanistic target; and heterogeneity in postresuscitation care, prognostication, and withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments. Future trials must tailor their interventions to the subset of patients most likely to benefit and deliver this intervention at the appropriate time, through the appropriate route, and at the appropriate dose. The complexity of post-cardiac arrest brain injury suggests that monotherapies are unlikely to be as successful as multimodal neuroprotective therapies. Biomarkers should be developed to identify patients with the targeted mechanism of injury, to quantify its severity, and to measure the response to therapy. Studies need to be adequately powered to detect effect sizes that are realistic and meaningful to patients, their families, and clinicians. Study designs should be optimized to accelerate the evaluation of the most promising interventions. Multidisciplinary and international collaboration will be essential to realize the goal of developing effective therapies for post-cardiac arrest brain injury.
Collapse
|
3
|
Blaschke SJ, Rautenberg N, Endepols H, Jendro A, Konrad J, Vlachakis S, Wiedermann D, Schroeter M, Hoffmann B, Merkel R, Marklund N, Fink GR, Rueger MA. Early Blood-Brain Barrier Impairment as a Pathological Hallmark in a Novel Model of Closed-Head Concussive Brain Injury (CBI) in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4837. [PMID: 38732053 PMCID: PMC11084321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Concussion, caused by a rotational acceleration/deceleration injury mild enough to avoid structural brain damage, is insufficiently captured in recent preclinical models, hampering the relation of pathophysiological findings on the cellular level to functional and behavioral deficits. We here describe a novel model of unrestrained, single vs. repetitive concussive brain injury (CBI) in male C56Bl/6j mice. Longitudinal behavioral assessments were conducted for up to seven days afterward, alongside the evaluation of structural cerebral integrity by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, 9.4 T), and validated ex vivo by histology. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity was analyzed by means of fluorescent dextran- as well as immunoglobulin G (IgG) extravasation, and neuroinflammatory processes were characterized both in vivo by positron emission tomography (PET) using [18F]DPA-714 and ex vivo using immunohistochemistry. While a single CBI resulted in a defined, subacute neuropsychiatric phenotype, longitudinal cognitive testing revealed a marked decrease in spatial cognition, most pronounced in mice subjected to CBI at high frequency (every 48 h). Functional deficits were correlated to a parallel disruption of the BBB, (R2 = 0.29, p < 0.01), even detectable by a significant increase in hippocampal uptake of [18F]DPA-714, which was not due to activation of microglia, as confirmed immunohistochemically. Featuring a mild but widespread disruption of the BBB without evidence of macroscopic damage, this model induces a characteristic neuro-psychiatric phenotype that correlates to the degree of BBB disruption. Based on these findings, the BBB may function as both a biomarker of CBI severity and as a potential treatment target to improve recovery from concussion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J. Blaschke
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany; (N.R.); (A.J.); (M.S.); (G.R.F.); (M.A.R.)
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, 52428 Juelich, Germany
| | - Nora Rautenberg
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany; (N.R.); (A.J.); (M.S.); (G.R.F.); (M.A.R.)
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, 52428 Juelich, Germany
| | - Heike Endepols
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-5), Research Centre Juelich, 52428 Juelich, Germany
| | - Aileen Jendro
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany; (N.R.); (A.J.); (M.S.); (G.R.F.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Jens Konrad
- Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany; (J.K.); (B.H.); (R.M.)
| | - Susan Vlachakis
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany; (N.R.); (A.J.); (M.S.); (G.R.F.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Dirk Wiedermann
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany; (N.R.); (A.J.); (M.S.); (G.R.F.); (M.A.R.)
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, 52428 Juelich, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany; (J.K.); (B.H.); (R.M.)
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany; (J.K.); (B.H.); (R.M.)
| | - Niklas Marklund
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Gereon R. Fink
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany; (N.R.); (A.J.); (M.S.); (G.R.F.); (M.A.R.)
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, 52428 Juelich, Germany
| | - Maria A. Rueger
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany; (N.R.); (A.J.); (M.S.); (G.R.F.); (M.A.R.)
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, 52428 Juelich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gill T, Locskai LF, Burton AH, Alyenbaawi H, Wheeler T, Burton EA, Allison WT. Delivering Traumatic Brain Injury to Larval Zebrafish. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2707:3-22. [PMID: 37668902 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3401-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a straightforward, scalable method for administering traumatic brain injury (TBI) to zebrafish larvae. The pathological outcomes appear generalizable for all TBI types, but perhaps most closely model closed-skull, diffuse lesion (blast injury) neurotrauma. The injury is delivered by dropping a weight onto the plunger of a fluid-filled syringe containing zebrafish larvae. This model is easy to implement, cost-effective, and provides a high-throughput system that induces brain injury in many larvae at once. Unique to vertebrate TBI models, this method can be used to deliver TBI without anesthetic or other metabolic agents. The methods simulate the main aspects of traumatic brain injury in humans, providing a preclinical model to study the consequences of this prevalent injury type and a way to explore early interventions that may ameliorate subsequent neurodegeneration. We also describe a convenient method for executing pressure measurements to calibrate and validate this method. When used in concert with the genetic tools readily available in zebrafish, this model of traumatic brain injury offers opportunities to examine many mechanisms and outcomes induced by traumatic brain injury. For example, genetically encoded fluorescent reporters have been implemented with this system to measure protein misfolding and neural activity via optogenetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Gill
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Laszlo F Locskai
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alexander H Burton
- Departments of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hadeel Alyenbaawi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Travis Wheeler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Edward A Burton
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - W Ted Allison
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pasam T, Dandekar MP. Insights from Rodent Models for Improving Bench-to-Bedside Translation in Traumatic Brain Injury. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2761:599-622. [PMID: 38427264 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3662-6_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Road accidents, domestic falls, and persons associated with sports and military services exhibited the concussion or contusion type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that resulted in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. In some instances, these complex neurological aberrations pose severe brain damage and devastating long-term neurological sequelae. Several preclinical (rat and mouse) TBI models simulate the clinical TBI endophenotypes. Moreover, many investigational neuroprotective candidates showed promising effects in these models; however, the therapeutic success of these screening candidates has been discouraging at various stages of clinical trials. Thus, a correct selection of screening model that recapitulates the clinical neurobiology and endophenotypes of concussion or contusion is essential. Herein, we summarize the advantages and caveats of different preclinical models adopted for TBI research. We suggest that an accurate selection of experimental TBI models may improve the translational viability of the investigational entity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tulasi Pasam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Manoj P Dandekar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Neale KJ, Reid HMO, Sousa B, McDonagh E, Morrison J, Shultz S, Eyolfson E, Christie BR. Repeated mild traumatic brain injury causes sex-specific increases in cell proliferation and inflammation in juvenile rats. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:250. [PMID: 37907981 PMCID: PMC10617072 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02916-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood represents a period of significant growth and maturation for the brain, and is also associated with a heightened risk for mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI). There is also concern that repeated-mTBI (r-mTBI) may have a long-term impact on developmental trajectories. Using an awake closed head injury (ACHI) model, that uses rapid head acceleration to induce a mTBI, we investigated the acute effects of repeated-mTBI (r-mTBI) on neurological function and cellular proliferation in juvenile male and female Long-Evans rats. We found that r-mTBI did not lead to cumulative neurological deficits with the model. R-mTBI animals exhibited an increase in BrdU + (bromodeoxyuridine positive) cells in the dentate gyrus (DG), and that this increase was more robust in male animals. This increase was not sustained, and cell proliferation returning to normal by PID3. A greater increase in BrdU + cells was observed in the dorsal DG in both male and female r-mTBI animals at PID1. Using Ki-67 expression as an endogenous marker of cellular proliferation, a robust proliferative response following r-mTBI was observed in male animals at PID1 that persisted until PID3, and was not constrained to the DG alone. Triple labeling experiments (Iba1+, GFAP+, Brdu+) revealed that a high proportion of these proliferating cells were microglia/macrophages, indicating there was a heightened inflammatory response. Overall, these findings suggest that rapid head acceleration with the ACHI model produces an mTBI, but that the acute neurological deficits do not increase in severity with repeated administration. R-mTBI transiently increases cellular proliferation in the hippocampus, particularly in male animals, and the pattern of cell proliferation suggests that this represents a neuroinflammatory response that is focused around the mid-brain rather than peripheral cortical regions. These results add to growing literature indicating sex differences in proliferative and inflammatory responses between females and males. Targeting proliferation as a therapeutic avenue may help reduce the short term impact of r-mTBI, but there may be sex-specific considerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Neale
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Medical Sciences Building,3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Hannah M O Reid
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Medical Sciences Building,3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Barbara Sousa
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Medical Sciences Building,3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Erin McDonagh
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Medical Sciences Building,3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Jamie Morrison
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Medical Sciences Building,3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Sandy Shultz
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Medical Sciences Building,3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
- Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- Monash Trauma Group, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eric Eyolfson
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Medical Sciences Building,3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Brian R Christie
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Medical Sciences Building,3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
- Institute for Aging and Life Long Health, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
- Island Medical Program, Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sharkey JM, Quarrington RD, Krieg JL, Kaukas L, Turner RJ, Leonard A, Jones CF, Corrigan F. Evaluating the effect of post-traumatic hypoxia on the development of axonal injury following traumatic brain injury in sheep. Brain Res 2023; 1817:148475. [PMID: 37400012 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Damage to the axonal white matter tracts within the brain is a key cause of neurological impairment and long-term disability following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Understanding how axonal injury develops following TBI requires gyrencephalic models that undergo shear strain and tissue deformation similar to the clinical situation and investigation of the effects of post-injury insults like hypoxia. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of post-traumatic hypoxia on axonal injury and inflammation in a sheep model of TBI. Fourteen male Merino sheep were allocated to receive a single TBI via a modified humane captive bolt animal stunner, or sham surgery, followed by either a 15 min period of hypoxia or maintenance of normoxia. Head kinematics were measured in injured animals. Brains were assessed for axonal damage, microglia and astrocyte accumulation and inflammatory cytokine expression at 4 hrs following injury. Early axonal injury was characterised by calpain activation, with significantly increased SNTF immunoreactivity, a proteolytic fragment of alpha-II spectrin, but not with impaired axonal transport, as measured by amyloid precursor protein (APP) immunoreactivity. Early axonal injury was associated with an increase in GFAP levels within the CSF, but not with increases in IBA1 or GFAP+ve cells, nor in levels of TNFα, IL1β or IL6 within the cerebrospinal fluid or white matter. No additive effect of post-injury hypoxia was noted on axonal injury or inflammation. This study provides further support that axonal injury post-TBI is driven by different pathophysiological mechanisms, and detection requires specific markers targeting multiple injury mechanisms. Treatment may also need to be tailored for injury severity and timing post-injury to target the correct injury pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Sharkey
- Translational Neuropathology Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ryan D Quarrington
- Adelaide Spinal Research Group, Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Justin L Krieg
- Translational Neuropathology Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lola Kaukas
- Translational Neuropathology Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Renee J Turner
- Translational Neuropathology Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anna Leonard
- Translational Neuropathology Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Claire F Jones
- Adelaide Spinal Research Group, Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics & Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Frances Corrigan
- Translational Neuropathology Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Radabaugh HL, Ferguson AR, Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD. Increasing Rigor of Preclinical Research to Maximize Opportunities for Translation. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1433-1445. [PMID: 37525025 PMCID: PMC10684440 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of animal models in pre-clinical research has significantly broadened our understanding of the pathologies that underlie traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced damage and deficits. However, despite numerous pre-clinical studies reporting the identification of promising neurotherapeutics, translation of these therapies to clinical application has so far eluded the TBI research field. A concerted effort to address this lack of translatability is long overdue. Given the inherent heterogeneity of TBI and the replication crisis that continues to plague biomedical research, this is a complex task that will require a multifaceted approach centered around rigor and reproducibility. Here, we discuss the role of three primary focus areas for better aligning pre-clinical research with clinical TBI management. These focus areas are (1) reporting and standardization of protocols, (2) replication of prior knowledge including the confirmation of expected pharmacodynamics, and (3) the broad application of open science through inter-center collaboration and data sharing. We further discuss current efforts that are establishing the core framework needed for successfully addressing the translatability crisis of TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Radabaugh
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam R Ferguson
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Helen M Bramlett
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Starinets A, Tyrtyshnaia A, Manzhulo I. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Synaptamide in the Peripheral Nervous System in a Model of Sciatic Nerve Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6273. [PMID: 37047247 PMCID: PMC10093792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (DHEA), or synaptamide, is an endogenous metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that exhibits synaptogenic and neurogenic effects. In our previous studies, synaptamide administration inhibited the neuropathic pain-like behavior and reduced inflammation in the central nervous system following sciatic nerve injury. In the present study, we examine the effect of synaptamide on the peripheral nervous system in a neuropathic pain condition. The dynamics of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (iba-1), CD68, CD163, myelin basic protein, and the production of interleukin 1β and 6 within the sciatic nerve, as well as the neuro-glial index and the activity of iba-1, CD163, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neuronal NO synthase (nNOS), substance P (SP), activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), are studied. According to our results, synaptamide treatment (4 mg/kg/day) (1) decreases the weight-bearing deficit after nerve trauma; (2) enhances the remyelination process in the sciatic nerve; (3) shows anti-inflammatory properties in the peripheral nervous system; (4) decreases the neuro-glial index and GFAP immunoreactivity in the DRG; (5) inhibits nNOS- and SP-ergic activity in the DRG, which might contribute to neuropathic pain attenuation. In general, the current study demonstrates the complex effect of synaptamide on nerve injury, which indicates its high potential for neuropathic pain management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Igor Manzhulo
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.S.); (A.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sudhakar SK. Are GABAergic drugs beneficial in providing neuroprotection after traumatic brain injuries? A comprehensive literature review of preclinical studies. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1109406. [PMID: 36816561 PMCID: PMC9931759 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1109406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) caused by physical impact to the brain can adversely impact the welfare and well-being of the affected individuals. One of the leading causes of mortality and dysfunction in the world, TBI is a major public health problem facing the human community. Drugs that target GABAergic neurotransmission are commonly used for sedation in clinical TBI yet their potential to cause neuroprotection is unclear. In this paper, I have performed a rigorous literature review of the neuroprotective effects of drugs that increase GABAergic currents based on the results reported in preclinical literature. The drugs covered in this review include the following: propofol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, isoflurane, and other drugs that are agonists of GABAA receptors. A careful review of numerous preclinical studies reveals that these drugs fail to produce any neuroprotection after a primary impact to the brain. In numerous circumstances, they could be detrimental to neuroprotection by increasing the size of the contusional brain tissue and by severely interfering with behavioral and functional recovery. Therefore, anesthetic agents that work by enhancing the effect of neurotransmitter GABA should be administered with caution of TBI patients until a clear and concrete picture of their neuroprotective efficacy emerges in the clinical literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Kumar Sudhakar
- Division of Sciences, School of Interwoven Arts and Sciences, Krea University, Sri City, Andhra Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mohammed FS, Omay SB, Sheth KN, Zhou J. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery for the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:55-73. [PMID: 36420918 PMCID: PMC9983310 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2152001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) impact the breadth of society and remain without any approved pharmacological treatments. Despite successful Phase II clinical trials, the failure of many Phase III clinical trials may be explained by insufficient drug targeting and retention, preventing the proper attainment of an observable dosage threshold. To address this challenge, nanoparticles can be functionalized to protect pharmacological payloads, improve targeted drug delivery to sites of injury, and can be combined with supportive scaffolding to improve secondary outcomes. AREAS COVERED This review briefly covers the pathophysiology of TBIs and their subtypes, the current pre-clinical and clinical management strategies, explores the common models of focal, diffuse, and mixed traumatic brain injury employed in experimental animals, and surveys the existing literature on nanoparticles developed to treat TBIs. EXPERT OPINION Nanoparticles are well suited to improve secondary outcomes as their multifunctionality and customizability enhance their potential for efficient targeted delivery, payload protection, increased brain penetration, low off-target toxicity, and biocompatibility in both acute and chronic timescales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farrah S. Mohammed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sacit Bulent Omay
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kevin N. Sheth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jiangbing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Juan SMA, Daglas M, Adlard PA. Altered amyloid precursor protein, tau-regulatory proteins, neuronal numbers and behaviour, but no tau pathology, synaptic and inflammatory changes or memory deficits, at 1 month following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5342-5367. [PMID: 35768153 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury, commonly experienced following sports injuries, results in various secondary injury processes and is increasingly recognised as a risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative conditions such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy, which is characterised by tau pathology. We aimed to characterise the underlying pathological mechanisms that might contribute to the onset of neurodegeneration and behavioural changes in the less-explored subacute (1-month) period following single or repetitive controlled cortical impact injury (five impacts, 48 h apart) in 12-week-old male and female C57Bl6 mice. We conducted motor and cognitive testing, extensively characterised the status of tau and its regulatory proteins via western blot and quantified neuronal populations using stereology. We report that r-mTBI resulted in neurobehavioural deficits, gait impairments and anxiety-like behaviour at 1 month post-injury, effects not seen following a single injury. R-mTBI caused a significant increase in amyloid precursor protein, an increased trend towards tau phosphorylation and significant changes in kinase/phosphatase proteins that may promote a downstream increase in tau phosphorylation, but no changes in synaptic or neuroinflammatory markers. Lastly, we report neuronal loss in various brain regions following both single and repeat injuries. We demonstrate herein that repeated impacts are required to promote the initiation of a cascade of biochemical events that are consistent with the onset of neurodegeneration subacutely post-injury. Identifying the timeframe in which these changes occur and the pathological mechanisms involved will be crucial for the development of future therapeutics to prevent the onset or mitigate the progression of neurodegeneration following r-mTBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sydney M A Juan
- Synaptic Neurobiology Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Melbourne Dementia Research Centre and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maria Daglas
- Synaptic Neurobiology Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Melbourne Dementia Research Centre and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul A Adlard
- Synaptic Neurobiology Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Melbourne Dementia Research Centre and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jacquens A, Needham EJ, Zanier ER, Degos V, Gressens P, Menon D. Neuro-Inflammation Modulation and Post-Traumatic Brain Injury Lesions: From Bench to Bed-Side. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11193. [PMID: 36232495 PMCID: PMC9570205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Head trauma is the most common cause of disability in young adults. Known as a silent epidemic, it can cause a mosaic of symptoms, whether neurological (sensory-motor deficits), psychiatric (depressive and anxiety symptoms), or somatic (vertigo, tinnitus, phosphenes). Furthermore, cranial trauma (CT) in children presents several particularities in terms of epidemiology, mechanism, and physiopathology-notably linked to the attack of an immature organ. As in adults, head trauma in children can have lifelong repercussions and can cause social and family isolation, difficulties at school, and, later, socio-professional adversity. Improving management of the pre-hospital and rehabilitation course of these patients reduces secondary morbidity and mortality, but often not without long-term disability. One hypothesized contributor to this process is chronic neuroinflammation, which could accompany primary lesions and facilitate their development into tertiary lesions. Neuroinflammation is a complex process involving different actors such as glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes), the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, excitotoxicity, production of oxygen derivatives, cytokine release, tissue damage, and neuronal death. Several studies have investigated the effect of various treatments on the neuroinflammatory response in traumatic brain injury in vitro and in animal and human models. The aim of this review is to examine the various anti-inflammatory therapies that have been implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Jacquens
- Unité de Neuroanesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière 43-87, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
- Inserm, Maladies Neurodéveloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Université Paris Cité, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Edward J. Needham
- Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Elisa R. Zanier
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Vincent Degos
- Unité de Neuroanesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière 43-87, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
- Inserm, Maladies Neurodéveloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Université Paris Cité, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Inserm, Maladies Neurodéveloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Université Paris Cité, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - David Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Synaptamide Modulates Astroglial Activity in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20080538. [PMID: 36005540 PMCID: PMC9410022 DOI: 10.3390/md20080538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, the study of the neurotropic activity of polyunsaturated fatty acid ethanolamides (N-acylethanolamines) is becoming increasingly important. N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (synaptamide, DHEA) is a highly active metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with neuroprotective, synaptogenic, neuritogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties in the nervous system. Synaptamide tested in the present study was obtained using a chemical modification of DHA isolated from squid Berryteuthis magister liver. The results of this study demonstrate the effects of synaptamide on the astroglial response to injury in the acute (1 day) and chronic (7 days) phases of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) development. HPLC-MS study revealed several times increase of synaptamide concentration in the cerebral cortex and serum of experimental animals after subcutaneous administration (10 mg/kg/day). Using immunohistochemistry, it was shown that synaptamide regulates the activation of GFAP- and S100β-positive astroglia, reduce nNOS-positive immunostaining, and stimulates the secretion of neurotrophin BDNF. Dynamics of superoxide dismutase production in synaptamide treatment confirm the antioxidant efficacy of the test compound. We found a decrease in TBI biomarkers such as GFAP, S100β, and IL-6 in the blood serum of synaptamide-treated experimental animals using Western blot analysis. The results indicate the high therapeutic potential of synaptamide in reducing the severity of the brain damage consequences.
Collapse
|
15
|
Johnson-Schlitz D, Fischer JA, Schiffman HJ, Scharenbrock AR, Olufs ZPG, Wassarman DA, Perouansky M. Anesthetic Preconditioning of Traumatic Brain Injury Is Ineffective in a Drosophila Model of Obesity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 381:229-235. [PMID: 35347062 PMCID: PMC9190232 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that obesity influences the pharmacodynamics of volatile general anesthetics (VGAs) by comparing effects of anesthetic exposure on mortality from traumatic brain injury (TBI) in lean and obese Drosophila melanogaster We induced TBI with a high-impact trauma device. Starvation-selection over multiple generations resulted in an obese phenotype (SS flies). Fed flies served as lean controls (FC flies). Adult (1-8-day-old) SS and FC flies were exposed to equianesthetic doses of isoflurane or sevoflurane either before or after TBI. The principal outcome was percent mortality 24 hours after injury, expressed as the Mortality Index at 24 hours (MI24). TBI resulted in a lower MI24 in FC than in SS flies [21 (2.35) and 57.8 (2.14), respectively n = 12, P = 0.0001]. Pre-exposure to isoflurane or sevoflurane preconditioned FC flies to TBI, reducing the risk of death to 0.53 (0.25 to 1.13) and 0.82 (0.43 to 1.58), respectively, but had no preconditioning effect in SS flies. Postexposure to isoflurane or sevoflurane increased the risk of death in SS flies, but only postexposure to isoflurane increased the risk in FC flies [1.39 (0.81 to 2.38)]. Thus, obesity affects the pharmacodynamics of VGAs, thwarting the preconditioning effect of isoflurane and sevoflurane in TBI. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Inadvertent preconditioning in models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a recognized confounder. The findings in a fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) model of closed-head TBI indicate that anesthetic pharmacodynamics are profoundly affected by obesity. Specifically, obesity thwarts the brain-protective effect of anesthetic preconditioning. This finding is important for experimental studies of TBI and supports the versatility of the fruit fly as a model for the exploration of anesthetic pharmacodynamics in a wide parameter space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dena Johnson-Schlitz
- Department of Anesthesiology (D.J.-S., J.A.F., H.J.S., A.R.S., Z.P.G.O., M.P.) and Department of Medical Genetics (D.A.W.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Julie A Fischer
- Department of Anesthesiology (D.J.-S., J.A.F., H.J.S., A.R.S., Z.P.G.O., M.P.) and Department of Medical Genetics (D.A.W.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Hannah J Schiffman
- Department of Anesthesiology (D.J.-S., J.A.F., H.J.S., A.R.S., Z.P.G.O., M.P.) and Department of Medical Genetics (D.A.W.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Amanda R Scharenbrock
- Department of Anesthesiology (D.J.-S., J.A.F., H.J.S., A.R.S., Z.P.G.O., M.P.) and Department of Medical Genetics (D.A.W.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Zachariah P G Olufs
- Department of Anesthesiology (D.J.-S., J.A.F., H.J.S., A.R.S., Z.P.G.O., M.P.) and Department of Medical Genetics (D.A.W.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - David A Wassarman
- Department of Anesthesiology (D.J.-S., J.A.F., H.J.S., A.R.S., Z.P.G.O., M.P.) and Department of Medical Genetics (D.A.W.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Misha Perouansky
- Department of Anesthesiology (D.J.-S., J.A.F., H.J.S., A.R.S., Z.P.G.O., M.P.) and Department of Medical Genetics (D.A.W.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
McNamara EH, Knutsen A, Korotcov A, Bosomtwi A, Liu J, Fu AH, Kostelnik C, Grillakis A, Spencer H, Dardzinski BJ, McCabe JT. Meningeal and visual pathway MRI analysis after single and repetitive Closed-Head Impact Model of Engineered Rotational Acceleration (CHIMERA)-induced disruption in male and female mice. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:784-799. [PMID: 35243900 PMCID: PMC9225425 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The consequences of forceful rotational acceleration on the central nervous system are not fully understood. While traumatic brain injury (TBI) research primarily has focused on effects related to the brain parenchyma, reports of traumatic meningeal enhancement in TBI patients may possess clinical significance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the meninges and brain for changes in dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following closed-head impact model of engineered rotational acceleration (CHIMERA)–induced cerebral insult. Adult male and female mice received one (1 × ; n = 19 CHIMERA, n = 19 Sham) or four (4 × one/day; n = 18 CHIMERA, n = 12 Sham) injuries. Each animal underwent three MRI scans: 1 week before injury, immediately after the final injury, and 1 week post-injury. Compared with baseline readings and measures in sham animals, meningeal DCE in males was increased after single impact and repetitive injury. In female mice, DCE was elevated relative to their baseline level after a single impact. One week after CHIMERA, the meningeal enhancement returned to below baseline for single injured male mice, but compared with uninjured mice remained elevated in both sexes in the multiple impact groups. Pre-DCE meningeal T2-weighted relaxation time was increased only after 1 × CHIMERA in injured mice. Since vision is impaired after CHIMERA, visual pathway regions were analyzed through imaging and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) histology. Initial DCE in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and superior colliculus (SC) and T2 increases in the optic tract (OPT) and LGN were observed after injury with decreases in DCE and T2 1 week later. Astrogliosis was apparent in the OPT and SC with increased GFAP staining 7 days post-injury. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine meningeal integrity after CHIMERA in both male and female rodents. DCE-MRI may serve as a useful approach for pre-clinical models of meningeal injury that will enable further evaluation of the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen H McNamara
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, Bethesda, Maryland, United States;
| | - Andrew Knutsen
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc, 44069, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States;
| | - Alexandru Korotcov
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States.,Uniformed Services University, Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States;
| | - Asamoah Bosomtwi
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc, 44069, CNRM, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20814.,Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 1685, Radiology & Radiological Science, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20814-4712;
| | - Jiong Liu
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20814-4799;
| | - Amanda H Fu
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, Bethesda, Maryland, United States;
| | - Claire Kostelnik
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, Bethesda, Maryland, United States;
| | - Antigone Grillakis
- Uniformed Services University, Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, Bethesda, United States;
| | - Haley Spencer
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Psychiatry, Bethesda, Maryland, United States;
| | - Bernard J Dardzinski
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 1685, Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States;
| | - Joseph T McCabe
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, Bethesda, Maryland, United States;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ponomarenko A, Tyrtyshnaia A, Ivashkevich D, Manzhulo I. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Contributes to the Development of Delayed Neuroinflammation. Neuroimmunomodulation 2022; 29:135-142. [PMID: 34583355 DOI: 10.1159/000519011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, according to the literature, the problem of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has become more and more urgent. Compared to moderate to severe craniocerebral trauma, mTBI occurs in a far greater number of people. The delayed sequelae caused by a single mTBI or multiple mTBIs are a significant public health problem. METHODS A weight-drop model was used for the formation of mTBI. A metal rod weighing 337 g with a blunt tip of 3 mm diameter was uplifted at 8 cm height and held by a lever. The trauma was created by lowering the lever and the rod and free-dropping onto the rat skull. In the cerebral cortex of experimental animals, we analyzed the level of microglial activity (Iba-1-positive system) and the expression of pro-inflammatory markers (IL1β, IL6, and CD86). Also, the expression level of the endocannabinoid system receptor (cannabinoid receptor type 1 [CB1]) was assessed in brain samples. RESULTS Experiments have shown that mTBI increases (1) the amount of microglia (iba-1) activated by the pro-inflammatory pathway (CD86); (2) the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1β and IL6; and (3) CB1R activity. CONCLUSION Overall, the results of this study indicate that mTBI induces a sustained neuroinflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arina Ponomarenko
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Tyrtyshnaia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Darya Ivashkevich
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Igor Manzhulo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
van Alphen B, Stewart S, Iwanaszko M, Xu F, Li K, Rozenfeld S, Ramakrishnan A, Itoh TQ, Sisobhan S, Qin Z, Lear BC, Allada R. Glial immune-related pathways mediate effects of closed head traumatic brain injury on behavior and lethality in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001456. [PMID: 35081110 PMCID: PMC8791498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In traumatic brain injury (TBI), the initial injury phase is followed by a secondary phase that contributes to neurodegeneration, yet the mechanisms leading to neuropathology in vivo remain to be elucidated. To address this question, we developed a Drosophila head-specific model for TBI termed Drosophila Closed Head Injury (dCHI), where well-controlled, nonpenetrating strikes are delivered to the head of unanesthetized flies. This assay recapitulates many TBI phenotypes, including increased mortality, impaired motor control, fragmented sleep, and increased neuronal cell death. TBI results in significant changes in the transcriptome, including up-regulation of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). To test the in vivo functional role of these changes, we examined TBI-dependent behavior and lethality in mutants of the master immune regulator NF-κB, important for AMP induction, and found that while sleep and motor function effects were reduced, lethality effects were enhanced. Similarly, loss of most AMP classes also renders flies susceptible to lethal TBI effects. These studies validate a new Drosophila TBI model and identify immune pathways as in vivo mediators of TBI effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart van Alphen
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Samuel Stewart
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marta Iwanaszko
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Preventive Medicine—Biostatistics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Fangke Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Keyin Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sydney Rozenfeld
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anujaianthi Ramakrishnan
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Taichi Q. Itoh
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Shiju Sisobhan
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Zuoheng Qin
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bridget C. Lear
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ravi Allada
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Parker E, Aboghazleh R, Mumby G, Veksler R, Ofer J, Newton J, Smith R, Kamintsky L, Jones CMA, O'Keeffe E, Kelly E, Doelle K, Roach I, Yang LT, Moradi P, Lin JM, Gleason AJ, Atkinson C, Bowen C, Brewer KD, Doherty CP, Campbell M, Clarke DB, van Hameren G, Kaufer D, Friedman A. Concussion susceptibility is mediated by spreading depolarization-induced neurovascular dysfunction. Brain 2021; 145:2049-2063. [PMID: 34927674 PMCID: PMC9246711 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the complications of mild traumatic brain injury, including post-concussion syndrome, post-impact catastrophic death, and delayed neurodegeneration remain poorly understood. This limited pathophysiological understanding has hindered the development of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and has prevented the advancement of treatments for the sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury. We aimed to characterize the early electrophysiological and neurovascular alterations following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury and sought to identify new targets for the diagnosis and treatment of individuals at risk of severe post-impact complications. We combined behavioural, electrophysiological, molecular, and neuroimaging techniques in a rodent model of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. In humans, we used dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI to quantify blood–brain barrier dysfunction after exposure to sport-related concussive mild traumatic brain injury. Rats could clearly be classified based on their susceptibility to neurological complications, including life-threatening outcomes, following repetitive injury. Susceptible animals showed greater neurological complications and had higher levels of blood–brain barrier dysfunction, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signalling, and neuroinflammation compared to resilient animals. Cortical spreading depolarizations were the most common electrophysiological events immediately following mild traumatic brain injury and were associated with longer recovery from impact. Triggering cortical spreading depolarizations in mild traumatic brain injured rats (but not in controls) induced blood–brain barrier dysfunction. Treatment with a selective TGFβ receptor inhibitor prevented blood–brain barrier opening and reduced injury complications. Consistent with the rodent model, blood–brain barrier dysfunction was found in a subset of human athletes following concussive mild traumatic brain injury. We provide evidence that cortical spreading depolarization, blood–brain barrier dysfunction, and pro-inflammatory TGFβ signalling are associated with severe, potentially life-threatening outcomes following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. Diagnostic-coupled targeting of TGFβ signalling may be a novel strategy in treating mild traumatic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Parker
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Refat Aboghazleh
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Griffin Mumby
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ronel Veksler
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Jonathan Ofer
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Jillian Newton
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Rylan Smith
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Lyna Kamintsky
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Casey M A Jones
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Eoin O'Keeffe
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eoin Kelly
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Academic Unit of Neurology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Klara Doelle
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Isabelle Roach
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Lynn T Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Pooyan Moradi
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jessica M Lin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Allison J Gleason
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christina Atkinson
- Department of Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Chris Bowen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kimberly D Brewer
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Colin P Doherty
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Academic Unit of Neurology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Matthew Campbell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David B Clarke
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Gerben van Hameren
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Daniela Kaufer
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute & Berkeley Stem Cell Center, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alon Friedman
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Modulation of Hippocampal Astroglial Activity by Synaptamide in Rats with Neuropathic Pain. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11121561. [PMID: 34942863 PMCID: PMC8699312 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11121561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study demonstrates that synaptamide (N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine), an endogenous metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid, when administered subcutaneously (4 mg/kg/day, 14 days), exhibits analgesic activity and promotes cognitive recovery in the rat sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. We analyzed the dynamics of GFAP-positive astroglia and S100β-positive astroglia activity, the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), and two subunits of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR1 and NMDAR2A) in the hippocampi of the experimental animals. Hippocampal neurogenesis was evaluated by immunohistochemical detection of DCX. Analysis of N-acylethanolamines in plasma and in the brain was performed using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. In vitro and in vivo experiments show that synaptamide (1) reduces cold allodynia, (2) improves working memory and locomotor activity, (3) stabilizes neurogenesis and astroglial activity, (4) enhances the expression of NGF and NMDAR1, (5) increases the concentration of Ca2+ in astrocytes, and (6) increases the production of N-acylethanolamines. The results of the present study demonstrate that synaptamide affects the activity of hippocampal astroglia, resulting in faster recovery after CCI.
Collapse
|
21
|
N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Ameliorate Neurobehavioral Outcomes Post-Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the Fat-1 Mouse Model. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114092. [PMID: 34836347 PMCID: PMC8620437 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Concussions and mild traumatic brain injury (m-TBI) have been identified as a consequential public health concern because of their potential to cause considerable impairments in physical, cognitive, behavioral, and social functions. Given their prominent structural and functional roles in the brain, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been identified as a potentially viable prophylactic agent that may ameliorate the deleterious effects of m-TBI on brain function. The purpose of the present pilot study was to investigate the effect of n-3 PUFA on neurologic function using a weight drop injury (WDI) model. Fat-1 mice, capable of synthesizing n-3 PUFA endogenously from n-6 PUFA, and their wild-type (WT) counterparts, were subjected to a mild low-impact WDI on the closed cranium, and recovery was evaluated using the neurological severity score (NSS) to assess the motor and neurobehavioral outcomes. In comparison to the WT mice, the fat-1 mice had a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower NSS at all time points post-WDI, and significantly greater neurological restoration measured as the time to first movement. Overall, these findings demonstrate the protective effect of n-3 PUFA against mild brain injury.
Collapse
|
22
|
Traumatic Brain Injury: An Age-Dependent View of Post-Traumatic Neuroinflammation and Its Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101624. [PMID: 34683918 PMCID: PMC8537402 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability all over the world. TBI leads to (1) an inflammatory response, (2) white matter injuries and (3) neurodegenerative pathologies in the long term. In humans, TBI occurs most often in children and adolescents or in the elderly, and it is well known that immune responses and the neuroregenerative capacities of the brain, among other factors, vary over a lifetime. Thus, age-at-injury can influence the consequences of TBI. Furthermore, age-at-injury also influences the pharmacological effects of drugs. However, the post-TBI inflammatory, neuronal and functional consequences have been mostly studied in experimental young adult animal models. The specificity and the mechanisms underlying the consequences of TBI and pharmacological responses are poorly understood in extreme ages. In this review, we detail the variations of these age-dependent inflammatory responses and consequences after TBI, from an experimental point of view. We investigate the evolution of microglial, astrocyte and other immune cells responses, and the consequences in terms of neuronal death and functional deficits in neonates, juvenile, adolescent and aged male animals, following a single TBI. We also describe the pharmacological responses to anti-inflammatory or neuroprotective agents, highlighting the need for an age-specific approach to the development of therapies of TBI.
Collapse
|
23
|
Starinets A, Tyrtyshnaia A, Kipryushina Y, Manzhulo I. Analgesic activity of synaptamide in a rat sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury model. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 211:73-84. [PMID: 34510045 DOI: 10.1159/000519376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Starinets
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Tyrtyshnaia
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia Kipryushina
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Igor Manzhulo
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zulazmi NA, Arulsamy A, Ali I, Zainal Abidin SA, Othman I, Shaikh MF. The utilization of small non-mammals in traumatic brain injury research: A systematic review. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:381-402. [PMID: 33539662 PMCID: PMC7941175 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide and has complicated underlying pathophysiology. Numerous TBI animal models have been developed over the past decade to effectively mimic the human TBI pathophysiology. These models are of mostly mammalian origin including rodents and non-human primates. However, the mammalian models demanded higher costs and have lower throughput often limiting the progress in TBI research. Thus, this systematic review aims to discuss the potential benefits of non-mammalian TBI models in terms of their face validity in resembling human TBI. Three databases were searched as follows: PubMed, Scopus, and Embase, for original articles relating to non-mammalian TBI models, published between January 2010 and December 2019. A total of 29 articles were selected based on PRISMA model for critical appraisal. Zebrafish, both larvae and adult, was found to be the most utilized non-mammalian TBI model in the current literature, followed by the fruit fly and roundworm. In conclusion, non-mammalian TBI models have advantages over mammalian models especially for rapid, cost-effective, and reproducible screening of effective treatment strategies and provide an opportunity to expedite the advancement of TBI research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Atiqah Zulazmi
- Neuropharmacology Research LaboratoryJeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health SciencesMonash University MalaysiaSelangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
| | - Alina Arulsamy
- Neuropharmacology Research LaboratoryJeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health SciencesMonash University MalaysiaSelangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
| | - Idrish Ali
- Department of NeuroscienceCentral Clinical SchoolThe Alfred HospitalMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin
- Neuropharmacology Research LaboratoryJeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health SciencesMonash University MalaysiaSelangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
- Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) PlatformJeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health SciencesMonash University MalaysiaSelangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Neuropharmacology Research LaboratoryJeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health SciencesMonash University MalaysiaSelangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
- Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) PlatformJeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health SciencesMonash University MalaysiaSelangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
| | - Mohd. Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research LaboratoryJeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health SciencesMonash University MalaysiaSelangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine reduces neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment after mild traumatic brain injury in rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:756. [PMID: 33436960 PMCID: PMC7804312 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, there is a growing interest in the study of the neurotropic activity of polyunsaturated fatty acids ethanolamides (N-acylethanolamines). N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (DHEA, synaptamide) is an endogenous metabolite and structural analogue of anandamide, a widely studied endocannabinoid derived from arachidonic acid. The results of this study demonstrate that DHEA, when administered subcutaneously (10 mg/kg/day, 7 days), promotes cognitive recovery in rats subjected to mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). In the cerebral cortex of experimental animals, we analyzed the dynamics of Iba-1-positive microglia activity changes and the expression of pro-inflammatory markers (IL1β, IL6, CD86). We used immortalized mouse microglial cells (SIM-A9) to assess the effects of DHEA on LPS-induced cytokines/ROS/NO/nitrite, as well as on CD206 (anti-inflammatory microglia) and the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) production. In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that DHEA: (1) improves indicators of anxiety and long-term memory; (2) inhibits the pro-inflammatory microglial cells activity; (3) decrease the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines/ROS/NO/nitrites; (4) increase CD206 and SOD production. In general, the results of this study indicate that DHEA has a complex effect on the neuroinflammation processes, which indicates its high therapeutic potential.
Collapse
|
26
|
Eyolfson E, Carr T, Khan A, Wright DK, Mychasiuk R, Lohman AW. Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries in Mice during Adolescence Cause Sexually Dimorphic Behavioral Deficits and Neuroinflammatory Dynamics. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:2718-2732. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Eyolfson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Thomas Carr
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Asher Khan
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David K. Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander W. Lohman
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
An update on the association between traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease: Focus on Tau pathology and synaptic dysfunction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 120:372-386. [PMID: 33171143 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
L.P. Li, J.W. Liang and H.J. Fu. An update on the association between traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease: Focus on Tau pathology and synaptic dysfunction. NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REVXXX-XXX,2020.-Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are devastating conditions that have long-term consequences on individual's cognitive functions. Although TBI has been considered a risk factor for the development of AD, the link between TBI and AD is still in debate. Aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau and intercorrelated synaptic dysfunction, two key pathological elements in both TBI and AD, play a pivotal role in mediating neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits, providing a mechanistic link between these two diseases. In the first part of this review, we analyze the experimental literatures on tau pathology in various TBI models and review the distribution, biological features and mechanisms of tau pathology following TBI with implications in AD pathogenesis. In the second part, we review evidences of TBI-mediated structural and functional impairments in synapses, with a focus on the overlapped mechanisms underlying synaptic abnormalities in both TBI and AD. Finally, future perspectives are proposed for uncovering the complex relationship between TBI and neurodegeneration, and developing potential therapeutic avenues for alleviating cognitive deficits after TBI.
Collapse
|
28
|
Multifaceted Benefit of Whole Blood Versus Lactated Ringer's Resuscitation After Traumatic Brain Injury and Hemorrhagic Shock in Mice. Neurocrit Care 2020; 34:781-794. [PMID: 32886294 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-020-01084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increasing use in hemorrhagic shock (HS), whole blood (WB) resuscitation for polytrauma with traumatic brain injury (TBI) is largely unexplored. Current TBI guidelines recommend crystalloid for prehospital resuscitation. Although WB outperforms lactated Ringer's (LR) in increasing mean arterial pressure (MAP) in TBI + HS models, effects on brain tissue oxygenation (PbtO2), and optimal MAP remain undefined. METHODS C57BL/6 mice (n = 72) underwent controlled cortical impact followed by HS (MAP = 25-27 mmHg). Ipsilateral hippocampal PbtO2 (n = 40) was measured by microelectrode. Mice were assigned to four groups (n = 18/group) for "prehospital" resuscitation (90 min) with LR or autologous WB, and target MAPs of 60 or 70 mmHg (LR60, WB60, LR70, WB70). Additional LR (10 ml/kg) was bolused every 5 min for MAP below target. RESULTS LR requirements in WB60 (7.2 ± 5.0 mL/kg) and WB70 (28.3 ± 9.6 mL/kg) were markedly lower than in LR60 (132.8 ± 5.8 mL/kg) or LR70 (152.2 ± 4.8 mL/kg; all p < 0.001). WB70 MAP (72.5 ± 2.9 mmHg) was higher than LR70 (59.8 ± 4.0 mmHg, p < 0.001). WB60 MAP (68.7 ± 4.6 mmHg) was higher than LR60 (53.5 ± 3.2 mmHg, p < 0.001). PbtO2 was higher in WB60 (43.8 ± 11.6 mmHg) vs either LR60 (25.9 ± 13.0 mmHg, p = 0.04) or LR70 (24.1 ± 8.1 mmHg, p = 0.001). PbtO2 in WB70 (40.7 ± 8.8 mmHg) was higher than in LR70 (p = 0.007). Despite higher MAP in WB70 vs WB60 (p = .002), PbtO2 was similar. CONCLUSION WB resuscitation after TBI + HS results in robust improvements in brain oxygenation while minimizing fluid volume when compared to standard LR resuscitation. WB resuscitation may allow for a lower prehospital MAP without compromising brain oxygenation when compared to LR resuscitation. Further studies evaluating the effects of these physiologic benefits on outcome after TBI with HS are warranted, to eventually inform clinical trials.
Collapse
|
29
|
Komoltsev IG, Frankevich SO, Shirobokova NI, Volkova AA, Levshina IP, Novikova MR, Manolova AO, Gulyaeva NV. Differential early effects of traumatic brain injury on spike-wave discharges in Sprague-Dawley rats. Neurosci Res 2020; 166:42-54. [PMID: 32461140 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Unprovoked seizures in the late period of traumatic brain injury (TBI) occur in almost 20% of humans and experimental animals, psychiatric comorbidities being common in both situations. The aim of the study was to evaluate epileptiform activity in the early period of TBI induced by lateral fluid percussion brain injury in adult male Srague-Dawley rats and to reveal potential behavioral and pathomorphological correlates of early electrophysiological alterations. One week after TBI the group of animals was remarkably heterogeneous regarding the incidence of bifrontal 7-Hz spikes and spike-wave discharges (SWDs). It consisted of 3 typical groups: a) rats with low baseline and high post-craniotomy SWD level; b)with constantly low both baseline and post-craniotomy SWD levels; c) constantly high both baseline and post-craniotomy SWD levels. Rats with augmented SWD occurrence after TBI demonstrated freezing episodes accompanying SWDs as well as increased anxiety-like behavior (difficulty of choosing). The discharges were definitely associated with sleep phases. The incidence of SWDs positively correlated with the area of glial activation in the neocortex but not in the hippocampus.The translational potential of the data is revealing new pathophysiological links between epileptiform activity appearance, direct cortical and distant hippocampal damage and anxiety-like behavior, putative early predictors of late posttraumatic pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilia G Komoltsev
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5A Butlerov Str., 117485 Moscow, Russia; Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of the Healthcare Department of Moscow, 43 Donskaya Str., 115419 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Stepan O Frankevich
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5A Butlerov Str., 117485 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Natalia I Shirobokova
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5A Butlerov Str., 117485 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Aleksandra A Volkova
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5A Butlerov Str., 117485 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Irina P Levshina
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5A Butlerov Str., 117485 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Margarita R Novikova
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5A Butlerov Str., 117485 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Anna O Manolova
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5A Butlerov Str., 117485 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Natalia V Gulyaeva
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5A Butlerov Str., 117485 Moscow, Russia; Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of the Healthcare Department of Moscow, 43 Donskaya Str., 115419 Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Soni N, Vegh V, To XV, Mohamed AZ, Borges K, Nasrallah FA. Combined Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping Discern Discrete Facets of White Matter Pathology Post-injury in the Rodent Brain. Front Neurol 2020; 11:153. [PMID: 32210907 PMCID: PMC7067826 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early loss of white matter microstructure integrity is a significant cause of long-term neurological disorders following traumatic brain injury (TBI). White matter abnormalities typically involve axonal loss and demyelination. In-vivo imaging tools to detect and differentiate such microstructural changes are not well-explored. This work utilizes the conjoint potential offered by advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques, including quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), to discern the underlying white matter pathology at specific time points (5 h, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days) post-injury in the controlled cortical impact mouse model. A total of 42 animals were randomized into six TBI groups (n = 6 per group) and one sham group (n = 6). Histopathology was performed to validate in-vivo findings by performing myelin basic protein (MBP) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining for the assessment of changes to myelin and astrocytes. After 5 h of injury radial diffusivity (RD) was increased in white matter without a significant change in axial diffusivity (AxD) and susceptibility values. After 1 day post-injury RD was decreased. AxD and susceptibility changes were seen after 3 days post-injury. Susceptibility increases in white matter were observed in both ipsilateral and contralateral regions and persisted for 30 days. In histology, an increase in GFAP immunoreactivity was observed after 3 days post-injury and remained high for 30 days in both ipsilateral and contralateral white matter regions. A loss in MBP signal was noted after 3 days post-injury that continued up to 30 days. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the complementary ability of DTI and QSM in discerning the micro-pathological processes triggered following TBI. While DTI revealed acute and focal white matter changes, QSM mirrored the temporal demyelination in the white matter tracts and diffuse regions at the chronic state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Soni
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Viktor Vegh
- Center for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Xuan Vinh To
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Abdalla Z Mohamed
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Karin Borges
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Fatima A Nasrallah
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Park E, McCutcheon V, Telliyan T, Liu E, Eisen R, Kinio A, Tavakkoli J, Baker AJ. Remote ischemic conditioning improves outcome independent of anesthetic effects following shockwave-induced traumatic brain injury. IBRO Rep 2020; 8:18-27. [PMID: 31909289 PMCID: PMC6939039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury due to primary blast exposure is a major cause of ongoing neurological and psychological impairment in soldiers and civilians. Animal and human evidence suggests that low-level blast exposure is capable of inducing white matter injury and behavioural deficits. There are currently no effective therapies to treat the underlying suspected pathophysiology of low-level primary blast or concussion. Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) has been shown to have cardiac, renal and neuro-protective effects in response to brief cycles of ischemia. Here we examined the effects of RIC in two models of blast injury. We used a model of low-level primary blast in rats to evaluate the effects of RIC neurofilament expression. We subsequently used a model of traumatic brain injury in adult zebrafish using pulsed high intensity focused ultrasound (pHIFU) to evaluate the effects of RIC on behavioural outcome and apoptosis in a post-traumatic setting. In blast exposed rats, RIC pretreatment modulated NF200 expression suggesting an innate biological buffering effect. In zebrafish, behavioural deficits and apoptosis due to pHIFU-induced brain injury were reduced following administration of serum derived from RIC rats. The results in the zebrafish model demonstrate the humoral effects of RIC independent of anesthetic effects that were observed in the rat model of injury. Our results indicate that RIC is effective in improving outcome following modeled brain trauma in pre- and post-injury paradigms. The results suggest a potential role for innate biological systems in the protection against pathophysiological processes associated with impairment following shockwave induced trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Park
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael's Hospital, Canada
| | - Victoria McCutcheon
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael's Hospital, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Tamar Telliyan
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael's Hospital, Canada
| | - Elaine Liu
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael's Hospital, Canada
| | - Rebecca Eisen
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael's Hospital, Canada
| | - Anna Kinio
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael's Hospital, Canada
| | - Jahan Tavakkoli
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael's Hospital, Canada.,Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Canada
| | - Andrew J Baker
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael's Hospital, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada.,Departments of Anesthesia & Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wilkinson CM, Kalisvaart ACJ, Kung TFC, Maisey DR, Klahr AC, Dickson CT, Colbourne F. The collagenase model of intracerebral hemorrhage in awake, freely moving animals: The effects of isoflurane. Brain Res 2019; 1728:146593. [PMID: 31816320 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating stroke often modelled in rats. Isoflurane anesthetic, commonly used in preclinical research, affects general physiology (e.g., blood pressure) and electrophysiology (e.g., burst suppression) in many ways. These physiological changes may detract from the clinical relevance of the model. Here, we revised the standard collagenase model to produce an ICH in rats without anesthetic. Guide cannulas were implanted stereotaxically under anesthetic. After 3 days of recovery, collagenase was infused through an internal cannula into the striatum of animals randomly assigned to the non-anesthetized or isoflurane group. We assessed whether isoflurane affected hematoma volume, core temperature, movement activity, pain, blood pressure, and seizure activity. With a small ICH, there was a hematoma volume increased from 8.6 (±3.3, 95% confidence interval) µL in anesthetized rats to 13.2 (±3.1) µL in non-anesthetized rats (P = 0.008), but with a larger ICH, hematoma volumes were similar. Isoflurane decreased temperature by 1.3 °C (±0.16 °C, P < 0.001) for 2 h and caused a 35.1 (±1.7) mmHg group difference in blood pressure (P < 0.007) for 12 m. Blood glucose increased twofold after isoflurane procedures (P < 0.001). Pain, as assessed with the rat grimace scale, did not differ between groups. Seizure incidence rate (62.5%) in non-anesthetized ICH rats was similar to historic amounts (61.3%). In conclusion, isoflurane appears to have some significant and injury size-dependent effects on the collagenase model. Thus, when anesthetic effects are a known concern, the use of the standardized cannula infusion approach is scientifically and ethically acceptable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tiffany F C Kung
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - D Ryan Maisey
- Social Sciences - Augustana Faculty, University of Alberta, Camrose, Canada
| | - Ana C Klahr
- Social Sciences - Augustana Faculty, University of Alberta, Camrose, Canada
| | - Clayton T Dickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Frederick Colbourne
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Arun P, Wilder DM, Eken O, Urioste R, Batuure A, Sajja S, Van Albert S, Wang Y, Gist ID, Long JB. Long-Term Effects of Blast Exposure: A Functional Study in Rats Using an Advanced Blast Simulator. J Neurotrauma 2019; 37:647-655. [PMID: 31595810 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anecdotal observations of blast victims indicate that significant neuropathological and neurobehavioral defects may develop at later stages of life. To pre-clinically model this phenomenon, we have examined neurobehavioral changes in rats up to 1 year after exposure to single and tightly coupled repeated blasts using an advanced blast simulator. Neurobehavioral changes were monitored at acute, sub-acute, and chronic time-points using Morris water maze test of spatial learning and memory, novel object recognition test of short-term memory, open field exploratory activity as a test of anxiety/depression, a rotating pole test for vestibulomotor function, and a rotarod balance test for motor coordination. Single and repeated blasts resulted in significant functional deficits at both acute and chronic time-points. In most functional tests, rats exposed to repeated blasts performed more poorly than rats exposed to single blast. Interestingly, several functional deficits post-blast were most pronounced at 6 months and beyond. Significant neuromotor impairments occurred at early stages after blast exposure and the severity increased with repeated exposures. The novel object recognition testing revealed short-term memory deficits at 6 and 12 months post-blast. The water maze test revealed impairments at acute and chronic stages after blast exposure. The most substantial changes in the blast-exposed rats were observed with the center time and margin time legacies in the open field exploration test at 6, 9, and 12 months post-blast. Notably, these two outcome measures were minimally altered acutely, recovered during sub-acute stages, and were markedly affected during the chronic stages after blast exposures and may implicate development of chronic anxiety and depressive-like behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peethambaran Arun
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Donna M Wilder
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ondine Eken
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Rodrigo Urioste
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Andrew Batuure
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Sujith Sajja
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Stephen Van Albert
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ying Wang
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Irene D Gist
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Joseph B Long
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Christie BR, Trivino‐Paredes J, Pinar C, Neale KJ, Meconi A, Reid H, Hutton CP. A Rapid Neurological Assessment Protocol for Repeated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Awake Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 89:e80. [DOI: 10.1002/cpns.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Christie
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Juan Trivino‐Paredes
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Cristina Pinar
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Katie J. Neale
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Alicia Meconi
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Hannah Reid
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Craig P. Hutton
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Harris NG, Paydar A, Smith GS, Lepore S. Diffusion MR imaging acquisition and analytics for microstructural delineation in preclinical models of TBI. J Neurosci Res 2019; 100:1128-1139. [PMID: 31044457 PMCID: PMC6824967 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made toward improving both the acquisition of clinical diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) data and its analysis in the uninjured brain, through various techniques including a large number of model-based solutions that have been proposed to fit for multiple tissue compartments, and multiple fibers per voxel. While some of these techniques have been applied to clinical traumatic brain injury (TBI) research, the majority of these technological enhancements have yet to be fully implemented in the preclinical arena of TBI animal model-based research. In this review, we describe the requirement for preclinical, MRI-based efforts to provide systematic confirmation of the applicability of some of these models as indicators of tissue pathology within the injured brain. We review how current DWI techniques are currently being used in animal TBI models, and describe how both acquisition and analytic techniques could be extended to leverage the progress made in clinical work. Finally, we highlight remaining gaps in the preclinical pipeline from data acquisition to final analysis that currently have no real, preclinical-based correlate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N G Harris
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Brain Injury Research Centre, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,UCLA Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - A Paydar
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Brain Injury Research Centre, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - G S Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Brain Injury Research Centre, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - S Lepore
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Brain Injury Research Centre, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bolton-Hall AN, Hubbard WB, Saatman KE. Experimental Designs for Repeated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Challenges and Considerations. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:1203-1221. [PMID: 30351225 PMCID: PMC6479246 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mild TBI) is a growing public concern, as evidence mounts that even brain injuries classified as "mild" can result in persistent neurological dysfunction. Multiple brain injuries heighten the likelihood of worsened or more prolonged symptomatology and may trigger long-term neurodegeneration. Animal models provide a logical platform to identify key parameters, such as loading forces, duration between injuries, and number of injuries, which contribute to additive or synergistic damage after repeated mild TBI. Despite the tremendous increase in research productivity in the field of repeated mild TBI, relatively few studies have been designed in such a way as to provide experimental-based insights into the dependence of cellular and functional outcomes on the prescribed parameters of mild TBI. In this review, we summarize how standard models of TBI have been adapted to produce mild TBI and highlight commonly observed aspects of neuropathology replicated in rodent models of mild TBI. The complexity of designing studies of repeated TBI is discussed, including challenges of incorporating appropriate control groups, informative experimental design, and relevant outcome measures. We then feature studies that provide a well-controlled, within-study design varying either the number of injuries or the interinjury interval. Harnessing the power of experimental models of TBI to elucidate which injury parameters are critical contributors to acute and chronic damage after repeated injury can further efforts at prevention and provide improved models for testing mechanisms and therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N. Bolton-Hall
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - W. Brad Hubbard
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Kathryn E. Saatman
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Modeling of inflicted head injury by shaking trauma in children: what can we learn? : Part I: A systematic review of animal models. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2019; 15:408-422. [PMID: 30828765 PMCID: PMC6687679 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-019-0082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflicted blunt force trauma and/or repetitive acceleration-deceleration trauma in infants can cause brain injury. Yet, the exact pathophysiologic mechanism with its associated thresholds remains unclear. In this systematic review an overview of animal models for shaking trauma and their findings on tissue damage will be provided. A systematic review was performed in MEDLINE and Scopus for articles on the simulation of inflicted head injury in animals. After collection, the studies were independently screened by two researchers for title, abstract, and finally full text and on methodological quality. A total of 12 articles were included after full-text screening. Three articles were based on a single study population of 13 lambs, by one research group. The other 9 articles were separate studies in piglets, all by a single second research group. The lamb articles give some information on tissue damage after inflicted head injury. The piglet studies only provide information on consequences of a single plane rotational movement. Generally, with increasing age and weight, there was a decrease of axonal injury and death. Future studies should focus on every single step in the process of a free movement in all directions, resembling human infant shaking. In part II of this systematic review biomechanical models will be evaluated.
Collapse
|
38
|
Komoltsev IG, Frankevich SO, Shirobokova NI, Volkova AA, Novikova MR, Gulyaeva NV. [Acute period in a rat model of brain trauma: immediate seizures, damage to functional neocortical zones and behavioral disturbances]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 119:88-91. [PMID: 32207737 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201911911288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Establishing the relationship between the damage in the neocortex and the functional manifestations of these lesions is important to understand the mechanisms of acute seizures and their consequences. An analysis of immediate seizures in patients with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) in practice is difficult, however it can be performed in animal models. AIM To compare the damage to functional neocortical areas with the semiology of immediate seizures and behavioral disturbances in the acute period after lateral fluid percussion (TBI model) in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was performed on 48 Wistar rats. TBI was modelled using lateral fluid-percussion injury to the right sensory-motor cortex. To study the semiology of immediate seizures, video recording was performed at the moment of the injury and 5 min after it. After that, a number of behavioral tests were employed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION This study presents the first detailed evaluation of damage to the functional neocortical areas in the acute period of TBI using the 'unfolded maps' approach. The focus of damage in the cortex increased from 3rd to 7th day and demonstrated a complex shape, extending far beyond the area of the direct impact. TBI induced immediate seizures with a variability which cannot be explained by the involvement of certain areas of the neocortex alone, as well as behavioral disturbances suggested to reflect developing necrosis predominantly in the sensory area of the neocortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I G Komoltsev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology RAS, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of the Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - S O Frankevich
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - N I Shirobokova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Volkova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - M R Novikova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - N V Gulyaeva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology RAS, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of the Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Archer D, McCann S, Walker A, Premji Z, Rogan K, Hutton M, Gray L. Neuroprotection by anaesthetics in rodent models of traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2018; 121:1272-1281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
|
40
|
Gorse KM, Lafrenaye AD. The Importance of Inter-Species Variation in Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Alterations of Microglial-Axonal Interactions. Front Neurol 2018; 9:778. [PMID: 30294296 PMCID: PMC6158363 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between microglia and neuronal components are important for normal CNS function. They are also associated with neuroinflammation and many pathological processes and several studies have explored these interactions in terms of phagocytic engulfment. Much progress has also been made in understanding the consequences of chronic neuroinflammatory changes following trauma. However, little is known about acute alterations to these physical non-phagocytic microglial-neuronal interactions following traumatic brain injury (TBI), and particularly to what degree these post-injury interactions may be influenced by the animal species utilized in pre-clinical models of TBI. To investigate these problems, we evaluated the physical interactions between microglia and injured axons acutely (6 h and 1 day) following central fluid percussion injury (cFPI) in both rats and micro pigs. The physical interactions between Iba-1+ microglia and either normal MBP+ myelinated fibers or APP+ injured axonal swellings in the thalamus were assessed following injury or sham via quantitative image analysis of 3D confocal micrographs. The results indicated that the physical interactions between microglia and injured axonal swellings decreased by nearly half in rats 6 h following cFPI but was consistent with sham control at 1 day post-cFPI. This reduction was also observed in non-injured intact fibers at both timepoints following TBI in the rat. Microglial process interactions with injured axons in the micro pig, however, increased nearly 2-fold compared to interactions with intact axonal segments 1 day post-cFPI. This study shows that the species utilized for in vivo pre-clinical studies influences the manner in which microglial-axonal interactions change following TBI. These species differences can be leveraged to further our understanding of the mechanisms involved in microglial process convergence and how these neuro-immune interactions alter the progression of axonal injury following TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Gorse
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Audrey D Lafrenaye
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Aneja RK, Alcamo AM, Cummings J, Vagni V, Feldman K, Wang Q, Dixon CE, Billiar TR, Kochanek PM. Lack of Benefit on Brain Edema, Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability, or Cognitive Outcome in Global Inducible High Mobility Group Box 1 Knockout Mice Despite Tissue Sparing after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:360-369. [PMID: 30045665 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a prototypical danger-associated molecular pattern molecule that is considered a late mediator of neuro-inflammation after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Prior studies have suggested that targeting HMGB1 may lead to neuroprotective effects, but none of these studies have reported cognitive outcomes. We hypothesized that loss of HMGB1 before and after TBI would markedly attenuate post-traumatic brain edema, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, improve functional deficits and long-term neuropathology versus control mice. Using the controlled cortical impact model and conditional global HMGB1 knockout (HMGB1 KO) mice, we demonstrate that there was a neuroprotective effect seen in the HMGB1 KO versus wild-type control evidenced by a significant reduction in contusion volume. However, two surprising findings were 1) the lack of benefit on either post-traumatic brain edema or BBB permeability, and 2) that spatial memory performance was impaired in HMGB1 KO naïve mice such that the behavioral effects of HMGB1 deletion in uninjured naïve mice were similar to those observed after TBI. Our data suggest the possibility that the role of HMGB1 in TBI is a "double-edged sword"; that is, despite the benefits on selected aspects of secondary injury, the sustained absence of HMGB1 may impair cognitive function, even in naïve mice. Given the pleiotropic actions of extracellular and intracellular HMGB1, when evaluating the potential use of therapies targeting HMGB1, effects on long-term cognitive outcome should be carefully evaluated. It also may be prudent in future studies to examine cell-specific effects of manipulating the HMGB1 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Aneja
- 1 Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alicia M Alcamo
- 1 Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica Cummings
- 1 Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Vincent Vagni
- 1 Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Keri Feldman
- 1 Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Qingde Wang
- 3 Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - C Edward Dixon
- 4 Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- 3 Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- 1 Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Xing G, Ren M, Verma A. Divergent Induction of Branched-Chain Aminotransferases and Phosphorylation of Branched Chain Keto-Acid Dehydrogenase Is a Potential Mechanism Coupling Branched-Chain Keto-Acid-Mediated-Astrocyte Activation to Branched-Chain Amino Acid Depletion-Mediated Cognitive Deficit after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2482-2494. [PMID: 29764289 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficient branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are implicated in cognitive dysfunction after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The mechanism remains unknown. BCAAs are catabolized by neuron-specific cytosolic and astrocyte-specific mitochondrial branched-chain aminotransferases (BCATc, BCATm) to generate glutamate and branched-chain keto-acids (BCKAs) that are metabolized by the mitochondrial branched-chain keto-acid dehydrogenase (BCKD) whose activity is regulated by its phosphorylation state. BCKD phosphorylation by BCKD kinase (BCKDK) inactivates BCKD and cause neurocognitive dysfunction, whereas dephosphorylation by specific phosphatase restores BCKD activity. Real-time polymerase chain reaction showed rapidly and significantly decreased BCATc messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, but significantly increased BCATm mRNA level post-CCI (controlled cortical impact). BCKD and BCKDK mRNA decreased significantly immediately after CCI-induced TBI (CCI) in the rat. Phosphorylated BCKD proteins (pBCKD) increased significantly in the ipsilateral-CCI hemisphere. Immunohistochemistry revealed significantly increased pBCKD proteins in ipsilateral astrocytes post-CCI. BCKD protein expression is higher in primarily cultured cortical neurons than in astrocytes, whereas pBCKD protein level is higher in astrocytes than in cortical neurons. Transforming growth factor beta treatment (10 μg/mL for 48 h) significantly increased pBCKD protein expression in astrocytes, whereas glutamate treatment (25 μM for 24 h) significantly decreased pBCKD protein in neurons. Because increased pBCKD would lead to increased BCKA accumulation, BCKA-mediated astrocyte activation, cell death, and cognitive dysfunction as found in maple syrup urine disease; thus, TBI may potentially induce cognitive deficit through diverting BCAA from glutamate production in neurons to BCKA production in astrocytes through the pBCKD-dependent mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xing
- 1 Department of Radiology and Imaging, Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function , The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Ming Ren
- 2 Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Li P, Jiang H, Wu H, Wu D, Li H, Yu J, Lai J. AH6809 decreases production of inflammatory mediators by PGE 2 - EP2 - cAMP signaling pathway in an experimentally induced pure cerebral concussion in rats. Brain Res 2018; 1698:11-28. [PMID: 29792868 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that PGE2 metabolic pathway is involved in pathological changes of the secondary brain injury after traumatic brain injury. However, the underlying mechanisms, in particular, the correlation between various key enzymes and the brain injury, has remained to be fully explored. More specifically, it remains to be ascertained whether AH6809 (an EP2 receptor antagonist) would interfere with the downstream of the PGE2, regulate the inflammatory mediators and improve neuronal damage in the hippocampus by PGE2 - EP2 - cAMP signaling pathway. The expression and pathological changes of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), microsomal prostaglandin-E synthase-1 (mPGES-1), E-prostanoid receptor 2 (EP2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and inducible nitricoxide synthase (iNOS) in the CA1 area of hippocampus were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and RT-PCR after pure cerebral concussion (PCC) induced by a metal pendulum closed brain injury in rats followed by AH6809 treatment. The morphology and number of neurons in CA1 region were analyzed by cresyl violet staining. The concentration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was assayed by ELISA. Many neurons in hippocampal CA1 area appeared to undergo necrosis and the number of neurons was concomitantly reduced after PCC injury. With the passage of time, the protein and mRNA expression of various key enzymes including COX-1, COX-2 and mPGES-1, EP2 receptor, and inflammatory mediators including TNF-α, IL-1β and iNOS was increased; meanwhile, the concentration of PGE2 and cAMP was enhanced. After PCC injury given AH6809 intervention, injury of neurons in hippocampal CA1 area was attenuated. The protein and mRNA expression of COX-1, COX-2, mPGES-1, EP2, TNF-α, IL-1β and iNOS was decreased, this was coupled with reduction of PGE2 and cAMP. The results suggest that PGE2 metabolic pathway is involved in secondary pathological changes of PCC. AH6809 improves the recovery of injured neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area and downregulates the inflammatory mediators by PGE2 - EP2 - cAMP signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- College of Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Science, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China; Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Hongyan Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Haiying Wu
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Deye Wu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Qilu Medical University, 246 West Outer Ring Road, Boshan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Zibo 255213, Shandong, PR China
| | - Hengxi Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Jianyun Yu
- College of Forensic Science and Key Laboratory of Brain Injury, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Jianghua Lai
- College of Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Science, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Meconi A, Wortman RC, Wright DK, Neale KJ, Clarkson M, Shultz SR, Christie BR. Repeated mild traumatic brain injury can cause acute neurologic impairment without overt structural damage in juvenile rats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197187. [PMID: 29738554 PMCID: PMC5940222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated concussion is becoming increasingly recognized as a serious public health concern around the world. Moreover, there is a greater awareness amongst health professionals of the potential for repeated pediatric concussions to detrimentally alter the structure and function of the developing brain. To better study this issue, we developed an awake closed head injury (ACHI) model that enabled repeated concussions to be performed reliably and reproducibly in juvenile rats. A neurological assessment protocol (NAP) score was generated immediately after each ACHI to help quantify the cumulative effects of repeated injury on level of consciousness, and basic motor and reflexive capacity. Here we show that we can produce a repeated ACHI (4 impacts in two days) in both male and female juvenile rats without significant mortality or pain. We show that both single and repeated injuries produce acute neurological deficits resembling clinical concussion symptoms that can be quantified using the NAP score. Behavioural analyses indicate repeated ACHI acutely impaired spatial memory in the Barnes maze, and an interesting sex effect was revealed as memory impairment correlated moderately with poorer NAP score performance in a subset of females. These cognitive impairments occurred in the absence of motor impairments on the Rotarod, or emotional changes in the open field and elevated plus mazes. Cresyl violet histology and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicated that repeated ACHI did not produce significant structural damage. MRI also confirmed there was no volumetric loss in the cortex, hippocampus, or corpus callosum of animals at 1 or 7 days post-ACHI. Together these data indicate that the ACHI model can provide a reliable, high throughput means to study the effects of concussions in juvenile rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Meconi
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ryan C. Wortman
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David K. Wright
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katie J. Neale
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Melissa Clarkson
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sandy R. Shultz
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brian R. Christie
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Brain Health and Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Najem D, Rennie K, Ribecco-Lutkiewicz M, Ly D, Haukenfrers J, Liu Q, Nzau M, Fraser DD, Bani-Yaghoub M. Traumatic brain injury: classification, models, and markers. Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 96:391-406. [PMID: 29370536 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Due to its high incidence rate and often long-term sequelae, TBI contributes significantly to increasing costs of health care expenditures annually. Unfortunately, advances in the field have been stifled by patient and injury heterogeneity that pose a major challenge in TBI prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. In this review, we briefly discuss the causes of TBI, followed by its prevalence, classification, and pathophysiology. The current imaging detection methods and animal models used to study brain injury are examined. We discuss the potential use of molecular markers in detecting and monitoring the progression of TBI, with particular emphasis on microRNAs as a novel class of molecular modulators of injury and its repair in the neural tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dema Najem
- a Department of Translational Bioscience, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Kerry Rennie
- a Department of Translational Bioscience, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Maria Ribecco-Lutkiewicz
- a Department of Translational Bioscience, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Dao Ly
- a Department of Translational Bioscience, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Julie Haukenfrers
- a Department of Translational Bioscience, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Qing Liu
- a Department of Translational Bioscience, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.,b Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Munyao Nzau
- c Paediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Douglas D Fraser
- d Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada.,e Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Mahmud Bani-Yaghoub
- a Department of Translational Bioscience, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.,f Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Malá H, Rasmussen CP. The effect of combined therapies on recovery after acquired brain injury: Systematic review of preclinical studies combining enriched environment, exercise, or task-specific training with other therapies. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 35:25-64. [PMID: 27858724 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired brain injuries (ABI) have devastating effects for the affected individual as well as society. Many studies have investigated the effect of different monotherapies. However, functional recovery is typically only partial. One possible strategy to promote a greater degree of recovery is to apply monotherapies in combination with one or more treatments. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review is to investigate if approaches combining enriched environment (EE), exercise, or task-specific training with other monotherapies, further enhance the degree of recovery after ABI. METHOD Scopus, PsychINFO, and PubMed databases were searched in March 2016 with the following search strings: exercise (or) enriched environment (or) environmental enrichment (or) rehabilitation (and) traumatic brain injury (or) ischemia (or) stroke (and) rat (or) rodent. Studies were included if they (1) were in English, (2) used adult animals subjected to brain injury, (3) included EE, and/or exercise, and/or task-specific training as post-injury treatment strategies, (4) included at least one group receiving another monotherapy. Out of 2.168 hits, 29 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. RESULTS Despite several trends for enhanced recovery after combined therapies, this systematic review of 29 studies does not indicate that combined therapies confer consistent combined effects on motor, cognitive, or cerebral recovery according to present criteria for combined effect. CONCLUSION Combined treatments continue to provide hope for enhanced recovery after ABI, however, the research area is in its infancy. This systematic review does not provide conclusive evidence. This is likely due to sparse knowledge regarding optimal treatment parameters. Combined treatments, however, hold the best promise regarding treatment of the complex changes induced by ABI.
Collapse
|
47
|
Gold EM, Vasilevko V, Hasselmann J, Tiefenthaler C, Hoa D, Ranawaka K, Cribbs DH, Cummings BJ. Repeated Mild Closed Head Injuries Induce Long-Term White Matter Pathology and Neuronal Loss That Are Correlated With Behavioral Deficits. ASN Neuro 2018; 10:1759091418781921. [PMID: 29932344 PMCID: PMC6050992 DOI: 10.1177/1759091418781921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 5.3 million Americans are living with a disability from a traumatic brain injury (TBI). There is emerging evidence of the detrimental effects from repeated mild TBIs (rmTBIs). rmTBI manifests its own unique set of behavioral and neuropathological changes. A subset of individuals exposed to rmTBI develop permanent behavioral and pathological consequences, defined postmortem as chronic traumatic encephalopathy. We have combined components of two classic rodent models of TBI, the controlled cortical impact model and the weight drop model, to develop a repeated mild closed head injury (rmCHI) that produces long-term deficits in several behaviors that correlate with neuropathological changes. Mice receiving rmCHI performed differently from 1-hit or sham controls on the elevated plus maze; these deficits persist up to 6 months postinjury (MPI). rmCHI mice performed worse than 1-hit and control sham mice at 2 MPI and 6 MPI on the Morris water maze. Mice receiving rmCHI exhibited significant atrophy of the corpus callosum at both 2 MPI and 6 MPI, as assessed by stereological volume analysis. Stereological analysis also revealed significant loss of cortical neurons in comparison with 1-hit and controls. Moreover, both of these pathological changes correlated with behavioral impairments. In human tau transgenic mice, rmCHI induced increases in hyperphosphorylated paired helical filament 1 tau in the hippocampus. This suggests that strategies to restore myelination or reduce neuronal loss may ameliorate the behavioral deficits observed following rmCHI and that rmCHI may model chronic traumatic encephalopathy in human tau mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Gold
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology,
University
of California-Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center,
University
of California-Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Vitaly Vasilevko
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders,
University
of California-Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Hasselmann
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology,
University
of California-Irvine, CA, USA
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders,
University
of California-Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Casey Tiefenthaler
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology,
University
of California-Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center,
University
of California-Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Danny Hoa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology,
University
of California-Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center,
University
of California-Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kasuni Ranawaka
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology,
University
of California-Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center,
University
of California-Irvine, CA, USA
| | - David H. Cribbs
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders,
University
of California-Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Brian J. Cummings
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology,
University
of California-Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center,
University
of California-Irvine, CA, USA
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders,
University
of California-Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,
University
of California-Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Effects of Dimeric PSD-95 Inhibition on Excitotoxic Cell Death and Outcome After Controlled Cortical Impact in Rats. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3401-3413. [PMID: 28828633 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic effects of PSD-95 inhibition have been demonstrated in numerous studies of stroke; however only few studies have assessed the effects of PSD-95 inhibitors in traumatic brain injury (TBI). As the pathophysiology of TBI partially overlaps with that of stroke, PSD-95 inhibition may also be an effective therapeutic strategy in TBI. The objectives of the present study were to assess the effects of a dimeric inhibitor of PSD-95, UCCB01-144, on excitotoxic cell death in vitro and outcome after experimental TBI in rats in vivo. In addition, the pharmacokinetic parameters of UCCB01-144 were investigated in order to assess uptake of the drug into the central nervous system of rats. After a controlled cortical impact rats were randomized to receive a single injection of either saline or two different doses of UCCB01-144 (10 or 20 mg/kg IV) immediately after injury. Spatial learning and memory were assessed in a water maze at 2 weeks post-trauma, and at 4 weeks lesion volumes were estimated. Overall, UCCB01-144 did not protect against NMDA-toxicity in neuronal cultures or experimental TBI in rats. Important factors that should be investigated further in future studies assessing the effects of PSD-95 inhibitors in TBI are discussed.
Collapse
|
49
|
Long-Term Deficits in Cortical Circuit Function after Asphyxial Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation in Developing Rats. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0319-16. [PMID: 28674699 PMCID: PMC5492685 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0319-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrest is a common cause of global hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Poor neurologic outcome among cardiac arrest survivors results not only from direct cellular injury but also from subsequent long-term dysfunction of neuronal circuits. Here, we investigated the long-term impact of cardiac arrest during development on the function of cortical layer IV (L4) barrel circuits in the rat primary somatosensory cortex. We used multielectrode single-neuron recordings to examine responses of presumed excitatory L4 barrel neurons to controlled whisker stimuli in adult (8 ± 2-mo-old) rats that had undergone 9 min of asphyxial cardiac arrest and resuscitation during the third postnatal week. Results indicate that responses to deflections of the topographically appropriate principal whisker (PW) are smaller in magnitude in cardiac arrest survivors than in control rats. Responses to adjacent whisker (AW) deflections are similar in magnitude between the two groups. Because of a disproportionate decrease in PW-evoked responses, receptive fields of L4 barrel neurons are less spatially focused in cardiac arrest survivors than in control rats. In addition, spiking activity among L4 barrel neurons is more correlated in cardiac arrest survivors than in controls. Computational modeling demonstrates that experimentally observed disruptions in barrel circuit function after cardiac arrest can emerge from a balanced increase in background excitatory and inhibitory conductances in L4 neurons. Experimental and modeling data together suggest that after a hypoxic-ischemic insult, cortical sensory circuits are less responsive and less spatially tuned. Modulation of these deficits may represent a therapeutic approach to improving neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest.
Collapse
|
50
|
Sommer JB, Bach A, Malá H, Strømgaard K, Mogensen J, Pickering DS. In vitro and in vivo effects of a novel dimeric inhibitor of PSD-95 on excitotoxicity and functional recovery after experimental traumatic brain injury. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 45:238-248. [PMID: 27859797 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PSD-95 inhibitors have been shown to be neuroprotective in stroke, but have only to a very limited extent been evaluated in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that has pathophysiological mechanisms in common with stroke. The aims of the current study were to assess the effects of a novel dimeric inhibitor of PSD-95, UCCB01-147, on histopathology and long-term cognitive outcome after controlled cortical impact (CCI) in rats. As excitotoxic cell death is thought to be a prominent part of the pathophysiology of TBI, we also investigated the neuroprotective effects of UCCB01-147 and related compounds on NMDA-induced cell death in cultured cortical neurons. Anesthetized rats were given a CCI or sham injury, and were randomized to receive an injection of either UCCB01-147 (10 mg/kg), the non-competitive NMDAR-receptor antagonist MK-801 (1 mg/kg) or saline immediately after injury. At 2 and 4 weeks post-trauma, spatial learning and memory were assessed in a water maze, and at 3 months, brains were removed for estimation of lesion volumes. Overall, neither treatment with UCCB01-147 nor MK-801 resulted in significant improvements of cognition and histopathology after CCI. Although MK-801 provided robust neuroprotection against NMDA-induced toxicity in cultured cortical neurons, UCCB01-147 failed to reduce cell death and became neurotoxic at high doses. The data suggest potential differential effects of PSD-95 inhibition in stroke and TBI that should be investigated further in future studies taking important experimental factors such as timing of treatment, dosage, and anesthesia into consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bak Sommer
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Unit for Cognitive Neuroscience (UCN), Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Bach
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hana Malá
- The Unit for Cognitive Neuroscience (UCN), Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Mogensen
- The Unit for Cognitive Neuroscience (UCN), Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Darryl S Pickering
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|