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Balbinot G, Schuch CP. Compensatory Relearning Following Stroke: Cellular and Plasticity Mechanisms in Rodents. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1023. [PMID: 30766468 PMCID: PMC6365459 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
von Monakow’s theory of diaschisis states the functional ‘standstill’ of intact brain regions that are remote from a damaged area, often implied in recovery of function. Accordingly, neural plasticity and activity patterns related to recovery are also occurring at the same regions. Recovery relies on plasticity in the periinfarct and homotopic contralesional regions and involves relearning to perform movements. Seeking evidence for a relearning mechanism following stroke, we found that rodents display many features that resemble classical learning and memory mechanisms. Compensatory relearning is likely to be accompanied by gradual shaping of these regions and pathways, with participating neurons progressively adapting cortico-striato-thalamic activity and synaptic strengths at different cortico-thalamic loops – adapting function relayed by the striatum. Motor cortex functional maps are progressively reinforced and shaped by these loops as the striatum searches for different functional actions. Several cortical and striatal cellular mechanisms that influence motor learning may also influence post-stroke compensatory relearning. Future research should focus on how different neuromodulatory systems could act before, during or after rehabilitation to improve stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Balbinot
- Brain Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Pedrini Schuch
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Motor Skill Learning Is Associated with Phase-Dependent Modifications in the Striatal cAMP/PKA/DARPP-32 Signaling Pathway in Rodents. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140974. [PMID: 26488498 PMCID: PMC4619563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abundant evidence points to a key role of dopamine in motor skill learning, although the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here, we used a skilled-reaching paradigm to first examine changes in the expression of the plasticity-related gene Arc to map activity in cortico-striatal circuitry during different phases of motor skill learning in young animals. In the early phase, Arc mRNA was significantly induced in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), cingulate cortex, primary motor cortex, and striatum. In the late phase, expression of Arc did not change in most regions, except in the mPFC and dorsal striatum. In the second series of experiments, we studied the learning-induced changes in the phosphorylation state of dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 32k Da (DARPP-32). Western blot analysis of the phosphorylation state of DARPP-32 and its downstream target cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in the striatum revealed that the early, but not late, phase of motor skill learning was associated with increased levels of phospho-Thr34-DARPP-32 and phospho-Ser133-CREB. Finally, we used the DARPP-32 knock-in mice with a point mutation in the Thr34 regulatory site (i.e., protein kinase A site) to test the significance of this pathway in motor skill learning. In accordance with our hypothesis, inhibition of DARPP-32 activity at the Thr34 regulatory site strongly attenuated the motor learning rate and skilled reaching performance of mice. These findings suggest that the cAMP/PKA/DARPP-32 signaling pathway is critically involved in the acquisition of novel motor skills, and also demonstrate a dynamic shift in the contribution of cortico-striatal circuitry during different phases of motor skill learning.
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Ogata M, Noda K, Akita H, Ishibashi H. Characterization of nociceptive response to chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli in adolescent rats with neonatal dopamine depletion. Neuroscience 2015; 289:43-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Control of the nigrostriatal dopamine neuron activity and motor function by the tail of the ventral tegmental area. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2788-98. [PMID: 24896615 PMCID: PMC4200489 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine neurons are implicated in various psychiatric and neurological disorders. The GABAergic tail of the ventral tegmental area (tVTA), also named the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), displays dense projections to the midbrain and exerts electrophysiological control over dopamine cells of the VTA. However, the influence of the tVTA on the nigrostriatal pathway, from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) to the dorsal striatum, and on related functions remains to be addressed. The present study highlights the role played by the tVTA as a GABA brake for the nigrostriatal system, demonstrating a critical influence over motor functions. Using neuroanatomical approaches with tract tracing and electron microscopy, we reveal the presence of a tVTA-SNc-dorsal striatum pathway. Using in vivo electrophysiology, we prove that the tVTA is a major inhibitory control center for SNc dopamine cells. Using behavioral approaches, we demonstrate that the tVTA controls rotation behavior, motor coordination, and motor skill learning. The motor enhancements observed after ablation of the tVTA are in this regard comparable with the performance-enhancing properties of amphetamine, a drug used in doping. These findings demonstrate that the tVTA is a major GABA brake for nigral dopamine systems and nigrostriatal functions, and they raise important questions about how the tVTA is integrated within the basal ganglia circuitry. They also warrant further research on the tVTA's role in motor and dopamine-related pathological contexts such as Parkinson's disease.
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A rotarod test for evaluation of motor skill learning. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 189:180-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Akita H, Honda Y, Ogata M, Noda K, Saji M. Activation of the NMDA receptor involved in the alleviating after-effect of repeated stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on motor deficits in hemiparkinsonian rats. Brain Res 2009; 1306:159-67. [PMID: 19766606 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that the cellular mechanism whereby chronic deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) induces the improvement of motor deficits lasting after stimulation in the hemiparkinsonian (hemi-PD) rat involves the NMDA receptor-dependent processes in neurons receiving afferents from the STN, we examined whether the NMDA receptor antagonist prevents the alleviating after-effect of repeated STN-DBS on motor deficits in hemi-PD. The cylinder test was performed before and after repeated STN-DBS over 3 days in hemi-PD that received a unilateral injection of 6-OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle 3 weeks prior to STN-DBS experiments. No significant improvement in the reduced frequency of forelimb use and forelimb-use asymmetry was seen in the cylinder test after the single STN-DBS, while, when the STN-DBS was applied three times at intervals of 24 h, the improvement became apparent and significant only in the reduced frequency of forelimb use (akinesia) after termination of the stimulation, suggesting the alleviating after-effect of chronic stimulation. Then, the effects of intraperitoneal administration of the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 and the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist CPP on the alleviating after-effect of the STN-DBS were examined in cylinder tests performed before and after repeated STN-DBS for 3 days in hemi-PD. Both MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) and CPP (0.5 mg/kg) completely prevented the improvement of the akinetic motor deficit after repeated STN-DBS. These results support the hypothesis that activation of the NMDA receptor and subsequent cellular processes in neurons receiving the afferents from the STN may involve in the mechanism underlying the alleviating after-effect of chronic STN-DBS on the akinetic motor deficit in hemi-PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanao Akita
- Department of Physiology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 228-8555, Japan
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Willuhn I, Steiner H. Skill-memory consolidation in the striatum: critical for late but not early long-term memory and stabilized by cocaine. Behav Brain Res 2008; 199:103-7. [PMID: 18687364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The sensorimotor striatum is important for procedural learning, including skill learning. Our previous findings indicate that this part of the striatum mediates the acquisition of a motor skill in a running-wheel task and that this skill learning is dependent on striatal D1 dopamine receptors. Here, we investigated whether the sensorimotor striatum is also involved in the consolidation of this skill memory and whether this consolidation is modified by the indirect dopamine receptor agonist cocaine. Rats were trained on a running wheel for 2 days (40 min/day) to learn a new motor skill, that is, the ability to control the movement of the wheel. Before each training session, the animals received an injection of vehicle or cocaine (25mg/kg, i.p.). Immediately following the training session, an intrastriatal infusion of 2% lidocaine (1 microl) or a sham infusion were administered. Wheel-skill performance was tested before and repeatedly after the training. Our results show that post-trial intrastriatal infusion of lidocaine disrupted late-stage long-term skill memory (post-training days 6-26), but spared early long-term memory (1 day after the training). Skill consolidation was more susceptible to such disruption in animals that practiced less during the training. Cocaine given pre-trial prevented this post-trial disruption of skill consolidation. These findings indicate that the sensorimotor striatum is critical for the consolidation of late but not early long-term skill memory. Furthermore, cocaine appeared to stabilize motor-memory formation by protecting consolidation processes after the training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Willuhn
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science/The Chicago Medical School, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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Omae T, Yoshioka H, Tanaka T, Nagai H, Saji M, Noda K, Kobayashi S, Sugimoto T. Antisense in vivo knockdown of synaptotagmin I by HVJ-liposome mediated gene transfer attenuates ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats. Brain Dev 2008; 30:313-20. [PMID: 18358657 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic release of the excitatory amino acid glutamate is considered as an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain damage in neonates. Synaptotagmin I is one of exocytosis-related proteins at nerve terminals and considered to accelerate the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles by promoting fusion between the vesicles and plasma membrane. To test the possibility that antisense in vivo knockdown of synaptotagmin I modulates the exocytotic release of glutamate, thus suppressing the excitotoxic intracellular processes leading to neuronal death following ischemia in the neonatal brain, we injected antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) targeting synaptotagmin I (0.3 (AS), 0.15 (0.5 AS), or 0.03 microg (0.1 AS), or vehicle) into the lateral ventricles of 7-day-old rats by using a hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ)-liposome mediated gene transfer technique. At 10 days of age, these rats were subjected to an electrical coagulation of the right external and internal carotid arteries, then the insertion of a solid nylon thread into the right common carotid artery toward the ascending aorta up to 10-12 mm from the upper edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Cerebral ischemia was induced by clamping the left external and internal carotid arteries with a clip, and ended by removing the clip 2h later. Twenty-four hours after the end of ischemia, the extent of ischemic brain damage was neuropathologically and quantitatively evaluated in the neocortex and striatum. While the relative volume of damage in the cerebral cortex and striatum of the vehicle group was extended to 40% and 13.7%, respectively, that in the AS group was significantly reduced to 4.8% and 0.6%. In the 0.5 AS group, the relative volume of ischemic damage in the cerebral cortex and striatum was reduced to 20.5% and 15.4%, respectively, and the difference between the 0.5 AS group and vehicle group was statistically significant in the neocortex, but not in the striatum. These results indicated that antisense in vivo knockdown of synaptotagmin I successfully attenuated ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats and that the effect was dose-dependent. It was also suggested that this treatment was more effective in the neocortex than in the striatum in neonatal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadaki Omae
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan.
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Groszer M, Keays DA, Deacon RM, de Bono JP, Prasad-Mulcare S, Gaub S, Baum MG, French CA, Nicod J, Coventry JA, Enard W, Fray M, Brown SD, Nolan PM, Pääbo S, Channon KM, Costa RM, Eilers J, Ehret G, Rawlins JNP, Fisher SE. Impaired synaptic plasticity and motor learning in mice with a point mutation implicated in human speech deficits. Curr Biol 2008; 18:354-62. [PMID: 18328704 PMCID: PMC2917768 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The most well-described example of an inherited speech and language disorder is that observed in the multigenerational KE family, caused by a heterozygous missense mutation in the FOXP2 gene. Affected individuals are characterized by deficits in the learning and production of complex orofacial motor sequences underlying fluent speech and display impaired linguistic processing for both spoken and written language. The FOXP2 transcription factor is highly similar in many vertebrate species, with conserved expression in neural circuits related to sensorimotor integration and motor learning. In this study, we generated mice carrying an identical point mutation to that of the KE family, yielding the equivalent arginine-to-histidine substitution in the Foxp2 DNA-binding domain. Homozygous R552H mice show severe reductions in cerebellar growth and postnatal weight gain but are able to produce complex innate ultrasonic vocalizations. Heterozygous R552H mice are overtly normal in brain structure and development. Crucially, although their baseline motor abilities appear to be identical to wild-type littermates, R552H heterozygotes display significant deficits in species-typical motor-skill learning, accompanied by abnormal synaptic plasticity in striatal and cerebellar neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Groszer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Keays
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M.J. Deacon
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph P. de Bono
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Shweta Prasad-Mulcare
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room TS-20D, MSC 9411, Bethesda, Maryland 20852-9411
| | - Simone Gaub
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Muriel G. Baum
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Catherine A. French
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Jérôme Nicod
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Julie A. Coventry
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Enard
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Fray
- Medical Research Council Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Steve D.M. Brown
- Medical Research Council Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick M. Nolan
- Medical Research Council Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Svante Pääbo
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Keith M. Channon
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Rui M. Costa
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room TS-20D, MSC 9411, Bethesda, Maryland 20852-9411
| | - Jens Eilers
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Günter Ehret
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - J. Nicholas P. Rawlins
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, United Kingdom
| | - Simon E. Fisher
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
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Costa RM. Plastic Corticostriatal Circuits for Action Learning: What's Dopamine Got to Do with It? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1104:172-91. [PMID: 17435119 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1390.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Reentrant corticobasal ganglia circuits are important for voluntary action and for action selection. In vivo and ex vivo studies show that these circuits can exhibit a plethora of short- and long-lasting plastic changes. Convergent evidence at the molecular, cellular, and circuit levels indicates that corticostriatal circuits are involved in the acquisition and automatization of novel actions. There is strong evidence that activity in corticostriatal circuits changes during the learning of novel actions, but the plastic changes observed during the early stages of learning a novel action are different than those observed after extensive training. A variety of studies indicate that the neural mechanisms and the corticostriatal subcircuits involved in the initial acquisition of actions and skills differ from those involved in their automatization or in the formation of habits. Dopamine, a critical modulator of short- and long-term plasticity in corticostriatal circuits, is differentially involved in early and late stages of action learning. Changes in dopaminergic transmission have several concomitant effects in corticostriatal function, which may be important for action selection and action learning. These diverse effects may subserve different roles for dopamine in reinforcement and action learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui M Costa
- Section on In Vivo Neural Function, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852-9411, USA.
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