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Baranovicova E, Kalenska D, Kaplan P, Kovalska M, Tatarkova Z, Lehotsky J. Blood and Brain Metabolites after Cerebral Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17302. [PMID: 38139131 PMCID: PMC10743907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of an organism's response to cerebral ischemia at different levels is essential to understanding the mechanism of the injury and protection. A great interest is devoted to finding the links between quantitative metabolic changes and post-ischemic damage. This work aims to summarize the outcomes of the most studied metabolites in brain tissue-lactate, glutamine, GABA (4-aminobutyric acid), glutamate, and NAA (N-acetyl aspartate)-regarding their biological function in physiological conditions and their role after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. We focused on ischemic damage and post-ischemic recovery in both experimental-including our results-as well as clinical studies. We discuss the role of blood glucose in view of the diverse impact of hyperglycemia, whether experimentally induced, caused by insulin resistance, or developed as a stress response to the cerebral ischemic event. Additionally, based on our and other studies, we analyze and critically discuss post-ischemic alterations in energy metabolites and the elevation of blood ketone bodies observed in the studies on rodents. To complete the schema, we discuss alterations in blood plasma circulating amino acids after cerebral ischemia. So far, no fundamental brain or blood metabolite(s) has been recognized as a relevant biological marker with the feasibility to determine the post-ischemic outcome or extent of ischemic damage. However, studies from our group on rats subjected to protective ischemic preconditioning showed that these animals did not develop post-ischemic hyperglycemia and manifested a decreased metabolic infringement and faster metabolomic recovery. The metabolomic approach is an additional tool for understanding damaging and/or restorative processes within the affected brain region reflected in the blood to uncover the response of the whole organism via interorgan metabolic communications to the stressful cerebral ischemic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Baranovicova
- Biomedical Center BioMed, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Dagmar Kalenska
- Department of Anatomy, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Peter Kaplan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia (Z.T.)
| | - Maria Kovalska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Tatarkova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia (Z.T.)
| | - Jan Lehotsky
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia (Z.T.)
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Nagao M, Hatae A, Mine K, Tsutsumi S, Omori H, Hirata M, Arimatsu M, Taniguchi C, Watanabe T, Kubota K, Katsurabayashi S, Iwasaki K. The Effects of Ninjinyoeito on Impaired Spatial Memory and Prefrontal Cortical Synaptic Plasticity through α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-4-isoxazole Propionic Acid Receptor Subunit in a Rat Model with Cerebral Ischemia and β-Amyloid Injection. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2023; 2023:6035589. [PMID: 37808130 PMCID: PMC10560115 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6035589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Ninjinyoeito (NYT), a traditional Japanese medicine, is effective for improving physical strength and treating fatigue and anorexia. Recently, a clinical report revealed that NYT ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, although the mechanisms remain unclear. AD is a neurodegenerative disorder accompanied by a progressive deficit in memory. Current therapeutic agents are largely ineffective in treating cognitive dysfunction in AD patients. In this study, we investigated the effects of NYT on spatial memory impairment in a rat model of dementia. Rats were prepared with transient cerebral ischemia and intraventricular injection of β-amyloid1-42 for 7 days (CI + Aβ). NYT was orally administered for 7 days after cerebral ischemia. We evaluated spatial memory using the Morris water maze and investigated the expression of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor subunits, the phosphorylation level of glutamate receptor A (GluA)1 at serine sites S831 and S845, and the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of CI + Aβ rats. In the CI + Aβ rats, NYT treatment shortened the extended time to reach the platform. However, NYT did not restore the decrease in the hippocampal GluA1, GluA2, or CaMKII expression but increased prefrontal cortical phosphorylation levels of S845-GluA1 and CaMKII. Therefore, NYT may alleviate spatial memory impairment by promoting glutamatergic transmission involved in the phosphorylation of S845-GluA1 and CaMKII in the prefrontal cortex of CI + Aβ rats. Our results suggest that NYT is a valuable treatment for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Nagao
- Institute for Aging and Brain Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Akinobu Hatae
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kazuma Mine
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Soichiro Tsutsumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Hiroya Omori
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Marika Hirata
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Maaya Arimatsu
- Institute for Aging and Brain Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Chise Taniguchi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Takuya Watanabe
- Institute for Aging and Brain Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kaori Kubota
- Institute for Aging and Brain Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Shutaro Katsurabayashi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Katsunori Iwasaki
- Institute for Aging and Brain Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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3
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Marucci G, Buccioni M, Ben DD, Lambertucci C, Volpini R, Amenta F. Efficacy of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2020; 190:108352. [PMID: 33035532 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of adult-onset dementia is characterized by a progressive decline of cognitive functions accompanied by behavioral manifestations. The main class of drugs currently used for the treatment of AD are acetylcholinesterase/cholinesterase inhibitors (ChE-Is). The first ChE-I licensed for symptomatic treatment of AD was tacrine. The ChE-Is currently available in the market are donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine as tacrine is no longer in use, due to its hepatotoxicity. According to mechanism of action the ChE-Is are classified as short-acting or reversible agents such as tacrine, donepezil, and galantamine, as intermediate-acting or pseudo-irreversible agent such as rivastigmine. Overall, the efficacy of the three ChE-Is available in the market is similar and the benefit of administration of these compounds is mild and may not be clinically significant. Due to gastrointestinal side effects of these drugs, medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical delivery studies have investigated solutions to improve the pharmacological activity of these compounds. In spite of the limited activity of ChE-Is, waiting for more effective approaches, these drugs still represent a pharmacotherapeutic resource for the treatment of AD. Other approaches in which ChE-Is were investigated is in their use in combination with other classes of drugs such as cholinergic precursors, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists and antioxidant agents. After many years from the introduction in therapy of ChE-Is, the combination with other classes of drugs may represent the chance for a renewed interest of ChE-Is in the treatment of adult-onset dementia disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Marucci
- School of Medicinal Sciences and Health Products, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Michela Buccioni
- School of Medicinal Sciences and Health Products, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- School of Medicinal Sciences and Health Products, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Catia Lambertucci
- School of Medicinal Sciences and Health Products, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- School of Medicinal Sciences and Health Products, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Francesco Amenta
- School of Medicinal Sciences and Health Products, Telemedicine and Telepharmacy Center University of Camerino via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
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Gidyk DC, Deibel SH, Hong NS, McDonald RJ. Barriers to developing a valid rodent model of Alzheimer's disease: from behavioral analysis to etiological mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:245. [PMID: 26283893 PMCID: PMC4518326 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of age-related dementia. As such, great effort has been put forth to investigate the etiology, progression, and underlying mechanisms of the disease. Countless studies have been conducted, however, the details of this disease remain largely unknown. Rodent models provide opportunities to investigate certain aspects of AD that cannot be studied in humans. These animal models vary from study to study and have provided some insight, but no real advancements in the prevention or treatment of the disease. In this Hypothesis and Theory paper, we discuss what we perceive as barriers to impactful discovery in rodent AD research and we offer potential solutions for moving forward. Although no single model of AD is capable of providing the solution to the growing epidemic of the disease, we encourage a comprehensive approach that acknowledges the complex etiology of AD with the goal of enhancing the bidirectional translatability from bench to bedside and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl C. Gidyk
- *Correspondence: Darryl C. Gidyk, Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 6W4, Canada
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5
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Keeley RJ, McDonald RJ. Part III: Principal component analysis: bridging the gap between strain, sex and drug effects. Behav Brain Res 2015; 288:153-61. [PMID: 25813745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has identified the adolescent period as particularly sensitive to the short- and long-term effects of marijuana and its main psychoactive component Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). However, other studies have identified certain backgrounds as more sensitive than others, including the sex of the individual or the strain of the rat used. Further, the effects of THC may be specific to certain behavioural tasks (e.g. measures of anxiety), and the consequences of THC are not seen equally across all behavioural measures. Here, data obtained from adolescent male and female Long-Evans and Wistar rats exposed to THC and tested as adults, which, using standard ANOVA testing, showed strain- and sex-specific effects of THC, was analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). PCA allowed for the examination of the relative contribution of our variables of interest to the variance in the data obtained from multiple behavioural tasks, including the skilled reaching task, the Morris water task, the discriminative fear-conditioning to context task, the elevated plus maze task and the conditioned place preference task to a low dose of amphetamine, as well as volumetric estimates of brain volumes and cfos activation. We observed that early life experience accounted for a large proportion of variance across data sets, although its relative contribution varied across tasks. Additionally, THC accounted for a very small proportion of the variance across all behavioural tasks. We demonstrate here that by using PCA, we were able to describe the main variables of interest and demonstrate that THC exposure had a negligible effect on the variance in the data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Keeley
- University of Lethbridge, 4001 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - R J McDonald
- University of Lethbridge, 4001 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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Smith CJ, Denes A, Tyrrell PJ, Di Napoli M. Phase II anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating drugs for acute ischaemic stroke. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:623-43. [PMID: 25727670 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and the leading cause of adult neurological disability. Despite advances in stroke unit care, and increasing use of thrombolysis, there remains an urgent need for safe and effective treatments for acute ischaemic stroke. However, this is against a backdrop of multiple failures in translational drug development. Cerebral ischaemia initiates a complex cascade of immune and inflammatory pathways in the brain microvasculature and periphery, which contribute to the evolution of cerebral injury, resolution and repair. Targeting specific inflammatory or immune pathways, therefore, represents an attractive treatment strategy in acute ischaemic stroke. Although anti-inflammatory drugs have already failed in clinical trial development, several are currently at the Phase II developmental stage. AREAS COVERED The authors highlight several candidate drugs, which modulate a range of inflammatory and immune pathways, and have been investigated in pre-clinical and Phase II studies to date. EXPERT OPINION Drugs targeting inflammatory and immune pathways offer theoretical advantages including potentially longer therapeutic time windows and effects complementary to thrombolysis (ameliorating reperfusion injury). Fundamental changes in the approach to pre-clinical and clinical drug development are required to facilitate successful translation of promising candidate drugs into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J Smith
- Greater Manchester Comprehensive Stroke Centre, Department of Medical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Foundation Trust , Salford , UK
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7
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Ghasemi R, Zarifkar A, Rastegar K, Maghsoudi N, Moosavi M. Repeated intra-hippocampal injection of beta-amyloid 25–35 induces a reproducible impairment of learning and memory: Considering caspase-3 and MAPKs activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 726:33-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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8
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Pimentel-Coelho PM, Rivest S. The early contribution of cerebrovascular factors to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:1917-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Shindo T, Takasaki K, Uchida K, Onimura R, Kubota K, Uchida N, Irie K, Katsurabayashi S, Mishima K, Nishimura R, Fujiwara M, Iwasaki K. Ameliorative Effects of Telmisartan on the Inflammatory Response and Impaired Spatial Memory in a Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease Incorporating Additional Cerebrovascular Disease Factors. Biol Pharm Bull 2012. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Shindo
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University
| | - Kotaro Takasaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University
| | - Kanako Uchida
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University
| | - Rika Onimura
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University
| | - Kaori Kubota
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University
| | - Naoki Uchida
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University
| | - Keiichi Irie
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University
| | | | - Kenichi Mishima
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University
| | - Ryoji Nishimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University
| | - Michihiro Fujiwara
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University
| | - Katsunori Iwasaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University
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10
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Li J, Wang YJ, Zhang M, Fang CQ, Zhou HD. Cerebral ischemia aggravates cognitive impairment in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2011; 89:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Edwards HV, Cameron RT, Baillie GS. The emerging role of HSP20 as a multifunctional protective agent. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1447-54. [PMID: 21616144 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are a highly conserved family of molecular chaperones that are ubiquitously expressed throughout nature. They are transiently upregulated in many tissue types following stressful stimuli. Recently, one member of the sHSP family, HSP20 (HspB6), has been shown to be highly effective as a protective mediator against a number of debilitating pathological conditions, including cardiac hypertrophy and Alzheimer's disease. Hsp20 is also an important modulator of vital physiological processes, such as smooth muscle relaxation and cardiac contractility. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms employed by HSP20 that allow it to act as an innate protector in the context of cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Emerging evidence for a possible role as an anti-cancer agent is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- H V Edwards
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Wolfson Link and Davidson Buildings, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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12
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Milot MR, Plamondon H. Changes in HPA reactivity and noradrenergic functions regulate spatial memory impairments at delayed time intervals following cerebral ischemia. Horm Behav 2011; 59:594-604. [PMID: 21376725 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the association of ischemia-induced spatial memory impairment to alterations of the HPA axis and noradrenergic activation post insult. Experiment 1 characterized the effects of 10 min forebrain ischemia on corticosterone (CORT) secretion following ischemia and in response to spatial memory assessment in the Barnes maze, as well as the impact of pre-ischemia treatment with the glucocorticoid inhibitor metyrapone (175 mg/kg; s.c.). The results showed that cerebral ischemia represents a significant physiological stressor that upregulated CORT secretion 1, 24 and 72 h post-ischemia but not at 7 days. In response to testing in the Barnes maze ischemic animals showed elevated CORT secretion simultaneously with spatial memory deficits. The single dose of metyrapone attenuated the ischemia-induced adrenocortical hyper-responsiveness and subsequent memory deficits despite not providing neuroprotection in the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells. To complement these findings, we examined whether norepinephrine which provides positive feedback to the HPA axis and is upregulated following brain ischemia could influence memory performance at delayed intervals after ischemia. Experiment 2 demonstrated that pre-testing administration of the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine (.04 mg/kg, s.c.) attenuated ischemia-induced working memory impairments in a radial maze while opposite effects were obtained with the antagonist yohimbine (.3 mg/kg, s.c.). Post-testing administration of clonidine produced spatial reference memory impairments in ischemic rats. The findings from the current study demonstrate increased sensitization and responsiveness of systems regulating stress hormones at long intervals post ischemia. Importantly, we demonstrate that these effects contribute to post ischemic cognitive impairments which can be attenuated pharmacologically even in the presence of hippocampal degeneration at time of testing.
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Craig LA, Hong NS, McDonald RJ. Revisiting the cholinergic hypothesis in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35:1397-409. [PMID: 21392524 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting the elderly population today; however, there is currently no accurate description of the etiology of this devastating disorder. No single factor has been demonstrated as being causative; however, an alternative co-factors theory suggests that the interaction of multiple risk factors is responsible for AD. We have used this model, in combination with the original cholinergic hypothesis of AD to propose a "new" cholinergic hypothesis that we present in this review. This new version takes into account recent findings from the literature and our reports of removal of medial septum cholinergic projections to the hippocampus reduces both behavioural and anatomical plasticity, resulting in greater cognitive impairment in response to secondary insults (stress, injury, disease, etc.). We will first summarize the experimental results and discuss some potential mechanisms that could explain our results. We will then present our 'new' version of the cholinergic hypothesis and how it relates to the field of AD research today. Finally we will discuss some of the implications for treatment that arise from this model and present directions for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Craig
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge; 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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14
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Yuan H, Wang WP, Feng N, Wang L, Wang XL. Donepezil attenuated oxygen-glucose deprivation insult by blocking Kv2.1 potassium channels. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 657:76-83. [PMID: 21300054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Excessive K(+) efflux via activated voltage-gated K(+) channels (Kv channels) and the consequent intracellular K(+) depletion during and after ischemia/hypoxia induced long-lasting membrane depolarization promotes neuronal apoptosis. Although it has been suggested as an important potassium channel subtype in oxidative stress induced neuron apoptosis, whether Kv2.1 mediates ischemic apoptosis remains undefined. In the present study, the role of Kv2.1 played in hypoxia/anoxia induced cell apoptosis and correlated protective effect of donepezil were evaluated. Kv2.1 transfected HEK293 cell line (Kv2.1/HEK293) was used to study oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) induced cell apoptosis. We found Kv2.1 transfection increased the vulnerability of HEK293 cells to OGD insult, blocking Kv2.1 potassium channel by tetraethylammonium (TEA, 10mM) could attenuated OGD induced Kv2.1/HEK293 cell apoptosis significantly. OGD slightly reduced Kv2.1 currents without affecting channel kinetic activity. However, the membrane potential of Kv2.1/HEK293 cells depolarized to around 0mV after OGD treatment, a potential which could activated Kv2.1 persistently. Donepezil blocked Kv2.1 currents in a dose-dependent manner (IC(50)=7.59μM). Under OGD condition, donepezil (30μM) effectively inhibited Kv2.1 currents by accelerating channel inactivation and decreased Kv2.1/HEK293 cell apoptosis rate. In conclusion, our study revealed both the conducting role of Kv2.1 in OGD induced cell apoptosis and the importance of Kv2.1 as a target for neuronal protection. In addition, besides anti-acetylcholinesterase activity, Kv2.1 blockade capability of donepezil may attribute to its neuroprotective effects against ischemic apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yuan
- Department of pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Xiannongtan Street, Xuanwu District,Beijing 100050, China
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Watanabe T, Iwasaki K, Takasaki K, Yamagata N, Fujino M, Nogami A, Ii M, Katsurabayashi S, Mishima K, Fujiwara M. Dynamin 1 depletion and memory deficits in rats treated with Aβ and cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:1908-17. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Pluta R, Amek MU. Brain ischemia and ischemic blood-brain barrier as etiological factors in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2008; 4:855-64. [PMID: 19183778 PMCID: PMC2626921 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s3739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of neuronal death and amyloid plaques is a characteristic feature of ischemic- and Alzheimer-type dementia. An important aspect of neuronal loss and amyloid plaques are their topography and neuropathogenesis. This review was performed to present the hypothesis that different fragments of blood-borne amyloid precursor protein are able to enter the ischemic blood-brain barrier. Chronic disruption of the blood-brain barrier after ischemic injury was shown. As an effect of chronic ischemic blood-brain barrier injury, a visible connection of amyloid plaques with neurovasculature was observed. This neuropathology appears to have similar distribution and mechanisms to Alzheimer's disease. The usefulness of rival ischemic theory in elucidating the neuropathogenesis of amyloid plaques formation and neuronal death in Alzheimer's disorder is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Pluta
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Watanabe T, Iwasaki K, Ishikane S, Naitou T, Yoshimitsu Y, Yamagata N, Ozdemir MB, Takasaki K, Egashira N, Mishima K, Fujiwara M. Spatial Memory Impairment Without Apoptosis Induced by the Combination of Beta-Amyloid Oligomers and Cerebral Ischemia Is Related to Decreased Acetylcholine Release in Rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 106:84-91. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0071648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Simakova O, Arispe NJ. The cell-selective neurotoxicity of the Alzheimer's Abeta peptide is determined by surface phosphatidylserine and cytosolic ATP levels. Membrane binding is required for Abeta toxicity. J Neurosci 2007; 27:13719-29. [PMID: 18077683 PMCID: PMC6673638 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3006-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement of Abeta toxicity of cells in culture exposes a subpopulation of cells with resistance to Abeta, even at high concentrations and after long periods of treatment. The cell-selective toxicity of Abeta resembles the selective damage observed in cells of specific regions of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain and suggests that there must be particular characteristics or stages of these cells that make them exceptionally sensitive or resistant to the effect of Abeta. Using flow cytometry and cell sorting, we efficiently separated and analyzed the Abeta-sensitive and the Abeta-resistant subpopulations within a variety of neuronal cell lines (PC12, GT1-7) and primary cultured neurons (hippocampal, cortex). We found that this distinctive sensitivity to Abeta was essentially associated with cell membrane Abeta binding. This selective Abeta binding was correlated to distinctive cell characteristics, such as cell membrane exposure of the apoptotic signal molecule phosphatidyl serine, larger cell size, the G1 cell cycle stage, and a lower than normal cytosolic ATP level. The response to Abeta by the cells with high Abeta binding affinity was characterized by a larger calcium response and increased mortality, lactate dehydrogenase release, caspase activation, and DNA fragmentation. The distinctive sensitivity or resistance to Abeta of the different subpopulations was maintained even after multiple cell divisions. We believe that these distinctive cell characteristics are the determining factors for the selective attack of Abeta on cells in culture and in the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Simakova
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics and Institute for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
| | - Nelson J. Arispe
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics and Institute for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
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Abstract
Abnormalities in hippocampal structure and function are characteristics of early Alzheimer's disease (AD). Behavioral tests measuring hippocampal-dependent memory in rodents are often used to evaluate novel treatments for AD and other dementias. In this study, we review the effects of drugs marketed for the treatment of AD, such as the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine and the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid antagonist, memantine, in rodent models of memory impairment. We also briefly describe the effects of novel treatments for cognitive impairment in rodent models of memory impairment, and discuss issues concerning the selection of the animal model and behavioral tests. Suggestions for future research are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M. Yuede
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hongxin Dong
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John G. Csernansky
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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Nguyen PTH, Kimura T, Ho SA, Tran AH, Ono T, Nishijo H. Ameliorative effects of a neuroprotective agent, T-817MA, on place learning deficits induced by continuous infusion of amyloid-beta peptide (1-40) in rats. Hippocampus 2007; 17:443-55. [PMID: 17397046 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive decline due to neuronal loss and neural network dysfunction. It has been postulated that progressive neuronal loss in AD is consequence of the neurotoxic properties of the amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta). In the present study, we investigated the effect of T-817MA (1-{3-[2-(1-benzothiophen-5-yl)ethoxy] propyl}-3-azetidinol maleate), a newly synthesized neurotrophic compound, on place learning deficits in rats with hippocampal damages. To induce granule cell loss in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, Abeta (1-40) was continuously infused (300 pmol/day) into the cerebral ventricle using a mini-osmotic pump for 5 weeks. Three weeks after the Abeta infusion, the rats were tested in a place learning task, which required them to alternatively visit two diametrically opposed areas in an open field to obtain intracranial self-stimulation reward. The results indicated that the Abeta-infused rats without treatment of T-817MA displayed learning impairment in the task; their performance level was significantly inferior to that of the vehicle rats. Treatment of T-817MA (8.4 mg/kg/day, p.o.) significantly improved the task performance of the Abeta-infused rats. Furthermore, T-817MA prevented granule cell loss due to Abeta-infusion, which was correlated to task performance of the rats. However, other cognitive enhancer, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, had no such effects. The results demonstrated that T-817MA ameliorated learning deficits induced by Abeta infusion, which might be attributed to neuroprotection in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thi Hong Nguyen
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Iwasaki K, Egashira N, Takagaki Y, Yoshimitsu Y, Hatip-Al-Khatib I, Mishima K, Fujiwara M. Nilvadipine Prevents the Impairment of Spatial Memory Induced by Cerebral Ischemia Combined with .BETA.-Amyloid in Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:698-701. [PMID: 17409505 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the effects of nilvadipine and amlodipine, both dihydropyridine-derivative calcium antagonists, on the impairment of spatial memory induced by a combination of ischemia and beta-amyloid (Abeta). Nilvadipine (3.2 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly prevented the impairment of spatial memory and neuronal apoptosis in this model. By contrast, amlodipine had no effect on this impairment of spatial memory. These findings suggest that nilvadipine may prevent impairment of spatial memory by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis; this drug might therefore be useful for the prevention of the progression to dementia in Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Iwasaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Japan.
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