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Kim DH, Sim KB. A Novel Acute Discogenic Myelopathy Model Using Merocel ® Sponge: Comparison With Clip Compression Model in Rats. Korean J Neurotrauma 2023; 19:204-217. [PMID: 37431382 PMCID: PMC10329878 DOI: 10.13004/kjnt.2023.19.e28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Animal models of spinal cord injuries (SCIs) use rats to simulate human SCIs. Among the various techniques, clips have been used to reproduce the compression-contusion model. However, the mechanism of injury in discogenic incomplete SCI may differ from that in clip injury; however, a model has yet to be established. Previously, we issued a patent (No. 10-2053770) for a rat SCI model using Merocel®, a water-absorbing self-expanding polymer sponge. The objectives of this study were to compare the locomotor and histopathological changes between the Merocel®-compression model (MC group) and clip compression model (clip group). Methods This study included 4 groups of rats: MC (n=30), MC-sham (n=5), clip (n=30), and clip-sham (n=5). Locomotor function was evaluated in all groups using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scoring system, 4 weeks after injury. Histopathological analyses included morphology, presence of inflammatory cells, microglial activation, and extent of neuronal damage, which were compared among the groups. Results The BBB scores in the MC group were significantly higher than those in the clip group throughout the 4 weeks (p<0.01). Neuropathological changes in the MC group were significantly less severe than those in the clip group. In addition, motor neurons were well preserved in the ventral horn of the MC group but poorly preserved in the ventral horn of the clip group. Conclusion The novel MC group can help elucidate the pathophysiology of acute discogenic incomplete SCIs and may be applied in various SCI therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Bum Sim
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
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Wu X, Yan Y, Zhang Q. Neuroinflammation and Modulation Role of Natural Products After Spinal Cord Injury. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:5713-5737. [PMID: 34764668 PMCID: PMC8576359 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s329864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe traumatic injury of the central nervous system, characterized by neurological dysfunction and locomotor disability. Although the underlying pathological mechanism of SCI is complex and remains unclear, the important role of neuroinflammation has been gradually unveiled in recent years. The inflammation process after SCI involves disruption of the blood–spinal cord barrier (BSCB), activation of gliocytes, infiltration of peripheral macrophages, and feedback loops between different cells. Thus, our first aim is to illustrate pathogenesis, related cells and factors of neuroinflammation after SCI in this review. Due to the good bioactivity of natural products derived from plants and medicinal herbs, these widely exist as food, health-care products and drugs in our lives. In the inflammation after SCI, multiple natural products exert satisfactory effects. Therefore, the second aim of this review is to sum up the effects and mechanisms of 25 natural compounds and 7 extracts derived from plants or medicinal herbs on neuroinflammation after SCI. Clarification of the SCI inflammation mechanism and a summary of the related natural products is helpful for in-depth research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, The People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, The People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Due to the growing number of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) cases in the military and contact sports, defining the cellular and molecular substrate of this disorder is crucial. Most classic neuropathological investigations describe cortical tau and, to a lesser extent, amyloid lesions, which may underlie the clinical sequela associated with CTE. The application of modern molecular biologic technology to postmortem human brain tissue has made it possible to evaluate the genetic signature of specific neuronal phenotypes at different stages of CTE pathology. Most recently, molecular pathobiology has been used in the field of CTE, with an emphasis on the cholinergic neurons located within the nucleus basalis of Meynert, which develop tau pathology and are associated with cognitive dysfunction similar to that found in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Quantitative findings derived from single-cell transcript investigations provide clues to our understanding of the selective vulnerability of neurons containing AD-like tau pathology at different stages of CTE. Since human tissue-based studies provide a gold standard for the field of CTE, continued molecular pathological studies are needed to reveal novel drug targets for the treatment of this disorder.
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Weerasinghe-Mudiyanselage PDE, Kim J, Choi Y, Moon C, Shin T, Ahn M. Ninjurin-1: a biomarker for reflecting the process of neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1331-1335. [PMID: 33318413 PMCID: PMC8284292 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.301033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that Ninjurin-1 participates in cell trafficking and axonal growth following central and peripheral nervous system neuroinflammation. But its precise roles in these processes and involvement in spinal cord injury pathophysiology remain unclear. Western blot assay revealed that Ninjurin-1 levels in rats with spinal cord injury exhibited an upregulation until day 4 post-injury and slightly decreased thereafter compared with sham controls. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that Ninjurin-1 immunoreactivity in rats with spinal cord injury sharply increased on days 1 and 4 post-injury and slightly decreased on days 7 and 21 post-injury compared with sham controls. Ninjurin-1 immunostaining was weak in vascular endothelial cells, ependymal cells, and some glial cells in sham controls while it was relatively strong in macrophages, microglia, and reactive astrocytes. These findings suggest that a variety of cells, including vascular endothelial cells, macrophages, and microglia, secrete Ninjurin-1 and they participate in the pathophysiology of compression-induced spinal cord injury. All experimental procedures were approved by the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of Jeju National University (approval No. 2018-0029) on July 6, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima D E Weerasinghe-Mudiyanselage
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju; Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju; Department of Anatomy, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Choi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju; Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
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Rui Q, Ni H, Lin X, Zhu X, Li D, Liu H, Chen G. Astrocyte-derived fatty acid-binding protein 7 protects blood-brain barrier integrity through a caveolin-1/MMP signaling pathway following traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2019; 322:113044. [PMID: 31454490 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The astrocyte-endothelial cell interaction is crucial for normal brain homeostasis and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in pathological conditions. However, the mechanism by which astrocytes control BBB integrity, especially after traumatic brain injury (TBI), remains unclear. Here, we present evidence that astrocyte-derived fatty acid-binding protein 7 (FABP7), a differentiation- and migration-associated molecule, may function as a modulator of BBB permeability in a rat weight-drop model of TBI. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that TBI induced increased expression of FABP7 in astrocytes, accompanied by caveolin-1 (Cav-1) upregulation in endothelial cells. Administration of recombinant FABP7 significantly ameliorated TBI-induced neurological deficits, brain edema, and BBB permeability, concomitant with upregulation of endothelial Cav-1 and tight junction protein expression, while FABP7 knockdown resulted in the opposite effects. Furthermore, pretreatment with daidzein, a specific inhibitor of Cav-1, reversed the inhibitory effects of recombinant FABP7 on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/9 expression and abolished its BBB protection after TBI. Altogether, these findings suggest that astrocyte-derived FABP7 upregulation may represent an endogenous protective response to BBB disruption partly mediated through a Cav-1/MMP signaling pathway following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Rui
- Department of Laboratory, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Haibo Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiaolong Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiaojue Zhu
- Department of Laboratory, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Di Li
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Huixiang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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Jia GL, Huang Q, Cao YN, Xie CS, Shen YJ, Chen JL, Lu JH, Zhang MB, Li J, Tao YX, Cao H. Cav-1 participates in the development of diabetic neuropathy pain through the TLR4 signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:2060-2070. [PMID: 31318049 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to determine whether caveolin-1 (Cav-1) participates in the process of diabetic neuropathic pain by directly regulating the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the subsequent phosphorylation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B subunit (NR2B) in the spinal cord. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (120-150 g) were continuously fed with high-fat and high-sugar diet for 8 weeks, and received a single low-dose of intraperitoneal streptozocin injection in preparation for the type-II diabetes model. Then, these rats were divided into five groups according to the level of blood glucose, and the mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency values. The pain thresholds were measured at 3, 7, and 14 days after animal grouping. Then, eight rats were randomly chosen from each group and killed. Lumbar segments 4-6 of the spinal cord were removed for western blot analysis and immunofluorescence assay. Cav-1 was persistently upregulated in the spinal cord after diabetic neuropathic pain in rats. The downregulation of Cav-1 through the subcutaneous injection of Cav-1 inhibitor daidzein ameliorated the pain hypersensitivity and TLR4 expression in the spinal cord in diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) rats. Furthermore, it was found that Cav-1 directly bound with TLR4, and the subsequent phosphorylation of NR2B in the spinal cord contributed to the modulation of DNP. These findings suggest that Cav-1 plays a vital role in DNP processing at least in part by directly regulating the expression of TLR4, and through the subsequent phosphorylation of NR2B in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gai-Li Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Pain Medicine Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Pain Medicine Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan-Nan Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Pain Medicine Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ci-Shan Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Pain Medicine Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Jing Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Pain Medicine Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia-Li Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Pain Medicine Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia-Hui Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Pain Medicine Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mao-Biao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Pain Medicine Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Pain Medicine Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan-Xiang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Hong Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Pain Medicine Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
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7
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Mufson EJ, He B, Ginsberg SD, Carper BA, Bieler GS, Crawford F, Alvarez VE, Huber BR, Stein TD, McKee AC, Perez SE. Gene Profiling of Nucleus Basalis Tau Containing Neurons in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium Study. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1260-1271. [PMID: 29338612 PMCID: PMC5962931 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Military personnel and athletes exposed to traumatic brain injury may develop chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Brain pathology in CTE includes intracellular accumulation of abnormally phosphorylated tau proteins (p-tau), the main constituent of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Recently, we found that cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF) neurons within the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM), which provide the major cholinergic innervation to the cortex, display an increased number of NFTs across the pathological stages of CTE. However, molecular mechanisms underlying nbM neurodegeneration in the context of CTE pathology remain unknown. Here, we assessed the genetic signature of nbM neurons containing the p-tau pretangle maker pS422 from CTE subjects who came to autopsy and received a neuropathological CTE staging assessment (Stages II, III, and IV) using laser capture microdissection and custom-designed microarray analysis. Quantitative analysis revealed dysregulation of key genes in several gene ontology groups between CTE stages. Specifically, downregulation of the nicotinic cholinergic receptor subunit β-2 gene (CHRNB2), monoaminergic enzymes catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and dopa decarboxylase (DDC), chloride channels CLCN4 and CLCN5, scaffolding protein caveolin 1 (CAV1), cortical development/cytoskeleton element lissencephaly 1 (LIS1), and intracellular signaling cascade member adenylate cyclase 3 (ADCY3) was observed in pS422-immunreactive nbM neurons in CTE patients. By contrast, upregulation of calpain 2 (CAPN2) and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) transcript levels was found in Stage IV CTE patients. These single-population data in vulnerable neurons indicate alterations in gene expression associated with neurotransmission, signal transduction, the cytoskeleton, cell survival/death signaling, and microtubule dynamics, suggesting novel molecular pathways to target for drug discovery in CTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott J. Mufson
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Bin He
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Stephen D. Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York and NYU Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | - Victor E. Alvarez
- VA Boston HealthCare System, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Alzheimer Disease Center and CTE Center Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bertrand R. Huber
- VA Boston HealthCare System, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Alzheimer Disease Center and CTE Center Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thor D. Stein
- VA Boston HealthCare System, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Alzheimer Disease Center and CTE Center Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ann C. McKee
- VA Boston HealthCare System, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Alzheimer Disease Center and CTE Center Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sylvia E. Perez
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
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Methane Suppresses Microglial Activation Related to Oxidative, Inflammatory, and Apoptotic Injury during Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:2190897. [PMID: 28740568 PMCID: PMC5504966 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2190897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the hypothesis that methane-rich saline (MS) can be used to repair spinal cord injury (SCI) in a rat model through suppressing microglial activation related to oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic injury. METHODS MS was injected intraperitoneally in rats after SCI. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, oxidative stress, inflammatory parameters, and cell apoptosis were detected 72 h after SCI to determine the optimal dose. Then, we investigated the protective mechanisms and the long-term effects of MS on SCI. HE and microglial activation were observed. Neurological function was evaluated by the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scale. RESULTS MS can significantly decrease infarct area and inhibit oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell apoptosis 72 h following SCI. The MS protective effect at a dose of 20 ml/kg was better. Moreover, MS can significantly suppress microglial activation related to oxidative and inflammatory injury after SCI and improve hind limb neurological function. CONCLUSION MS could repair SCI and reduce the release of oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and cell apoptosis produced by activated microglia. MS provides a novel and promising strategy for the treatment of SCI.
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9
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Qiao H, He X, Zhang Q, Zhang N, Li L, Hui Y, Li W, Wang D, Wu Z. Α-synuclein induces microglial cell migration through stimulating HIF-1α accumulation. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:1809-1817. [PMID: 28134982 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Qiao
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Xijing He
- Departments of Orthopedics; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Qiaojun Zhang
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Libo Li
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Yanping Hui
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Dong Wang
- Departments of Orthopedics; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Zhonghen Wu
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
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Han XF, Zhang Y, Xiong LL, Xu Y, Zhang P, Xia QJ, Wang TH, Ba YC. Lentiviral-Mediated Netrin-1 Overexpression Improves Motor and Sensory Functions in SCT Rats Associated with SYP and GAP-43 Expressions. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1684-1697. [PMID: 26873853 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI), as a major cause of disability, usually causes serious loss of motor and sensory functions. As a bifunctional axonal guidance cue, netrin-1 can attract axons via the deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) receptors and repelling others via Unc5 receptors, but its exact role in the recovery of motor and sensory function has not well been studied, and the mechanisms remains elusive. The aim of this experiment is to determine whether lentiviral (LV)-mediated overexpression of netrin-1 or RNA interference (RNAi) can regulate the functional recovery in rats subjected to spinal cord transection (SCT). Firstly, two lentiviral vectors including Lv-exNtn-1 (netrin-1 open reading frame (ORF)) and Lv-shNtn-1 (netrin-1 sh) were constructed and injected into spinal cords rostral and caudal to the transected lesion site. Overexpressing netrin-1 enhanced significantly locomotor function, and reduced thermal and mechanical stimuli in vivo, compared with the control, while silencing netrin-1 did not significantly change the situation. Western blot and immunostaining analysis confirmed that netrin-1 ORF treatment not only effectively increased the expression level of netrin-1, also up-regulated the level of synaptophysin (SYP) in spinal cord rostral to the lesion, but also enhanced growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) expression in spinal cord caudal to the lesion site. Comparatively, knockdown of netrin-1 did not give rise to positive findings in our experimental condition. These findings therefore pointed that Lv-mediated netrin-1 overexpression could promote motor and sensory functional recoveries following SCT, and the underlying mechanisms were associated with SYP and GAP-43 expressions. The present study therefore provided a novel strategy for the treatment of SCI and explained the possible mechanisms for the functional improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Fei Han
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Liu Lin Xiong
- Department of Anesthesia, Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Anesthesia, Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Piao Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Qing Jie Xia
- Department of Anesthesia, Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ting Hua Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Chun Ba
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650000, China.
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11
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Yang MC, Zhang HZ, Wang Z, You FL, Wang YF. The molecular mechanism and effect of cannabinoid-2 receptor agonist on the blood-spinal cord barrier permeability induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury. Brain Res 2016; 1636:81-92. [PMID: 26835555 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that modulation of the receptor-mediated endocannabinoid system during ischemia injury can induce potent neuroprotective effects. However, little is known about whether cannabinoid-2 (CB2) receptor agonist would produce a protective effect on blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) during ischemia. Using an in vivo transient spinal cord ischemia model in rats, JWH-015 (1mg/kg, i.p.), a CB2 receptor selective agonist, or vehicles were injected 20 min before ischemia. The effects of JWH-015 on BSCB permeability, the major structural protein for the formation of caveolae, caveolin-1 (cav-1), tight junction (TJ) protein Occludin and zona occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) were examined at day 1, day 3 and day 7 of reperfusion after transient spinal cord ischemia in rats. Here we demonstrated that JWH-015 significantly down-regulated the expression of cav-1, up-regulated the expression of TJ proteins, and then decreased the permeability of BSCB compared with control group. In addition, using an in vitro BBB model, oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) was applied to simulate spinal cord ischemia in vitro in Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). JWH-015 greatly increased the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and changed the distribution of ZO-1 and Occludin. Moreover, JWH-015 induced the expression of p-PKB and p-FoxO1 protein and decreased the expression of cav-1, which were greatly reversed by ROS inhibitor or PI3K inhibitor. Taken together, all of these results suggested that JWH-015 might regulate the BSCB permeability and this effect could be related to paracellular and transcellular pathway. And pharmacological CB2R ligands offer a new strategy for BSCB protection during ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chao Yang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Hang-Zhou Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Fu-Li You
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yan-Feng Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, PR China.
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12
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Ahn M, Moon C, Park C, Kim J, Sim KB, Shin T. Transient activation of an adaptor protein, disabled-2, in rat spinal cord injury. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:56-61. [PMID: 25432322 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that disabled-2 (Dab-2), a cytosolic adaptor protein, was expressed in inflammatory and glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and cerebral cryoinjury. Here, to determine the pattern of Dab-2 expression in a clip compression-induced rat spinal cord injury (SCI) model, the protein level and localization of Dab-2 in the spinal cord were investigated in rats with SCI using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Western blotting revealed that the expression of both the 75- and 100-kDa isoforms of Dab-2 peaked significantly in the spinal cord after clip compression injury 7 days post-injury compared to sham controls, and declined slightly thereafter. Immunohistochemistry revealed weak Dab-2 immunostaining in some neurons, glial cells, and ependymal cells in the spinal cords of the control animals, compared to staining in the macrophages and reactive astrocytes in lesions of the SCI animals. Overall, these findings suggest that both isoforms of Dab-2 are transiently upregulated in response to SCI and that the increased expression of Dab-2 is associated with the early activation of macrophages and astrogliosis in the course of CNS inflammation.
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Badaut J, Ajao DO, Sorensen DW, Fukuda AM, Pellerin L. Caveolin expression changes in the neurovascular unit after juvenile traumatic brain injury: signs of blood-brain barrier healing? Neuroscience 2014; 285:215-26. [PMID: 25450954 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major causes of death and disability in pediatrics, and results in a complex cascade of events including the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). A controlled-cortical impact on post-natal 17-day-old rats induced BBB disruption by IgG extravasation from 1 to 3 days after injury and returned to normal at day 7. In parallel, we characterized the expression of three caveolin isoforms, caveolin 1 (cav-1), caveolin 2 (cav-2) and caveolin 3 (cav-3). While cav-1 and cav-2 are expressed on endothelial cells, both cav-1 and cav-3 were found to be present on reactive astrocytes, in vivo and in vitro. Following TBI, cav-1 expression was increased in blood vessels at 1 and 7 days in the perilesional cortex. An increase of vascular cav-2 expression was observed 7 days after TBI. In contrast, astrocytic cav-3 expression decreased 3 and 7 days after TBI. Activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) (via its phosphorylation) was detected 1 day after TBI and phospho-eNOS was detected both in association with blood vessels and with astrocytes. The molecular changes involving caveolins occurring in endothelial cells following juvenile-TBI might participate, independently of eNOS activation, to a mechanism of BBB repair while, they might subserve other undefined roles in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Badaut
- CNRS UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| | - D O Ajao
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - D W Sorensen
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - A M Fukuda
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - L Pellerin
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Jeong J, Ahn M, Sim KB, Moon C, Shin T. Immunohistochemical analysis of activin A expression in spinal cords of rats with clip compression injuries. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:747-52. [PMID: 24529943 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Activin A, a member of the TGF-β superfamily, plays roles in neuroprotection and immunomodulation. In the present study, activin A expression was investigated on days 1, 4 and 7 post-injury in female adult Sprague-Dawley rats with spinal cord injuries (SCIs). The spinal cord was compressed with a vascular clip for 1 min following laminectomy at T9/T10. Western blot analysis showed that activin A levels peaked in SCI core lesions 4 days post-injury (p<0.01) and fell thereafter until day 7. Immunohistochemically, activin A was constitutively expressed in vascular endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons of sham-operated controls, and in macrophages and reactive astrocytes of lesional cores and peripheries. As activin A plays an immunomodulatory role in the early stages of SCI and facilitates behavioral improvement, we postulate that transient upregulation of activin A in SCI tissue may contribute to modulation of inflammation development during SCI, thus leading to neuroprotection.
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Alternatively Activated Macrophages in Spinal Cord Injury and Remission: Another Mechanism for Repair? Mol Neurobiol 2013; 47:1011-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Santiago JM, Torrado AI, Arocho LC, Rosas OR, Rodríguez AE, Toro FK, Salgado IK, Torres YA, Silva WI, Miranda JD. Expression profile of flotillin-2 and its pathophysiological role after spinal cord injury. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 49:347-59. [PMID: 22878913 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9873-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Some receptors that block axonal regeneration or promote cell death after spinal cord injury (SCI) are localized in membrane rafts. Flotillin-2 (Flot-2) is an essential protein associated with the formation of these domains and the clustering of membranal proteins, which may have signaling activities. Our hypothesis is that trauma will change Flot-2 expression and interference of this lipid raft marker will promote functional locomotor recovery after SCI. Analyses were conducted to determine the spatiotemporal profile of Flot-2 expression in adult rats after SCI, using the MASCIS impactor device. Immunoblots showed that SCI produced a significant decrease in the level of Flot-2 at 2 days post-injury (DPI) that increased until 28 DPI. Confocal microscopy revealed Flot-2 expression in neurons, reactive astrocytes and oligodendrocytes specifically associated to myelin structures near or close to the axons of the cord. In the open field test and grid walking assays, to monitor locomotor recovery of injured rats infused intrathecally with Flot-2 antisense oligonucleotides for 28 days showed significant behavioral improvement at 14, 21 and 28 DPI. These findings suggest that Flot-2 has a role in the nonpermissive environment that blocks locomotor recovery after SCI by clustering unfavorable proteins in membrane rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Santiago
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Carolina Campus, Carolina, 00984, Puerto Rico
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Immunohistochemical study of arginase-1 in the spinal cords of rats with clip compression injury. Brain Res 2012; 1445:11-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Chang CF, Chen SF, Lee TS, Lee HF, Chen SF, Shyue SK. Caveolin-1 deletion reduces early brain injury after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:1749-61. [PMID: 21435456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype of stroke with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is the main structural protein of caveolae and is involved in regulating signal transduction and cholesterol trafficking in cells. Although a recent study suggests a protective role of Cav-1 in cerebral ischemia, its function in ICH remains unknown. In this study, we examined the role of Cav-1 and in a model of collagenase-induced ICH and in neuronal cultures. Our results indicate that Cav-1 was up-regulated in the perihematomal area predominantly in endothelial cells. Cav-1 knockout mice had smaller injury volumes, milder neurologic deficits, less brain edema, and neuronal death 1 day after ICH than wild-type mice. The protective mechanism in Cav-1 knockout mice was associated with marked reduction in leukocyte infiltration, decreased expression of inflammatory mediators, including macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity. Deletion of Cav-1 also suppressed heme oxygenase-1 expression and attenuated reactive oxygen species production after ICH. Moreover, deletion or knockdown of Cav-1 decreased neuronal vulnerability to hemin-induced toxicity and reduced heme oxygenase (HO)-1 induction in vitro. These data suggest that Cav-1 plays a deleterious role in early brain injury after ICH. Inhibition of Cav-1 may provide a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Feng Chang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Moon C, Lee TK, Kim H, Ahn M, Lee Y, Kim MD, Sim KB, Shin T. Immunohistochemical study of cathepsin D in the spinal cords of rats with clip compression injury. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:937-41. [PMID: 18840968 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the temporal expression of cathepsin D protein and its cellular localization in the spinal cords of rats after a clip compression injury to determine the involvement of cathepsin D in spinal cord injury (SCI). Western blot analysis showed a significant increase in the approximately 31-kDa active form of cathepsin D on days 4 and 7 after the SCI, while the level of the approximately 44-kDa inactive form remained relatively unchanged. Immunohistochemistry revealed cathepsin D with constitutive localization in most neurons and some gliocytes in the normal spinal cord to be intensely immuno-detected primarily in CD68-positive activated macrophages/microglia in the SCI lesions. Overall, these findings suggest that cathepsin D plays an important role in the phagocytosis and lysosomal activation of macrophages/microglia during the central nervous system inflammation caused by trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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