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Gröner B, Hoffmann C, Endepols H, Urusova EA, Brugger M, Neumaier F, Timmer M, Neumaier B, Zlatopolskiy BD. Radiosynthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of m-[ 18F]FET and [ 18F]FET-OMe as Novel [ 18F]FET Analogs for Brain Tumor Imaging. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2795-2812. [PMID: 38747353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
O-([18F]Fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine ([18F]FET) is actively transported into the brain and cancer cells by LAT1 and possibly other amino acid transporters, which enables brain tumor imaging by positron emission tomography (PET). However, tumor delivery of this probe in the presence of competing amino acids may be limited by a relatively low affinity for LAT1. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the meta-substituted [18F]FET analog m-[18F]FET and the methyl ester [18F]FET-OMe, which were designed to improve tumor delivery by altering the physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and/or transport properties. Both tracers could be prepared with good radiochemical yields of 41-56% within 66-90 min. Preclinical evaluation with [18F]FET as a reference tracer demonstrated reduced in vitro uptake of [18F]FET-OMe by U87 glioblastoma cells and no advantage for in vivo tumor imaging. In contrast, m-[18F]FET showed significantly improved in vitro uptake and accelerated in vivo tumor accumulation in an orthotopic glioblastoma model. As such, our work identifies m-[18F]FET as a promising alternative to [18F]FET for brain tumor imaging that deserves further evaluation with regard to its transport properties and in vivo biodistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Gröner
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich 52428, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Chris Hoffmann
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich 52428, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Heike Endepols
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich 52428, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne 50937, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Elizaveta A Urusova
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich 52428, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Melanie Brugger
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Felix Neumaier
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich 52428, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Marco Timmer
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Neurosurgery, Department of General Neurosurgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich 52428, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Boris D Zlatopolskiy
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich 52428, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne 50937, Germany
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Miles SA, Nillama JA, Hunter L. Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy: The Diverse Roles That Fluorine Can Play within Amino Acid Side Chains. Molecules 2023; 28:6192. [PMID: 37687021 PMCID: PMC10489206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Side chain-fluorinated amino acids are useful tools in medicinal chemistry and protein science. In this review, we outline some general strategies for incorporating fluorine atom(s) into amino acid side chains and for elaborating such building blocks into more complex fluorinated peptides and proteins. We then describe the diverse benefits that fluorine can offer when located within amino acid side chains, including enabling 19F NMR and 18F PET imaging applications, enhancing pharmacokinetic properties, controlling molecular conformation, and optimizing target-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luke Hunter
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney 2052, Australia
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3
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Cobes N, Tran S, Bielle F, Touat M, Kas A, Rozenblum L. Étude de l’expression de LAT-1 et de la fixation de la 18F-FDOPA dans les tumeurs cérébrales. Illustration par une série de cas. MÉDECINE NUCLÉAIRE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mednuc.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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4
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Vettermann FJ, Diekmann C, Weidner L, Unterrainer M, Suchorska B, Ruf V, Dorostkar M, Wenter V, Herms J, Tonn JC, Bartenstein P, Riemenschneider MJ, Albert NL. L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) 1 expression in 18F-FET-negative gliomas. EJNMMI Res 2021; 11:124. [PMID: 34905134 PMCID: PMC8671595 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-021-00865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background O-(2-[18F]-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (18F-FET) is a highly sensitive PET tracer for glioma imaging, and its uptake is suggested to be driven by an overexpression of the L-type amino-acid transporter 1 (LAT1). However, 30% of low- and 5% of high-grade gliomas do not present enhanced 18F-FET uptake at primary diagnosis (“18F-FET-negative gliomas”) and the pathophysiologic basis for this phenomenon remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of LAT1 in a homogeneous group of newly diagnosed 18F-FET-negative gliomas and to compare them to a matched group of 18F-FET-positive gliomas. Forty newly diagnosed IDH-mutant astrocytomas without 1p/19q codeletion were evaluated (n = 20 18F-FET-negative (tumour-to-background ratio (TBR) < 1.6), n = 20 18F-FET-positive gliomas (TBR > 1.6)). LAT1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using SLC7A5/LAT1 antibody. The percentage of LAT1-positive tumour cells (%) and the staining intensity (range 0–2) were multiplied to an overall score (H-score; range 0–200) and correlated to PET findings as well as progression-free survival (PFS). Results IHC staining of LAT1 expression was positive in both, 18F-FET-positive as well as 18F-FET-negative gliomas. No differences were found between the 18F-FET-negative and 18F-FET-positive group with regard to percentage of LAT1-positive tumour cells, staining intensity or H-score. Interestingly, the LAT1 expression showed a significant negative correlation with the PFS (p = 0.031), whereas no significant correlation was found for TBRmax, neither in the overall group nor in the 18F-FET-positive group only (p = 0.651 and p = 0.140). Conclusion Although LAT1 is reported to mediate the uptake of 18F-FET into tumour cells, the levels of LAT1 expression do not correlate with the levels of 18F-FET uptake in IDH-mutant astrocytomas. In particular, the lack of tracer uptake in 18F-FET-negative gliomas cannot be explained by a reduced LAT1 expression. A higher LAT1 expression in IDH-mutant astrocytomas seems to be associated with a short PFS. Further studies regarding mechanisms influencing the uptake of 18F-FET are necessary. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13550-021-00865-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska J Vettermann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Caroline Diekmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lorraine Weidner
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Unterrainer
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bogdana Suchorska
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Sana Hospital, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Viktoria Ruf
- Center for Neuropathology, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mario Dorostkar
- Center for Neuropathology, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vera Wenter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- Center for Neuropathology, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg-Christian Tonn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Nathalie L Albert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Fedorova O, Nadporojskii M, Krasikova R. Enantiomeric purity deviations of radiolabelled amino acids obtained from chiral columns. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2021-1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Enantiomeric purity (EP) is an important value which denotes the relative percentage of the L-isomer with respect to the D-isomer. For 11C and 18F-labelled amino acid (AA) radiopharmaceutical (RP) production, EP represents a quality control parameter specified in European and national monographs for particular RPs. In most instances, EP value of greater then 90 or 95% (depending on AA type) is required as part of the quality control (QC) value of a RP following radiosynthesis. In common practice, two chromatographic columns are used for the EP determination of RPs: Crownpak CR(+) (Daicel), which contains a crown ether stationary phase or Chirobiotic T (Astec), which contains silica-bound glycoproteins as the stationary phase. The application of column Crownpak CR(+) requires that only perchloric acid solution (with pH 1–2) may be used, as the retention capability of the stationary phase is greatly reduced using organic solvents. This work intends to identify which chromatographic system is more accurate and reliable for EP determination as part of QC. We performed a series of parallel injections of the same batch of the widely used AA RPs [11C]MET and [18F]FET on the two aforementioned columns. The EP determination using column Crownpak CR(+) consistently provided a lower EP value compared to the Chirobiotic T column; the EP deviation between the respective columns was found to range from 2.4–4.0% for the same RP sample. Furthermore, the EP value was influenced by a sample’s dilution factor, e.g. the EP was observed to increase up to 1.5% when the radioactive sample had a fivefold dilution factor. This phenomenon was consistent for both Crownpak CR(+) and Chirobiotic T columns. Finally, a series of standard solutions of non-radioactive methionine with various ratios of L-and D-isomers was analyzed. The data obtained for non-radioactive methionine confirmed that column Crownpak CR(+) incorrectly provided a higher D-enantiomer concentration, whereas Chirobiotic T was found to provide a lower D-enantiomer concentration of the same sample. The deviation from the theoretical EP value was between 0.67 and 1.92%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Fedorova
- Russian Academy of Science, N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain , 9, Pavlov str., 197376 , St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Michail Nadporojskii
- Russian Scientific Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies named after A. M. Granov , 70, Leningradskaja str. Pesochny, 197758 , St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Raisa Krasikova
- Russian Academy of Science, N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain , 9, Pavlov str., 197376 , St. Petersburg , Russia
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Goud NS, Bhattacharya A, Joshi RK, Nagaraj C, Bharath RD, Kumar P. Carbon-11: Radiochemistry and Target-Based PET Molecular Imaging Applications in Oncology, Cardiology, and Neurology. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1223-1259. [PMID: 33499603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The positron emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging technique has gained its universal value as a remarkable tool for medical diagnosis and biomedical research. Carbon-11 is one of the promising radiotracers that can report target-specific information related to its pharmacology and physiology to understand the disease status. Currently, many of the available carbon-11 (t1/2 = 20.4 min) PET radiotracers are heterocyclic derivatives that have been synthesized using carbon-11 inserted different functional groups obtained from primary and secondary carbon-11 precursors. A spectrum of carbon-11 PET radiotracers has been developed against many of the upregulated and emerging targets for the diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, and therapy in the fields of oncology, cardiology, and neurology. This review focuses on the carbon-11 radiochemistry and various target-specific PET molecular imaging agents used in tumor, heart, brain, and neuroinflammatory disease imaging along with its associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerella Sridhar Goud
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Ahana Bhattacharya
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Raman Kumar Joshi
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Chandana Nagaraj
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Rose Dawn Bharath
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Pardeep Kumar
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
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7
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Stegmayr C, Willuweit A, Lohmann P, Langen KJ. O-(2-[18F]-Fluoroethyl)-L-Tyrosine (FET) in Neurooncology: A Review of Experimental Results. Curr Radiopharm 2020; 12:201-210. [PMID: 30636621 DOI: 10.2174/1874471012666190111111046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, PET using radiolabelled amino acids has gained considerable interest as an additional tool besides MRI to improve the diagnosis of cerebral gliomas and brain metastases. A very successful tracer in this field is O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET) which in recent years has replaced short-lived tracers such as [11C]-methyl-L-methionine in many neuro-oncological centers in Western Europe. FET can be produced with high efficiency and distributed in a satellite concept like 2- [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Many clinical studies have demonstrated that FET PET provides important diagnostic information regarding the delineation of cerebral gliomas for therapy planning, an improved differentiation of tumor recurrence from treatment-related changes and sensitive treatment monitoring. In parallel, a considerable number of experimental studies have investigated the uptake mechanisms of FET on the cellular level and the behavior of the tracer in various benign lesions in order to clarify the specificity of FET uptake for tumor tissue. Further studies have explored the effects of treatment related tissue alterations on tracer uptake such as surgery, radiation and drug therapy. Finally, the role of blood-brain barrier integrity for FET uptake which presents an important aspect for PET tracers targeting neoplastic lesions in the brain has been investigated in several studies. Based on a literature research regarding experimental FET studies and corresponding clinical applications this article summarizes the knowledge on the uptake behavior of FET, which has been collected in more than 30 experimental studies during the last two decades and discusses the role of these results in the clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Stegmayr
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, Forschungszentrum Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, Forschungszentrum Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Philipp Lohmann
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, Forschungszentrum Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, Forschungszentrum Juelich, Juelich, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Juelich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA) - Section JARA-Brain, Juelich, Germany
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8
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Chiotellis A, Müller Herde A, Rössler SL, Brekalo A, Gedeonova E, Mu L, Keller C, Schibli R, Krämer SD, Ametamey SM. Synthesis, Radiolabeling, and Biological Evaluation of 5-Hydroxy-2-[18F]fluoroalkyl-tryptophan Analogues as Potential PET Radiotracers for Tumor Imaging. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5324-40. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aristeidis Chiotellis
- Center
for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Adrienne Müller Herde
- Center
for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Simon L. Rössler
- Center
for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Ante Brekalo
- Center
for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Erika Gedeonova
- Center
for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Linjing Mu
- Center
for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Department of Nuclear
Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Keller
- Center
for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- Center
for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie D. Krämer
- Center
for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Simon M. Ametamey
- Center
for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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9
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Nair RN, Mishra JK, Li F, Tortosa M, Yang C, Doherty JR, Cameron M, Cleveland JL, Roush WR, Bannister TD. Exploiting the co-reliance of tumours upon transport of amino acids and lactate: Gln and Tyr conjugates of MCT1 inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016; 7:900-905. [PMID: 27347360 DOI: 10.1039/c5md00579e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine and tyrosine-based amino acid conjugates of monocarboxylate transporter types 1 and 2 inhibitors (MCT1/2) were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their potency in blocking the proliferation of a human B lymphoma cell line that expresses the transporters Asct2, LAT1 and MCT1. Appropriate placement of an amino acid transporter recognition element was shown to augment anti-tumour efficacy vs. Raji cells. Amino acid conjugation also improves the pharmacodynamic properties of experimental MCT1/2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reji N Nair
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 110 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jitendra K Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 110 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Fangzheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 110 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Mariola Tortosa
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 110 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Chunying Yang
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Joanne R Doherty
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 110 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Michael Cameron
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, 110 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - John L Cleveland
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - William R Roush
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 110 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Thomas D Bannister
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 110 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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10
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Gempt J, Bette S, Buchmann N, Ryang YM, Förschler A, Pyka T, Wester HJ, Förster S, Meyer B, Ringel F. Volumetric Analysis of F-18-FET-PET Imaging for Brain Metastases. World Neurosurg 2015; 84:1790-7. [PMID: 26255241 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The knowledge of exact tumor margins is of importance for the treating neurosurgeon, radiotherapist, and oncologist alike. The aim of this study was to investigate whether tumor volume and tumor margins acquired by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are congruent with the findings acquired by O-(2-(18F)-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine-positron emission tomography (FET-PET). METHODS Patients received FET-PET and MRI before surgery for brain metastases. Metastases were quantified by calculating tumor-to-background uptake ratios using FET uptake. PET and MRI-based tumor volumes, as well as areas of intersection, were assessed. RESULTS Forty-one patients were enrolled in the study. The maximum tumor-to-background uptake ratio measured in all of our patients harboring histologically proven viable tumor tissue was >1.6. Absolute tumor volumes acquired by FET-PET and MRI were not congruent in our patient cohort, and tumors identified in FET-PET and MRI only partially overlapped. The ratio of intersection (intersection of tumor defined by MRI and tumor defined by FET-PET at the ratio of tumor defined by FET-PET) was within a range of 0.27-0.68 when applying the different thresholds. CONCLUSIONS Our study therefore indicates that treatment planning based on MRI or PET only might have a substantial risk of undertreatment at the tumor margins. These findings could have important implications for the planning of surgery as well as radiotherapy, although they have to be validated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Gempt
- Neurochirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Bette
- Abteilung für Neuroradiologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Niels Buchmann
- Neurochirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Yu-Mi Ryang
- Neurochirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Annette Förschler
- Abteilung für Neuroradiologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Thomas Pyka
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Stefan Förster
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Bernhard Meyer
- Neurochirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Florian Ringel
- Neurochirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
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11
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Juhász C, Dwivedi S, Kamson DO, Michelhaugh SK, Mittal S. Comparison of amino acid positron emission tomographic radiotracers for molecular imaging of primary and metastatic brain tumors. Mol Imaging 2015; 13. [PMID: 24825818 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2014.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging technology that can detect and characterize tumors based on their molecular and biochemical properties, such as altered glucose, nucleoside, or amino acid metabolism. PET plays a significant role in the diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment of various cancers, including brain tumors. In this article, we compare uptake mechanisms and the clinical performance of the amino acid PET radiotracers (l-[methyl-11C]methionine [MET], 18F-fluoroethyl-tyrosine [FET], 18F-fluoro-l-dihydroxy-phenylalanine [FDOPA], and 11C-alpha-methyl-l-tryptophan [AMT]) most commonly used for brain tumor imaging. First, we discuss and compare the mechanisms of tumoral transport and accumulation, the basis of differential performance of these radioligands in clinical studies. Then we summarize studies that provided direct comparisons among these amino acid tracers and to clinically used 2-deoxy-2[18F]fluoro-d-glucose [FDG] PET imaging. We also discuss how tracer kinetic analysis can enhance the clinical information obtained from amino acid PET images. We discuss both similarities and differences in potential clinical value for each radioligand. This comparative review can guide which radiotracer to favor in future clinical trials aimed at defining the role of these molecular imaging modalities in the clinical management of brain tumor patients.
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System L amino acid transporter LAT1 accumulates O-(2-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET). Amino Acids 2014; 47:335-44. [PMID: 25385314 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1863-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
O-(2-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET) labeled with fluorine-18 is an important and specific tracer for diagnostics of glioblastoma via positron emission tomography (PET). However, the mechanism of its quite specific accumulation in tumor tissue has not been understood so far. In this work we demonstrate that [(3)H]L-tyrosine is primarily transported by the system L transporter LAT1 in human LN229 glioblastoma cells. FET reduced tyrosine transport, suggesting that it shares the same uptake pathway. More importantly, accumulation of FET was significantly reduced after siRNA-mediated downregulation of LAT1. Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing human LAT1 together with the glycoprotein 4F2hc (necessary to pull LAT-1 to the plasma membrane) exhibited a similar accumulation of FET as observed in glioblastoma cells. In contrast, no accumulation was observed in control oocytes, not overexpressing an exogenous transporter. Because LAT1 works exclusively as an exchanger of amino acids, substrates at one side of the membrane stimulate exchange against substrates at the other side. Extracellular FET stimulated the efflux of intracellular [(3)H]L-leucine, demonstrating that FET is indeed an influx substrate for LAT1. However, FET injected into oocytes was not able to stimulate uptake of extracellular [(3)H]L-leucine, indicating that FET is not a good efflux substrate. Our data, therefore, suggest that FET is trapped within cells due to the asymmetry of its intra- and extracellular recognition by LAT1. If also found for other transporters in tumor cells, asymmetric substrate recognition may be further exploited for tumor-specific accumulation of PET-tracers and/or other tumor-related drugs.
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Rötering S, Scheunemann M, Fischer S, Hiller A, Peters D, Deuther-Conrad W, Brust P. Radiosynthesis and first evaluation in mice of [(18)F]NS14490 for molecular imaging of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2635-42. [PMID: 23507153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[(18)F]NS14490, a new potential radiotracer for neuroimaging of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChRs), was synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Radioligand binding studies using [(3)H]methyllycaconitine and NS14490 as competitor showed a good target affinity (K(i,α7) = 2.5 nM) and a high selectivity towards other nAChRs. Radiosynthesis of [(18)F]NS14490 was performed by two different labelling procedures: a two-step synthesis using a prosthetic group, which led to 7% labelling yield, and the convenient direct nucleophilic substitution of the corresponding tosylate precursor, which resulted in 70% labelling yield. After optimisation of the isolation, purification and formulation process, biodistribution studies were performed in CD-1 mice. The brain uptake of [(18)F]NS14490 was comparably low (0.16% ID g(-1) wet weight at 5 min p.i.). The radiotracer showed a high metabolic stability in plasma and brain. Also, the target specificity was proven by pre-administration of a highly affine α7 ligand providing a rationale basis for further in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Rötering
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmacy, Research Site Leipzig, Dept. of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Popkov A, De Spiegeleer B. Chiral nickel(ii) complexes in the preparation of11C- and18F-labelled enantiomerically pure α-amino acids. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:1430-40. [PMID: 22159040 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11675d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Popkov
- Department of Cognitive Research and Tomographic Imaging Methods, Samo University in Pardubice, Na Klínku 1082, 530 06, Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Mueller D, Klette I, Kalb F, Baum RP. Synthesis of O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine based on a cartridge purification method. Nucl Med Biol 2011; 38:653-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang L, Lieberman BP, Plössl K, Qu W, Kung HF. Synthesis and comparative biological evaluation of l- and d-isomers of 18F-labeled fluoroalkyl phenylalanine derivatives as tumor imaging agents. Nucl Med Biol 2011; 38:301-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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McConathy J, Zhou D, Shockley SE, Jones LA, Griffin EA, Lee H, Adams SJ, Mach RH. Click Synthesis and Biologic Evaluation of (
R
)- and (
S
)-2-Amino-3-[1-(2-[
18
F]Fluoroethyl)-1
H
-[1,2,3]Triazol-4-yl]Propanoic Acid for Brain Tumor Imaging with Positron Emission Tomography. Mol Imaging 2010. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2010.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan McConathy
- Department of Radiology (Radiologic Sciences), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Radiological Sciences, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, MO; and Molecular Neuroimaging, New Haven, CT
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Radiology (Radiologic Sciences), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Radiological Sciences, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, MO; and Molecular Neuroimaging, New Haven, CT
| | - Stephany E. Shockley
- Department of Radiology (Radiologic Sciences), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Radiological Sciences, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, MO; and Molecular Neuroimaging, New Haven, CT
| | - Lynne A. Jones
- Department of Radiology (Radiologic Sciences), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Radiological Sciences, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, MO; and Molecular Neuroimaging, New Haven, CT
| | - Elizabeth A. Griffin
- Department of Radiology (Radiologic Sciences), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Radiological Sciences, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, MO; and Molecular Neuroimaging, New Haven, CT
| | - Hsiaoju Lee
- Department of Radiology (Radiologic Sciences), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Radiological Sciences, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, MO; and Molecular Neuroimaging, New Haven, CT
| | - Susan J. Adams
- Department of Radiology (Radiologic Sciences), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Radiological Sciences, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, MO; and Molecular Neuroimaging, New Haven, CT
| | - Robert H. Mach
- Department of Radiology (Radiologic Sciences), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Radiological Sciences, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, MO; and Molecular Neuroimaging, New Haven, CT
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Culture-induced changes in blood-brain barrier transcriptome: implications for amino-acid transporters in vivo. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009; 29:1491-502. [PMID: 19491922 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tight homeostatic control of brain amino acids (AA) depends on transport by solute carrier family proteins expressed by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC). To characterize the mouse BMEC transcriptome and probe culture-induced changes, microarray analyses of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1-positive (PECAM1(+)) endothelial cells (ppMBMECs) were compared with primary MBMECs (pMBMEC) cultured in the presence or absence of glial cells and with b.End5 endothelioma cell line. Selected cell marker and AA transporter mRNA levels were further verified by reverse transcription real-time PCR. Regardless of glial coculture, expression of a large subset of genes was strongly altered by a brief culture step. This is consistent with the known dependence of BMECs on in vivo interactions to maintain physiologic functions, for example, tight barrier formation, and their consequent dedifferentiation in culture. Seven (4F2hc, Lat1, Taut, Snat3, Snat5, Xpct, and Cat1) of nine AA transporter mRNAs highly expressed in freshly isolated ppMBMECs were strongly downregulated for all cultures and two (Snat2 and Eaat3) were variably regulated. In contrast, five AA transporter mRNAs with low expression in ppMBMECs, including y(+)Lat2, xCT, and Snat1, were upregulated by culture. We hypothesized that the AA transporters highly expressed in ppMBMECs and downregulated in culture have a major in vivo function for BBB transendothelial transport.
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Shikano N, Nakajima S, Kotani T, Ogura M, Sagara JI, Iwamura Y, Yoshimoto M, Kubota N, Ishikawa N, Kawai K. Transport of d-[1-14C]-amino acids into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells: implications for use of labeled d-amino acids as molecular imaging agents. Nucl Med Biol 2007; 34:659-65. [PMID: 17707806 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2007] [Revised: 04/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The fact that d-amino acids have been found in various tissues and are involved in various functions is a clue to how to develop new imaging agents. We examined d-amino acid transport mechanisms in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells because CHO-K1 cells are widely used in biomedical studies and are thought to be useful for expression of genes involved in metabolism of D-amino acids. METHODS Uptake experiments were performed. CHO-K1 cells cultured in 60-mm plastic culture dishes under ordinary culture conditions were incubated with 18.5 kBq of radiolabeled amino acid in 2 ml of phosphate-buffered-saline-based uptake solution at 37 degrees C. The following radiolabeled amino acid tracers were used: D-[1-(14)C]-alanine, L-[1-(14)C]-alanine, D-[1-(14)C]-serine, L-[1-(14)C]-serine, D-[1-(14)C]-methionine, L-[1-(14)C]-methionine, D-[1-(14)C]-phenylalanine, L-[1-(14)C]-phenylalanine, D-[1-(14)C]-leucine, L-[1-(14)C]-leucine, D-[1-(14)C]-valine, L-[1-(14)C]-valine, D-[1-(14)C]-tyrosine, L-[1-(14)C]-tyrosine, D-[1-(14)C]-glutamic acid, L-[1-(14)C]-glutamic acid, D-[1-(14)C]-lysine, L-[1-(14)C]-lysine, D-[1-(14)C]-arginine and L-[L-(14)C]-arginine. We tested the inhibitory effects of the following compounds (1.0 mM) on transport: 2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid (a specific inhibitor of system A, in Na(+)-containing uptake solution) and 2-amino-bicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (a specific inhibitor of system L, in Na(+)-free uptake solution). RESULTS D-[1-(14)C]-methionine, D-[1-(14)C]-phenylalanine and D-[1-(14)C]-tyrosine accumulated mainly via system L. D-[1-(14)C]-alanine and D-[1-(14)C]-serine accumulated primarily via system ASC. High uptake of D-[1-(14)C]-alanine, D-[1-(14)C]-methionine, D-[1-(14)C]-phenylalanine and D-[1-(14)C]-leucine was observed. The uptake of radiolabeled serine, valine, tyrosine, glutamic acid and arginine into CHO-K1 was highly stereoselective for l-isomers. CONCLUSIONS We observed high uptake of D-[1-(14)C]-alanine via system ASC (most likely alanine-serine-cysteine-selective amino acid transporter-1) and high uptake of D-[1-(14)C]-methionine and D-[1-(14)C]-phenylalanine via system L (most likely L-type amino acid transporter-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Shikano
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 4669-2 Ami, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0394, Japan.
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