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Ahern TH, Krug S, Carr AV, Murray EK, Fitzpatrick E, Bengston L, McCutcheon J, De Vries GJ, Forger NG. Cell death atlas of the postnatal mouse ventral forebrain and hypothalamus: effects of age and sex. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:2551-69. [PMID: 23296992 PMCID: PMC4968939 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring cell death is essential to the development of the mammalian nervous system. Although the importance of developmental cell death has been appreciated for decades, there is no comprehensive account of cell death across brain areas in the mouse. Moreover, several regional sex differences in cell death have been described for the ventral forebrain and hypothalamus, but it is not known how widespread the phenomenon is. We used immunohistochemical detection of activated caspase-3 to identify dying cells in the brains of male and female mice from postnatal day (P) 1 to P11. Cell death density, total number of dying cells, and regional volume were determined in 16 regions of the hypothalamus and ventral forebrain (the anterior hypothalamus, arcuate nucleus, anteroventral periventricular nucleus, medial preoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus; the basolateral, central, and medial amygdala; the lateral and principal nuclei of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis; the caudate-putamen; the globus pallidus; the lateral septum; and the islands of Calleja). All regions showed a significant effect of age on cell death. The timing of peak cell death varied between P1 to P7, and the average rate of cell death varied tenfold among regions. Several significant sex differences in cell death and/or regional volume were detected. These data address large gaps in the developmental literature and suggest interesting region-specific differences in the prevalence and timing of cell death in the hypothalamus and ventral forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd H. Ahern
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut 06518
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Stefanie Krug
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Audrey V. Carr
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Elaine K. Murray
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Emmett Fitzpatrick
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Lynn Bengston
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Jill McCutcheon
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Geert J. De Vries
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Nancy G. Forger
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
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Giannakopoulou A, Grigoriadis N, Bekiari C, Lourbopoulos A, Dori I, Tsingotjidou AS, Michaloudi H, Papadopoulos GC. Acute inflammation alters adult hippocampal neurogenesis in a multiple sclerosis mouse model. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:890-900. [PMID: 23606574 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neural precursor cells (NPCs) located in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) give rise to thousands of new cells every day, mainly hippocampal neurons, which are integrated into existing neuronal circuits. Aging and chronic degenerative disorders have been shown to impair hippocampal neurogenesis, but the consequence of inflammation is somewhat controversial. The present study demonstrates that the inflammatory environment prevailing in the brain of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice enhances the proliferation of NPCs in SGZ of the dorsal DG and alters the proportion between radial glial cells and newborn neuroblasts. The injection protocol of the cell cycle marker bromodeoxyuridine and the immunohistochemical techniques that were employed revealed that the proliferation of NPCs is increased approximately twofold in the SGZ of the dorsal DG of EAE mice, at the acute phase of the disease. However, although EAE animals exhibited significant higher percentage of newborn radial-glia-like NPCs, the mean percentage of newborn neuroblasts rather was decreased, indicating that the robust NPCs proliferation is not followed by a proportional production of newborn neurons. Significant positive correlations were detected between the number of proliferating cells in the SGZ and the clinical score or degree of brain inflammation of diseased animals. Finally, enhanced neuroproliferation in the acute phase of EAE was not found to trigger compensatory apoptotic mechanisms. The possible causes of altered neurogenesis observed in this study emphasize the need to understand more precisely the mechanisms regulating adult neurogenesis under both normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Giannakopoulou
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Mathematical modelling of transformations of asymmetrically distributed biological data: An application to a quantitative classification of spiny neurons of the human putamen. J Theor Biol 2012; 302:81-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Neuronal images of the putamen in the adult human neostriatum: a revised classification supported by a qualitative and quantitative analysis. Anat Sci Int 2012; 87:115-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s12565-012-0131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Li Y, Luo F, Wei L, Liu Z, Xu P. Knockdown of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta attenuates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Neurosci Lett 2010; 487:41-6. [PMID: 20920551 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) plays a critical role in signal transductions concerning neuronal death. In the present study, we investigated the potential role of GSK3β in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced toxicity in human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. We assessed the apoptotic proteins and the relative levels of pGSK3β (Ser9) and pGSK3β (Tyr216) to GSK3β in 6-OHDA-treated SH-SY5Y. Furthermore, we downregulated the expression of GSK3β by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) interference and compared the cell viability and expression of apoptotic proteins in knockdown group with those in control group under the treatment of 6-OHDA. We found that 6-OHDA increased the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 but not caspase-8. Additionally, 6-OHDA decreased the ratio of pGSK3β (Ser9)/GSK3β and increased the ratio of pGSK3β (Tyr216)/GSK3β. Moreover, 6-OHDA induced less cell viability loss and lower expression of caspase-9 and caspase-3 in GSK3β knockdown group compared with control. The present data indicate that 6-OHDA may induce apoptosis in SH-SY5Y via the intrinsic death pathway and GSK3β knockdown can partly attenuate 6-OHDA-induced neuronal death and apoptosis, suggesting that GSK3β may have the potential to serve as a therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Combination of intracortically administered VEGF and environmental enrichment enhances brain protection in developing rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 118:135-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0496-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Zacharaki T, Sophou S, Giannakopoulou A, Dinopoulos A, Antonopoulos J, Parnavelas J, Dori I. Natural and lesion-induced apoptosis in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus during development. Brain Res 2010; 1344:62-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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