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Gallego-Durán R, Hadjihambi A, Ampuero J, Rose CF, Jalan R, Romero-Gómez M. Ammonia-induced stress response in liver disease progression and hepatic encephalopathy. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024:10.1038/s41575-024-00970-9. [PMID: 39251708 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-00970-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia levels are orchestrated by a series of complex interrelated pathways in which the urea cycle has a central role. Liver dysfunction leads to an accumulation of ammonia, which is toxic and is strongly associated with disruption of potassium homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, hypoxaemia and dysregulation of neurotransmission. Hyperammonaemia is a hallmark of hepatic encephalopathy and has been strongly associated with liver-related outcomes in patients with cirrhosis and liver failure. In addition to the established role of ammonia as a neurotoxin in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy, an increasing number of studies suggest that it can lead to hepatic fibrosis progression, sarcopenia, immune dysfunction and cancer. However, elevated systemic ammonia levels are uncommon in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. A clear causal relationship between ammonia-induced immune dysfunction and risk of infection has not yet been definitively proven. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms by which ammonia produces its diverse deleterious effects and their clinical relevance in liver diseases, the importance of measuring ammonia levels for the diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy, the prognosis of patients with cirrhosis and liver failure, and how our knowledge of inter-organ ammonia metabolism is leading to the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Gallego-Durán
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (HUVR/CSIC/US), Department of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Hadjihambi
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Javier Ampuero
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (HUVR/CSIC/US), Department of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher F Rose
- Hepato-Neuro Laboratory, CRCHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (HUVR/CSIC/US), Department of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain.
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Ho AMC, Peyton MP, Scaletty SJ, Trapp S, Schreiber A, Madden BJ, Choi DS, Matthews DB. Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Exposure Alters Behavioral Flexibility in Aged Rats Compared to Adult Rats and Modifies Protein and Protein Pathways Related to Alzheimer's Disease. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:46260-46276. [PMID: 36570296 PMCID: PMC9774340 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Repeated excessive alcohol consumption increases the risk of developing cognitive decline and dementia. Hazardous drinking among older adults further increases such vulnerabilities. To investigate whether alcohol induces cognitive deficits in older adults, we performed a chronic intermittent ethanol exposure paradigm (ethanol or water gavage every other day 10 times) in 8-week-old young adult and 70-week-old aged rats. While spatial memory retrieval ascertained by probe trials in the Morris water maze was not significantly different between ethanol-treated and water-treated rats in both age groups after the fifth and tenth gavages, behavioral flexibility was impaired in ethanol-treated rats compared to water-treated rats in the aged group but not in the young adult group. We then examined ethanol-treatment-associated hippocampal proteomic and phosphoproteomic differences distinct in the aged rats. We identified several ethanol-treatment-related proteins, including the upregulations of the Prkcd protein level, several of its phosphosites, and its kinase activity and downregulation in the Camk2a protein level. Our bioinformatic analysis revealed notable changes in pathways involved in neurotransmission regulation, synaptic plasticity, neuronal apoptosis, and insulin receptor signaling. In conclusion, our behavioral and proteomic results identified several candidate proteins and pathways potentially associated with alcohol-induced cognitive decline in aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Man-Choi Ho
- Department
of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota55905, United States
| | - Mina P. Peyton
- Bioinformatics
and Computational Biology Program, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota55455, United States
| | - Samantha J. Scaletty
- Department
of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota55905, United States
| | - Sarah Trapp
- Department
of Psychology, University of Wisconsin—Eau
Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin54701, United States
| | - Areonna Schreiber
- Department
of Psychology, University of Wisconsin—Eau
Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin54701, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Madden
- Mayo
Clinic Proteomics Core, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota55905, United States
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department
of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota55905, United States
- Department
of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota55905, United States
| | - Douglas B. Matthews
- Department
of Psychology, University of Wisconsin—Eau
Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin54701, United States
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Rahimi N, Modabberi S, Faghir-Ghanesefat H, Shayan M, Farzad Maroufi S, Asgari Dafe E, Reza Dehpour A. The Possible Role of Nitric Oxide signaling and NMDA Receptors in Allopurinol effect on Maximal Electroshock- and Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Seizures in Mice. Neurosci Lett 2022; 778:136620. [PMID: 35395326 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Allopurinol, a uric-acid-lowering medication, has shown its efficacy in several studies suggesting that allopurinol can be prescribed as adjunctive cure meant for intractable epilepsy. The exact mechanism of allopurinol is still unknown. This study evaluates allopurinol's effect on seizure threshold, seizure incidence, and mortality rate in mice models. Moreover, the possible involvement of nitric oxide (NO) pathway and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are investigated. To evaluate the effect of allopurinol on seizure, we used the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure along with maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizure. To assess the underlying mechanism behind the allopurinol activity, we used nitric oxide synthase (NOS) substrate (L-arginine), NOS inhibitors (L-NAME, aminoguanidine, 7-nitroindazole), and NMDA receptor antagonist (MK-801). Intraperitoneal allopurinol administration at a dose of 50 mg/kg in mice showed a significant (p<0.001) anti-convulsant activity in the PTZ-induced seizure. Even though pre-treatment with L-Arginine (60 mg/kg) potentiates allopurinol's anti-convulsant effect in the PTZ-induced seizure, pre-treatment with L-NAME (10 mg/kg), aminoguanidine (100 mg/kg), and 7-nitroindazole (30 mg/kg) reversed the anti-convulsant effect of allopurinol in the PTZ-induced seizure. In addition, pre-treatment with MK-801 also decreased the anti-convulsant effect of allopurinol in the PTZ-induced seizure. While allopurinol at a dose of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg did not induce protection against seizure incidence in the MES-induced seizure, it revealed a remarkable effect in reducing the mortality rate in the MES-induced seizure. Allopurinol increases the seizure threshold in PTZ-induced seizure and enhances the survival rate in MES-induced seizure. Allopurinol exerts its anti-convulsant effect, possibly through targeting NO pathway and NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Rahimi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Modabberi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedyeh Faghir-Ghanesefat
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shayan
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Farzad Maroufi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Asgari Dafe
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Is NMDA-Receptor-Mediated Oxidative Stress in Mitochondria of Peripheral Tissues the Essential Factor in the Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy? J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030827. [PMID: 35160278 PMCID: PMC8836479 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome of increased ammonia-mediated brain dysfunction caused by impaired hepatic detoxification or when the blood bypasses the liver. Ammonia-activated signal transduction pathways of hyperactivated NMDA receptors (NMDAR) are shown to trigger a cascade of pathological reactions in the brain, leading to oxidative stress. NMDARs outside the brain are widely distributed in peripheral tissues, including the liver, heart, pancreas, and erythrocytes. To determine the contribution of these receptors to ammonia-induced oxidative stress in peripheral tissues, it is relevant to investigate if there are any ammonia-related changes in antioxidant enzymes and free radical formation and whether blockade of NMDARs prevents these changes. Methods: Hyperammonemia was induced in rats by ammonium acetate injection. Oxidative stress was measured as changes in antioxidant enzyme activities and O2•− and H2O2 production by mitochondria isolated from the tissues and cells mentioned above. The effects of the NMDAR antagonist MK-801 on oxidative stress markers and on tissue ammonia levels were evaluated. Results: Increased ammonia levels in erythrocytes and mitochondria isolated from the liver, pancreas, and heart of hyperammonemic rats are shown to cause tissue-specific oxidative stress, which is prevented completely (or partially in erythrocyte) by MK-801. Conclusions: These results support the view that the pathogenesis of HE is multifactorial and that ammonia-induced multiorgan oxidative stress-mediated by activation of NMDAR is an integral part of the disease and, therefore, the toxic effects of ammonia in НЕ may be more global than initially expected.
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Neurotoxic Effects of Neonicotinoids on Mammals: What Is There beyond the Activation of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors?-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168413. [PMID: 34445117 PMCID: PMC8395098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are a class of insecticides that exert their effect through a specific action on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The success of these insecticides is due to this mechanism of action, since they act as potent agonists of insect nAChRs, presenting low affinity for vertebrate nAChRs, which reduces potential toxic risk and increases safety for non-target species. However, although neonicotinoids are considered safe, their presence in the environment could increase the risk of exposure and toxicity. On the other hand, although neonicotinoids have low affinity for mammalian nAChRs, the large quantity, variety, and ubiquity of these receptors, combined with its diversity of functions, raises the question of what effects these insecticides can produce in non-target species. In the present systematic review, we investigate the available evidence on the biochemical and behavioral effects of neonicotinoids on the mammalian nervous system. In general, exposure to neonicotinoids at an early age alters the correct neuronal development, with decreases in neurogenesis and alterations in migration, and induces neuroinflammation. In adulthood, neonicotinoids induce neurobehavioral toxicity, these effects being associated with their modulating action on nAChRs, with consequent neurochemical alterations. These alterations include decreased expression of nAChRs, modifications in acetylcholinesterase activity, and significant changes in the function of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. All these effects can lead to the activation of a series of intracellular signaling pathways that generate oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and, finally, neuronal death. Neonicotinoid-induced changes in nAChR function could be responsible for most of the effects observed in the different studies.
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Lendor S, Olkowicz M, Boyaci E, Yu M, Diwan M, Hamani C, Palmer M, Reyes-Garcés N, Gómez-Ríos GA, Pawliszyn J. Investigation of Early Death-Induced Changes in Rat Brain by Solid Phase Microextraction via Untargeted High Resolution Mass Spectrometry: In Vivo versus Postmortem Comparative Study. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1827-1840. [PMID: 32407623 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of brain samples obtained postmortem remains a standard approach in neuroscience, despite often being suboptimal for inferring roles of small molecules in the pathophysiology of brain diseases. Sample collection and preservation further hinders conclusive interpretation of biomarker analysis in autopsy samples. We investigate purely death-induced changes affecting rat hippocampus in the first hour of postmortem interval (PMI) by means of untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. The unique possibility of sampling the same brain area of each animal both in vivo and postmortem was enabled by employing solid phase microextraction (SPME) probes. Four millimeter probes coated with mixed mode extraction phase were used to sample awake, freely roaming animals, with 2 more sampling events performed after death. Significant changes in brain neurochemistry were found to occur as soon as 30 min after death, further progressing with increasing PMI, evidenced by relative changes in levels of metabolites and lipids. These included species from several distinct groups, which can be classified as engaged in energy metabolism-related processes, signal transduction, neurotransmission, or inflammatory response. Additionally, we perform thorough analysis of interindividual variability in response to death, which provides insights into how this aspect can obscure conclusions drawn from an untargeted study at single metabolite and pathway level. The results suggest high demand for systematic studies examining the PMI time course with in vivo sampling as a starting point to eliminate artifacts in the form of neurochemical changes assumed to occur in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Lendor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mariola Olkowicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ezel Boyaci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mustansir Diwan
- Neuroimaging Research Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Clement Hamani
- Neuroimaging Research Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Michael Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Nathaly Reyes-Garcés
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - German Augusto Gómez-Ríos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Huang M, Li J. Physiological regulation of reactive oxygen species in organisms based on their physicochemical properties. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13351. [PMID: 31344326 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is recognized as free radical dyshomeostasis, which has damaging effects on proteins, lipids and DNA. However, during cell differentiation and proliferation and other normal physiological processes, free radicals play a pivotal role in message transmission and are considered important messengers. Organisms maintain free radical homeostasis through a sophisticated regulatory system in which these "2-faced" molecules play appropriate roles under physiological and pathological conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including a large number of free radicals, act as redox signalling molecules in essential cellular signalling pathways, including cell differentiation and proliferation. However, excessive ROS levels can induce oxidative stress, which is an important risk factor for diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease. An overall comprehensive understanding of ROS is beneficial for understanding the pathogenesis of certain diseases and finding new therapeutic treatments. This review primarily focuses on ROS cellular localization, sources, chemistry and molecular targets to determine how to distinguish between the roles of ROS as messengers and in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei‐Zhou Huang
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS Lanzhou China
| | - Jian‐Yong Li
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS Lanzhou China
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Hou C, Zhang R, Zhang K, Chen X. Total glycosides of Paeony shows Neuroprotective effects against Semen Strychni-induced neurotoxicity by recovering secretion of hormones and improving brain energy metabolism. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:2033-2044. [PMID: 28852923 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the protective effect of total glycosides of paeony against Semen Strychni-induced neurotoxicity and discussed some probably mechanisms. Levels of estrone, estradiol, estriol and growth hormone in male rats' serum were determined by ELISA, levels of ATP and substances associated with energy metabolism in rats' brain were determined by HPLC and levels of progesterone was determined by a UPLC-MS/MS method. The results showed that neurotoxicity induced by Semen Strychni could cause a significant decrease (p < 0.05, compare to the blank group) in secretion of estrogens and GH and disorder brain energy metabolism at the same time. While, rats with total glycosides of paeony pre-protection (orally administrated with total glycosides of paeony for 15 days before administrating Semen Strychni extract) showed a much better condition in the secretion of hormones and brain energy metabolism, and showed no significant changes in most of those associated substances when comparing to the blank group. Our study indicated that total glycosides of paeony have neuroprotective effects on Semen Strychni-induced neurotoxicity. It could recover the disordered hormone secretion and improve the brain energy metabolism. Total glycosides of paeony is potential to be further used in clinic to protect against neurotoxicity induced by other reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenzhi Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ruowen Zhang
- Southern Research Institute, 2000 9th Ave.s., Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA
| | - Kexia Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Wu DM, Guo XL, Wang Q, Li JL, Cui JW, Zhou S, Hao SE. A Mini-Electrochemical System with Integrated Micropipet Tip and Pencil Graphite Electrode for Measuring Cytotoxicity. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1572:153-167. [PMID: 28299687 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6911-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel mini-electrochemical system has been developed for evaluating cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs based on trace cell samples. The mini-electrochemical system was integrated by using pencil graphite modified with threonine as working electrode, an Ag/AgCl reference electrode and a micropipet tip as electrochemical cell. The mini-electrochemical system dramatically reduces sample volumes from 500 μL in a traditional electrochemical system to 10 μL, and exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity toward oxidation of purine from MCF-7 cells due to increased sensitivity provided by threonine. Moreover, the relationship between peak current and the cell concentration in the range from 3.0 × l03 to 7.0 × l06 cells/mL was studied, and a nonlinear exponential relationship between them was established over a wide concentration range. In evaluating the effect of anticancer drugs on cell viability, the results of drug cytotoxicity test based on cyclophosphamide were in close agreement with classical 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assays. The proposed device is so simple, cheap, and easy to operate that it could be applied to single-use applications. The mini-electrochemical system proved to be a useful tool and can be applied to electrochemical studies of cancer cells as well as other biological samples such as proteins and DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154000, China.
| | - Xiao-Ling Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154000, China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154000, China
| | - Jin-Lian Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154000, China
| | - Ji-Wen Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154000, China
| | - Shi Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154000, China
| | - Su-E Hao
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154000, China
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10
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Two-signal electrochemical method for evaluation suppression and proliferation of MCF-7 cells based on intracellular purine. Anal Biochem 2014; 456:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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Bjerring PN, Dale N, Larsen FS. Acute Hyperammonemia and Systemic Inflammation is Associated with Increased Extracellular Brain Adenosine in Rats: A Biosensor Study. Neurochem Res 2014; 40:258-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Skowrońska M, Albrecht J. Oxidative and nitrosative stress in ammonia neurotoxicity. Neurochem Int 2012; 62:731-7. [PMID: 23142151 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased ammonia accumulation in the brain due to liver dysfunction is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Fatal outcome of rapidly progressing (acute) HE is mainly related to cytotoxic brain edema associated with astrocytic swelling. An increase of brain ammonia in experimental animals or treatment of cultured astrocytes with ammonia generates reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the target tissues, leading to oxidative/nitrosative stress (ONS). In cultured astrocytes, ammonia-induced ONS is invariably associated with the increase of the astrocytic cell volume. Interrelated mechanisms underlying this response include increased nitric oxide (NO) synthesis which is partly coupled to the activation of NMDA receptors and increased generation of reactive oxygen species by NADPH oxidase. ONS and astrocytic swelling are further augmented by excessive synthesis of glutamine (Gln) which impairs mitochondrial function following its accumulation in there and degradation back to ammonia ("the Trojan horse" hypothesis). Ammonia also induces ONS in other cell types of the CNS: neurons, microglia and the brain capillary endothelial cells (BCEC). ONS in microglia contributes to the central inflammatory response, while its metabolic and pathophysiological consequences in the BCEC evolve to the vasogenic brain edema associated with HE. Ammonia-induced ONS results in the oxidation of mRNA and nitration/nitrosylation of proteins which impact intracellular metabolism and potentiate the neurotoxic effects. Simultaneously, ammonia facilitates the antioxidant response of the brain, by activating astrocytic transport and export of glutathione, in this way increasing the availability of precursors of neuronal glutathione synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Skowrońska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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13
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Sun L, Wang L, Jiang M, Huang J, Lin H. Glycogen debranching enzyme 6 (AGL), enolase 1 (ENOSF1), ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase 2 (ENPP2_1), glutathione S-transferase 3 (GSTM3_3) and mannosidase (MAN2B2) metabolism computational network analysis between chimpanzee and human left cerebrum. Cell Biochem Biophys 2012; 61:493-505. [PMID: 21735130 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-011-9232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We identified significantly higher expression of the genes glycogen debranching enzyme 6 (AGL), enolase 1 (ENOSF1), ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase 2 (ENPP2_1), glutathione S-transferase 3 (GSTM3_3) and mannosidase (MAN2B2) from human left cerebrums versus chimpanzees. Yet the distinct low- and high-expression AGL, ENOSF1, ENPP2_1, GSTM3_3 and MAN2B2 metabolism networks between chimpanzee and human left cerebrum remain to be elucidated. Here, we constructed low- and high-expression activated and inhibited upstream and downstream AGL, ENOSF1, ENPP2_1, GSTM3_3 and MAN2B2 metabolism network between chimpanzee and human left cerebrum in GEO data set by gene regulatory network inference method based on linear programming and decomposition procedure, under covering AGL, ENOSF1, ENPP2_1, GSTM3_3 and MAN2B2 pathway and matching metabolism enrichment analysis by CapitalBio MAS 3.0 integration of public databases, including Gene Ontology, KEGG, BioCarta, GenMapp, Intact, UniGene, OMIM, etc. Our results show that the AGL, ENOSF1, ENPP2_1, GSTM3_3 and MAN2B2 metabolism network has more activated and less inhibited molecules in chimpanzee, but less activated and more inhibited in the human left cerebrum. We inferred stronger carbohydrate, glutathione and proteoglycan metabolism, ATPase activity, but weaker base excision repair, arachidonic acid and drug metabolism as a result of inducing cell growth in low-expression AGL, ENOSF1, ENPP2_1, GSTM3_3 and MAN2B2 metabolism network of chimpanzee left cerebrum; whereas stronger lipid metabolism, amino acid catabolism, DNA repair but weaker inflammatory response, cell proliferation, glutathione and carbohydrate metabolism as a result of inducing cell differentiation in high-expression AGL, ENOSF1, ENPP2_1, GSTM3_3 and MAN2B2 metabolism network of human left cerebrum. Our inferences are consistent with recent reports and computational activation and inhibition gene number patterns, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Sun
- Biomedical Center, School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
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Elmas O, Elmas O, Caliskan S. Investigation of the oxidative effect of chronic hyperammonemia on the kidney and the possible protective effect of allopurinol. Ren Fail 2011; 33:61-5. [PMID: 21219207 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2010.536606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there have been many studies on this topic, the molecular mechanism of the toxic effects of hyperammonemia on cells has not yet been fully explained. Recent studies have held oxidative stress mechanisms responsible for hyperammonemia-induced cell damage. Kidney functions are affected in diseases associated with an increase in ammonia in the blood. Our study tries to determine whether oxidative stress mechanisms are responsible for kidney damage in chronic hyperammonemia. We also investigated whether kidney damage is dependent on possible reactive oxygen products associated with the xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme and whether the possible association can be inhibited with allopurinol, an XO enzyme inhibitor. The study took into consideration the enzyme activities of XO, xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), as well as protein thiol (P-SH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The data found demonstrated that chronic hyperammonemia had oxidative stress effects on the kidney, and that kidney XO and XDH activity changed. However, it was not possible to inhibit this oxidative stress in the kidney using allopurinol. Thus, we could not conclude that oxidative stress is an XO-dependent mechanism. The outcomes of the study suggested that this oxidative situation arising in hyperammonemia occurred through a mechanism other than the XO enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Elmas
- Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey.
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Kosenko E, Poghosyan A, Kaminsky Y. Subcellular compartmentalization of proteolytic enzymes in brain regions and the effects of chronic β-amyloid treatment. Brain Res 2011; 1369:184-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Brain hypoxanthine concentration correlates to lactate/pyruvate ratio but not intracranial pressure in patients with acute liver failure. J Hepatol 2010; 53:1054-8. [PMID: 20800925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The pathogenesis of cerebral edema in acute liver failure is suggested, in in vitro and animal studies, to involve a compromised oxidative metabolism with a decrease in cerebral ATP levels and an increase in purine concentrations. In this study we hypothesize that the cerebral concentrations of hypoxanthine, inosine, and lactate/pyruvate (LP) ratio are increased and correlated in patients with acute liver failure. Furthermore, we expect the purines and L/P ratio to correlate with intracranial pressure (ICP) (positively), and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) (negatively). METHODS In 17 patients (aged 18-60 years) with acute liver failure and severe hyperammonemia (182 ± 36 μM (mean ± SD)), cerebral microdialysis was performed, and ICP and CPP were monitored. Microdialysate concentrations of hypoxanthine, inosine, lactate, and pyruvate were measured. RESULTS The hypoxanthine concentration was 23.0 ± 12 μM in early samples and 11.7 ± 6.8 μM in late samples (normal level ~2.0 μM). The inosine concentration was 7.2 ± 7.1 μM and 2.8 ± 1.6 μM, and the LP ratio was 55.8 ± 21.6 and 45.6 ± 20.8, respectively (normal level ~18). Hypoxanthine correlated significantly to LP ratio (r(2)=0.40, p<0.01) while inosine did not. The purine levels and L/P ratio did not correlate to ICP or CPP, nor did they differ between patients with high ICP (>20 mmHg, n=9) and patients without (n=8). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the high cerebral LP ratio correlates to the hypoxanthine level in patients with acute liver failure. However, these metabolic alterations were not related to the development of intracranial hypertension.
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Kaminsky Y, Kosenko E. AMP deaminase and adenosine deaminase activities in liver and brain regions in acute ammonia intoxication and subacute toxic hepatitis. Brain Res 2009; 1311:175-81. [PMID: 19900420 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic enzymes AMP deaminase and adenosine deaminase (ADA) catalyze AMP and adenosine deamination, constitute rate-limiting steps of adenine nucleotide catabolism and play important roles in cellular energy metabolism. In this study, AMP deaminase and ADA activities of rat liver, neocortex, cerebellum, striatum and hippocampus were investigated in acute ammonia intoxication and subacute CCl(4)-induced hepatitis. Activities of both AMP deaminase and ADA in the liver were elevated by 2.4-4.2-fold (p<0.0001) in both models of hepatotoxic injury as compared with controls. In acute hyperammonemia activities of AMP, deaminase and ADA increased by 46-59% (p<0.02) in the neocortex and did not change in the striatum. In the hippocampus of hyperammonemic rats, only AMP deaminase activity was increased by 48% (p=0.0004), and in the cerebellum only ADA activity was increased significantly (by 26%, p<0.05). The adenylate pool size and energy charge were greatly reduced in the neocortex of hyperammonemic rats. Results suggested that two parallel pathways of AMP breakdown, including AMP deaminase and ADA, respectively, are up-regulated under pathological conditions, probably in order to overcome compensatory synthesis of adenylates, to ensure prompt adenylate pool depletion and reduce the adenylate energy charge in liver and selected brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Kaminsky
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia.
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