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Raïch I, Lillo J, Ferreiro-Vera C, Sánchez de Medina V, Navarro G, Franco R. Cannabidiol at Nanomolar Concentrations Negatively Affects Signaling through the Adenosine A 2A Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17500. [PMID: 38139329 PMCID: PMC10744210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid with potential as a therapy for a variety of diseases. CBD may act via cannabinoid receptors but also via other G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including the adenosine A2A receptor. Homogenous binding and signaling assays in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing the human version of the A2A receptor were performed to address the effect of CBD on receptor functionality. CBD was not able to compete for the binding of a SCH 442416 derivative labeled with a red emitting fluorescent probe that is a selective antagonist that binds to the orthosteric site of the receptor. However, CBD reduced the effect of the selective A2A receptor agonist, CGS 21680, on Gs-coupling and on the activation of the mitogen activated kinase signaling pathway. It is suggested that CBD is a negative allosteric modulator of the A2A receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iu Raïch
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.R.); (G.N.)
- CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jaume Lillo
- CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Gemma Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.R.); (G.N.)
- CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Franco
- CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- School of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Schädlich IS, Winzer R, Stabernack J, Tolosa E, Magnus T, Rissiek B. The role of the ATP-adenosine axis in ischemic stroke. Semin Immunopathol 2023:10.1007/s00281-023-00987-3. [PMID: 36917241 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-023-00987-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
In ischemic stroke, the primary neuronal injury caused by the disruption of energy supply is further exacerbated by secondary sterile inflammation. The inflammatory cascade is largely initiated by the purine adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is extensively released to the interstitial space during brain ischemia and functions as an extracellular danger signaling molecule. By engaging P2 receptors, extracellular ATP activates microglia leading to cytokine and chemokine production and subsequent immune cell recruitment from the periphery which further amplifies post-stroke inflammation. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 shape and balance the inflammatory environment by stepwise degrading extracellular ATP to adenosine which itself has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory signaling properties. The neuroprotective effects of adenosine are mainly mediated through A1 receptors and inhibition of glutamatergic excitotoxicity, while the anti-inflammatory capacities of adenosine have been primarily attributed to A2A receptor activation on infiltrating immune cells in the subacute phase after stroke. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on the ATP-adenosine axis in ischemic stroke, discuss contradictory results, and point out potential pitfalls towards translating therapeutic approaches from rodent stroke models to human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Sophie Schädlich
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Riekje Winzer
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joschi Stabernack
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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Coppi E, Gibb AJ. Selective block of adenosine A 2A receptors prevents ischaemic-like effects induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation in rat medium spiny neurons. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4844-4856. [PMID: 35817954 PMCID: PMC9796695 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ischaemia is known to cause massive neuronal depolarization, termed anoxic depolarization (AD), due to energy failure and loss of membrane ion gradients. The neuromodulator adenosine accumulates extracellularly during ischaemia and activates four metabotropic receptors: A1 , A2A , A2B and A3 . Striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) express high levels of A2A receptors and are particularly vulnerable to ischaemic insults. A2A Receptor blockade reduces acute striatal post-ischaemic damage but the cellular mechanisms involved are still unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We performed patch-clamp recordings of MSNs in rat striatal slices subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) to investigate the effects of A2A receptor ligands or ion channel blockers on AD and OGD-induced ionic imbalance, measured as a positive shift in Erev of ramp currents. KEY RESULTS Our data indicate that the A2A receptor antagonist SCH58261 (10 μM) significantly attenuated ionic imbalance and AD appearance in MSNs exposed to OGD. The K+ channel blocker Ba2+ (2 mM) or the Na+ channel blocker tetrodotoxin (1 μM) exacerbated and attenuated, respectively, OGD-induced changes. Spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic current (sEPSC) analysis in MSNs revealed that the A2A receptor agonist CGS21680 (1 μM) prevented OGD-induced decrease of sEPSCs within the first 5 min of the insult, an effect shared by the K+ channel blocker Ba2+ , indicating facilitated glutamate release. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Adenosine, released during striatal OGD, activates A2A receptors that may exacerbate OGD-induced damage through K+ channel inhibition. Our results could help to develop A2A receptor-selective therapeutic tools for the treatment of brain ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Coppi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child HealthUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Alasdair J. Gibb
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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Abd Aziz NAW, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal R, Bakar NS, Abd Latiff A, Ismail NM. Neuroprotection by Trans-Resveratrol in Rats With Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Insights into the Role of Adenosine A1 Receptors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 81:596-613. [PMID: 35799401 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the neuroprotective effects of trans-resveratrol (RV), this study aimed to investigate the involvement of the adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) in RV-mediated neuroprotection in a rat intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) model induced by intrastriatal injection of collagenase. Rats were divided into 5 groups: (1) control, (2) sham-operated, (3) ICH pretreated with vehicle, (4) ICH pretreated with RV, and (5) ICH pretreated with RV and the A1R antagonist DPCPX. At 48 hours after ICH, the rats were subjected to neurological testing. Brain tissues were assessed for neuronal density and morphological features using routine and immunohistochemical staining. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), caspase-3, and RIPK3 proteins was examined using ELISA. A1R, MAPK P38, Hsp90, TrkB, and BDNF genes were examined using RT-qPCR. RV protected against neurological deficits and neuronal depletion, restored the expression of TNF-α, CASP3, RIPK3, A1R, and Hsp90, and increased BDNF/TrkB. DPCPX abolished the effects of RV on neurological outcomes, neuronal density, CASP3, RIPK3, A1R, Hsp90, and BDNF. These data indicate that the neuroprotection by RV involves A1R and inhibits CASP3-dependent apoptosis and RIPK3-dependent necroptosis in the perihematoma region; this is likely to be mediated by crosstalk between A1R and the BDNF/TrkB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Azliza Wani Abd Aziz
- From the Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA, NSB, NMI); Centre of Preclinical Science Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA); School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (II, RA); Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia (II); and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (AAL)
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- From the Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA, NSB, NMI); Centre of Preclinical Science Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA); School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (II, RA); Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia (II); and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (AAL)
| | - Renu Agarwal
- From the Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA, NSB, NMI); Centre of Preclinical Science Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA); School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (II, RA); Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia (II); and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (AAL)
| | - Nor Salmah Bakar
- From the Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA, NSB, NMI); Centre of Preclinical Science Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA); School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (II, RA); Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia (II); and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (AAL)
| | - Azian Abd Latiff
- From the Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA, NSB, NMI); Centre of Preclinical Science Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA); School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (II, RA); Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia (II); and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (AAL)
| | - Nafeeza Mohd Ismail
- From the Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA, NSB, NMI); Centre of Preclinical Science Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA); School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (II, RA); Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia (II); and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (AAL)
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Miao Y, Chen X, You F, Jia M, Li T, Tang P, Shi R, Hu S, Zhang L, Chen JF, Gao Y. Adenosine A 2A receptor modulates microglia-mediated synaptic pruning of the retinogeniculate pathway during postnatal development. Neuropharmacology 2021; 200:108806. [PMID: 34562441 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Synapse pruning is essential not only for the developmental establishment of synaptic connections in the brain but also for the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. However, there are no effective pharmacological means to regulate synaptic pruning during early development. Using the eye-specific segregation of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) as a model of synaptic pruning coupled with adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonism and knockout, we demonstrated while genetic deletion of the A2AR throughout the development attenuated eye-specific segregation with the attenuated microglial phagocytosis at postnatal day 5 (P5), selective treatment with the A2AR antagonist KW6002 at P2-P4 facilitated synaptic pruning of visual pathway with microglial activation, increased lysosomal activity in microglia and increased microglial engulfment of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) inputs in the dLGN at P5 (but not P10). Furthermore, KW6002-mediated facilitation of synaptic pruning was activity-dependent since tetrodotoxin (TTX) treatment abolished the KW6002 facilitation. Moreover, the A2AR antagonist also modulated postsynaptic proteins and synaptic density at early postnatal stages as revealed by the reduced immunoreactivity of postsynaptic proteins (Homer1 and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5) and colocalization of presynaptic VGlut2 and postsynaptic Homer1 puncta in the dLGN. These findings suggest that A2AR can control pruning by multiple actions involving the retinal wave, microglia engulfment, and postsynaptic stability. Thus, A2AR antagonists may represent a novel pharmacological strategy to modulate microglia-mediated synaptic pruning and treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders associated with dysfunctional pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Miao
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Xuhao Chen
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Feng You
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Manli Jia
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Ting Li
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Ping Tang
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Ruyi Shi
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Shisi Hu
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Liping Zhang
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Jiang-Fan Chen
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China.
| | - Ying Gao
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China.
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Hypoxia Tolerant Species: The Wisdom of Nature Translated into Targets for Stroke Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011131. [PMID: 34681788 PMCID: PMC8537001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neurons rapidly die after ischemia and current therapies for stroke management are limited to restoration of blood flow to prevent further brain damage. Thrombolytics and mechanical thrombectomy are the available reperfusion treatments, but most of the patients remain untreated. Neuroprotective therapies focused on treating the pathogenic cascade of the disease have widely failed. However, many animal species demonstrate that neurons can survive the lack of oxygen for extended periods of time. Here, we reviewed the physiological and molecular pathways inherent to tolerant species that have been described to contribute to hypoxia tolerance. Among them, Foxo3 and Eif5A were reported to mediate anoxic survival in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans, respectively, and those results were confirmed in experimental models of stroke. In humans however, the multiple mechanisms involved in brain cell death after a stroke causes translation difficulties to arise making necessary a timely and coordinated control of the pathological changes. We propose here that, if we were able to plagiarize such natural hypoxia tolerance through drugs combined in a pharmacological cocktail it would open new therapeutic opportunities for stroke and likely, for other hypoxic conditions.
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and Ischemic Stroke: a Focus on Molecular Function and Therapeutic Potential. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4588-4614. [PMID: 34120294 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In ischemic stroke, there is only one approved drug, tissue plasminogen activator, to be used in clinical conditions for thrombolysis. New neuroprotective therapies for ischemic stroke are desperately needed. Several targets and pathways have been shown to confer neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the most frequently targeted receptors for developing novel therapeutics for central nervous system disorders. GPCRs are a large family of cell surface receptors that response to a wide variety of extracellular stimuli. GPCRs are involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. More than 90% of the identified non-sensory GPCRs are expressed in the brain, where they play important roles in regulating mood, pain, vision, immune responses, cognition, and synaptic transmission. There is also good evidence that GPCRs are implicated in the pathogenesis of stroke. This review narrates the pathophysiological role and possible targeted therapy of GPCRs in ischemic stroke.
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Sun L, Li X, Guan H, Chen S, Fan X, Zhou C, Yang H, Xiao W. A Novel Role of A 2AR in the Maintenance of Intestinal Barrier Function of Enteric Glia from Hypoxia-Induced Injury by Combining with mGluR5. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:633403. [PMID: 34093180 PMCID: PMC8173626 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.633403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During acute intestinal ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury, the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) function is often disrupted. Enteric glial cells (EGCs) play an important role in maintaining the integrity of IEB functions. However, how EGCs regulate IEB function under IR stimulation is unknown. The present study reveals that the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) is important for mediating the barrier-modulating roles of EGCs. A2AR knockout (KO) experiments revealed more serious intestinal injury in A2AR KO mice than in WT mice after IR stimulation. Moreover, A2AR expression was significantly increased in WT mice when challenged by IR. To further investigate the role of A2AR in IEB, we established an in vitro EGC-Caco-2 co-culture system. Hypoxia stimulation was used to mimic the process of in vivo IR. Treating EGCs with the CGS21680 A2AR agonist attenuated hypoxia-induced intestinal epithelium damage through up-regulating ZO-1 and occludin expression in cocultured Caco-2 monolayers. Furthermore, we showed that A2AR and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) combine to activate the PKCα-dependent pathway in conditions of hypoxia. This study shows, for the first time, that hypoxia induces A2AR-mGluR5 interaction in EGCs to protect IEB function via the PKCα pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haidi Guan
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuaishuai Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Pereira-Figueiredo D, Nascimento AA, Cunha-Rodrigues MC, Brito R, Calaza KC. Caffeine and Its Neuroprotective Role in Ischemic Events: A Mechanism Dependent on Adenosine Receptors. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1693-1725. [PMID: 33730305 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia is characterized by a transient, insufficient, or permanent interruption of blood flow to a tissue, which leads to an inadequate glucose and oxygen supply. The nervous tissue is highly active, and it closely depends on glucose and oxygen to satisfy its metabolic demand. Therefore, ischemic conditions promote cell death and lead to a secondary wave of cell damage that progressively spreads to the neighborhood areas, called penumbra. Brain ischemia is one of the main causes of deaths and summed with retinal ischemia comprises one of the principal reasons of disability. Although several studies have been performed to investigate the mechanisms of damage to find protective/preventive interventions, an effective treatment does not exist yet. Adenosine is a well-described neuromodulator in the central nervous system (CNS), and acts through four subtypes of G-protein-coupled receptors. Adenosine receptors, especially A1 and A2A receptors, are the main targets of caffeine in daily consumption doses. Accordingly, caffeine has been greatly studied in the context of CNS pathologies. In fact, adenosine system, as well as caffeine, is involved in neuroprotection effects in different pathological situations. Therefore, the present review focuses on the role of adenosine/caffeine in CNS, brain and retina, ischemic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pereira-Figueiredo
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Program, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - A A Nascimento
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - M C Cunha-Rodrigues
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - R Brito
- Laboratory of Neuronal Physiology and Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - K C Calaza
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Program, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. .,Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. .,Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute of Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
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Selective adenosine A 2A receptor inhibitor SCH58261 reduces oligodendrocyte loss upon brain injury in young rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:310-316. [PMID: 33424311 PMCID: PMC7783643 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular elements of maturing brain are vulnerable to insults, which lead to neurodevelopmental defects. There are no established treatments at present. Here we examined the efficacy of selective adenosine A2A receptor inhibitor SCH58261 to combat brain injury, particularly oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage cells, in young rats. Wistar rats (n = 24, 6.5 days old) were randomly divided into equal groups of four. The sham (SHAM) group received no treatment, the vehicle (VEHICLE) group received 0.1% dimethylsufoxide, the injury (INJ) group was exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation insult, and the injury+SCH58261 (INJ+SCH58261) group was exposed to the insult and received 1 μM SCH58261. Immunocytochemical experiments revealed that there was a significant reduction in the populations of mature OL (MBP+ OLs) and immature OL precursors (NG2+ OPCs) in the INJ group compared to SHAM group. Furthermore, there was also a significant increase in the percent of apoptotic MBP+ OL and NG2+ OPC populations as evidenced by TUNEL assay. In addition, there was a significant reduction in the proliferation rate among NG2+ OPCs, which was confirmed by BrdU immunostaining. On the other hand, treatment with SCH58261 significantly enhanced survival, evidenced by the reduction in apoptotic indices for both cell types, and it is preserved the NG2+ OPC proliferation. Activation of adenosine A2A receptors may contribute to OL lineage cell loss in association with decreased mitotic behavior of OPCs in neonatal brains upon injury. Future investigations assessing ability of SCH58261 to regenerate myelin will provide insights into its wider clinical relevance.
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Ran H, Yuan J, Huang J, Wang J, Chen K, Zhou Z. Adenosine A 2A Receptors in Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Attenuate Cognitive Impairment in Mice After Chronic Hypoperfusion White Matter Injury. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:1028-1040. [PMID: 32394183 PMCID: PMC7496018 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00778-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of cognitive dysfunction caused by ischemic white matter lesions is unclear. To explore the effect and mechanism of different cell-derived adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) in cognitive impairment caused by chronic hypoperfusion white matter lesions (CHWMLs), we destroyed the bone marrow hematopoietic capacity of the recipient mice using radiation irradiation followed by establishing the selectively inactivated or reconstituted A2AR models with the transplanting bone marrow from global A2AR gene knockout or wild-type mice into wild-type or gene knockout mice, respectively. Then Morris Water Maze (MWM), ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and Bielschowsky silver staining were used to assess the effect and mechanism of the cognitive function in chronic cerebral blood flow hypoperfusion (CCH) model. Selectively reconstructing bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) A2AR (WT → KO group) and activated total adenosine A2AR with CGS21680 (CCH + CGS group) improved the cognitive related index. Activation of BMDC A2AR suppressed expression of inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood and reduced the number of activated microglia cells co-localized with cystatin F in local brain, consequently inhibited white matter lesions. On the contrary, selective inactivation of adenosine A2AR (KO → WT group) and activation of non-BMDC A2AR with CGS21680 (KO → WT + CGS group) served the opposite effects. These results suggested that BMDC A2AR could inhibit white matter lesions and attenuate cognitive impairment after CHWMLs, whereas non-BMDC A2ARs aggravate cognitive impairment. The systemic inflammatory response and local activated microglia with cystatin F high expression were involved in the process of cognitive function recovery with BMDC A2AR. The overall trend is that BMDC A2ARs play a leading role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ran
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jichao Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jialu Huang
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Kangning Chen
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
| | - Zhenhua Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
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12
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Adenosine A 2A Receptor Antagonists Affects NMDA Glutamate Receptor Function. Potential to Address Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051075. [PMID: 32357548 PMCID: PMC7290564 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background. N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) ionotropic glutamate receptor (NMDAR), which is one of the main targets to combat Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is expressed in both neurons and glial cells. The aim of this paper was to assess whether the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR), which is a target in neurodegeneration, may affect NMDAR functionality. (2) Methods. Immuno-histo/cytochemical, biophysical, biochemical and signaling assays were performed in a heterologous cell expression system and in primary cultures of neurons and microglia (resting and activated) from control and the APPSw,Ind transgenic mice. (3) Results. On the one hand, NMDA and A2A receptors were able to physically interact forming complexes, mainly in microglia. Furthermore, the amount of complexes was markedly enhanced in activated microglia. On the other hand, the interaction resulted in a novel functional entity that displayed a cross-antagonism, that could be useful to prevent the exacerbation of NMDAR function by using A2AR antagonists. Interestingly, the amount of complexes was markedly higher in the hippocampal cells from the APPSw,Ind than from the control mice. In neurons, the number of complexes was lesser, probably due to NMDAR not interacting with the A2AR. However, the activation of the A2AR receptors resulted in higher NMDAR functionality in neurons, probably by indirect mechanisms. (4) Conclusions. A2AR antagonists such as istradefylline, which is already approved for Parkinson’s disease (Nouriast® in Japan and Nourianz® in the US), have potential to afford neuroprotection in AD in a synergistic-like fashion. i.e., via both neurons and microglia.
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Caffeine exposure ameliorates acute ischemic cell death in avian developing retina. Purinergic Signal 2020; 16:41-59. [PMID: 32078115 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In infants, the main cause of blindness is retinopathy of prematurity that stems in a hypoxic-ischemic condition. Caffeine is a psychoactive compound that at low to moderate concentrations, selectively inhibits adenosine A1 and A2A receptors. Caffeine exerts beneficial effects in central nervous system of adult animal models and humans, whereas it seems to have malefic effect on the developing tissue. We observed that 48-h exposure (during synaptogenesis) to a moderate dose of caffeine (30 mg/kg of egg) activated pro-survival signaling pathways, including ERK, CREB, and Akt phosphorylation, alongside BDNF production, and reduced retinal cell death promoted by oxygen glucose deprivation in the chick retina. Blockade of TrkB receptors and inhibition of CREB prevented caffeine protection effect. Similar signaling pathways were described in previously reported data concerning chemical preconditioning mechanism triggered by NMDA receptors activation, with low concentrations of agonist. In agreement to these data, caffeine increased NMDA receptor activity. Caffeine decreased the levels of the chloride co-transporter KCC2 and delayed the developmental shift on GABAA receptor response from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing. These results suggest that the caffeine-induced delaying in depolarizing effect of GABA could be facilitating NMDA receptor activity. DPCPX, an A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, but not A2A receptor inhibitor, mimicked the effect of caffeine, suggesting that the effect of caffeine occurs through A1 receptor blockade. In summary, an in vivo caffeine exposure could increase the resistance of the retina to ischemia-induced cell death, by triggering survival pathways involving CREB phosphorylation and BDNF production/TrkB activation.
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Abd Aziz NAW, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal R, Abdul Kadir RF, Abd Latiff A, Ismail NM. Neuroprotection by trans-resveratrol against collagenase-induced neurological and neurobehavioural deficits in rats involves adenosine A1 receptors. Neurol Res 2020; 42:189-208. [PMID: 32013788 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2020.1716470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Trans-resveratrol has been shown to have neuroprotective effects and could be a promising therapeutic agent in the treatment of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). This study aimed to investigate the involvement of the adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) in trans-resveratrol-induced neuroprotection in rats with collagenase-induced ICH.Methods: Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 330-380 g were randomly divided into five groups (n = 12): (i) control, (ii) sham-operated rats, (iii) ICH rats pretreated with vehicle (0.1% DMSO saline, i.c.v.), (iv) ICH rats pretreated with trans-resveratrol (0.9 µg, i.c.v.) and (v) ICH rats pretreated with trans-resveratrol (0.9 µg) and the A1R antagonist, DPCPX (2.5 µg, i.c.v.). Thirty minutes after pretreatment, ICH was induced by intrastriatal injection of collagenase (0.04 U). Forty-eight hours after ICH, the rats were assessed using a variety of neurobehavioural tests. Subsequently, rats were sacrificed and brains were subjected to gross morphological examination of the haematoma area and histological examination of the damaged area.Results: Severe neurobehavioural deficits and haematoma with diffuse oedema were observed after intrastriatal collagenase injection. Pretreatment with trans-resveratrol partially restored general locomotor activity, muscle strength and coordination, which was accompanied with reduction of haematoma volume by 73.22% (P < 0.05) and damaged area by 60.77% (P < 0.05) in comparison to the vehicle-pretreated ICH group. The trans-resveratrol-induced improvement in neurobehavioural outcomes and morphological features of brain tissues was inhibited by DPCPX pretreatment.Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the A1R activation is possibly the mechanism underlying the trans-resveratrol-induced neurological and neurobehavioural protection in rats with ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Azliza Wani Abd Aziz
- Centre for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia.,Centre of PreClinical Science Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- Centre for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia.,Research Centre for Innovative Medicines, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia.,Institute for Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Renu Agarwal
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Azian Abd Latiff
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Nafeeza Mohd Ismail
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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15
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Soares ROS, Losada DM, Jordani MC, Évora P, Castro-E-Silva O. Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Revisited: An Overview of the Latest Pharmacological Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205034. [PMID: 31614478 PMCID: PMC6834141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) permeates a variety of diseases and is a ubiquitous concern in every transplantation proceeding, from whole organs to modest grafts. Given its significance, efforts to evade the damaging effects of both ischemia and reperfusion are abundant in the literature and they consist of several strategies, such as applying pre-ischemic conditioning protocols, improving protection from preservation solutions, thus providing extended cold ischemia time and so on. In this review, we describe many of the latest pharmacological approaches that have been proven effective against IRI, while also revisiting well-established concepts and presenting recent pathophysiological findings in this ever-expanding field. A plethora of promising protocols has emerged in the last few years. They have been showing exciting results regarding protection against IRI by employing drugs that engage several strategies, such as modulating cell-surviving pathways, evading oxidative damage, physically protecting cell membrane integrity, and enhancing cell energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniele M Losada
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Maria C Jordani
- Department of Surgery & Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Évora
- Department of Surgery & Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
- Department of Gastroenterology, São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Orlando Castro-E-Silva
- Department of Surgery & Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
- Department of Gastroenterology, São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Abidov A, Dilsizian V, Doukky R, Duvall WL, Dyke C, Elliott MD, Hage FG, Henzlova MJ, Johnson NP, Schwartz RG, Thomas GS, Einstein AJ. Aminophylline shortage and current recommendations for reversal of vasodilator stress: An ASNC information statement endorsed by SCMR. J Nucl Cardiol 2019; 26:1007-1014. [PMID: 30574677 PMCID: PMC6517353 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-018-01548-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacologic reversal of serious or intolerable side effects (SISEs) from vasodilator stress is an important safety and comfort measure for patients experiencing such effects. While typically performed using intravenous aminophylline, recurrent shortages of this agent have led to a greater need to limit its use and consider alternative agents. This information statement provides background and recommendations addressing indications for vasodilator reversal, timing of a reversal agent, incidence of observed SISE with vasodilator stress, clinical and logistical considerations for aminophylline-based reversal, and alternative non-aminophylline based reversal protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiden Abidov
- Wayne State University and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fadi G Hage
- University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gregory S Thomas
- MemorialCare Heart & Vascular Institute, University of California, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Einstein
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, 622 West 168th Street PH 10-203, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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17
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Lanigan SM, O'Connor JJ. Prolyl hydroxylase domain inhibitors: can multiple mechanisms be an opportunity for ischemic stroke? Neuropharmacology 2018; 148:117-130. [PMID: 30578795 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stroke and cerebrovascular disease are now the fifth most common cause of death behind other diseases such as heart, cancer and respiratory disease and accounts for approximately 40-50 fatalities per 100,000 people each year in the United States. Currently the only therapy for acute stroke, is intravenous administration of tissue plasminogen activator which was approved in 1996 by the FDA. Surprisingly no new treatments have come on the market since, although endovascular mechanical thrombectomy is showing promising results in trials. Recently focus has shifted towards a preventative therapy rather than trying to reverse or limit the amount of damage occurring following stroke onset. During one of the components of ischemia, hypoxia, a number of physiological changes occur within neurons which include the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factors. The activity of these proteins is regulated by O2, Fe2+, 2-OG and ascorbate-dependant hydroxylases which contain prolyl-4-hydroxylase domains (PHDs). PHD inhibitors are capable of pharmacologically activating the body's own endogenous adaptive response to low levels of oxygen and have therefore become an attractive therapeutic target for treating ischemia. They have been widely used in the periphery and have been shown to have a preconditioning and protective effect against a later and more severe ischemic insult. Currently there are a number of these agents in phase 1, 2 and 3 clinical trials for the treatment of anemia. In this review we assess the neuroprotective effects of PHD inhibitors, including dimethyloxalylglycine and deferoxamine and suggest that not all of their effects in the CNS are HIF-dependent. Unravelling new roles and a better understanding of the function of PHD inhibitors in the CNS may be of great benefit especially when investigating their use in the treatment of stroke and other ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead M Lanigan
- UCD School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John J O'Connor
- UCD School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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18
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Abidov A, Dilsizian V, Doukky R, Duvall WL, Dyke C, Elliott MD, Hage FG, Henzlova MJ, Johnson NP, Schwartz RG, Thomas GS, Einstein AJ. Aminophylline shortage and current recommendations for reversal of vasodilator stress: an ASNC information statement endorsed by SCMR. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2018; 20:87. [PMID: 30567577 PMCID: PMC6300896 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-018-0510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacologic reversal of serious or intolerable side effects (SISE) from vasodilator stress is an important safety and comfort measure for patients experiencing such effects. While typically performed using intravenous aminophylline, recurrent shortages of this agent have led to a greater need to limit its use and consider alternative agents. This information statement provides background and recommendations addressing indications for vasodilator reversal, timing of a reversal agent, incidence of observed SISE with vasodilator stress, clinical and logistical considerations for aminophylline-based reversal, and alternative non-aminophylline based reversal protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiden Abidov
- Wayne State University and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fadi G. Hage
- University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL USA
| | | | | | | | - Gregory S. Thomas
- MemorialCare Heart & Vascular Institute, University of California, Irvine, Long Beach, CA USA
| | - Andrew J. Einstein
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, 622 West 168th Street PH 10-203, New York, NY 10032 USA
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19
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Cystatin F involvement in adenosine A 2A receptor-mediated neuroinflammation in BV2 microglial cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6820. [PMID: 29717153 PMCID: PMC5931559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown adenosine A2A R activation markedly promotes the expression of cystatin F (CF) and exacerbates the white matter lesions induced by hypoxic brain injuries. Thus, we hypothesized that CF was probably involved in neuroinflammation of activated microglia induced by A2A R activation. We transfected the BV2 cells with a CF shRNA vector and examined the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in hypoxic-BV2 cells in which A2A R was activated or inactivated to confirm this hypothesis. Additionally, we also investigated the probable signaling pathways involved in modulation of A2A R activation on CF expression in hypoxia-activated BV2 cells. Activation of A2A R promoted CF expression, which was significantly increased after the low glucose and hypoxia treatments in BV2 cells. CF gene knockdown markedly inhibited the increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by A2A R activation in hypoxic-BV2 cells. Furthermore, the increased expression of the CF induced by A2A R activation was remarkably inhibited in hypoxic-BV2 cells administrated with the PKA inhibitor H-89 and the PKC inhibitor staurosporine. Hence, these results indicate that hypoxia BV2 cells highly express CF, which is involved in A2A R activation-mediated neuroinflammation via the PKA/CREB and PKC/CREB or ERK1/2 signaling pathways.
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20
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Meng ZY, Kang HL, Duan W, Zheng J, Li QN, Zhou ZJ. MicroRNA-210 Promotes Accumulation of Neural Precursor Cells Around Ischemic Foci After Cerebral Ischemia by Regulating the SOCS1-STAT3-VEGF-C Pathway. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.116.005052. [PMID: 29478968 PMCID: PMC5866312 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.005052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Neural precursor cell (NPC) migration toward lesions is key for neurological functional recovery. The neovasculature plays an important role in guiding NPC migration. MicroRNA‐210 (miR‐210) promotes angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and hippocampus after cerebral ischemia; however, whether miR‐210 regulates NPC migration and the underlying mechanism is still unclear. This study investigated the role of miR‐210 in NPC migration. Methods and Results Neovascularization and NPC accumulation was detected around ischemic foci in a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion. Bone marrow–derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were found to participate in neovascularization. miR‐210 was markedly upregulated after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Overexpressed miR‐210 enhanced neovascularization and NPC accumulation around the ischemic lesion and vice versa, strongly suggesting that miR‐210 might be involved in neovascularization and NPC accumulation after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. In vitro experiments were conducted to explore the underlying mechanism. The transwell assay showed that EPCs facilitated NPC migration, which was further promoted by miR‐210 overexpression in EPCs. In addition, miR‐210 facilitated VEGF‐C (vascular endothelial growth factor C) expression both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR‐210 directly targeted the 3′ untranslated region of SOCS1 (suppressor of cytokine signaling 1), and miR‐210 overexpression in HEK293 cells or EPCs decreased SOCS1 and increased STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) and VEGF‐C expression. When EPCs were simultaneously transfected with miR‐210 mimics and SOCS1, the expression of STAT3 and VEGF‐C was reversed. Conclusions miR‐210 promoted neovascularization and NPC migration via the SOCS1–STAT3–VEGF‐C pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-You Meng
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hua-Li Kang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Duan
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qian-Ning Li
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhu-Juan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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21
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Franco R, Navarro G. Adenosine A 2A Receptor Antagonists in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Huge Potential and Huge Challenges. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:68. [PMID: 29593579 PMCID: PMC5857539 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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In Vivo PET Imaging of Adenosine 2A Receptors in Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Disease. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2017; 2017:6975841. [PMID: 29348737 PMCID: PMC5733838 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6975841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors are G-protein coupled P1 purinergic receptors that are broadly expressed in the peripheral immune system, vasculature, and the central nervous system (CNS). Within the immune system, adenosine 2A (A2A) receptor-mediated signaling exerts a suppressive effect on ongoing inflammation. In healthy CNS, A2A receptors are expressed mainly within the neurons of the basal ganglia. Alterations in A2A receptor function and expression have been noted in movement disorders, and in Parkinson's disease pharmacological A2A receptor antagonism leads to diminished motor symptoms. Although A2A receptors are expressed only at a low level in the healthy CNS outside striatum, pathological challenge or inflammation has been shown to lead to upregulation of A2A receptors in extrastriatal CNS tissue, and this has been successfully quantitated using in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and A2A receptor-binding radioligands. Several radioligands for PET imaging of A2A receptors have been developed in recent years, and A2A receptor-targeting PET imaging may thus provide a potential additional tool to evaluate various aspects of neuroinflammation in vivo. This review article provides a brief overview of A2A receptors in healthy brain and in a selection of most important neurological diseases and describes the recent advances in A2A receptor-targeting PET imaging studies.
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23
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Cui C, Lin H, Shi Y, Pan R. Hypoxic postconditioning attenuates apoptosis via inactivation of adenosine A2a receptor through NDRG3-Raf-ERK pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:277-284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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24
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Fazeli W, Zappettini S, Marguet SL, Grendel J, Esclapez M, Bernard C, Isbrandt D. Early-life exposure to caffeine affects the construction and activity of cortical networks in mice. Exp Neurol 2017; 295:88-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Borea PA, Gessi S, Merighi S, Vincenzi F, Varani K. Pathological overproduction: the bad side of adenosine. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1945-1960. [PMID: 28252203 PMCID: PMC6398520 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous ubiquitous purine nucleoside, which is increased by hypoxia, ischaemia and tissue damage and mediates a number of physiopathological effects by interacting with four GPCRs, identified as A1 , A2A , A2B and A3 . Physiological and acutely increased adenosine is mostly associated with beneficial effects that include vasodilatation and a decrease in inflammation. In contrast, chronic overproduction of adenosine occurs in important pathological states, where long-lasting increases in the nucleoside levels are responsible for the bad side of adenosine associated with chronic inflammation, fibrosis and organ damage. In this review, we describe and critically discuss the pathological overproduction of adenosine and analyse when, where and how adenosine exerts its detrimental effects throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerrara44121Italy
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerrara44121Italy
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerrara44121Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerrara44121Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerrara44121Italy
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Ning YL, Yang N, Chen X, Zhao ZA, Zhang XZ, Chen XY, Li P, Zhao Y, Zhou YG. Chronic caffeine exposure attenuates blast-induced memory deficit in mice. Chin J Traumatol 2017; 18:204-11. [PMID: 26764541 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of three different ways of chronic caffeine administration on blast- induced memory dysfunction and to explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Adult male C57BL/6 mice were used and randomly divided into five groups: control: without blast exposure, con-water: administrated with water continuously before and after blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI), con-caffeine: administrated with caffeine continuously for 1 month before and after bTBI, pre-caffeine: chronically administrated with caffeine for 1 month before bTBI and withdrawal after bTBI, post-caffeine: chronically administrated with caffeine after bTBI. After being subjected to moderate intensity of blast injury, mice were recorded for learning and memory performance using Morris water maze (MWM) paradigms at 1, 4, and 8 weeks post-blast injury. Neurological deficit scoring, glutamate concentration, proinflammatory cytokines production, and neuropathological changes at 24 h, 1, 4, and 8 weeks post-bTBI were examined to evaluate the brain injury in early and prolonged stages. Adenosine A1 receptor expression was detected using qPCR. RESULTS All of the three ways of chronic caffeine exposure ameliorated blast-induced memory deficit, which is correlated with the neuroprotective effects against excitotoxicity, inflammation, astrogliosis and neuronal loss at different stages of injury. Continuous caffeine treatment played positive roles in both early and prolonged stages of bTBI; pre-bTBI and post-bTBI treatment of caffeine tended to exert neuroprotective effects at early and prolonged stages of bTBI respectively. Up-regulation of adenosine A1 receptor expression might contribute to the favorable effects of chronic caffeine consumption. CONCLUSION Since caffeinated beverages are widely consumed in both civilian and military personnel and are convenient to get, the results may provide a promising prophylactic strategy for blast-induced neurotrauma and the consequent cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lei Ning
- Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital,Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Atef RM, Agha AM, Abdel-Rhaman ARA, Nassar NN. The Ying and Yang of Adenosine A 1 and A 2A Receptors on ERK1/2 Activation in a Rat Model of Global Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1284-1298. [PMID: 28120151 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine impacts cerebral ischemia reperfusion (IR) through the inhibitory A1 and the excitatory A2 receptors. The present study aimed at investigating the contrasting role of pERK1/2 in mediating adenosine A1R (protective) versus A2AR (deleterious) effects in IR. Male Wistar rats subjected to bilateral carotid occlusion (45 min) followed by reperfusion (24 h) exhibited increased pERK1/2 activity, downstream from DAG pathway, along with increases in hippocampal glutamate, c-Fos, NF-κB, TNF-α, iNOS, TBARS, cytochrome c, caspase-3, BDNF, Nrf2, and IL-10 contents. Further, hippocampal microglial reactivity, glial TNF-α, and BDNF expression were observed. Although unilateral intrahippocampal injection of either the A1R agonist CHA or the A2AR agonist CGS21680 increased pERK1/2, only CHA mitigated histopathological and behavioral deficits along with reducing glutamate, microglial activation, c-Fos, TNF-α, iNOS, TBARS, cytochrome c and caspase-3 and elevating Nrf2 and IL-10 levels in IR rats. These results yield insight into the double-faceted nature of pERK1/2 in mediating protective and deleterious effects of A1R and A2AR signaling, respectively, against IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham M Atef
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Azza M Agha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Rahman A Abdel-Rhaman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Noha N Nassar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ischemic tissue injury contributes to significant morbidity and mortality and is implicated in a range of pathologic conditions, including but not limited to myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and acute kidney injury. The associated reperfusion phase is responsible for the activation of the innate and adaptive immune system, further accentuating inflammation. Adenosine triphosphate molecule has been implicated in various ischemic conditions, including stroke and myocardial infarction. STUDY SELECTION Adenosine triphosphate is a well-defined intracellular energy transfer and is commonly referred to as the body's "energy currency." However, Laboratory studies have demonstrated that extracellular adenosine triphosphate has the ability to initiate inflammation and is therefore referred to as a damage-associated molecular pattern. Purinergic receptors-dependent signaling, proinflammatory cytokine release, increased Ca influx into cells, and subsequent apoptosis have been shown to form a common underlying extracellular adenosine triphosphate molecular mechanism in ischemic organ injury. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we aim to discuss the molecular mechanisms behind adenosine triphosphate-mediated ischemic tissue injury and evaluate the role of extracellular adenosine triphosphate in ischemic injury in specific organs, in order to provide a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of this complex process. We also appraise potential future therapeutic strategies to limit damage in various organs, including the heart, brain, kidneys, and lungs.
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Cunha RA. How does adenosine control neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration? J Neurochem 2016; 139:1019-1055. [PMID: 27365148 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1 R) and facilitatory A2A receptors (A2A R) in the brain. The activity-dependent release of adenosine acts as a brake of excitatory transmission through A1 R, which are enriched in glutamatergic terminals. Adenosine sharpens salience of information encoding in neuronal circuits: high-frequency stimulation triggers ATP release in the 'activated' synapse, which is locally converted by ecto-nucleotidases into adenosine to selectively activate A2A R; A2A R switch off A1 R and CB1 receptors, bolster glutamate release and NMDA receptors to assist increasing synaptic plasticity in the 'activated' synapse; the parallel engagement of the astrocytic syncytium releases adenosine further inhibiting neighboring synapses, thus sharpening the encoded plastic change. Brain insults trigger a large outflow of adenosine and ATP, as a danger signal. A1 R are a hurdle for damage initiation, but they desensitize upon prolonged activation. However, if the insult is near-threshold and/or of short-duration, A1 R trigger preconditioning, which may limit the spread of damage. Brain insults also up-regulate A2A R, probably to bolster adaptive changes, but this heightens brain damage since A2A R blockade affords neuroprotection in models of epilepsy, depression, Alzheimer's, or Parkinson's disease. This initially involves a control of synaptotoxicity by neuronal A2A R, whereas astrocytic and microglia A2A R might control the spread of damage. The A2A R signaling mechanisms are largely unknown since A2A R are pleiotropic, coupling to different G proteins and non-canonical pathways to control the viability of glutamatergic synapses, neuroinflammation, mitochondria function, and cytoskeleton dynamics. Thus, simultaneously bolstering A1 R preconditioning and preventing excessive A2A R function might afford maximal neuroprotection. The main physiological role of the adenosine modulation system is to sharp the salience of information encoding through a combined action of adenosine A2A receptors (A2A R) in the synapse undergoing an alteration of synaptic efficiency with an increased inhibitory action of A1 R in all surrounding synapses. Brain insults trigger an up-regulation of A2A R in an attempt to bolster adaptive plasticity together with adenosine release and A1 R desensitization; this favors synaptotocity (increased A2A R) and decreases the hurdle to undergo degeneration (decreased A1 R). Maximal neuroprotection is expected to result from a combined A2A R blockade and increased A1 R activation. This article is part of a mini review series: "Synaptic Function and Dysfunction in Brain Diseases".
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Ingberg E, Dock H, Theodorsson E, Theodorsson A, Ström JO. Method parameters' impact on mortality and variability in mouse stroke experiments: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21086. [PMID: 26876353 PMCID: PMC4753409 DOI: 10.1038/srep21086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hundreds of promising substances have been tested in clinical trials,
thrombolysis currently remains the only specific pharmacological treatment for
ischemic stroke. Poor quality, e.g. low statistical power, in the preclinical
studies has been suggested to play an important role in these failures. Therefore,
it would be attractive to use animal models optimized to minimize unnecessary
mortality and outcome variability, or at least to be able to power studies more
exactly by predicting variability and mortality given a certain experimental setup.
The possible combinations of methodological parameters are innumerous, and an
experimental comparison of them all is therefore not feasible. As an alternative
approach, we extracted data from 334 experimental mouse stroke articles and, using a
hypothesis-driven meta-analysis, investigated the method parameters’
impact on infarct size variability and mortality. The use of Swiss and C57BL6 mice
as well as permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery rendered the lowest
variability of the infarct size while the emboli methods increased variability. The
use of Swiss mice increased mortality. Our study offers guidance for researchers
striving to optimize mouse stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Ingberg
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Hua Dock
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Annette Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden.,Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Neurosurgery, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Jakob O Ström
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden.,Vårdvetenskapligt Forskningscentrum/Centre for Health Sciences, Örebro University Hospital, County Council of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden.,School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Mohamed RA, Agha AM, Abdel-Rahman AA, Nassar NN. Role of adenosine A2A receptor in cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury: Signaling to phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (pERK1/2). Neuroscience 2015; 314:145-59. [PMID: 26642806 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Following brain ischemia reperfusion (IR), the dramatic increase in adenosine activates A2AR to induce further neuronal damage. Noteworthy, A2A antagonists have proven efficacious in halting IR injury, however, the detailed downstream signaling remains elusive. To this end, the present study aimed to investigate the possible involvement of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK1/2) pathway in mediating protection afforded by the central A2A blockade. Male Wistar rats (250-270 g) subjected to bilateral carotid occlusion for 45 min followed by a 24-h reperfusion period showed increased infarct size corroborating histopathological damage, memory impairment and motor incoordination as well as increased locomotor activity. Those events were mitigated by the unilateral intrahippocampal administration of the selective A2A antagonist SCH58261 via a decrease in pERK1/2 downstream from diacyl glycerol (DAG) signaling. Consequent to pERK1/2 inhibition, reduced hippocampal microglial activation, glial tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) expression, glutamate (Glu), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were evident in animals receiving SCH58261. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) increased following nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf-2). Taken all together, these events suppressed apoptotic pathways via a reduction in cytochrome c (Cyt. c) as well as caspase-3 supporting a crucial role for pERK1/2 inhibition in consequent reduction of inflammatory and excitotoxic cascades as well as correction of the redox imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - A M Agha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - A A Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, NC, USA.
| | - N N Nassar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Pedata F, Dettori I, Coppi E, Melani A, Fusco I, Corradetti R, Pugliese AM. Purinergic signalling in brain ischemia. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:105-30. [PMID: 26581499 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia is a multifactorial pathology characterized by different events evolving in the time. After ischemia a primary damage due to the early massive increase of extracellular glutamate is followed by activation of resident immune cells, i.e microglia, and production or activation of inflammation mediators. Protracted neuroinflammation is now recognized as the predominant mechanism of secondary brain injury progression. Extracellular concentrations of ATP and adenosine in the brain increase dramatically during ischemia in concentrations able to stimulate their respective specific P2 and P1 receptors. Both ATP P2 and adenosine P1 receptor subtypes exert important roles in ischemia. Although adenosine exerts a clear neuroprotective effect through A1 receptors during ischemia, the use of selective A1 agonists is hampered by undesirable peripheral effects. Evidence up to now in literature indicate that A2A receptor antagonists provide protection centrally by reducing excitotoxicity, while agonists at A2A (and possibly also A2B) and A3 receptors provide protection by controlling massive infiltration and neuroinflammation in the hours and days after brain ischemia. Among P2X receptors most evidence indicate that P2X7 receptor contribute to the damage induced by the ischemic insult due to intracellular Ca(2+) loading in central cells and facilitation of glutamate release. Antagonism of P2X7 receptors might represent a new treatment to attenuate brain damage and to promote proliferation and maturation of brain immature resident cells that can promote tissue repair following cerebral ischemia. Among P2Y receptors, antagonists of P2Y12 receptors are of value because of their antiplatelet activity and possibly because of additional anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover strategies that modify adenosine or ATP concentrations at injury sites might be of value to limit damage after ischemia. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicita Pedata
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Dettori
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Coppi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessia Melani
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Renato Corradetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pugliese
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
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Bruzzese L, Rostain JC, Née L, Condo J, Mottola G, Adjriou N, Mercier L, Berge-Lefranc JL, Fromonot J, Kipson N, Lucciano M, Durand-Gorde JM, Jammes Y, Guieu R, Ruf J, Fenouillet E. Effect of hyperoxic and hyperbaric conditions on the adenosinergic pathway and CD26 expression in rat. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:140-7. [PMID: 25997945 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00223.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleoside adenosine acts on the nervous and cardiovascular systems via the A2A receptor (A2AR). In response to oxygen level in tissues, adenosine plasma concentration is regulated in particular via its synthesis by CD73 and via its degradation by adenosine deaminase (ADA). The cell-surface endopeptidase CD26 controls the concentration of vasoactive and antioxidant peptides and hence regulates the oxygen supply to tissues and oxidative stress response. Although overexpression of adenosine, CD73, ADA, A2AR, and CD26 in response to hypoxia is well documented, the effects of hyperoxic and hyperbaric conditions on these elements deserve further consideration. Rats and a murine Chem-3 cell line that expresses A2AR were exposed to 0.21 bar O2, 0.79 bar N2 (terrestrial conditions; normoxia); 1 bar O2 (hyperoxia); 2 bar O2 (hyperbaric hyperoxia); 0.21 bar O2, 1.79 bar N2 (hyperbaria). Adenosine plasma concentration, CD73, ADA, A2AR expression, and CD26 activity were addressed in vivo, and cAMP production was addressed in cellulo. For in vivo conditions, 1) hyperoxia decreased adenosine plasma level and T cell surface CD26 activity, whereas it increased CD73 expression and ADA level; 2) hyperbaric hyperoxia tended to amplify the trend; and 3) hyperbaria alone lacked significant influence on these parameters. In the brain and in cellulo, 1) hyperoxia decreased A2AR expression; 2) hyperbaric hyperoxia amplified the trend; and 3) hyperbaria alone exhibited the strongest effect. We found a similar pattern regarding both A2AR mRNA synthesis in the brain and cAMP production in Chem-3 cells. Thus a high oxygen level tended to downregulate the adenosinergic pathway and CD26 activity. Hyperbaria alone affected only A2AR expression and cAMP production. We discuss how such mechanisms triggered by hyperoxygenation can limit, through vasoconstriction, the oxygen supply to tissues and the production of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Bruzzese
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Claude Rostain
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Laëtitia Née
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France; Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Jocelyne Condo
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Giovanna Mottola
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Nabil Adjriou
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Mercier
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Conception Hospital, Marseille, France
| | | | - Julien Fromonot
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Kipson
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Lucciano
- UMRT24, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development, and Networks (IFSTTAR), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Josée-Martine Durand-Gorde
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Yves Jammes
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Régis Guieu
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Ruf
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France; National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris France
| | - Emmanuel Fenouillet
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France; National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS), Institute of Biological Science, Paris, France
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Critical Contribution of Adenosine A2AReceptors in Bone Marrow–Derived Cells to White Matter Lesions Induced by Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:305-18. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Time-course of protection by the selective A2A receptor antagonist SCH58261 after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Neurol Sci 2015; 36:1441-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Cui M, Ding H, Chen F, Zhao Y, Yang Q, Dong Q. Mdivi-1 Protects Against Ischemic Brain Injury via Elevating Extracellular Adenosine in a cAMP/CREB-CD39-Dependent Manner. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:240-253. [PMID: 25428621 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine whether the neuroprotective effects of Mdivi-1 are attributable to extracellular ATP and adenosine. Mdivi-1 was administered prior to or post middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The extracellular adenosine was measured by in vivo microdialysis and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in MCAO mouse model. Western blot was done to determine the influence of Mdivi-1 on the expression of CD39 and CREB phosphorylation both in vivo and in the cultured astrocytes. Intracellular cAMP and protein kinase A (PKA) activity were detected in primary astrocytes. Results showed that Mdivi-1 significantly reduced infarct volume and neurological scores when administered either prior to or post MCAO. Interestingly, pretreatment with Mdivi-1 resulted in marked increase of extracellular adenosine and concomitant decrease in ATP. The expression of CD39, but not CD73, was upregulated by Mdivi-1, which was associated with the elevated phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), a transcription factor potentially regulating CD39 expression. In primary astrocytes, Mdivi-1 treatment induced increases in intracellular cAMP, PKA activity and CREB phosphorylation, and PKA-specific inhibitor completely reversed Mdivi-1-induced CD39 expression. Our results demonstrate that Mdivi-1 protects against ischemic brain injury through increasing extracellular adenosine, a process involving elevated CD39 expression that is likely modulated by cAMP/PKA/CREB cascade. Figure Potential mechanisms by which Mdivi-1 mediates the neuroprotection on cerebral ischemic stroke. Results from the present study indicate that Mdivi-1 protects against ischemic brain injury through increasing extracellular adenosine, a process involving elevated CD39 expression that is likely modulated by the cAMP/PKA/CREB cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Cui
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, No. 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Hongyan Ding
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, No. 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Fangzhe Chen
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, No. 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yanxin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, No. 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, No. 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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Adenosine A2A receptors modulate acute injury and neuroinflammation in brain ischemia. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:805198. [PMID: 25165414 PMCID: PMC4138795 DOI: 10.1155/2014/805198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular concentration of adenosine in the brain increases dramatically during ischemia. Adenosine A2A receptor is expressed in neurons and glial cells and in inflammatory cells (lymphocytes and granulocytes). Recently, adenosine A2A receptor emerged as a potential therapeutic attractive target in ischemia. Ischemia is a multifactorial pathology characterized by different events evolving in the time. After ischemia the early massive increase of extracellular glutamate is followed by activation of resident immune cells, that is, microglia, and production or activation of inflammation mediators. Proinflammatory cytokines, which upregulate cell adhesion molecules, exert an important role in promoting recruitment of leukocytes that in turn promote expansion of the inflammatory response in ischemic tissue. Protracted neuroinflammation is now recognized as the predominant mechanism of secondary brain injury progression. A2A receptors present on central cells and on blood cells account for important effects depending on the time-related evolution of the pathological condition. Evidence suggests that A2A receptor antagonists provide early protection via centrally mediated control of excessive excitotoxicity, while A2A receptor agonists provide protracted protection by controlling massive blood cell infiltration in the hours and days after ischemia. Focus on inflammatory responses provides for adenosine A2A receptor agonists a wide therapeutic time-window of hours and even days after stroke.
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Antonioli L, Csóka B, Fornai M, Colucci R, Kókai E, Blandizzi C, Haskó G. Adenosine and inflammation: what's new on the horizon? Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1051-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Melani A, Corti F, Cellai L, Giuliana Vannucchi M, Pedata F. Low doses of the selective adenosine A2A receptor agonist CGS21680 are protective in a rat model of transient cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2014; 1551:59-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Burnstock G, Ralevic V. Purinergic signaling and blood vessels in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:102-92. [PMID: 24335194 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling plays important roles in control of vascular tone and remodeling. There is dual control of vascular tone by ATP released as a cotransmitter with noradrenaline from perivascular sympathetic nerves to cause vasoconstriction via P2X1 receptors, whereas ATP released from endothelial cells in response to changes in blood flow (producing shear stress) or hypoxia acts on P2X and P2Y receptors on endothelial cells to produce nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, which dilates vessels. ATP is also released from sensory-motor nerves during antidromic reflex activity to produce relaxation of some blood vessels. In this review, we stress the differences in neural and endothelial factors in purinergic control of different blood vessels. The long-term (trophic) actions of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides in promoting migration and proliferation of both vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells via P1 and P2Y receptors during angiogenesis and vessel remodeling during restenosis after angioplasty are described. The pathophysiology of blood vessels and therapeutic potential of purinergic agents in diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemia, thrombosis and stroke, diabetes, and migraine, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK; and Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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Adenosine A2A receptor deficiency alleviates blast-induced cognitive dysfunction. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1789-98. [PMID: 23921902 PMCID: PMC3824177 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly explosive blast-induced TBI (bTBI), has become the most prevalent injury among military personnel. The disruption of cognitive function is one of the most serious consequences of bTBI because its long-lasting effects prevent survivors fulfilling their active duty and resuming normal civilian life. However, the mechanisms are poorly understood and there is no treatment available. This study investigated the effects of adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) on bTBI-induced cognitive deficit, and explored the underlying mechanisms. After being subjected to moderate whole-body blast injury, mice lacking the A2AR (A2AR knockout (KO)) showed less severity and shorter duration of impaired spatial reference memory and working memory than wild-type mice did. In addition, bTBI-induced cortical and hippocampal lesions, as well as proinflammatory cytokine expression, glutamate release, edema, cell loss, and gliosis in both early and prolonged phases of the injury, were significantly attenuated in A2AR KO mice. The results suggest that early injury and chronic neuropathological damages are important mechanisms of bTBI-induced cognitive impairment, and that the impairment can be attenuated by preventing A2AR activation. These findings suggest that A2AR antagonism is a potential therapeutic strategy for mild-to-moderate bTBI and consequent cognitive impairment.
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Adenosine A2A receptor contributes to ischemic brain damage in newborn piglet. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1612-20. [PMID: 23860373 PMCID: PMC3790932 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacologic inactivation or genetic deletion of adenosine A2A receptors protects ischemic neurons in adult animals, but studies in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (H-I) are inconclusive. The present study in neonatal piglets examined the hypothesis that A2A receptor signaling after reoxygenation from global H-I contributes to injury in highly vulnerable striatal neurons where A2A receptors are enriched. A2A receptor immunoreactivity was detected in striatopallidal neurons. In nonischemic piglets, direct infusion of the selective A2A receptor agonist CGS 21680 through microdialysis probes into putamen increased phosphorylation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor NR1 subunit and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase selectively at protein kinase A (PKA)-sensitive sites. In ischemic piglets, posttreatment with SCH 58261, a selective A2A receptor antagonist, improved early neurologic recovery and preferentially protected striatopallidal neurons. SCH 58261 selectively inhibited the ischemia-induced phosphorylation of NR1, Na(+),K(+)-ATPase, and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 32 KDa (DARPP32) at PKA-sensitive sites at 3 hours of recovery and improved Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity. SCH 58261 also suppressed ischemia-induced protein nitration and oxidation. Thus, A2A receptor activation during reoxygenation contributes to the loss of a subpopulation of neonatal putamen neurons after H-I. Its toxic signaling may be related to DARPP32-dependent phosphorylation of PKA-sensitive sites on NR1 and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase, thereby augmenting excitotoxicity-induced oxidative stress after reoxygenation.
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Cui M, Bai X, Li T, Chen F, Dong Q, Zhao Y, Liu X. Decreased extracellular adenosine levels lead to loss of hypoxia-induced neuroprotection after repeated episodes of exposure to hypoxia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57065. [PMID: 23437309 PMCID: PMC3578825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving a prolonged neuroprotective state following transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) is likely to effectively reduce the brain damage and neurological dysfunction associated with recurrent stroke. HPC is a phenomenon in which advanced exposure to mild hypoxia reduces the stroke volume produced by a subsequent TIA. However, this neuroprotection is not long-lasting, with the effects reaching a peak after 3 days. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the use of multiple episodes of hypoxic exposure at different time intervals to induce longer-term protection in a mouse stroke model. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to different hypoxic preconditioning protocols: a single episode of HPC or five identical episodes at intervals of 3 days (E3d HPC) or 6 days (E6d HPC). Three days after the last hypoxic exposure, temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced. The effects of these HPC protocols on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) regulated gene mRNA expression were measured by quantitative PCR. Changes in extracellular adenosine concentrations, known to exert neuroprotective effects, were also measured using in vivo microdialysis and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Neuroprotection was provided by E6d HPC but not E3d HPC. HIF-regulated target gene expression increased significantly following all HPC protocols. However, E3d HPC significantly decreased extracellular adenosine and reduced cerebral blood flow in the ischemic region with upregulated expression of the adenosine transporter, equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1). An ENT1 inhibitor, propentofylline increased the cerebral blood flow and re-established neuroprotection in E3d HPC. Adenosine receptor specific antagonists showed that adenosine mainly through A1 receptor mediates HPC induced neuroprotection. Our data indicate that cooperation of HIF-regulated genes and extracellular adenosine is necessary for HPC-induced neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Cui
- Department of Neurology, Huashan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Soylu H, Zhang D, Buist R, Martin M, Albensi BC, Parkinson FE. Intracortical injection of endothelin-1 induces cortical infarcts in mice: effect of neuronal expression of an adenosine transporter. EXPERIMENTAL & TRANSLATIONAL STROKE MEDICINE 2012; 4:4. [PMID: 22409811 PMCID: PMC3329638 DOI: 10.1186/2040-7378-4-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Activation of adenosine A1 receptors has neuroprotective effects in animal stroke models. Adenosine levels are regulated by nucleoside transporters. In vitro studies showed that neuron-specific expression of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) decreases extracellular adenosine levels and adenosine A1 receptor activity. In this study, we tested the effect of hENT1 expression on cortical infarct size following intracerebral injection of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1) or saline. Methods Mice underwent stereotaxic intracortical injection of ET-1 (1 μl; 400 pmol) or saline (1 μl). Some mice received the adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine (25 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) 30 minutes prior to ET-1. Perfusion and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) and subsequent infarct size, respectively. Results ET-1 reduced CBF at the injection site to 7.3 ± 1.3% (n = 12) in hENT1 transgenic (Tg) and 12.5 ± 2.0% (n = 13) in wild type (Wt) mice. At 48 hours following ET-1 injection, CBF was partially restored to 35.8 ± 4.5% in Tg and to 45.2 ± 6.3% in Wt mice; infarct sizes were significantly greater in Tg (9 ± 1.1 mm3) than Wt (5.4 ± 0.8 mm3) mice. Saline-treated Tg and Wt mice had modest decreases in CBF and infarcts were less than 1 mm3. For mice treated with caffeine, CBF values and infarct sizes were not significantly different between Tg and Wt mice. Conclusions ET-1 produced greater ischemic injury in hENT1 Tg than in Wt mice. This genotype difference was not observed in mice that had received caffeine. These data indicate that hENT1 Tg mice have reduced ischemia-evoked increases in adenosine receptor activity compared to Wt mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanifi Soylu
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, A404, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 0 T6
| | - Dali Zhang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, A404, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 0 T6
| | - Richard Buist
- Departments of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Melanie Martin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, A404, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 0 T6.,Departments of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Department of Physics, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Benedict C Albensi
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, A404, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 0 T6.,Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Fiona E Parkinson
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, A404, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 0 T6
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Mohamed RA, Agha AM, Nassar NN. SCH58261 the selective adenosine A(2A) receptor blocker modulates ischemia reperfusion injury following bilateral carotid occlusion: role of inflammatory mediators. Neurochem Res 2011; 37:538-47. [PMID: 22071908 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of SCH58261, a selective adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist that crosses the blood brain barrier (BBB) and 8-(4-sulfophenyl) theophylline (8-SPT), a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist that acts peripherally, were investigated on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (IR). Male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were divided into four groups: (1) sham-operated (SO), IR pretreated with either (2) vehicle (DMSO); (3) SCH58261 (0.01 mg/kg); (4) 8-SPT (2.5 mg/kg). Animals were anesthetized and submitted to occlusion of both carotid arteries for 45 min. All treatments were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) post carotid occlusion prior to exposure to a 24 h reperfusion period. Ischemic rats showed increased infarct size compared to their control counterparts that corroborated with histopathological changes as well as increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the hippocampus. Moreover, ischemic animals showed habituation deficit, increased anxiety and locomotor activity. IR increased hippocampal glutamate (Glu), GABA, glycine (Gly) and aspartate (ASP). SCH58261 significantly reversed these effects while 8-SPT elicited minimal change. IR raised myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) accompanied by a decrease in interleukin-10 (IL-10), effects that were again reversed by SCH58261, but 8-SPT elicited less changes. Results from the present study point towards the importance of central blockade of adenosine A(2A) receptor in ameliorating hippocampal damage following IR injury by halting inflammatory cascades as well as modulating excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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Jiang M, Zhang C, Wang J, Chen J, Xia C, Du D, Zhao N, Cao Y, Shen L, Zhu D. Adenosine A(2A)R modulates cardiovascular function by activating ERK1/2 signal in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of acute myocardial ischemic rats. Life Sci 2011; 89:182-7. [PMID: 21703281 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the cardiovascular regulatory mechanism of adenosine A(2A) receptor (A(2A)R) in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) in acute myocardial ischemic (AMI) rats. MAIN METHODS The animal model of AMI was established by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). The A(2A)R expression was examined by immunohistochemistry, western blot and real-time PCR. CGS21680 and SCH58261 (an agonist and antagonist of A(2A)R) were respectively microinjected into the RVLM. In a subgroup of rats, PD98059 (an antagonist of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2)) was microinjected prior to CGS21680 administration. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was examined by western blot. KEY FINDINGS Our results demonstrated that A(2A)R immunoreactive positive neurons, the expressions of protein and mRNA of A(2A)R in the RVLM of AMI group were increased compared with the sham group. Microinjection CGS21680 into the RVLM inhibited mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) in both AMI and sham groups. The inhibition was significantly greater in AMI group than in sham group. The cardiovascular effects of CGS21680 mentioned above were almost abolished by prior administration of PD98059. The increase of ERK1/2 in the RVLM with the cardiovascular responses was induced by CGS21680 in AMI rats; this effect was also blocked by SCH58261. SIGNIFICANCE This study reveals that the activated A(2A)R in the RVLM underlies the depressor and bradycardiac responses in AMI rats via phosphorylation of ERK1/2 increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, China
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Bortolatto CF, Jesse CR, Wilhelm EA, Nogueira CW. Selective blockade of A2A receptor protects against neurotoxicity induced by kainic acid in young rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011; 26:495-502. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2011.00952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gomes CV, Kaster MP, Tomé AR, Agostinho PM, Cunha RA. Adenosine receptors and brain diseases: neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1808:1380-99. [PMID: 21145878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine acts in parallel as a neuromodulator and as a homeostatic modulator in the central nervous system. Its neuromodulatory role relies on a balanced activation of inhibitory A(1) receptors (A1R) and facilitatory A(2A) receptors (A2AR), mostly controlling excitatory glutamatergic synapses: A1R impose a tonic brake on excitatory transmission, whereas A2AR are selectively engaged to promote synaptic plasticity phenomena. This neuromodulatory role of adenosine is strikingly similar to the role of adenosine in the control of brain disorders; thus, A1R mostly act as a hurdle that needs to be overcame to begin neurodegeneration and, accordingly, A1R only effectively control neurodegeneration if activated in the temporal vicinity of brain insults; in contrast, the blockade of A2AR alleviates the long-term burden of brain disorders in different neurodegenerative conditions such as ischemia, epilepsy, Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease and also seem to afford benefits in some psychiatric conditions. In spite of this qualitative agreement between neuromodulation and neuroprotection by A1R and A2AR, it is still unclear if the role of A1R and A2AR in the control of neuroprotection is mostly due to the control of glutamatergic transmission, or if it is instead due to the different homeostatic roles of these receptors related with the control of metabolism, of neuron-glia communication, of neuroinflammation, of neurogenesis or of the control of action of growth factors. In spite of this current mechanistic uncertainty, it seems evident that targeting adenosine receptors might indeed constitute a novel strategy to control the demise of different neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina V Gomes
- Center for Neurosciences of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Franco R, Canela EI, Casado V, Ferre S. Platforms for the identification of GPCR targets, and of orthosteric and allosteric modulators. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2010; 5:391-403. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441003653163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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