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Horváth R, Battonyai I, Maász G, Schmidt J, Fekete ZN, Elekes K. Chemical-neuroanatomical organization of peripheral sensory-efferent systems in the pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis). Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:2563-2575. [PMID: 32951073 PMCID: PMC7544616 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Perception and processing of chemical cues are crucial for aquatic gastropods, for proper elaboration of adaptive behavior. The pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, is a model species of invertebrate neurobiology, in which peripheral sensory neurons with different morphology and transmitter content have partly been described, but we have little knowledge regarding their functional morphological organization, including their possible peripheral intercellular connections and networks. Therefore the aim of our study was to characterize the sensory system of the tentacles and the lip, as primary sensory regions, and the anterior foot of Lymnaea with special attention to the transmitter content of the sensory neurons, and their relationship to extrinsic elements of the central nervous system. Numerous bipolar sensory cells were demonstrated in the epithelial layer of the peripheral organs, displaying immunoreactivity to antibodies raised against tyrosine hydroxylase, histamine, glutamate and two molluscan type oligopeptides, FMRFamide and Mytilus inhibitory peptide. A subepithelial plexus was formed by extrinsic serotonin and FMRFamide immunoreactive fibers, whereas in deeper regions axon processess of different origin with various immunoreactivities formed networks, too. HPLC-MS assay confirmed the presence of the low molecular weight signal molecules in the three examined areas. Following double-labeling immunohistochemistry, close arrangements were observed, formed by sensory neurons and extrinsic serotonergic (and FMRFamidergic) fibers at axo-dendritic, axo-somatic and axo-axonic levels. Our results suggest the involvement of a much wider repertoire of signal molecules in peripheral sensory processes of Lymnaea, which can locally be modified by central input, hence influencing directly the responses to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Horváth
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, 8237, Tihany, Hungary.
| | - Izabella Battonyai
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, 8237, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Gábor Maász
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, 8237, Tihany, Hungary
| | - János Schmidt
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna N Fekete
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, 8237, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Károly Elekes
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, 8237, Tihany, Hungary
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Matsuo Y, Yamanaka A, Matsuo R. RFamidergic neurons in the olfactory centers of the terrestrial slug Limax. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2018; 4:22. [PMID: 30116553 PMCID: PMC6085721 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-018-0108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The terrestrial slug Limax has long been used as a model for the study of olfactory information processing and odor learning. Olfactory inputs from the olfactory epithelium are processed in the tentacular ganglion and then in the procerebrum. Glutamate and acetylcholine are the major neurotransmitters used in the procerebrum. Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide) has been shown to be involved in the regulation of the network activity of the procerebrum. Although there are thought to be various RFamide family peptides other than FMRFamide that are potentially recognized by anti-FMRFamide antibody in the central nervous system of mollusks, identifying the entire repertoire of RFamide peptides in Limax has yet to be achieved. METHODS In the present study, we made a comprehensive search for RFamide peptide-encoding genes from the transcriptome data of Limax, and identified 12 genes. The expression maps of these RFamide genes were constructed by in situ hybridization in the cerebral ganglia including the procerebrum, and in the superior/inferior tentacles. RESULTS Ten of 12 genes were expressed in the procerebrum, and nine of 12 genes were expressed in the tentacular ganglia. Gly-Ser-Leu-Phe-Arg-Phe-NH2 (GSLFRFamide), which is encoded by two different genes, LFRFamide1 (Leu-Phe-Arg-Phe-NH2-1) and LFRFamide2 (Leu-Phe-Arg-Phe-NH2-2), decreased the oscillatory frequency of the local field potential oscillation in the procerebrum when exogenously applied in vitro. We also found by immunohistochemistry that the neurons expressing pedal peptide send efferent projections from the procerebrum back to the tentacular ganglion. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest the involvement of a far wider variety of RFamide family peptides in the olfactory information processing in Limax than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Matsuo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women’s University, 1-1-1 Kasumigaoka, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 813-8529 Japan
| | - Amami Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women’s University, 1-1-1 Kasumigaoka, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 813-8529 Japan
| | - Ryota Matsuo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women’s University, 1-1-1 Kasumigaoka, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 813-8529 Japan
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Kiss T. Do terrestrial gastropods use olfactory cues to locate and select food actively? INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 17:9. [PMID: 28688004 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-017-0202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Having been investigated for over 40 years, some aspects of the biology of terrestrial gastropod's olfactory system have been challenging and highly contentious, while others still remain unresolved. For example, a number of terrestrial gastropod species can track the odor of food, while others have no strong preferences toward food odor; rather they find it by random encounter. Here, while assessing the most recent findings and comparing them with earlier studies, the aspects of the food selection based on olfactory cues are examined critically to highlight the speculations and controversies that have arisen. We analyzed and compared the potential role of airborne odors in the feeding behavior of several terrestrial gastropod species. The available results indicate that in the foraging of most of the terrestrial gastropod species odor cues contribute substantially to food finding and selection. The results also suggest, however, that what they will actually consume largely depends on where they live and the species of gastropod that they are. Due to the voluminous literature relevant to this object, this review is not intended to be exhaustive. Instead, I selected what I consider to be the most important or critical in studies regarding the role of the olfaction in feeding of terrestrial gastropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Kiss
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Klebelsberg Kuno Str. 2-3, Tihany, 8237, Hungary.
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Sánchez-Alcañiz JA, Benton R. Multisensory neural integration of chemical and mechanical signals. Bioessays 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Sánchez-Alcañiz
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine; Center for Integrative Genomics; Génopode Building; University of Lausanne; Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Richard Benton
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine; Center for Integrative Genomics; Génopode Building; University of Lausanne; Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
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Serfőző Z, Nacsa K, Veréb Z, Battonyai I, Hegedűs C, Balogh C, Elekes K. Nitric oxide-coupled signaling in odor elicited molecular events in the olfactory center of the terrestrial snail, Helix pomatia. Cell Signal 2016; 30:67-81. [PMID: 27884734 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Olfaction, a chemosensory modality, plays a pivotal role in the orientation and behavior of invertebrates. The central olfactory processing unit in terrestrial stylomatophoran snails is the procerebrum, which contains NO synthesizing interneurons, whose oscillatory currents are believed to be the base of odor evoked memory formation. Nevertheless, in this model the up- and downstream events of molecular cascades that trigger and follow NO release, respectively, have not been studied. Immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry studies performed on procerebral neural perikarya isolated from the snail Helix pomatia revealed cell populations with discrete DAF-2 fluorescence, indicating the release of different amounts of NO. Glutamate increased the intensity of DAF-2 fluorescence, and the number of DAF-2 positive non-bursting interneurons, through a mechanism likely to involve an NMDA-like receptor. Similarly to glutamate, NO activation induced an increase in intracellular cGMP levels through activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase. Immunohistochemical localization of proteins possessing the phosphorylated target sequence of AGC family kinases (RXXS/T-P), among them protein kinase A (RRXS/T-P), showed striking similarities to the distribution of NOS/cGMP. Activators of cyclic nucleotide synthesis increased the AGC-kinase-dependent phosphorylation of discrete proteins with 28, 45, and 55kDamw. Importantly, exposure of snails to an attractive odorant induced hyperphosphorylation of the 28kDa protein, and increased levels of cGMP synthesis. Protein S-nitrosylation and intercellular activation of protein kinase G were also suggested as alternative components of NO signaling in the snail procerebrum. The present results from Helix pomatia indicate an important role for procerebrum NO/cGMP/PKA signaling pathways in the regulation of olfactory (food-finding) behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Serfőző
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, Tihany, Hungary.
| | - Kálmán Nacsa
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Veréb
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Izabella Battonyai
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hegedűs
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csilla Balogh
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Károly Elekes
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, Tihany, Hungary
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Impairment of the serotonergic neurons underlying reinforcement elicits extinction of the repeatedly reactivated context memory. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36933. [PMID: 27841309 PMCID: PMC5107893 DOI: 10.1038/srep36933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed changes in the activity of individually identifiable neurons involved in the networks underlying feeding and withdrawal behaviors in snails before, during, and after aversive learning in vitro. Responses to food in the “reinforcing” serotonergic neurons involved in withdrawal changed significantly after training, implying that these serotonergic cells participate in the reactivation of memory and are involved in the reconsolidation process. In behavioral experiments it was shown that impairment of the functioning of the serotonergic system with the selective neurotoxin 5,7-DiHT did not change the memory, when tested once, but resulted in a complete extinction of the contextual memory after repeated reactivation of memory. Conversely, the cued memory to a specific type of food was significantly reduced but still present. Thus, we conclude that it is only for the context memory, that participation of the “reinforcing” serotonergic neurons in memory retrieval may be the gate condition for the choice between extinction/reconsolidation.
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Zaitseva OV. Stability, variability, and parallelisms in the development of distant sensory systems: Olfactory and visual systems in the phylogeny and ontogeny of gastropods. BIOL BULL+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359016030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Patel K, Shaheen N, Witherspoon J, Robinson N, Harrington MA. Mucus trail tracking in a predatory snail: olfactory processing retooled to serve a novel sensory modality. Brain Behav 2014; 4:83-94. [PMID: 24653958 PMCID: PMC3937710 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rosy wolfsnail (Euglandina rosea), a predatory land snail, finds prey snails and potential mates by following their mucus trails. Euglandina have evolved unique, mobile lip extensions that detect mucus and aid in following trails. Currently, little is known of the neural substrates of the trail-following behavior. METHODS To investigate the neural correlates of trail following we used tract-tracing experiments in which nerves were backfilled with either nickel-lysine or Lucifer yellow, extracellular recording of spiking neurons in snail procerebra using a multielectrode array, and behavioral assays of trail following and movement toward the source of a conditioned odor. RESULTS The tract-tracing experiments demonstrate that in Euglandina, the nerves carrying mucus signals innervate the same region of the central ganglia as the olfactory nerves, while the electrophysiology studies show that mucus stimulation of the sensory epithelium on the lip extensions alters the frequency and pattern of neural activity in the procerebrum in a manner similar to odor stimulation of the olfactory epithelium on the optic tentacles of another land snail species, Cantareus aspersa (previously known as Helix aspersa). While Euglandina learn to follow trails of novel chemicals that they contact with their lip extensions in one to three trials, these snails proved remarkably resistant to associative learning in the olfactory modality. Even after seven to nine pairings of odorant molecules with food, they showed no orientation toward the conditioned odor. This is in marked contrast to Cantareus snails, which reliably oriented toward conditioned odors after two to three trials. CONCLUSIONS The apparent inability of Euglandina to learn to associate food with odors and use odor cues to drive behavior suggests that the capability for sophisticated neural processing of nonvolatile mucus cues detected by the lip extensions has evolved at the expense of processing of odorant molecules detected by the olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Patel
- Department of Biology, Delaware State University 1200 North Dupont Highway, Dover, Delaware, 19901
| | - Nagma Shaheen
- Department of Biology, Delaware State University 1200 North Dupont Highway, Dover, Delaware, 19901
| | - Jessica Witherspoon
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Service, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, Kansas, 66160
| | - Natallia Robinson
- Department of Biology, Delaware State University 1200 North Dupont Highway, Dover, Delaware, 19901
| | - Melissa A Harrington
- Department of Biology, Delaware State University 1200 North Dupont Highway, Dover, Delaware, 19901
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Organization of the procerebrum in terrestrial pulmonates (Helix, Limax) reconsidered: cell mass layer synaptology and its serotonergic input system. Brain Struct Funct 2012; 218:477-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Battonyai I, Elekes K. The 5-HT immunoreactive innervation of the Helix procerebrum. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2012; 63 Suppl 2:96-103. [PMID: 22776481 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.63.2012.suppl.2.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the procerebrum of terrestrial snails, 5-HT is a key modulatory substance of the generation of synchronous oscillatory activity and odor learning capability. In this study, we have analyzed the characteristics of the 5-HT-immunoreactive (5-HT-IR) innervation of the distinct anatomical regions of the procerebrum of Helix pomatia, applying correlative light- and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. A dense network of 5-HT-IR innervation was demonstrated in the cell body layer, meanwhile a varicose fiber system of different density occurred in the different neuropil regions. At the ultrastructural level, labeled varicosities were found to contact both procerebral cell bodies, and different unlabeled axon profiles in the neuropils. The labeled structures established mostly close non-specialized membrane contacts with the postsynaptic profiles. The overall dense distribution of 5-HT-IR innervation supports a general modulatory role of 5-HT in processing different olfactory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Battonyai
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, Department of Experimental Zoology, P.O. Box 35, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
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Nacsa K, Elekes K, Serfőző Z. Immunodetection and localization of nitric oxide synthase in the olfactory center of the terrestrial snail, Helix pomatia. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2012; 63 Suppl 2:104-12. [PMID: 22776482 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.63.2012.suppl.2.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The procerebrum of stylommatophoran snails produces nitric oxide (NO)-modulated oscillatory local field potentials which are considered the basis of olfactory information processing. Although the function of NO is well characterized in the PC, the identification and distribution of NO synthase (NOS) has not known completely. In the present study, applying a mammalian anti-NOS antibody, a 170 kDa molecular weight NOS-like protein was demonstrated in the procerebrum homogenate of Helix pomatia. NOS-like immunolabeling of the globuli cells, the internal and terminal neuropils displayed an identical distribution compared to that of NADPH-diaphorase reactive material, confirming the specificity of immunohistochemistry. The detailed characteristics of the immunostaining (different intensity of the neural perikarya, a gradual appearance in the terminal neuropil and in the axon bundles of the tentacular nerve, as well as an intense, homogeneous distribution of NOS-like immunoreactivity in the internal neuropil) suggest that NOS is expressed constitutively, maintaining a high level of the enzyme in neuropil areas. NOS accumulation in the internal neuropil suggests that NO plays an important role in delivering olfactory signals extrinsic to the procerebrum, and integrating them with other sensory modalities, respectively. Our results are the first, demonstrating unequivocally the presence of NOS and resolving its differential distribution in the Helix procerebrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nacsa
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, Department of Experimental Zoology, P. O. Box 35, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
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Matsuo R, Ito E. Spontaneous regeneration of the central nervous system in gastropods. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2011; 221:35-42. [PMID: 21876109 DOI: 10.1086/bblv221n1p35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Of all organs in mammals including humans, the brain has the most limited regenerative capacity after injury or damage. In spite of extensive efforts to treat ischemic/stroke injury of the brain, thus far no reliable therapeutic method has been developed. However, some molluscan species show remarkable brain regenerative ability and can achieve full functional recovery following injury. The terrestrial pulmonates are equipped with a highly developed olfactory center, called the procerebrum, which is involved in olfactory discrimination and odor-aversion learning. Recent studies revealed that the procerebrum of the land slug can spontaneously recover structurally and functionally relatively soon after injury. Surprisingly, no exogenous interventions are required for this reconstitutive repair. The neurogenesis continues in the procerebrum in adult slugs as in the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb of mammals, and the reconstitutive regeneration seems to be mediated by enhanced neurogenesis. In this review, we discuss the relationship between neurogenesis and the regenerative ability of the brain, and also the evolutionary origin of the brain structures in which adult neurogenesis has been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Matsuo
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa, Japan.
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Matsuo R, Kobayashi S, Yamagishi M, Ito E. Two pairs of tentacles and a pair of procerebra: optimized functions and redundant structures in the sensory and central organs involved in olfactory learning of terrestrial pulmonates. J Exp Biol 2011; 214:879-86. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.024562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Terrestrial pulmonates can learn olfactory-aversion tasks and retain them in their long-term memory. To elucidate the cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory, researchers have focused on both the peripheral and central components of olfaction: two pairs of tentacles (the superior and inferior tentacles) and a pair of procerebra, respectively. Data from tentacle-amputation experiments showed that either pair of tentacles is sufficient for olfactory learning. Results of procerebrum lesion experiments showed that the procerebra are necessary for olfactory learning but that either one of the two procerebra, rather than both, is used for each olfactory learning event. Together, these data suggest that there is a redundancy in the structures of terrestrial pulmonates necessary for olfactory learning. In our commentary we exemplify and discuss functional optimization and structural redundancy in the sensory and central organs involved in olfactory learning and memory in terrestrial pulmonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Matsuo
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido, Sanuki 769-2193, Japan
| | - Suguru Kobayashi
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido, Sanuki 769-2193, Japan
| | - Miki Yamagishi
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido, Sanuki 769-2193, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido, Sanuki 769-2193, Japan
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Kobayashi S, Hattori M, Elekes K, Ito E, Matsuo R. FMRFamide regulates oscillatory activity of the olfactory center in the slug. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 32:1180-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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