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Hellmann D, Fadillioglu C, Kanus L, Möhler F, Schindler HJ, Schmitter M, Stein T, Ringhof S. Influence of oral motor tasks on postural muscle activity during dynamic reactive balance. J Oral Rehabil 2024; 51:1041-1049. [PMID: 38491728 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jaw clenching improves dynamic reactive balance on an oscillating platform during forward acceleration and is associated with decreased mean sway speed of different body regions. OBJECTIVE It is suggested that jaw clenching as a concurrent muscle activity facilitates human motor excitability, increasing the neural drive to distal muscles. The underlying mechanism behind this phenomenon was studied based on leg and trunk muscle activity (iEMG) and co-contraction ratio (CCR). METHODS Forty-eight physically active and healthy adults were assigned to three groups, performing three oral motor tasks (jaw clenching, tongue pressing against the palate or habitual lower jaw position) during a dynamic one-legged stance reactive balance task on an oscillating platform. The iEMG and CCR of posture-relevant muscles and muscle pairs were analysed during platform forward acceleration. RESULTS Tongue pressing caused an adjustment of co-contraction patterns of distal muscle groups based on changes in biomechanical coupling between the head and trunk during static balancing at the beginning of the experiment. Neither iEMG nor CCR measurement helped detect a general neuromuscular effect of jaw clenching on the dynamic reactive balance. CONCLUSION The findings might indicate the existence of robust fixed patterns of rapid postural responses during the important initial phases of balance recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hellmann
- Department of Prosthodontics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Dental Academy for Continuing Professional Development, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Cagla Fadillioglu
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lisa Kanus
- Department of Prosthodontics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felix Möhler
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hans J Schindler
- Dental Academy for Continuing Professional Development, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marc Schmitter
- Department of Prosthodontics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stein
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Steffen Ringhof
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Xie J, Feng R, Chen Y, Gao L. Morphological analysis of descending tracts in mouse spinal cord using tissue clearing, tissue expansion and tiling light sheet microscopy techniques. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16445. [PMID: 37777565 PMCID: PMC10542777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Descending tracts carry motor signals from the brain to spinal cord. However, few previous studies show the full view of the long tracts from a 3D perspective. In this study, we have followed five less well-known tracts that project from midbrain, hindbrain, and cerebellum to the mouse spinal cord, using the tissue clearing method in combination with tiling light sheet microscopy. By tracing axons in spinal cord, we found several notable features: among the five tracts the collateral "sister" branches occurred only in the axons originating from the cerebellospinal tracts; the axons from the spinal trigeminal nucleus crossed the midline of spinal cord to the contralateral side; those arising in the medullary reticular formation ventral part gave many branches in both cervical and lumbar segments; the axons from superior colliculus terminated only at upper cervical but with abundant branches in the hindbrain. Furthermore, we investigated the monosynaptic connections between the tracts and motor neurons in the spinal cord through hydrogel-based tissue expansion, and found several monosynaptic connections between the medullary reticular formation ventral part axons and spinal motor neurons. We believe that this is the first study to show the full 3D scope of the projection patterns and axonal morphologies of these five descending tracts to the mouse spinal cord. In addition, we have developed a new method for future study of descending tracts by three-dimensional imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiongfang Xie
- Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China.
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Ruili Feng
- Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Yanlu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Liang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China.
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
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Liao SM, Kleinfeld D. A change in behavioral state switches the pattern of motor output that underlies rhythmic head and orofacial movements. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1951-1966.e6. [PMID: 37105167 PMCID: PMC10225163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The breathing rhythm serves as a reference that paces orofacial motor actions and orchestrates active sensing. Past work has reported that pacing occurs solely at a fixed phase relative to sniffing. We re-evaluated this constraint as a function of exploratory behavior. Allocentric and egocentric rotations of the head and the electromyogenic activity of the motoneurons for head and orofacial movements were recorded in free-ranging rats as they searched for food. We found that a change in state from foraging to rearing is accompanied by a large phase shift in muscular activation relative to sniffing, and a concurrent change in the frequency of sniffing, so that pacing now occurs at one of the two phases. Further, head turning is biased such that an animal gathers a novel sample of its environment upon inhalation. In total, the coordination of active sensing has a previously unrealized computational complexity. This can emerge from hindbrain circuits with fixed architecture and credible synaptic time delays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Mao Liao
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Manzo N, Ginatempo F, Belvisi D, Defazio G, Conte A, Deriu F, Berardelli A. Pathophysiological mechanisms of oromandibular dystonia. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 134:73-80. [PMID: 34979293 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Oromandibular dystonia (OMD) is a rare form of focal idiopathic dystonia. OMD was clinically identified at the beginning of the 20th century, and the main clinical features have been progressively described over the years. However, OMD has several peculiarities that still remain unexplained, including the high rate of oral trauma, which is often related to the onset of motor symptoms. The purpose of this paper was to formulate a hypothesis regarding the pathophysiology of OMD, starting from the neuroanatomical basis of the masticatory and facial systems and highlighting the features that differentiate this condition from other forms of focal idiopathic dystonia. We provide a brief review of the clinical and etiological features of OMD as well as neurophysiological and neuroimaging findings obtained from studies in patients with OMD. We discuss possible pathophysiological mechanisms underlying OMD and suggest that abnormalities in sensory input processing may play a prominent role in OMD pathophysiology, possibly triggering a cascade of events that results in sensorimotor cortex network dysfunction. Finally, we identify open questions that future studies should address, including the effect of abnormal sensory input processing and oral trauma on the peculiar neurophysiological abnormalities observed in OMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniele Belvisi
- IRCCS NEUROMED, Via Atinense, 18, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy; Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale Dell' Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Defazio
- Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4.500, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonella Conte
- IRCCS NEUROMED, Via Atinense, 18, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy; Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale Dell' Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Franca Deriu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro, 43c, 07100 Sassari, Italy; Unit of Endocrinology, Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders, AOU Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- IRCCS NEUROMED, Via Atinense, 18, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy; Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale Dell' Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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MRI-Based Assessment of Masticatory Muscle Changes in TMD Patients after Whiplash Injury. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10071404. [PMID: 33915742 PMCID: PMC8036470 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: to investigate the change in volume and signal in the masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) after whiplash injury, based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to correlate them with other clinical parameters. Methods: ninety patients (64 women, 26 men; mean age: 39.36 ± 15.40 years), including 45 patients with symptoms of TMD after whiplash injury (wTMD), and 45 age- and sex-matched controls with TMD due to idiopathic causes (iTMD) were included. TMD was diagnosed using the study diagnostic criteria for TMD Axis I, and MRI findings of the TMJ and masticatory muscles were investigated. To evaluate the severity of TMD pain and muscle tenderness, we used a visual analog scale (VAS), palpation index (PI), and neck PI. Results: TMD indexes, including VAS, PI, and neck PI were significantly higher in the wTMD group. In the wTMD group, muscle tenderness was highest in the masseter muscle (71.1%), and muscle tenderness in the temporalis (60.0%), lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) (22.2%), and medial pterygoid muscle (15.6%) was significantly more frequent than that in the iTMD group (all p < 0.05). The most noticeable structural changes in the masticatory muscles occurred in the LPM with whiplash injury. Volume (57.8% vs. 17.8%) and signal changes (42.2% vs. 15.6%) of LPM were significantly more frequent in the wTMD group than in the iTMD group. The presence of signal changes in the LPM was positively correlated with the increased VAS scores only in the wTMD group (r = 0.346, p = 0.020). The prevalence of anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDWoR) (53.3% vs. 28.9%) and disc deformity (57.8% vs. 40.0%) were significantly higher in the wTMD group (p < 0.05). The presence of headache, sleep problems, and psychological distress was significantly higher in the wTMD group than in the iTMD group. Conclusion: abnormal MRI findings and their correlations with clinical characteristics of the wTMD group were different from those of the iTMD group. The underlying pathophysiology may differ depending on the cause of TMD, raising the need for a treatment strategy accordingly.
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Dias A, Redinha L, Rodrigues MJ, Silva L, Pezarat-Correia P. A kinematic analysis on the immediate effects of occlusal splints in gait and running body sway patterns. Cranio 2020; 40:119-125. [PMID: 31996119 DOI: 10.1080/08869634.2020.1721173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to determine whether changes in dental occlusion are correlated to body posture during walking and running.Methods: Fifteen healthy subjects were assessed by a prosthodontist and deemed asymptomatic. Analyses of gait and running were performed in three conditions, in random order: a) occlusal splint; b) placebo splint; and c) no splint. The occlusal splint used in this study positioned the mandible in a stable position. Kinematic data was collected using a 3D motion capture system.Results: Changes in dental occlusion induced by occlusal splints did not influence body sway during gait or running. No significant differences were found between any of the test conditions.Conclusion: Occlusal splints have no effect on body sway during gait or running. High inter-subject variability in kinematic parameters was found, which should be considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amândio Dias
- CIPER - Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Kinesiolab, Instituto Piaget, Campus de Almada, Almada, Portugal
| | - Luís Redinha
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Luís Silva
- Kinesiolab, Instituto Piaget, Campus de Almada, Almada, Portugal.,Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Pedro Pezarat-Correia
- CIPER - Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Zafar H, Alghadir AH, Iqbal ZA, Iqbal A, Anwer S, Alnahdi AH. Influence of different jaw positions on dynamic balance using Y-balance test. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01507. [PMID: 31859447 PMCID: PMC6955923 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jaw sensory-motor system has been shown to affect static balance of the body. It would be interesting to know whether it can influence dynamic balance as well. The objective of this study is to examine the influence of different jaw positions on dynamic balance using the Y-balance test. METHODS Eighty healthy male participants aged 20-35 years were invited to participate in this study. Dynamic balance was measured by the Y-balance test in three directions (anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral) for each leg separately in three jaw positions: resting jaw (control), open-jaw, and clenched jaw. RESULTS There were no significant differences in reach distances between the different jaw positions except in the posterolateral direction. In comparison with resting jaw position, reach distance was significantly higher in open-jaw position for the right leg and in clenched and open-jaw positions for the left leg in the posterolateral direction. CONCLUSIONS Although various studies have shown direct or indirect influence of jaw sensory-motor system on static postural control, results of this study point to limited relation with dynamic postural control among healthy subjects. However, it supports the potential of the jaw sensory-motor system to affect motor control during functional tasks in patients with postural instability or similar disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamayun Zafar
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Odontology, Clinical Oral Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Ahmad H Alghadir
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaheen Ahmed Iqbal
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amir Iqbal
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahnawaz Anwer
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Building and Real-Estate, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ali H Alnahdi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Paya-Argoud M, Tardieu C, Cheynet F, Raskin A, Borel L. Impact of orthognathic surgery on the body posture. Gait Posture 2019; 67:25-30. [PMID: 30261320 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postural control is classically described as being based on the visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive musculo-articular sensory systems. The influence of mandibular proprioception on postural stabilization remains controversial. Most previous studies analyzed how postural stability is influenced by partial changes in mandibular proprioception (dental occlusion and jaw position). RESEARCH QUESTION In the present experiment, we asked whether drastic mandibular changes, resulting from orthognathic surgery (including dental, joint and muscular efferents), modify postural control. METHODS The analyzes were performed in 22 patients tested before, and 2.5 months, after orthognathic surgery for treatment of dysmorphic jaws. Experiments were performed under 4 experimental conditions: 2 visual conditions: Eyes Open (EO) and Eyes Closed (EC), and 2 occlusal conditions: Occlusion (OC: mandible positioned by the contact of the teeth), and Rest Position (RP: mandible positioned by the muscles without tooth contact). The analyses focused on head orientation in the frontal plane and on postural stabilization in a static task, consisting of standing upright. RESULTS The results show that, 2.5 months after orthognathic surgery, head orientation in the frontal plane was improved, since patient's external intercanthal lines became closer to the true horizontal line when they were tested EC and in OC condition. Postural responses, based on the wavelet transformation data, highlight an improvement in maintaining an upright stance for all the tested sensory conditions. However, such improvement was greater in the EC and RP conditions. SIGNIFICANCE These results show, for the first time, that after drastic mandibular changes, the weight of proprioceptive cues linked to the mandibular system may be so enhanced that it may constitute a new reference frame to orient the head in space, in darkness, and improve static postural stabilization, even in the presence of visual cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paya-Argoud
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Faculté de Médecine, Bâtiment A, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, 13344, Marseille, France.
| | - C Tardieu
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Faculté de Médecine, Bâtiment A, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, 13344, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, pôle d'Odontologie, Hôpital de la Timone, 264 rue Saint Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - F Cheynet
- Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, service de Chirurgie Maxillo-faciale, Hopital de la Conception, 147 Boulevard Baille, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - A Raskin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Faculté de Médecine, Bâtiment A, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, 13344, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, pôle d'Odontologie, Hôpital de la Timone, 264 rue Saint Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - L Borel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNSC, Marseille, France.
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Nuclear derivatives and axonal projections originating from rhombomere 4 in the mouse hindbrain. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:3509-3542. [PMID: 28470551 PMCID: PMC5676809 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The r4-derived territory is located in the pontine region of the brainstem, forming a wedge-shaped slice that broadens from the choroidal roof to the ventral midline. R4-derived neuronal populations migrate radially inside and tangentially outside this rhombomere, forming nuclei of the sensorimotor auditory, vestibular, trigeminal and reticular systems. R4-derived fibre tracts contribute to the lateral lemniscus, the trigeminothalamic tracts, the medial tegmental tract and the medial forebrain bundle, which variously project to the midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus and telencephalon. Other tracts such as the trigeminocerebellar and vestibulocerebellar tracts reach the cerebellum, while the medial and lateral vestibulospinal tracts, and the reticulospinal and trigeminal oro-spinal tracts extend into the spinal cord. Many r4-derived fibres are crossed; they decussate to the contralateral side traversing the midline through the cerebellar, collicular and intercollicular commissures, as well as the supraoptic decussation. Moreover, some fibres enter into the posterior and anterior commissures and some terminals reach the septum. Overall, this study provides an overview of all r4 neuronal populations and axonal tracts from their embryonic origin to the adult final location and target.
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Ringhof S, Stein T, Hellmann D, Schindler HJ, Potthast W. Effect of Jaw Clenching on Balance Recovery: Dynamic Stability and Lower Extremity Joint Kinematics after Forward Loss of Balance. Front Psychol 2016; 7:291. [PMID: 27014116 PMCID: PMC4786560 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Postural control is crucial for most tasks of daily living, delineating postural orientation and balance, with its main goal of fall prevention. Nevertheless, falls are common events, and have been associated with deficits in muscle strength and dynamic postural stability. Recent studies reported on improvements in rate of force development and static postural control evoked by jaw clenching activities, potentially induced by facilitation of human motor system excitability. However, there are no studies describing the effects on dynamic stability. The present study, therefore, aimed to investigate the effects of submaximum jaw clenching on recovery behavior from forward loss of balance. Participants were 12 healthy young adults, who were instructed to recover balance from a simulated forward fall by taking a single step while either biting at a submaximum force or keeping the mandible at rest. Bite forces were measured by means of hydrostatic splints, whereas a 3D motion capture system was used to analyze spatiotemporal parameters and joint angles, respectively. Additionally, dynamic stability was quantified by the extrapolated CoM concept, designed to determine postural stability in dynamic situations. Paired t-tests revealed that submaximum biting did not significantly influence recovery behavior with respect to any variable under investigation. Therefore, reductions in postural sway evoked by submaximum biting are obviously not transferable to balance recovery as it was assessed in the present study. It is suggested that these contradictions are the result of different motor demands associated with the abovementioned tasks. Furthermore, floor effects and the sample size might be discussed as potential reasons for the absence of significances. Notwithstanding this, the present study also revealed that bite forces under both conditions significantly increased from subjects’ release to touchdown of the recovery limb. Clenching the jaw, hence, seems to be part of a common physiological repertoire used to improve motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Ringhof
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stein
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Daniel Hellmann
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans J Schindler
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany; Research Group Biomechanics, Institute for Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Potthast
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University CologneCologne, Germany; ARCUS Clinics PforzheimPforzheim, Germany
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11
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The influence of dental occlusion on the body balance in unstable platform increases after high intensity exercise. Neurosci Lett 2016; 617:116-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Ringhof S, Leibold T, Hellmann D, Stein T. Postural stability and the influence of concurrent muscle activation--Beneficial effects of jaw and fist clenching. Gait Posture 2015; 42:598-600. [PMID: 26385200 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies reported on the potential benefits of submaximum clenching of the jaw on human postural control in upright unperturbed stance. However, it remained unclear whether these effects might also be observed among active controls. The purpose of the present study, therefore, was to comparatively examine the influence of concurrent muscle activation in terms of submaximum clenching of the jaw and submaximum clenching of the fists on postural stability. Posturographic analyses were conducted with 17 healthy young adults on firm and foam surfaces while either clenching the jaw (JAW) or clenching the fists (FIST), whereas habitual standing served as the control condition (CON). Both submaximum tasks were performed at 25% maximum voluntary contraction, assessed, and visualized in real time by means of electromyography. Statistical analyses revealed that center of pressure (COP) displacements were significantly reduced during JAW and FIST, but with no differences between both concurrent clenching activities. Further, a significant increase in COP displacements was observed for the foam as compared to the firm condition. The results showed that concurrent muscle activation significantly improved postural stability compared with habitual standing, and thus emphasize the beneficial effects of jaw and fist clenching for static postural control. It is suggested that concurrent activities contribute to the facilitation of human motor excitability, finally increasing the neural drive to the distal muscles. Future studies should evaluate whether elderly or patients with compromised postural control might benefit from these physiological responses, e.g., in the form of a reduced risk of falling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Ringhof
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Timo Leibold
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Daniel Hellmann
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stein
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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Hellmann D, Stein T, Potthast W, Rammelsberg P, Schindler HJ, Ringhof S. The effect of force-controlled biting on human posture control. Hum Mov Sci 2015; 43:125-37. [PMID: 26282375 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have confirmed the neuromuscular effects of jaw motor activity on the postural stability of humans, but the mechanisms of functional coupling of the craniomandibular system (CMS) with human posture are not yet fully understood. The purpose of our study was, therefore, to investigate whether submaximum biting affects the kinematics of the ankle, knee, and hip joints and the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the leg muscles during bipedal narrow stance and single-leg stance. Twelve healthy young subjects performed force-controlled biting (FB) and non-biting (NB) during bipedal narrow stance and single-leg stance. To investigate the effects of FB on the angles of the hip, knee, and ankle joints, a 3D motion-capture system (Vicon MX) was used. EMG activity was recorded to enable analysis of the coefficient of variation of the muscle co-contraction ratios (CVR) of six pairs of postural muscles. Between FB and NB, no significant differences were found for the mean values of the angles of the ankle, knee, and hip joints, but the standard deviations were significantly reduced during FB. The values of the ranges of motion and the mean angular velocities for the three joints studied revealed significant reduction during FB also. CVR was also significantly reduced during FB for five of the six muscle pairs studied. Although submaximum biting does not change the basic strategy of posture control, it affects neuromuscular co-contraction patterns, resulting in increased kinematic precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hellmann
- Department of Prosthodontics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - T Stein
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany; BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W Potthast
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; ARCUS Clinic Pforzheim, Pforzheim, Germany
| | - P Rammelsberg
- Department of Prosthodontics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H J Schindler
- Department of Prosthodontics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Research Group Biomechanics, Institute for Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Ringhof
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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Ringhof S, Hellmann D, Meier F, Etz E, Schindler HJ, Stein T. The effect of oral motor activity on the athletic performance of professional golfers. Front Psychol 2015; 6:750. [PMID: 26082747 PMCID: PMC4451241 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human motor control is based on complex sensorimotor processes. Recent research has shown that neuromuscular activity of the craniomandibular system (CMS) might affect human motor control. In particular, improvements in postural stability and muscle strength have been observed as a result of voluntary jaw clenching. Potential benefits of jaw aligning appliances on muscle strength and golf performance have also been described. These reports are highly contradictory, however, and the oral motor task performed is often unclear. The purpose of our study was, therefore, to investigate the effect of submaximum biting on golf performance via shot precision and shot length over three different distances. Participants were 14 male professional golfers - seven with sleep bruxism and seven without - randomly performing golf shots over 60m, 160m, or driving distance while either biting on an oral splint or biting on their teeth; habitual jaw position served as the control condition. Statistical analysis revealed that oral motor activity did not systematically affect golf performance in respect of shot precision or shot length for 60m, 160 m, or driving distance. These findings were reinforced by impact variables such as club head speed and ball speed, which were also not indicative of significant effects. The results thus showed that the strength improvements and stabilizing effects described previously are, apparently, not transferable to such coordination-demanding sports as golf. This could be due to the divergent motor demands associated with postural control and muscle strength on the one hand and the complex coordination of a golf swing on the other. Interestingly, subjects without sleep bruxism performed significantly better at the short distance (60 m) than those with bruxism. Because of the multifactorial etiology of parafunctional CMS activity, conclusions about the need for dental treatment to improve sports performance are, however, completely unwarranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Ringhof
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Daniel Hellmann
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Meier
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eike Etz
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans J Schindler
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany ; Research Group Biomechanics, Institute for Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stein
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
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Ringhof S, Stein T, Potthast W, Schindler HJ, Hellmann D. Force-controlled biting alters postural control in bipedal and unipedal stance. J Oral Rehabil 2014; 42:173-84. [PMID: 25354425 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human posture is characterised by inherent body sway which forces the sensory and motor systems to counter the destabilising oscillations. Although the potential of biting to increase postural stability has recently been reported, the mechanisms by which the craniomandibular system (CMS) and the motor systems for human postural control are functionally coupled are not yet fully understood. The purpose of our study was, therefore, to investigate the effect of submaximum biting on postural stability and on the kinematics of the trunk and head. Twelve healthy young adults performed force-controlled biting (FB) and non-biting (NB) during bipedal narrow stance and single-leg stance. Postural stability was quantified on the basis of centre of pressure (COP) displacements, detected by use of a force platform. Trunk and head kinematics were investigated by biomechanical motion analysis, and bite forces were measured using a hydrostatic system. The results revealed that FB significantly improved postural control in terms of reduced COP displacements, providing additional evidence for the functional coupling of the CMS and human posture. Our study also showed, for the first time, that reductions in the sway of the COP were accompanied by reduced trunk and head oscillations, which might be attributable to enhanced trunk stiffness during FB. This physiological response to isometric activation of the masticatory muscles raises questions about the potential of oral motor activity as a strategy to reduce the risk of falls among the elderly or among patients with compromised postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ringhof
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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Sawyer EK, Leitch DB, Catania KC. Organization of the spinal trigeminal nucleus in star-nosed moles. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:3335-50. [PMID: 24715542 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Somatosensory inputs from the face project to multiple regions of the trigeminal nuclear complex in the brainstem. In mice and rats, three subdivisions contain visible representations of the mystacial vibrissae, the principal sensory nucleus, spinal trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris, and subnucleus caudalis. These regions are considered important for touch with high spatial acuity, active touch, and pain and temperature sensation, respectively. Like mice and rats, the star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata) is a somatosensory specialist. Given the visible star pattern in preparations of the star-nosed mole cortex and the principal sensory nucleus, we hypothesized there were star patterns in the spinal trigeminal nucleus subnuclei interpolaris and caudalis. In sections processed for cytochrome oxidase, we found star-like segmentation consisting of lightly stained septa separating darkly stained patches in subnucleus interpolaris (juvenile tissue) and subnucleus caudalis (juvenile and adult tissue). Subnucleus caudalis represented the face in a three-dimensional map, with the most anterior part of the face represented more rostrally than posterior parts of the face. Multiunit electrophysiological mapping was used to map the ipsilateral face. Ray-specific receptive fields in adults matched the CO segmentation. The mean areas of multiunit receptive fields in subnucleus interpolaris and caudalis were larger than previously mapped receptive fields in the mole's principal sensory nucleus. The proportion of tissue devoted to each ray's representation differed between the subnucleus interpolaris and the principal sensory nucleus. Our finding that different trigeminal brainstem maps can exaggerate different parts of the face could provide new insights for the roles of these different somatosensory stations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva K Sawyer
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235
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Bradnam L, Barry C. The role of the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex in the pathophysiology of craniocervical dystonia. J Neurosci 2013; 33:18358-67. [PMID: 24259561 PMCID: PMC6618800 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3544-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated focal dystonia is a neurological disorder that manifests as repetitive involuntary spasms and/or aberrant postures of the affected body part. Craniocervical dystonia involves muscles of the eye, jaw, larynx, or neck. The pathophysiology is unclear, and effective therapies are limited. One mechanism for increased muscle activity in craniocervical dystonia is loss of inhibition involving the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (TSNC). The TSNC is tightly integrated into functionally connected regions subserving sensorimotor control of the neck and face. It mediates both excitatory and inhibitory reflexes of the jaw, face, and neck. These reflexes are often aberrant in craniocervical dystonia, leading to our hypothesis that the TSNC may play a central role in these particular focal dystonias. In this review, we present a hypothetical extended brain network model that includes the TSNC in describing the pathophysiology of craniocervical dystonia. Our model suggests the TSNC may become hyperexcitable due to loss of tonic inhibition by functionally connected motor nuclei such as the motor cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Disordered sensory input from trigeminal nerve afferents, such as aberrant feedback from dystonic muscles, may continue to potentiate brainstem circuits subserving craniocervical muscle control. We suggest that potentiation of the TSNC may also contribute to disordered sensorimotor control of face and neck muscles via ascending and cortical descending projections. Better understanding of the role of the TSNC within the extended neural network contributing to the pathophysiology of craniocervical dystonia may facilitate the development of new therapies such as noninvasive brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynley Bradnam
- Applied Brain Research Laboratory, Centre for Neuroscience
- Effectiveness of Therapy Group, Centre for Clinical Change and Healthcare Research, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christine Barry
- Applied Brain Research Laboratory, Centre for Neuroscience
- Department of Anatomy and Histology School of Medicine, and
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Moriya S, Notani K, Miura H, Inoue N. Relationship between masticatory ability and physical performance in community-dwelling edentulous older adults wearing complete dentures. Gerodontology 2012; 31:251-9. [PMID: 23278175 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to elucidate the association between masticatory ability and physical performance in community-dwelling edentulous older adults wearing complete dentures. BACKGROUND Physical performance parameters are significant predictors of decreased activities of daily living. Previous studies have shown the relationships between oral conditions and these parameters. Here, we focused on complete denture wearers. METHODS Two hundred and ten edentulous adults aged ≥65 years and wearing complete dentures were enrolled. The following oral conditions were examined: masticatory ability measured by colour-changing chewing gum, number of foods considered chewable, pain when using dentures and denture base fit. Handgrip strength (HG) and one-leg standing time with eyes open (OLST) were used to evaluate muscle strength and static balance. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the correlations between oral conditions and physical performance. Forward stepwise linear regression models were applied with each physical performance parameters as the dependent variable and oral conditions as the independent variable. RESULTS The women did not show significant correlations between oral conditions and the physical performance. In men, significant and positive correlations were found between the number of chewable foods and HG, and between the colour scores and OLST. The significant correlation between the colour scores and OLST was still noted in the stepwise liner regression analysis after adjusting for demographic, social and medical conditions, and other oral conditions. CONCLUSION In Japanese elderly edentulous men wearing complete dentures, masticatory ability evaluated as the mixing ability may be associated with static balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Moriya
- Department of Health Promotion, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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Morquette P, Lavoie R, Fhima MD, Lamoureux X, Verdier D, Kolta A. Generation of the masticatory central pattern and its modulation by sensory feedback. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 96:340-55. [PMID: 22342735 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The basic pattern of rhythmic jaw movements produced during mastication is generated by a neuronal network located in the brainstem and referred to as the masticatory central pattern generator (CPG). This network composed of neurons mostly associated to the trigeminal system is found between the rostral borders of the trigeminal motor nucleus and facial nucleus. This review summarizes current knowledge on the anatomical organization, the development, the connectivity and the cellular properties of these trigeminal circuits in relation to mastication. Emphasis is put on a population of rhythmogenic neurons in the dorsal part of the trigeminal sensory nucleus. These neurons have intrinsic bursting capabilities, supported by a persistent Na(+) current (I(NaP)), which are enhanced when the extracellular concentration of Ca(2+) diminishes. Presented evidence suggest that the Ca(2+) dependency of this current combined with its voltage-dependency could provide a mechanism for cortical and sensory afferent inputs to the nucleus to interact with the rhythmogenic properties of its neurons to adjust and adapt the rhythmic output. Astrocytes are postulated to contribute to this process by modulating the extracellular Ca(2+) concentration and a model is proposed to explain how functional microdomains defined by the boundaries of astrocytic syncitia may form under the influence of incoming inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Morquette
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central du FRSQ, Université de Montréal and Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université de Montréal, Canada
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cheiro-oral syndrome (COS) is an established neurological entity characterized by a sensory impairment confined to the mouth angle and ipsilateral finger(s)/ hand. The current understanding of localization is a concomitant involvement of the spinothalamic and trigeminothalamic tract between the cortex and pons. The cervical spinal cord has not been mentioned in this situation yet, and this unusual location may heretofore increase the risk of misdiagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Six patients who presented with unilateral COS due to cervical cord disorder are reported. RESULTS All patients were women and their age ranged between 42 and 70 years. Their neurological deficits included unilateral paraesthesiae restricted to cheirooral distribution, positive radicular sign, and mild change of tendon reflex. Cervical spinal stenosis at middle/lower cervical spine with variable magnitude of cord compression and intrinsic cord damage was found. A diagnostic dilemma obviously arises from the lack of tangible neurological signs or typical pattern of myelopathy, in addition to the previous concept of cerebral involvement. A benign course ensued in all reported patients. CONCLUSIONS Cheiro-oral syndrome can be an early neurological sign for cervical cord disorder; it further suggests that it is a strong neurological but weak localizing sign. A reciprocal influence of multiple factors is considered to generate COS at the cervical cord. Therefore, an absence of brain pathology should lead to a thorough examination of the cervical cord in case of COS.
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HELLMANN D, GIANNAKOPOULOS NN, BLASER R, EBERHARD L, SCHINDLER HJ. The effect of various jaw motor tasks on body sway. J Oral Rehabil 2011; 38:729-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2011.02211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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