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Wallace W. Jung's Erotic Phenomenology: I. A New Translation. J Anal Psychol 2024; 69:27-50. [PMID: 38321836 DOI: 10.1111/1468-5922.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
In the introduction to The Psychology of the Transference (1946), Carl Jung sketched out a theory of "erotic phenomenology" which condenses his teaching about sexuality and romantic love into a very concise summary. But the meaning of this passage is obscured in the English translation given in the Collected Works of C. G. Jung. I propose here a new translation which makes Jung's meaning clearer, along with a commentary which explains it in the context of Freudian drive theory and German 19th century philosophy. Invoking the concepts of instinct, mind, and Eros (both the passion and the divine figure), Jung's theory says that male sexual desire can be cultivated or repressed in four distinct ways, each associated with a female symbolic figure or anima image: Eve, Helen, Mary and Sophia.
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2
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Bayless DW, Davis CHO, Yang R, Wei Y, de Andrade Carvalho VM, Knoedler JR, Yang T, Livingston O, Lomvardas A, Martins GJ, Vicente AM, Ding JB, Luo L, Shah NM. A neural circuit for male sexual behavior and reward. Cell 2023; 186:3862-3881.e28. [PMID: 37572660 PMCID: PMC10615179 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Male sexual behavior is innate and rewarding. Despite its centrality to reproduction, a molecularly specified neural circuit governing innate male sexual behavior and reward remains to be characterized. We have discovered a developmentally wired neural circuit necessary and sufficient for male mating. This circuit connects chemosensory input to BNSTprTac1 neurons, which innervate POATacr1 neurons that project to centers regulating motor output and reward. Epistasis studies demonstrate that BNSTprTac1 neurons are upstream of POATacr1 neurons, and BNSTprTac1-released substance P following mate recognition potentiates activation of POATacr1 neurons through Tacr1 to initiate mating. Experimental activation of POATacr1 neurons triggers mating, even in sexually satiated males, and it is rewarding, eliciting dopamine release and self-stimulation of these cells. Together, we have uncovered a neural circuit that governs the key aspects of innate male sexual behavior: motor displays, drive, and reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Bayless
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chung-Ha O Davis
- Stanford Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Renzhi Yang
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yichao Wei
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Joseph R Knoedler
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Taehong Yang
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Oscar Livingston
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Akira Lomvardas
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Ana Mafalda Vicente
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Jun B Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nirao M Shah
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Moser AY, Brown WY, Bennett P, Taylor PS, Wilson B, McGreevy P. Defining the Characteristics of Successful Biosecurity Scent Detection Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13. [PMID: 36766394 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To perform their role effectively, scent detection dogs require certain characteristics. Identifying these characteristics will inform the selection of prospective dogs and preferred approaches to their training. The current study drew upon the perspectives of industry stakeholders to identify the behavioural traits considered relevant for detection dogs in biosecurity screening roles. Dog handlers, trainers, and supervisors (n = 25) in Australian biosecurity operations participated in focus group interviews to determine the perceived characteristics that, in their experience, influence detection performance. Their descriptions were used to create a questionnaire which was then administered to handlers to assess the working behaviours of current biosecurity dogs. Responses were collected for 88% of the operational dogs (n = 36). An exploratory factor analysis revealed seven tentative dimensions: search motivation, emotional stability, search arousal, food motivation, play motivation, search independence, and search focus. Search motivation and search arousal were both positively associated with handler ratings of detection performance (p ≤ 0.006). In general, biosecurity dogs were scored consistently high in ratings of search motivation, emotional stability, and food motivation. Our approach has advanced our understanding of the working behaviours and characteristic profile of biosecurity detector dogs and will be used to inform candidate selection processes.
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Stults-Kolehmainen MA. Humans have a basic physical and psychological need to move the body: Physical activity as a primary drive. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1134049. [PMID: 37113126 PMCID: PMC10128862 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1134049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity, while less necessary for survival in modern times, is still essential for thriving in life, and low levels of movement are related to numerous physical and mental health problems. However, we poorly understand why people move on a day-to-day basis and how to promote greater energy expenditure. Recently, there has been a turn to understand automatic processes with close examination of older theories of behavior. This has co-occurred with new developments in the study of non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT). In this narrative review, it is hypothesized that psycho-physiological drive is important to understand movement in general and NEAT, specifically. Drive, in short, is a motivation state, characterized by arousal and felt tension, energizing the organism to acquire a basic need. Movement is a biological necessity, like food, water, and sleep, but varies across the lifespan and having the greatest impact before adolescence. Movement meets various criteria for a primary drive: (a) deprivation of it produces feelings of tension, such as an urge or craving, known as affectively-charged motivation states, and particularly the feelings of being antsy, restless, hyper or cooped up, (b) provision of the need quickly reduces tension - one can be satiated, and may even over-consume, (c) it can be provoked by qualities of the environment, (d) it is under homeostatic control, (e) there is an appetite (i.e., appetence) for movement but also aversion, and (f) it has a developmental time course. Evidence for drive has mainly come from children and populations with hyperkinetic disorders, such as those with anorexia nervosa, restless legs syndrome, and akathisia. It is also stimulated in conditions of deprivation, such as bed rest, quarantine, long flights, and physical restraint. It seems to be lacking in the hypokinetic disorders, such as depression and Parkinson's. Thus, drive is associated with displeasure and negative reinforcement, subsuming it within the theory of hedonic drive, but it may fit better within new paradigms, such as the WANT model (Wants and Aversions for Neuromuscular Tasks). Recently developed measurement tools, such as the CRAVE scale, may permit the earnest investigation of movement drive, satiation, and motivation states in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen
- Division of Digestive Health, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College – Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen,
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Cotrufo P. The Fear of Facing Drives and Desires: Is It Still Appropriate to Reduce Anorexia and Bulimia to Eating Disorders? Psychoanal Q 2022; 91:145-169. [PMID: 35452364 DOI: 10.1080/00332828.2022.2047391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper reflects a perspective the author has developed over twenty years of practice as a clinical psychoanalyst and as an academic researcher in the field of eating disorders. Anorexia and bulimia are discussed through the lens of psychoanalytic theory, with the support of empirical evidence in clinical psychology research. The author proposes a new way to consider anorexic and bulimic pathology, assigning primary importance to drive repression and object avoidance and stimulating reflections on the phobic-obsessive displacement onto hunger and food. A brief illustrative vignette is included.
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Alcaro A, Brennan A, Conversi D. The SEEKING Drive and Its Fixation: A Neuro-Psycho-Evolutionary Approach to the Pathology of Addiction. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:635932. [PMID: 34475816 PMCID: PMC8406748 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.635932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuro-ethological studies conducted by Panksepp and his colleagues have provided an understanding of how the activity of the mesolimbic dopaminergic (ML DA) system leads to the emotional disposition to SEEK/Explore, which is involved in all appetitive motivated behavior and mental activity. In pathological addiction phenomena, this emotional disposition “fixes” itself on certain obsessive-compulsive habits, losing its versatility and its natural predisposition to spontaneous and unconditioned activation. Overall, the result is a consistent disinterest in everything that is not the object of addiction. From a neuro-psycho-evolutionary point of view, the predisposition to develop addictive behavior can be attributed to a loss of “functional autonomy” of the SEEKING/Explorative disposition. Indeed, as shown by animal and human studies, the tendency to be conditioned by situations and contexts that provide an immediate reward can be closely related to a deficit in the tonic endogenous activity of the ML DA-SEEKING system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Alcaro
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - David Conversi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Jouissance is one of Jacques Lacan's most impenetrable concepts. Yet it is essential to Lacan's view of sex. The term is sometimes translated as "enjoyment," but this misses key features of the concept, notably its "traumatic," excessive character. This excess points to a structural negativity within the subject (i.e., the real), an original split that cannot be remedied. In this first of a series of three papers, it is proposed that "surplus prediction error"-as understood within contemporary neuropsychoanalysis-is a neural correlate for jouissance. In part 1, jouissance is explicated within Lacanian metapsychology, primarily in reference to Lacan's real and symbolic registers. Jouissance is an excess enjoyment, outside of the binding, representational capacities of language. The real is the negativity or antagonism within the symbolic, the limit of language and meaning, the point where jouissance emerges. To clarify the relationships among these terms, their positions are traced in some of Freud's major concepts, including drive, infantile sexuality, repetition, and the unconscious. A basic understanding of jouissance is necessary for the rest of this Lacanian neuropsychoanalytic project.
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Ringwood T, Cox L, Felldin B, Kirsch M, Johnson B. Drive and Instinct-How They Produce Relatedness and Addiction. Front Psychol 2021; 12:657944. [PMID: 34177709 PMCID: PMC8225325 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.657944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Addictive drugs are responsible for mass killing. Neither persons with addiction nor the general populace seem conscious of the malevolence of governments and drug dealers working together. How could this be? What is the place of psychoanalysis in thinking about deaths from addiction and in responding to patients with addiction? To answer these questions, we revise concepts of SEEKING, drive, instinct, pleasure, and unpleasure as separable. We review the neurobiological mechanism of cathexis. We discuss how addictive drugs take over the will by changing the SEEKING system. We review how opioid tone in the central nervous system regulates human relationships and how this endogenous hormonal system is modified by external opioid administration. We differentiate the pleasure of relatedness from the unpleasure of urgent need including the urgent need for drugs. We show how addictive drug-induced changes in the SEEKING system diminish dopaminergic tone, reducing the motivation to engage in the pursuit of food, water, sex, sleep, and relationships in favor of addictive drugs. With this neuropsychoanalytic understanding of how drugs work, we become more confidently conscious of our ability to respond individually and socially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ringwood
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Lindsay Cox
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Breanna Felldin
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Michael Kirsch
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Brian Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
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Zha X, Xu XH. Anger management: pSI has a say in it. Neuron 2021; 109:1420-1422. [PMID: 33957070 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Zhu et al. (2021) reveal that activities in posterior substantia innominate (pSI) neurons that project to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) are both necessary and sufficient to drive aggressive attacks in mice under various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zha
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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10
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Abstract
Taken from interviews with men having been incarcerated on the charge of criminal association with the intent of committing or aiding and abetting to terrorist acts, the central question of this article has thus emerged: which part does Islamist radicalization play on the psychic level of the self? Therefore, we have selected several theorical concepts, to guide us in this research, that became operative concepts, such as hatred, drive, melancholy and symptom. These have a converging point that is linked with the clinic of boredom and emptiness, or named otherwise, "off language". The radicalization process seems to come as a way to fill this emptiness, and hence to avoid the risk of the collapsing of the self. However, this "solution" is only a lure, leading to destruction, while at the same time, the person is aiming to restore its identity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgia Tiscini
- l'Université Rennes 2, Laboratoire de « Recherches en psychopathologie: nouveaux symptômes et lien social » (RPpsy), Rennes, France
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11
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Abstract
The discovery of a compulsion to repeat and its involvement in the elaboration of the second drive theory of the libido and the death drive was fundamental in the evolution of Freud's thought: psychic functioning was no longer governed by the pleasure principle alone, and this changed analytic technique. This led in 1923 to a change of topography in order to take into consideration the existence of destructiveness within the mind that Freud had hitherto underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Aisenstein
- Paris Psychoanalytical Society and of the Hellenic Psychoanalytical Society
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12
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Mostafavi F, Nasirian M, Zeinali M, Ardalan G, Mohebpour F, Daniali SS, Pirzadeh A, Kelishadi R. Evaluating Community-Based Programs in Promoting Traffic Behaviors and Safe Road Crossing Behaviors in Youth: An Application on Theory of Planned Behavior. Int J Prev Med 2021; 12:11. [PMID: 34084308 PMCID: PMC8106268 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_241_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Today, one of the most serious causes of mortality and disability among youth is the traffic accidents. Regarding its importance, this paper aimed to investigate the community-based program to promote the safe traffic behaviors among youth. METHODS This was a quasi-experimental conducted on 5000 youth in five Iranian cities named Lanjan, Gomishan, Fasa, Tehran, and Zahedan in 2015-2016. The questionnaire was based on the constructs of the theory of planned behavior as well as a questionnaire of pedestrian behavior and driving behavior, which was completed before and after the intervention. The educational intervention was carried out based on the theory of planned behavior. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed using STATA software. RESULTS Six months after the intervention, the mean score of the theory of planned behavior and safe driving behavior in different cities was significantly increased. Here, regarding the safe crossing of the street, the most behavioral changes were observed in Gomishan (P = 0.000), Fasa (P = 0.001), and Tehran (P < 0.0001). The mean score of driving behaviors in Gomishan (P < 0.000), Fasa (P = 0.016), Lanjan (P = 0.047), and Tehran (P < 0.0001) scores was significantly higher. CONCLUSIONS In most of the studied cities, it can be concluded that education based on the theory of planned behavior can improve the safe driving behaviors among youth. Therefore, it is recommended to be implemented this program in other cities using the theory of planned behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoozeh Mostafavi
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Nasirian
- Department of Mathematics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Manouchehr Zeinali
- Department of Population, Family and School Health, Deputy of Health, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Shahrake Gharb, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gelayol Ardalan
- Department of Population, Family and School Health, Deputy of Health, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Shahrake Gharb, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohebpour
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyede Shahrbanoo Daniali
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Asiyeh Pirzadeh
- Department of Mathematics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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13
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Abstract
Background. This study evaluated when patients' brake response time (BRT) recovers after right Achilles repair. Methods. Institutional review board-approved prospective study of 60 patients. Assessments included visual analogue scale pain (VAS) score, Achilles Tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS), and a driver readiness survey. Emergent brake pedal operation was simulated at 6 weeks postoperatively and repeated until patients achieved a passing BRT. Results. Fifty-seven patients completed the study. At 6 weeks, 54 of 59 (91.5%) patients had a passing BRT with a mean of 0.60 seconds (SD 0.08 seconds). Five (8.5%) patients had a failing BRT with a significantly higher mean of 0.95 seconds (SD 0.13 seconds, P = .01). At first testing, all patients were ambulating in a walking boot with removable heel wedges. Those who passed were using significantly fewer wedges (mean 1.9 vs 2.6 wedges, P = .04). Mean VAS pain scores (Passed: 1.1, SD 1.57, vs Failed: 2.8, SD 3.35, P = .32) were not significantly different. The mean ATRS was significantly lower among those who passed (63.7, SD 16.7, vs 85.4, SD 11.1, P = .01. Three patients repeated testing at a mean 7.3 weeks (range 6.7-8). All achieved passing times (mean 0.68 seconds, range 0.55 to 0.77 seconds). The driving readiness survey was 100% sensitive but 31.3% specific for passing BRT. Its positive predictive value was 80%, and its negative predictive value was 100%. Conclusion. BRT normalizes around 6 to 7 weeks after open right Achilles tendon repair. The ATRS and driver readiness questionnaire corresponded to achieving a passing BRT. Levels of Evidence: Prognostic Level II: Prospective Cohort Study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Reb
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (CWR).,Department of Orthopaedics, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (EM, RJS, BSW, DIP, SMR, JND)
| | - Elizabeth McDonald
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (CWR).,Department of Orthopaedics, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (EM, RJS, BSW, DIP, SMR, JND)
| | - Rachel J Shakked
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (CWR).,Department of Orthopaedics, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (EM, RJS, BSW, DIP, SMR, JND)
| | - Brian S Winters
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (CWR).,Department of Orthopaedics, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (EM, RJS, BSW, DIP, SMR, JND)
| | - David I Pedowitz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (CWR).,Department of Orthopaedics, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (EM, RJS, BSW, DIP, SMR, JND)
| | - Steven M Raikin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (CWR).,Department of Orthopaedics, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (EM, RJS, BSW, DIP, SMR, JND)
| | - Joseph N Daniel
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (CWR).,Department of Orthopaedics, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (EM, RJS, BSW, DIP, SMR, JND)
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14
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Dhar MK, Kour J, Kaul S. Origin, Behaviour, and Transmission of B Chromosome with Special Reference to Plantago lagopus. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E152. [PMID: 30781667 PMCID: PMC6410184 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
B chromosomes have been reported in many eukaryotic organisms. These chromosomes occur in addition to the standard complement of a species. Bs do not pair with any of the A chromosomes and they have generally been considered to be non-essential and genetically inert. However, due to tremendous advancements in the technologies, the molecular composition of B chromosomes has been determined. The sequencing data has revealed that B chromosomes have originated from A chromosomes and they are rich in repetitive elements. In our laboratory, a novel B chromosome was discovered in Plantago lagopus. Using molecular cytogenetic techniques, the B chromosome was found to be composed of ribosomal DNA sequences. However, further characterization of the chromosome using next generation sequencing (NGS) etc. revealed that the B chromosome is a mosaic of sequences derived from A chromosomes, 5S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), 45S rDNA, and various types of repetitive elements. The transmission of B chromosome through the female sex track did not follow the Mendelian principles. The chromosome was found to have drive due to which it was perpetuating in populations. The present paper attempts to summarize the information on nature, transmission, and origin of B chromosomes, particularly the current status of our knowledge in P. lagopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Dhar
- Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu-180006, India.
| | - Jasmeet Kour
- Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu-180006, India.
| | - Sanjana Kaul
- Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu-180006, India.
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15
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Abstract
B chromosomes (Bs) are enigmatic additional elements in the genomes of thousands of species of plants, animals, and fungi. How do these non-essential, harmful, and parasitic chromosomes maintain their presence in their hosts, making demands on all the essential functions of their host genomes? The answer seems to be that they have mechanisms of drive which enable them to enhance their transmission rates by various processes of non-mendelian inheritance. It is also becoming increasingly clear that the host genomes are developing their own mechanisms to resist the impact of the harmful effects of the Bs.
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16
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Lanzas P, Perfectti F, Garrido-Ramos MA, Ruíz-Rejón C, González-Sánchez M, Puertas M, Camacho JPM. Long-term monitoring of B-chromosome invasion and neutralization in a population of Prospero autumnale (Asparagaceae). Evolution 2018; 72:1216-1224. [PMID: 29741266 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
B chromosomes have been reported in about 15% of eukaryotes, but long-term dynamics of B chromosomes in a single natural population has rarely been analyzed. Prospero autumnale plants collected in 1981 and 1983 at Cuesta de La Palma population had shown the presence of B chromosomes. We analyze here seven additional samples collected between 1987 and 2015, and show that B frequency increased significantly during the 1980s and showed minor fluctuations between 2005 and 2015. A mother-offspring analysis of B chromosome transmission, at population level, showed significant drive on the male side (kB = 0.65) and significant drag on the female side (kB = 0.33), with average B transmission rate being very close to the Mendelian rate (0.5). No significant effects of B chromosomes were observed on a number of vigor and fertility-related traits. Within a parasite/host framework, these results suggest that B chromosomes' drive on the male side is the main pathway for B chromosome invasion, whereas B chromosome drag on the female side might be the main manifestation of host genome resistance in this species. Prospero autumnale thus illuminates a novel evolutionary pathway for B chromosome neutralization by means of a decrease in B transmission through the nondriving sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Lanzas
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Perfectti
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.,Unidad de Excelencia "Modeling Nature", Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Mónica González-Sánchez
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Puertas
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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17
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the study was to determine when patients can safely return to driving after first metatarsal osteotomy for hallux valgus correction. METHODS After institutional review board approval, 60 patients undergoing right first metatarsal osteotomy for hallux valgus correction surgery were recruited prospectively. Patients' brake reaction time (BRT) was tested at 6 weeks and repeated until patients achieved a passing BRT. A control group of twenty healthy patients was used to establish as passing BRT. Patients were given a novel driver readiness survey to complete. RESULTS At 6 weeks, 51 of the 60 patients (85%) had BRT less than 0.85 seconds and were considered safe to drive. At 6 weeks, the passing group average was 0.64 seconds. At the 8 weeks, 59 patients (100%) of those who completed the study achieved a passing BRT. Patients that failed at 6 weeks had statistically greater visual analog scale (VAS) pain score and diminished first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) range of motion (ROM). On the novel driver readiness survey, 8 of the 9 patients (89%) who did not pass disagreed or strongly disagreed with the statement, "Based on what I think my braking reaction time is, I think that I am ready to drive." CONCLUSION Most patients may be informed that they can safely return to driving 8 weeks after right metatarsal osteotomy for hallux valgus correction. Some patients may be eligible to return to driving sooner depending on their VAS, first MTP ROM, and driver readiness survey results. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II, comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth McDonald
- 1 Rothman Institute Department of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel Shakked
- 1 Rothman Institute Department of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Daniel
- 1 Rothman Institute Department of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David I Pedowitz
- 1 Rothman Institute Department of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian S Winters
- 1 Rothman Institute Department of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher Reb
- 1 Rothman Institute Department of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mary-Katherine Lynch
- 1 Rothman Institute Department of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven M Raikin
- 1 Rothman Institute Department of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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18
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Bazan A, Detandt S. The Grand Challenge for Psychoanalysis and Neuropsychoanalysis: A Science of the Subject. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1259. [PMID: 28790952 PMCID: PMC5524663 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Bazan
- Service de Psychologie Clinique et Différentielle, Faculté des Sciences Psychologiques et de l'Education, Centre de Recherche en Psychologie Clinique, Psychopathologie et Psychosomatique, Université Libre de BruxellesBruxelles, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Detandt
- Service de Psychologie Clinique et Différentielle, Faculté des Sciences Psychologiques et de l'Education, Centre de Recherche en Psychologie Clinique, Psychopathologie et Psychosomatique, Université Libre de BruxellesBruxelles, Belgium
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19
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Dhar MK, Kour G, Kaul S. B chromosome in Plantago lagopus Linnaeus, 1753 shows preferential transmission and accumulation through unusual processes. Comp Cytogenet 2017; 11:375-392. [PMID: 28919970 PMCID: PMC5596978 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.11i2.11779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plantago lagopus is a diploid (2n = 2x =12) weed belonging to family Plantaginaceae. We reported a novel B chromosome in this species composed of 5S and 45S ribosomal DNA and other repetitive elements. In the present work, presence of B chromosome(s) was confirmed through FISH on root tip and pollen mother cells. Several experiments were done to determine the transmission of B chromosome through male and female sex tracks. Progenies derived from the reciprocal crosses between plants with (1B) and without (0B) B chromosomes were studied. The frequency of B chromosome bearing plants was significantly higher than expected, in the progeny of 1B female × 0B male. Thus, the B chromosome seems to have preferential transmission through the female sex track, which may be due to meiotic drive. One of the most intriguing aspects of the present study was the recovery of plants having more chromosomes than the standard complement of 12 chromosomes. Such plants were isolated from the progenies of B chromosome carrying plants. The origin of these plants can be explained on the basis of a two step process; formation of unreduced gametes in 1B plants and fusion of unreduced gametes with the normal gametes or other unreduced gametes. Several molecular techniques were used which unequivocally confirmed similar genetic constitution of 1B (parent) and plants with higher number of chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K. Dhar
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu-180006, INDIA
| | - Gurmeet Kour
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu-180006, INDIA
| | - Sanjana Kaul
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu-180006, INDIA
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20
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Abstract
"The Use of an Object" (1969a) has been widely recognized as among Winnicott's great papers and has deservedly received a good deal of attention. Much of that attention has focused on the importance that the paper gives to the role of destruction in bringing about the experience of externality. Yet the nature of that destruction has too often been assumed based on Winnicott's earlier writings. In the view that follows from that, destruction is equated with the aggression that fails to destroy the object, and the experience of externality is regarded just as the result of that failure. In offering a rereading of "The Use of an Object," the author suggests that, while this aspect of aggression/destruction indeed plays an important role in the establishment of externality, it is only part of the story, and that the central contribution of "The Use of an Object" is Winnicott's attempt to offer a new theory of primitive destruction, one that provides an impulsive basis for separation/externality itself. This theory and Winnicott's ongoing attempts to develop it after "The Use of an Object" led him to rethink the very nature of the drives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Elkins
- Associate Professor at Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
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21
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Wei KH, Reddy HM, Rathnam C, Lee J, Lin D, Ji S, Mason JM, Clark AG, Barbash DA. A Pooled Sequencing Approach Identifies a Candidate Meiotic Driver in Drosophila. Genetics 2017; 206:451-65. [PMID: 28258181 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.197335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiotic drive occurs when a selfish element increases its transmission frequency above the Mendelian ratio by hijacking the asymmetric divisions of female meiosis. Meiotic drive causes genomic conflict and potentially has a major impact on genome evolution, but only a few drive loci of large effect have been described. New methods to reliably detect meiotic drive are therefore needed, particularly for discovering moderate-strength drivers that are likely to be more prevalent in natural populations than strong drivers. Here, we report an efficient method that uses sequencing of large pools of backcross (BC1) progeny to test for deviations from Mendelian segregation genome-wide with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that distinguish the parental strains. We show that meiotic drive can be detected by a characteristic pattern of decay in distortion of SNP frequencies, caused by recombination unlinking the driver from distal loci. We further show that control crosses allow allele-frequency distortion caused by meiotic drive to be distinguished from distortion resulting from developmental effects. We used this approach to test whether chromosomes with extreme telomere-length differences segregate at Mendelian ratios, as telomeric regions are a potential hotspot for meiotic drive due to their roles in meiotic segregation and multiple observations of high rates of telomere sequence evolution. Using four different pairings of long and short telomere strains, we find no evidence that extreme telomere-length variation causes meiotic drive in Drosophila However, we identify one candidate meiotic driver in a centromere-linked region that shows an ∼8% increase in transmission frequency, corresponding to a ∼54:46 segregation ratio. Our results show that candidate meiotic drivers of moderate strength can be readily detected and localized in pools of BC1 progeny.
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22
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Johnson B, Flores Mosri D. The Neuropsychoanalytic Approach: Using Neuroscience as the Basic Science of Psychoanalysis. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1459. [PMID: 27790160 PMCID: PMC5063004 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroscience was the basic science behind Freud's psychoanalytic theory and technique. He worked as a neurologist for 20 years before being aware that a new approach to understand complex diseases, namely the hysterias, was needed. Solms coined the term neuropsychoanalysis to affirm that neuroscience still belongs in psychoanalysis. The neuropsychoanalytic field has continued Freud's original ideas as stated in 1895. Developments in psychoanalysis that have been created or revised by the neuropsychoanalysis movement include pain/relatedness/opioids, drive, structural model, dreams, cathexis, and dynamic unconscious. Neuroscience has contributed to the development of new psychoanalytic theory, such as Bazan's (2011) description of anxiety driven by unconscious intentions or “phantoms.” Results of adopting the “dual aspect monism” approach of idiographic psychoanalytic clinical observation combined with nomothetic investigation of related human phenomena include clarification and revision of theory, restoration of the scientific base of psychoanalysis, and improvement of clinical treatments. By imbricating psychoanalytic thinking with neuroscience, psychoanalysts are also positioned to make contributions to neuroscience research. Freud's original Project for a Scientific Psychology/Psychology for Neurologists can be carried forward in a way that moves psychoanalysis into the twenty-first century as a core contemporary science (Kandel, 1999). Neuroscience as the basic science of psychoanalysis both improves the field, and enhances its scientific and cultural status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York Upstate Medical University Syracuse, NY, USA
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23
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Barnea-Ygael N, Gal R, Zangen A. Chronic cocaine administration induces long-term impairment in the drive to obtain natural reinforcers in high- but not low-demanding tasks. Addict Biol 2016; 21:294-303. [PMID: 25393705 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Repeated drug exposure induces short- and long-term neuroadaptations in brain reward circuitries that are normally involved in the regulation of motivation. Hence, repeated drug exposure has been suggested to also affect the drive to acquire natural reinforcers. Here, we tested how chronic exposure of rats to cocaine, as well as a subsequent withdrawal period, affects acquisition of natural reinforcers in high- and low-demanding tasks (HD and LD tasks, respectively). We chronically administered cocaine (i.p., 15 mg/kg once daily, or saline in control) for 30 days, followed by a 30-day withdrawal period. We tested the effect of this treatment on the acquisition of two natural appetitive reinforcers, namely self-administering a 10% sucrose solution and mounting a receptive female, under LD and HD conditions. During the cocaine exposure period, behavioral testing took place 18 hours after cocaine injection, namely after the acute pharmacologic effect of the drug dissipated. We show that chronic i.p. cocaine exposure decreased procurement of both reinforcers in HD but not in LD tasks. The effect was observed throughout the administration period with partial recovery after withdrawal. Taken together, we present empirical evidence that chronic exposure to a constant dose of cocaine is sufficient to reduce natural reinforcement, and that this decrease can outlast drug exposure. Importantly, such effects are observed only when high demands are opposing the consumption of the natural reinforcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Barnea-Ygael
- Department of Life Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Israel
| | - Ram Gal
- Department of Life Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Israel
| | - Abraham Zangen
- Department of Life Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Israel
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24
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Ringhof S, Hellmann D, Meier F, Etz E, Schindler HJ, Stein T. The effect of oral motor activity on the athletic performance of professional golfers. Front Psychol 2015; 6:750. [PMID: 26082747 PMCID: PMC4451241 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human motor control is based on complex sensorimotor processes. Recent research has shown that neuromuscular activity of the craniomandibular system (CMS) might affect human motor control. In particular, improvements in postural stability and muscle strength have been observed as a result of voluntary jaw clenching. Potential benefits of jaw aligning appliances on muscle strength and golf performance have also been described. These reports are highly contradictory, however, and the oral motor task performed is often unclear. The purpose of our study was, therefore, to investigate the effect of submaximum biting on golf performance via shot precision and shot length over three different distances. Participants were 14 male professional golfers - seven with sleep bruxism and seven without - randomly performing golf shots over 60m, 160m, or driving distance while either biting on an oral splint or biting on their teeth; habitual jaw position served as the control condition. Statistical analysis revealed that oral motor activity did not systematically affect golf performance in respect of shot precision or shot length for 60m, 160 m, or driving distance. These findings were reinforced by impact variables such as club head speed and ball speed, which were also not indicative of significant effects. The results thus showed that the strength improvements and stabilizing effects described previously are, apparently, not transferable to such coordination-demanding sports as golf. This could be due to the divergent motor demands associated with postural control and muscle strength on the one hand and the complex coordination of a golf swing on the other. Interestingly, subjects without sleep bruxism performed significantly better at the short distance (60 m) than those with bruxism. Because of the multifactorial etiology of parafunctional CMS activity, conclusions about the need for dental treatment to improve sports performance are, however, completely unwarranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Ringhof
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Daniel Hellmann
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Meier
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eike Etz
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans J Schindler
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany ; Research Group Biomechanics, Institute for Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stein
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
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25
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Abstract
Schizotypy, defined in terms of commonly occurring personality traits related to the schizophrenia spectrum, has been an important construct for understanding the neurodevelopment and stress-diathesis of schizophrenia. However, as schizotypy nears its sixth decade of application, it is important to acknowledge its impressively rich literature accumulating outside of schizophrenia research. In this article, we make the case that schizotypy has considerable potential as a conceptual framework for understanding individual differences in affective and social functions beyond those directly involved in schizophrenia spectrum pathology. This case is predicated on (a) a burgeoning literature noting anomalies in a wide range of social functioning, affiliative, positive and negative emotional, expressive, and social cognitive systems, (b) practical and methodological features associated with schizotypy research that help facilitate empirical investigation, and (c) close ties to theoretical constructs of central importance to affective and social science (eg, stress diathesis, neural compensation). We highlight recent schizotypy research, ie providing insight into the nature of affective and social systems more generally. This includes current efforts to clarify the neurodevelopmental, neurobiological, and psychological underpinnings of affiliative drives, hedonic capacity, social cognition, and stress responsivity systems. Additionally, we discuss neural compensatory and resilience factors that may mitigate the expression of stress-diathesis and functional outcome, and highlight schizotypy's potential role for understanding cultural determinants of social and affective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S. Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA;,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, 236 Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, US; tel: 225-578-7017, fax: 225-578-4125, e-mail:
| | - Christine Mohr
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Raymond C. K. Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sohee Park
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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26
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Bonilla-Escobar FJ, Herrera-López ML, Ortega-Lenis D, Medina-Murillo JJ, Fandiño-Losada A, Jaramillo-Molina C, Naranjo-Lujan S, Izquierdo EP, Vanlaar W, Gutiérrez-Martínez MI. Driving under the influence of alcohol in Cali, Colombia: prevalence and consumption patterns, 2013. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2015; 23:179-88. [PMID: 25563805 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2014.966120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study's goal was to establish the prevalence of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) and alcohol consumption patterns among drivers in Cali, Colombia, in 2013. A cross-sectional study based on a roadside survey using a stratified and multi-stage sampling design was developed. Thirty-two sites were chosen randomly for the selection of drivers who were then tested for blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and asked to participate in the survey. The prevalence of DUI was 0.88% (95% confidence intervals [95% CI] 0.26%-1.49%) with a lower prevalence when BAC was increasing. In addition, a higher prevalence was found during non-typical checkpoint hours (1.28, 95% CI -0.001%-0.03%). The overall prevalence is considered high, given the low alcohol consumption and vehicles per capita. Prevention measures are needed to reduce DUI during non-typical checkpoints and ongoing studies are required to monitor the trends and enable the assessment of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Delia Ortega-Lenis
- a Instituto Cisalva , Universidad del Valle - San Fernando , Cali , Colombia
| | | | | | - Ciro Jaramillo-Molina
- b Grupo de Investigación en Tránsito , Transporte y Vías (GITTV), Universidad del Valle - Melendez , Cali , Colombia
| | - Salome Naranjo-Lujan
- c Corporación Civil para la Administración del Fondo de Prevención Vial , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Edda P Izquierdo
- c Corporación Civil para la Administración del Fondo de Prevención Vial , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Ward Vanlaar
- d Traffic Injury Research Foundation , Ottawa , Canada
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27
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Jaiswal P, Singhal AK, Gadpayle AK, Sachdeva S, Padaria R. Level of motivation amongst health personnel working in a tertiary care government hospital of new delhi, India. Indian J Community Med 2014; 39:235-40. [PMID: 25364148 PMCID: PMC4215505 DOI: 10.4103/0970-0218.143027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: To assess the level and factors of motivation amongst permanent government employees working in a tertiary health care institution. Material and Methods: A sample of 200 health personnel (50 in each category) i.e. doctors, nurses, technician, and support staff were contacted through face to face interview. Motivation was measured as the degree to which an individual possessed various identified motivation domains like Drive, Control, Challenge, Relationship and Rewards. Each domain was represented by 4 dimensions- accordingly a closed-ended statement represented each of these dimensions and responses were assessed on a Likert based scale. Data management was done using SPSS, ver. 19. Results: The average age for different health personnel were: Doctors 48.68 (±8.53), nurses 40.72 (±7.76), technician 38.4 (±10.65) and support staff 43.24 (±9.52) years. The average year of work experience was: Doctor 19.09 (±9.77), nurses 17.2 (±8.420), technician 14.84 (±10.45), support staff 18.24 (±10.28). A comparison of overall motivation index (mean score) revealed that nurse had highest level (3.47), followed by support staff (3.46), doctor (3.45) and technician (3.43). Based on their individual mean scores, the healthcare providers were categorised into three different levels of motivation and it was found that majority of the health personnel i.e.70% of support staff, 62% nurse, 56% doctor and technician, had high to very high level of motivation index. The mean scores for all the five factors as well as their respective ranks were also found out and it was deduced that “relationship” assumed first rank for doctors (mean score: 3.71) and technician (mean score: 3.75), whereas “control” assumed greatest significance for nurses (mean score, 3.62) and support staff (mean scores, 3.61). Based upon the mean scores, “reward” assumed third rank among all the four categories. Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to test if the different categories of health personnel varied with respect to five factors of motivation and it was found that their orientation towards the various motivational components differed significantly only with respect to Drive (P < 0.01). Conclusion: There is scope for enhancing staff motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Jaiswal
- Department of Hospital Administration, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok K Singhal
- Department of Hospital Administration, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Adesh K Gadpayle
- Department of Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Sachdeva
- Department of Community Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
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28
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Abstract
A clinical vignette is used as the starting point for an exploration of Bion's notion of a contact-barrier, which "separates mental phenomena into two groups one of which performs the functions of consciousness and the other the functions of unconsciousness" (Bion, 1962a, p. 22), and its relation to Freud's drive theory. Bion's concept is compared to Freud's (1950[1895]) description of the 'contact-barrier' in the Project for a scientific psychology. Through this comparison, light is shed on various aspects of Bion's metapsychology, especially on the notion of 'beta-elements', described by Bion in quantitative/energetic terms as 'accretions of stimuli'. The processing of beta-elements through the function of the contact-barrier is understood as an elaboration of Freud's notion of the 'binding' of the drives, with the difference that beta-elements encompass 'unprocessed' external stimuli as well as impulses arising from within. The 'beta-element' and the 'drives' are both understood as concepts that delimit what is knowable in the psyche. Further clinical material is presented to illustrate the author's argument that Bion's contact-barrier and related concepts (alpha function, containment) should be understood with reference to the economic/energetic aspect of Freud's metapsychology.
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Abstract
A hypothesis about the neurobiological bases of drive, drive reduction and will in addictive illness is presented. Drive reduction seems to require both SEEKING and gratification. Will is the everyday term for our experience of drives functioning within us. Addictive drugs take over the will by altering neurotransmission in the SEEKING system. As a result of this biological change, psychological defenses are arrayed that allow partial gratification and reduce anxiety about the consequences of drug use. Repeated partial gratification of the addictive drive creates a cathexis to the drug and the drug seller. It also keeps the addicted person in a permanent state of SEEKING. The cathexis to the drug and drug seller creates a difficult situation for psychoanalytic therapists. The actively addicted patient will have one set of feelings for the analyst, and a split off set of feelings for the drug dealer. Addictive neuroses, which feature a split transference, are contrasted with Freud’s concept of transference and narcissistic neuroses. For treatment of an actively addicted patient, the treater must negotiate the split transference. By analyzing the denial system the relationship with the drug dealer ends and the hostility involved in addictive behavior enters the transference where it can be interpreted. Selling drugs that take over the will is a lucrative enterprise. The addictive drug industry, about the size of the oil and gas industry worldwide, produces many patients in need of treatment. The marketers of addictive drugs understand the psychology of inducing initial ingestion of the drugs, and of managing their addicted populations. The neuropsychoanalytic understanding of addiction might be used to create more effective public health interventions to combat this morbid and mortal illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York Upstate Medical University Syracuse, NY, USA
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30
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Abstract
Among many of Jack Michael's contributions to the field of behavior analysis is his behavioral account of motivation. This paper focuses on the concept of motivating operation (MO) by outlining its development from Skinner's (1938) notion of drive. Conceptually, Michael's term helped us change our focus on how to study motivation by shifting its origins from the organism to the environment. Michael's account also served to stimulate applied research and to better understand behavioral function in clinical practice.
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31
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Abstract
Skinner discussed the topic of motivation in every chapter of the book Verbal Behavior (1957), usually with his preferred terminology of "deprivation, satiation, and aversive stimulation." In the current paper, direct quotations are used to systematically take the reader through 30 separate points made by Skinner in Verbal Behavior that collectively provide a comprehensive analysis of his position regarding the role of motivation in behavior analysis. In addition, various refinements and extensions of Skinner's analysis by Jack Michael and colleagues (Laraway, Snycerski, Michael, & Poling, 2003; Michael, 1982, 1988, 1993, 2000, 2004, 2007) are incorporated, along with suggestions for research and applications for several of the points.
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