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Ali NH, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Alnaaim SA, Hetta HF, Saad HM, Batiha GES. A Mutual Nexus Between Epilepsy and α-Synuclein: A Puzzle Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04204-6. [PMID: 38703341 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is a specific neuronal protein that regulates neurotransmitter release and trafficking of synaptic vesicles. Exosome-associated α-Syn which is specific to the central nervous system (CNS) is involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Therefore, this review aimed to elucidate the possible link between α-Syn and epilepsy, and how it affects the pathophysiology of epilepsy. A neurodegenerative protein such as α-Syn is implicated in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies revealed that upregulation of α-Syn induces progressive neuronal dysfunctions through induction of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and inhibition of autophagy in a vicious cycle with subsequent development of severe epilepsy. In addition, accumulation of α-Syn in epilepsy could be secondary to the different cellular alterations including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, reduction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and progranulin (PGN), and failure of the autophagy pathway. However, the mechanism of α-Syn-induced-epileptogenesis is not well elucidated. Therefore, α-Syn could be a secondary consequence of epilepsy. Preclinical and clinical studies are warranted to confirm this causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif H Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, M.B.Ch.B, FRCP, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Jabir Ibn Hayyan Medical University, Al-Ameer Qu, P.O. Box 13, Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Saud A Alnaaim
- Clinical Neurosciences Department, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, 51744, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt.
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2
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AlRuwaili R, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Ali NH, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Saad HM, Batiha GES. The Possible Role of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor in Epilepsy. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:533-547. [PMID: 38006577 PMCID: PMC10884085 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disease characterized by repeated seizures. Despite of that the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is implicated in the pathogenesis of epileptogenesis and epilepsy, BDNF may have a neuroprotective effect against epilepsy. Thus, the goal of the present review was to highlight the protective and detrimental roles of BDNF in epilepsy. In this review, we also try to find the relation of BDNF with other signaling pathways and cellular processes including autophagy, mTOR pathway, progranulin (PGN), and α-Synuclein (α-Syn) which negatively and positively regulate BDNF/tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) signaling pathway. Therefore, the assessment of BDNF levels in epilepsy should be related to other neuronal signaling pathways and types of epilepsy in both preclinical and clinical studies. In conclusion, there is a strong controversy concerning the potential role of BDNF in epilepsy. Therefore, preclinical, molecular, and clinical studies are warranted in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed AlRuwaili
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Naif H Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, Punjab, India
- Department of Research & Development, Funogen, Athens, Greece
- Department of Research & Development, AFNP Med, Wien, 1030, Austria
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, University of Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, 51744, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, AlBeheira, 22511, Egypt.
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3
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Alnaaim SA, Al‐kuraishy HM, Al‐Gareeb AI, Ali NH, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Saad HM, Batiha GE. New insights on the potential anti-epileptic effect of metformin: Mechanistic pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:3953-3965. [PMID: 37737447 PMCID: PMC10747420 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures. Epilepsy is observed as a well-controlled disease by anti-epileptic agents (AEAs) in about 69%. However, 30%-40% of epileptic patients fail to respond to conventional AEAs leading to an increase in the risk of brain structural injury and mortality. Therefore, adding some FDA-approved drugs that have an anti-seizure activity to the anti-epileptic regimen is logical. The anti-diabetic agent metformin has anti-seizure activity. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the anti-seizure activity of metformin was not entirely clarified. Henceforward, the objective of this review was to exemplify the mechanistic role of metformin in epilepsy. Metformin has anti-seizure activity by triggering adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling and inhibiting the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways which are dysregulated in epilepsy. In addition, metformin improves the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) which has a neuroprotective effect. Hence, metformin via induction of BDNF can reduce seizure progression and severity. Consequently, increasing neuronal progranulin by metformin may explain the anti-seizure mechanism of metformin. Also, metformin reduces α-synuclein and increases protein phosphatase 2A (PPA2) with modulation of neuroinflammation. In conclusion, metformin might be an adjuvant with AEAs in the management of refractory epilepsy. Preclinical and clinical studies are warranted in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saud A. Alnaaim
- Clinical Neurosciences Department, College of MedicineKing Faisal UniversityHofufSaudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M. Al‐kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineALmustansiriyia UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Ali I. Al‐Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineALmustansiriyia UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Naif H. Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical CollegeNajran UniversityNajranSaudi Arabia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and EngineeringNovel Global Community Educational FoundationHebershamNew South WalesAustralia
- AFNP MedWienAustria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery IIUniversity Hospital Witten‐Herdecke, University of Witten‐HerdeckeWuppertalGermany
| | - Hebatallah M. Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineMatrouh UniversityMatrouhEgypt
| | - Gaber El‐Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDamanhour UniversityDamanhourEgypt
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4
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Fan J, Dong X, Tang Y, Wang X, Lin D, Gong L, Chen C, Jiang J, Shen W, Xu A, Zhang X, Xie Y, Huang X, Zeng L. Preferential pruning of inhibitory synapses by microglia contributes to alteration of the balance between excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:2884-2900. [PMID: 37072932 PMCID: PMC10493672 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A consensus has formed that neural circuits in the brain underlie the pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). In particular, the synaptic excitation/inhibition balance (E/I balance) has been implicated in shifting towards elevated excitation during the development of TLE. METHODS Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were intraperitoneally subjected to kainic acid (KA) to generate a model of TLE. Next, electroencephalography (EEG) recording was applied to verify the stability and detectability of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) in rats. Moreover, hippocampal slices from rats and patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) were assessed using immunofluorescence to determine the alterations of excitatory and inhibitory synapses and microglial phagocytosis. RESULTS We found that KA induced stable SRSs 14 days after status epilepticus (SE) onset. Furthermore, we discovered a continuous increase in excitatory synapses during epileptogenesis, where the total area of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGluT1) rose considerably in the stratum radiatum (SR) of cornu ammonis 1 (CA1), the stratum lucidum (SL) of CA3, and the polymorphic layer (PML) of the dentate gyrus (DG). In contrast, inhibitory synapses decreased significantly, with the total area of glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) in the SL and PML diminishing enormously. Moreover, microglia conducted active synaptic phagocytosis after the formation of SRSs, especially in the SL and PML. Finally, microglia preferentially pruned inhibitory synapses during recurrent seizures in both rat and human hippocampal slices, which contributed to the synaptic alteration in hippocampal subregions. CONCLUSIONS Our findings elaborately characterize the alteration of neural circuits and demonstrate the selectivity of synaptic phagocytosis mediated by microglia in TLE, which could strengthen the comprehension of the pathogenesis of TLE and inspire potential therapeutic targets for epilepsy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchen Fan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of ChinaZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of MedicineHangzhou City UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xinyan Dong
- Department of NeurologyThe Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child HealthHangzhouChina
| | - Yejiao Tang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of ChinaZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of MedicineHangzhou City UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xuehui Wang
- Department of NeurologyThe Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child HealthHangzhouChina
| | - Donghui Lin
- Department of NeurologyThe Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child HealthHangzhouChina
| | - Lifen Gong
- Department of NeurologyThe Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child HealthHangzhouChina
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of NeurologyThe Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child HealthHangzhouChina
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of NeurologyThe Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child HealthHangzhouChina
| | - Weida Shen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of MedicineHangzhou City UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Anyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of MedicineHangzhou City UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xiangnan Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of ChinaZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yicheng Xie
- Department of NeurologyThe Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child HealthHangzhouChina
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Linghui Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of ChinaZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of MedicineHangzhou City UniversityHangzhouChina
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Clinico-biological markers for the prognosis of status epilepticus in adults. J Neurol 2022; 269:5868-5882. [PMID: 35768546 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Prediction of mortality, functional outcome and recovery after status epilepticus (SE) is a challenge. Biological and clinical markers have been proposed to reflect the brain injury or to monitor critical ill patients' severity. The aim of this study was to characterize short-term and long-term prognostic factors for SE patients hospitalized in intensive care unit. Patient's outcome was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale at discharge and after 6-12 months. We first assessed the univariate prognosis significance of 51 clinical, demographic or biochemical markers. Next, we built multivariate clinico-biological models by combining most important factors. Statistical models' performances were compared to those of two previous published scales STESS and mSTESS. Eighty-one patients were enrolled. Thirty-five patients showed a steady state while 46 patients clinically worsened at discharge: 14 died, 14 had persistent disability at 6-12 months and 18 recovered. Logistic regression analysis revealed that clinical markers (SE refractoriness, SE duration, de novo SE) were significant independent predictors of worsening while lipids markers and progranulin better predicted mortality. The association of clinico-biological variables allowed to accurately predict worsening at discharge (AUC > 0.72), mortality at discharge (AUC 0.83) and recovery at long-term (AUC 0.89). Previous scales provided lower prediction for worsening (AUC 0.63, STESS; 0.53, mSTESS) and mortality (AUC 0.56, STESS; 0.62, mSTESS) (p < 0.001). We proposed new clinico-biological models with a strong discrimination power for prediction of short- and long-term outcome of hospitalized status epilepticus patients. Their implementation in electronic devices may enhance their clinical liability.
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6
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Hanin A, Denis JA, Frazzini V, Cousyn L, Imbert-Bismut F, Rucheton B, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Marois C, Lambrecq V, Demeret S, Navarro V. Neuron Specific Enolase, S100-beta protein and progranulin as diagnostic biomarkers of status epilepticus. J Neurol 2022; 269:3752-3760. [PMID: 35190890 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening prolonged epileptic seizure. A rapid diagnosis is fundamental to initiate antiepileptic treatment and to prevent the development of neurological sequels. Several serum and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers have been proposed to help in the diagnosis of SE. Nevertheless, previous studies were conducted on too small patient cohorts, precluding the utilization of interesting biomarkers for the SE diagnosis. Here, we aimed to assess the ability of Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE), S100-beta protein (S100B) and progranulin to help in the diagnosis of SE in a large cohort of patients (36 control patients, 56 patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy and 82 SE patients). Blood NSE, S100B and progranulin levels were higher in SE patients when compared with control patients or patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Both NSE and progranulin levels were higher in cerebrospinal fluid from SE patients when compared with control patients. The receiver-operating characteristics curves revealed good accuracy at detecting SE for serum S100B (AUC 0.748) and plasma progranulin (AUC 0.756). The performances were lower for serum NSE (AUC 0.624). Eighty-four percent of patients with serum S100B levels above 0.09 ng/mL presented with a SE, whereas 90% of patients without SE had serum S100B levels lower than 0.09 ng/mL. Serum S100B levels were not significantly different according to SE etiology, SE semiology or SE refractoriness. Our results confirm that NSE, S100B and progranulin levels are increased after SE. We suggest that serum S100B levels might be added to clinical evaluation and electroencephalogram to identify difficult-to-diagnose form of SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Hanin
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Epilepsy Unit and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, DMU Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Alexandre Denis
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Endocrine and Oncological Biochemistry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Valerio Frazzini
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Epilepsy Unit and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, DMU Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Louis Cousyn
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Epilepsy Unit and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, DMU Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Benoit Rucheton
- AP-HP, Metabolic Biochemistry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bonnefont-Rousselot
- AP-HP, Metabolic Biochemistry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,UTCBS, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Clémence Marois
- AP-HP, Neuro-Intensive Care Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Lambrecq
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Epilepsy Unit and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, DMU Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Demeret
- AP-HP, Neuro-Intensive Care Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Navarro
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France. .,AP-HP, Epilepsy Unit and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, DMU Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France. .,AP-HP, Center of Reference for Rare Epilepsies, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.
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7
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Human progranulin-expressing mice as a novel tool for the development of progranulin-modulating therapeutics. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 153:105314. [PMID: 33636385 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The granulin protein (also known as, and hereafter referred to as, progranulin) is a secreted glycoprotein that contributes to overall brain health. Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the progranulin protein (Granulin Precursor, GRN) are a common cause of familial frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Gene therapy approaches that aim to increase progranulin expression from a single wild-type allele, an area of active investigation for the potential treatment of GRN-dependent FTD, will benefit from the availability of a mouse model that expresses a genomic copy of the human GRN gene. Here we report the development and characterization of a novel mouse model that expresses the entire human GRN gene in its native genomic context as a single copy inserted into a defined locus (Hprt) in the mouse genome. We show that human and mouse progranulin are expressed in a similar tissue-specific pattern, suggesting that the two genes are regulated by similar mechanisms. Human progranulin rescues a phenotype characteristic of progranulin-null mice, the exaggerated and early deposition of the aging pigment lipofuscin in the brain, indicating that the two proteins are functionally similar. Longitudinal behavioural and neuropathological analyses revealed no significant differences between wild-type and human progranulin-overexpressing mice up to 18 months of age, providing evidence that long-term increase of progranulin levels is well tolerated in mice. Finally, we demonstrate that human progranulin expression can be increased in the brain using an antisense oligonucleotide that inhibits a known GRN-regulating micro-RNA, demonstrating that the transgene is responsive to potential gene therapy drugs. Human progranulin-expressing mice represent a novel and valuable tool to expedite the development of progranulin-modulating therapeutics.
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8
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Fatoba O, Itokazu T, Yamashita T. Microglia as therapeutic target in central nervous system disorders. J Pharmacol Sci 2020; 144:102-118. [PMID: 32921391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic microglial activation is associated with the pathogenesis of several CNS disorders. Microglia show phenotypic diversity and functional complexity in diseased CNS. Thus, understanding the pathology-specific heterogeneity of microglial behavior is crucial for the future development of microglia-modulating therapy for variety of CNS disorders. This review summarizes up-to-date knowledge on how microglia contribute to CNS homeostasis during development and throughout adulthood. We discuss the heterogeneity of microglial phenotypes in the context of CNS disorders with an emphasis on neurodegenerative diseases, demyelinating diseases, CNS trauma, and epilepsy. We conclude this review with a discussion about the disease-specific heterogeneity of microglial function and how it could be exploited for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Fatoba
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Takahide Itokazu
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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9
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Bai D, Ma Y, Lv L, Wang Y, Yang W, Ma Y. Progranulin suppresses the age-dependent enhancement of neuronal activity in the hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett 2020; 720:134755. [PMID: 31945450 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our previous investigations revealed that progranulin (PGRN) is a lysosomal protein involved in hippocampal neurogenesis and neuroinflammation. However, the possible involvement of PGRN in regulating inflammatory response and mediating neuronal activity is still not well-defined. Here, we demonstrate that PGRN deficiency enhances the age-dependent increase of neuronal activity in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Aging increased neuronal activity in the PVN of the hypothalamus, and PGRN deficiency enhanced the effects of age on hypothalamic neuronal activity. Aging increased the lysosomal biogenesis and inflammatory response in microglia, which was also aggravated in PGRN-knockout mice. Moreover, PGRN deficiency enhanced interleukin-1 beta and lysosomal genes levels. These results suggest that PGRN deficiency may enhance the age-dependent increase of neuronal activity possibly because PGRN facilitates immunological responses through regulating lysosomal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Bai
- Department of Animal Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, PR China
| | - Yihong Ma
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Leyuan Lv
- Department of Animal Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, PR China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Wanqing Yang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yanbo Ma
- Department of Animal Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, PR China.
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10
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Hanin A, Lambrecq V, Denis JA, Imbert-Bismut F, Rucheton B, Lamari F, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Demeret S, Navarro V. Cerebrospinal fluid and blood biomarkers of status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2019; 61:6-18. [PMID: 31828792 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus is a condition resulting either from the failure of the mechanisms responsible for seizure termination or from the initiation of mechanisms that lead to abnormally prolonged seizures and require urgent administration of antiepileptic drugs. Refractory status epilepticus requires anesthetics drugs and may lead to brain injury with molecular and cellular alterations (eg, inflammation, and neuronal and astroglial injury) that could induce neurologic sequels and further development of epilepsy. Outcome scores based on demographic, clinical, and electroencephalography (EEG) condition are available, allowing prediction of the risk of mortality, but the severity of brain injury in survivors is poorly evaluated. New biomarkers are needed to predict with higher accuracy the outcome of patients admitted with status in an intensive care unit. Here, we summarize the findings of studies from patients and animal models of status epilepticus. Specific protein markers can be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid and the blood. One of the first described markers of neuronal death is the neuron-specific enolase. Gliosis resulting from inflammatory responses after status can be detected through the increase of S100-beta, or some cytokines, like the High Mobility Group Box 1. Other proteins, like progranulin may reflect the neuroprotective mechanisms resulting from the brain adaptation to excitotoxicity. These new biomarkers aim to prospectively identify the severity and development of disability, and subsequent epilepsy of patients with status. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each biomarker, by evaluating their brain specificity, stability in the fluids, and sensitivity to external interferences, such as hemolysis. Finally, we emphasize the need for further development and validation of such biomarkers in order to better assess patients with severe status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Hanin
- Brain and Spine Institute, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Lambrecq
- Brain and Spine Institute, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Epilepsy Unit (VL, VN) and Neuro-Intensive care Unit (SD), Neurology Department, AP-HP, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Alexandre Denis
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Department of Endocrine and Oncological Biochemistry (J.AD), Metabolic Biochemistry (BR, DBR, FI, FL), AP-HP, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Imbert-Bismut
- Department of Endocrine and Oncological Biochemistry (J.AD), Metabolic Biochemistry (BR, DBR, FI, FL), AP-HP, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Benoît Rucheton
- Department of Endocrine and Oncological Biochemistry (J.AD), Metabolic Biochemistry (BR, DBR, FI, FL), AP-HP, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Foudil Lamari
- Department of Endocrine and Oncological Biochemistry (J.AD), Metabolic Biochemistry (BR, DBR, FI, FL), AP-HP, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bonnefont-Rousselot
- Department of Endocrine and Oncological Biochemistry (J.AD), Metabolic Biochemistry (BR, DBR, FI, FL), AP-HP, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France.,UTCBS, U 1022 Inserm, UMR 8258 CNRS, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Demeret
- Epilepsy Unit (VL, VN) and Neuro-Intensive care Unit (SD), Neurology Department, AP-HP, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Navarro
- Brain and Spine Institute, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Epilepsy Unit (VL, VN) and Neuro-Intensive care Unit (SD), Neurology Department, AP-HP, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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11
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Synaptic Pruning by Microglia in Epilepsy. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8122170. [PMID: 31818018 PMCID: PMC6947403 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional collapse of the balance between excitatory (E) and inhibitory (I) synapses, i.e., synaptic E/I balance, underlies the pathogeneses of various central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In epilepsy, the synaptic E/I balance tips toward excitation; thus, most of the existing epileptic remedies have focused on how to directly suppress the activity of neurons. However, because as many as 30% of patients with epilepsy are drug resistant, the discovery of new therapeutic targets is strongly desired. Recently, the roles of glial cells in epilepsy have gained attention because glial cells manipulate synaptic structures and functions in addition to supporting neuronal survival and growth. Among glial cells, microglia, which are brain-resident immune cells, have been shown to mediate inflammation, neuronal death and aberrant neurogenesis after epileptic seizures. However, few studies have investigated the involvement of synaptic pruning—one of the most important roles of microglia—in the epileptic brain. In this review, we propose and discuss the hypothesis that synaptic pruning by microglia is enhanced in the epileptic brain, drawing upon the findings of previous studies. We further discuss the possibility that aberrant synaptic pruning by microglia induces synaptic E/I imbalance, promoting the development and aggravation of epilepsy.
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12
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Nikbakht F, Belali R, Rasoolijazi H, Mohammad Khanizadeh A. 2-Deoxyglucose protects hippocampal neurons against kainate-induced temporal lobe epilepsy by modulating monocyte-derived macrophages (mo-MΦ) and progranulin production in the hippocampus. Neuropeptides 2019; 76:101932. [PMID: 31227312 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is an important factor in the pathology of epilepsy with the hallmarks of resident microglia activation and infiltration of circulating monocytes in the damaged area. In the case of recovery and tissue repair, some monocytes change to macrophages (mo-MΦ) to enhance tissue repair. 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) is an analog of glucose capable of protecting the brain, and progranulin is a neurotrophic factor produced mainly by microglia and has an inflammation modulator effect. This study attempted to evaluate if one of the neuroprotective mechanisms of 2-DG is comprised of increasing monocyte-derived macrophages (mo-MΦ) and progranulin production. Status epilepticus (SE) was induced by i.c.v. injection of kainic acid (KA).2DG (125/mg/kg/day) was administered intraperitoneally. Four days later, animals were sacrificed. Their brain sections were then stained with Cresyl violet and Fluoro-Jade B to count the number of necrotic and degenerating neurons in CA3 and Hilus of dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Lastly, immunohistochemistry was used to detect CD11b + monocyte, macrophage cells, and Progranulin level was evaluated by Western blotting. The histological analysis showed that 2DG can reduce the number of necrotic and degenerating neurons in CA3 and Hilar areas. Following KA administration, a great number of cD11b+ cells with monocyte morphology were observed in the hippocampus. 2DG not only reduced cD11b+ monocyte cells but was able to convert them to cells with the morphology of macrophages (mo-MΦ). 2DG also caused a significant increase in progranulin level in the hippocampus. Because macrophages and microglia are the most important sources of progranulin, it appears that 2DG caused the derivation of monocytes to macrophages and these cells produced progranulin with a subsequent anti-inflammation effect. In summary, it was concluded that 2DG is neuroprotective and probably one of its neuroprotective mechanisms is by modulating monocyte-derived macrophages by progranulin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Nikbakht
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rafie Belali
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Rasoolijazi
- Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Microglial Progranulin: Involvement in Alzheimer's Disease and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030230. [PMID: 30862089 PMCID: PMC6468562 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease have proven resistant to new treatments. The complexity of neurodegenerative disease mechanisms can be highlighted by accumulating evidence for a role for a growth factor, progranulin (PGRN). PGRN is a glycoprotein encoded by the GRN/Grn gene with multiple cellular functions, including neurotrophic, anti-inflammatory and lysosome regulatory properties. Mutations in the GRN gene can lead to frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), a cause of dementia, and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a lysosomal storage disease. Both diseases are associated with loss of PGRN function resulting, amongst other features, in enhanced microglial neuroinflammation and lysosomal dysfunction. PGRN has also been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Unlike FTLD, increased expression of PGRN occurs in brains of human AD cases and AD model mice, particularly in activated microglia. How microglial PGRN might be involved in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed. A unifying feature of PGRN in diseases might be its modulation of lysosomal function in neurons and microglia. Many experimental models have focused on consequences of PGRN gene deletion: however, possible outcomes of increasing PGRN on microglial inflammation and neurodegeneration will be discussed. We will also suggest directions for future studies on PGRN and microglia in relation to neurodegenerative diseases.
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14
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Cui Y, Hettinghouse A, Liu CJ. Progranulin: A conductor of receptors orchestra, a chaperone of lysosomal enzymes and a therapeutic target for multiple diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 45:53-64. [PMID: 30733059 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), a widely expressed glycoprotein with pleiotropic function, has been linked to a host of physiological processes and diverse pathological states. A series of contemporary preclinical disease models and clinical trials have evaluated various therapeutic strategies targeting PGRN, highlighting PGRN as a promising therapeutic target. Herein we summarize available knowledge of PGRN targeting in various kinds of diseases, including common neurological diseases, inflammatory autoimmune diseases, cancer, tissue repair, and rare lysosomal storage diseases, with a focus on the functional domain-oriented drug development strategies. In particular, we emphasize the role of extracellular PGRN as a non-conventional, extracellular matrix bound, growth factor-like conductor orchestrating multiple membrane receptors and intracellular PGRN as a chaperone/co-chaperone that mediates the folding and traffic of its various binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA; Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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15
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Holley AJ, Hodges SL, Nolan SO, Binder M, Okoh JT, Ackerman K, Tomac LA, Lugo JN. A single seizure selectively impairs hippocampal-dependent memory and is associated with alterations in PI3K/Akt/mTOR and FMRP signaling. Epilepsia Open 2018; 3:511-523. [PMID: 30525120 PMCID: PMC6276778 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective A single brief seizure before learning leads to spatial and contextual memory impairment in rodents without chronic epilepsy. These results suggest that memory can be impacted by seizure activity in the absence of epilepsy pathology. In this study, we investigated the types of memory affected by a seizure and the time course of impairment. We also examined alterations to mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) signaling, which modulate elements of the synapse and may underlie impairment. Methods We induced a single seizure and investigated hippocampal and nonhippocampal memory using trace fear conditioning, novel object recognition (NOR), and accelerating rotarod to determine the specificity of impairment in mice. We used western blot analysis to examine for changes to cellular signaling and synaptic proteins 1 h, 24 h, and 1 week after a seizure. We also included a histologic examination to determine if cell loss or gross lesions might alternatively explain memory deficits. Results Behavioral results indicated that a seizure before learning leads to impairment of trace fear memory that worsens over time. In contrast, nonhippocampal memory was unaffected by a seizure in the NOR and rotarod tasks. Western analysis indicated increased hippocampal phospho‐S6 and total FMRP 1 h following a seizure. Tissue taken 24 h after a seizure indicated increased hippocampal GluA1, suggesting increased α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor expression. Histologic analysis indicated that neither cell loss nor lesions are present after a single seizure. Significance The presence of memory impairment in the absence of damage suggests that memory impairment caused by seizure activity differs from general memory impairment in epilepsy. Instead, memory impairment after a single seizure is associated with alterations to mTOR and FMRP signaling, which leads to a disruption of synaptic proteins involved in consolidation of long‐term memory. These results have implications for understanding memory impairment in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Holley
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Baylor University Waco Texas U.S.A
| | | | - Suzanne O Nolan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Baylor University Waco Texas U.S.A
| | - Matthew Binder
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Baylor University Waco Texas U.S.A
| | - James T Okoh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Baylor University Waco Texas U.S.A
| | - Kaylin Ackerman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Baylor University Waco Texas U.S.A
| | - Lindsey A Tomac
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Baylor University Waco Texas U.S.A
| | - Joaquin N Lugo
- Institute of Biomedical Studies Baylor University Waco Texas U.S.A.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Baylor University Waco Texas U.S.A
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16
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Gaowa S, Bao N, Da M, Qiburi Q, Ganbold T, Chen L, Altangerel A, Temuqile T, Baigude H. Traditional Mongolian medicine Eerdun Wurile improves stroke recovery through regulation of gene expression in rat brain. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 222:249-260. [PMID: 29758340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Eerdun Wurile (EW) is one of the key Mongolian medicines for treatment of neurological and cardiological disorders. EW is ranked most regularly used Mongolian medicine in clinic. Components of EW which mainly originate from natural products are well defined and are unique to Mongolian medicine. AIM OF THE STUDY Although the recipe of EW contains known neuroactive chemicals originated from plants, its mechanism of action has never been elucidated at molecular level. The objective of the present study is to explore the mechanism of neuroregenerative activity of EW by focusing on the regulation of gene expression in the brain of rat model of stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) models were treated with EW for 15 days. Then, total RNAs from the cerebral cortex of rat MCAO models treated with either EW or control (saline) were extracted and analyzed by transcriptome sequencing. Differentially expressed genes were analyzed for their functions during the recovery of ischemic stroke. The expression level of significantly differentially expressed genes such as growth factors, microglia markers and secretive enzymes in the lesion was further validated by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Previously identified neuroactive compounds, such as geniposide (Yu et al., 2009), myristicin (Shin et al., 1988), costunolide (Okugawa et al., 1996), toosendanin (Shi and Chen, 1999) were detected in EW formulation. Bederson scale indicated that the treatment of rat MCAO models with EW showed significantly lowered neurological deficits (p < 0.01). The regional cerebral blood circulation was also remarkably higher in rat MCAO models treated with EW compared to the control group. A total of 186 genes were upregulated in the lesion of rat MCAO models treated with EW compared to control group. Among them, growth factors such as Igf1 (p < 0.05), Igf2 (p < 0.01), Grn (p < 0.01) were significantly upregulated in brain after treatment of rat MCAO models with EW. Meanwhile, greatly enhanced expression of microglia markers, as well as complementary components and secretive proteases were also detected. CONCLUSION Our data collectively indicated that EW enhances expression of growth factors including Igf1 and Igf2 in neurons and microglia, and may stimulate microglia polarization in the brain. The consequences of such activity include stimulation of neuron growth, hydrolysis and clearance of cell debris at the lesion, as well as the angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saren Gaowa
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, PR China; Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, PR China; International Hospital of Mongolian Medicine, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, PR China
| | - Narisi Bao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, PR China; Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, PR China
| | - Man Da
- International Hospital of Mongolian Medicine, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, PR China
| | - Qiburi Qiburi
- Institute of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, PR China
| | - Tsogzolmaa Ganbold
- Institute of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, PR China
| | - Lu Chen
- Institute of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, PR China
| | - Altanzul Altangerel
- Institute of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, PR China
| | - Temuqile Temuqile
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, PR China; International Hospital of Mongolian Medicine, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, PR China
| | - Huricha Baigude
- Institute of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, PR China.
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17
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Chitramuthu BP, Bennett HPJ, Bateman A. Progranulin: a new avenue towards the understanding and treatment of neurodegenerative disease. Brain 2017; 140:3081-3104. [PMID: 29053785 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin, a secreted glycoprotein, is encoded in humans by the single GRN gene. Progranulin consists of seven and a half, tandemly repeated, non-identical copies of the 12 cysteine granulin motif. Many cellular processes and diseases are associated with this unique pleiotropic factor that include, but are not limited to, embryogenesis, tumorigenesis, inflammation, wound repair, neurodegeneration and lysosome function. Haploinsufficiency caused by autosomal dominant mutations within the GRN gene leads to frontotemporal lobar degeneration, a progressive neuronal atrophy that presents in patients as frontotemporal dementia. Frontotemporal dementia is an early onset form of dementia, distinct from Alzheimer's disease. The GRN-related form of frontotemporal lobar dementia is a proteinopathy characterized by the appearance of neuronal inclusions containing ubiquitinated and fragmented TDP-43 (encoded by TARDBP). The neurotrophic and neuro-immunomodulatory properties of progranulin have recently been reported but are still not well understood. Gene delivery of GRN in experimental models of Alzheimer's- and Parkinson's-like diseases inhibits phenotype progression. Here we review what is currently known concerning the molecular function and mechanism of action of progranulin in normal physiological and pathophysiological conditions in both in vitro and in vivo models. The potential therapeutic applications of progranulin in treating neurodegenerative diseases are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babykumari P Chitramuthu
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Royal Victoria Hospital, and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Centre for Translational Biology, Platform in Metabolic Disorders and Complications, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, QC, Canada, H4A 3J1
| | - Hugh P J Bennett
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Royal Victoria Hospital, and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Centre for Translational Biology, Platform in Metabolic Disorders and Complications, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, QC, Canada, H4A 3J1
| | - Andrew Bateman
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Royal Victoria Hospital, and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Centre for Translational Biology, Platform in Metabolic Disorders and Complications, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, QC, Canada, H4A 3J1
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18
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Chitramuthu BP, Kay DG, Bateman A, Bennett HPJ. Neurotrophic effects of progranulin in vivo in reversing motor neuron defects caused by over or under expression of TDP-43 or FUS. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174784. [PMID: 28358904 PMCID: PMC5373598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a glycoprotein with multiple roles in normal and disease states. Mutations within the GRN gene cause frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). The affected neurons display distinctive TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) inclusions. How partial loss of PGRN causes TDP-43 neuropathology is poorly understood. TDP-43 inclusions are also found in affected neurons of patients with other neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer's disease. In ALS, TDP-43 inclusions are typically also immunoreactive for fused in sarcoma (FUS). Mutations within TDP-43 or FUS are themselves neuropathogenic in ALS and some cases of FTLD. We used the outgrowth of caudal primary motor neurons (MNs) in zebrafish embryos to investigate the interaction of PGRN with TDP-43 and FUS in vivo. As reported previously, depletion of zebrafish PGRN-A (zfPGRN-A) is associated with truncated primary MNs and impaired motor function. Here we found that depletion of zfPGRN-A results in primary MNs outgrowth stalling at the horizontal myoseptum, a line of demarcation separating the myotome into dorsal and ventral compartments that is where the final destination of primary motor is assigned. Successful axonal outgrowth beyond the horizontal myoseptum depends in part upon formation of acetylcholine receptor clusters and this was found to be disorganized upon depletion of zfPGRN-A. PGRN reversed the effects of zfPGRN-A knockdown, but a related gene, zfPGRN-1, was without effect. Both knockdown of TDP-43 or FUS, as well as expression of humanTDP-43 and FUS mutants results in MN abnormalities that are reversed by co-expression of hPGRN mRNA. Neither TDP-43 nor FUS reversed MN phenotypes caused by the depletion of PGRN. Thus TDP-43 and FUS lie upstream of PGRN in a gene complementation pathway. The ability of PGRN to override TDP-43 and FUS neurotoxicity due to partial loss of function or mutation in the corresponding genes may have therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babykumari P. Chitramuthu
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Neurodyn Inc., Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- * E-mail: (BPC); (HPJB)
| | - Denis G. Kay
- Neurodyn Inc., Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Andrew Bateman
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hugh P. J. Bennett
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail: (BPC); (HPJB)
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Progranulin and Its Related MicroRNAs after Status Epilepticus: Possible Mechanisms of Neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030490. [PMID: 28245590 PMCID: PMC5372506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The current knowledge about neuroprotective mechanisms in humans after status epilepticus is scarce. One reason is the difficulty to measure possible mediators of these neuroprotective mechanisms. The dawn of microRNA detection in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the recent advancements in measuring proteins in the CSF such as progranulin, which is, e.g., responsible for neurite outgrowth and limiting exceeding neuroinflammatory responses, have given us new insights into putative neuroprotective mechanisms following status epilepticus. This should complement the animal data. In this review, we cover what is known about the role of progranulin as well as the links between microRNA changes and the progranulin pathway following status epilepticus in humans and animals hypothesizing neuroprotective and neurorehabilitative effects. Progranulin has also been found to feature prominently in the neuroprotective processes under hypoxic conditions and initiating neurorehabilitative processes. These properties may be used therapeutically, e.g., through drugs that raise the progranulin levels and therefore the cerebral progranulin levels as well with the goal of improving the outcome after status epilepticus.
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20
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Menzel L, Kleber L, Friedrich C, Hummel R, Dangel L, Winter J, Schmitz K, Tegeder I, Schäfer MKE. Progranulin protects against exaggerated axonal injury and astrogliosis following traumatic brain injury. Glia 2016; 65:278-292. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Menzel
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
| | - Lisa Kleber
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
| | - Carina Friedrich
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
| | - Regina Hummel
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
| | - Larissa Dangel
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
| | - Jennifer Winter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN) of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
| | - Katja Schmitz
- Clinical Pharmacology; Goethe-University Hospital; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Clinical Pharmacology; Goethe-University Hospital; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Michael K. E. Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN) of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
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21
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Core neuropathological abnormalities in progranulin-deficient mice are penetrant on multiple genetic backgrounds. Neuroscience 2016; 315:175-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Huchtemann T, Körtvélyessy P, Feistner H, Heinze HJ, Bittner D. Progranulin levels in status epilepticus as a marker of neuronal recovery and neuroprotection. Epilepsy Behav 2015. [PMID: 26211941 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, a mouse model showed that progranulin, a mediator in neuroinflammation and a neuronal growth factor, was elevated in the hippocampus after status epilepticus (SE). This elevated level might mirror compensating neuronal mechanisms after SE. Studies concerning neuronal recovery and neuroprotective mechanisms after SE in humans are scarce, so we tested for progranulinin the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after various types of SE. METHOD We performed a retrospective analysis of progranulin levels in CSF in patients (n = 24) who underwent lumbar puncture as part of diagnostic workup after having SE and in patients after having one single tonic-clonic seizure who comprised the control group (n = 8). RESULTS In our group with SE, progranulin levels in CSF were not significantly elevated compared to our control group. Furthermore, there was no correlation between progranulin levels and the time interval between lumbar puncture and SE. Additionally, in cases of higher CSF progranulin levels, we found no impact on the clinical outcome after SE. CONCLUSION Although our cohort is heterogeneous and not fully sufficient, we conclude that progranulin in CSF is not elevated after SE in our cohort. Therefore, our results do not suggest a change in cerebral progranulin metabolism as a possible neuroregenerative or neuroprotective mechanism in humans after SE in acute and subacute phases. A larger cohort study is needed to further strengthen this result. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Status Epilepticus".
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Affiliation(s)
- T Huchtemann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany
| | - P Körtvélyessy
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - H Feistner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany
| | - H J Heinze
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - D Bittner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany
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Legido A, Katsetos CD. Experimental studies in epilepsy: immunologic and inflammatory mechanisms. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2014; 21:197-206. [PMID: 25510941 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we review the literature based on experimental studies lending credence to a relationship between epilepsy and immune-mediated mechanisms linked to central nervous system innate immunity. The brain innate immunity responses to neuronal injury or excessive neuronal activity are mediated by resident microglia and astroglia, but also neurons play an immunomodulatory role. Antigens or antibodies applied to the brain trigger an epileptogenic and inflammatory response. Furthermore, seizure activity and status epilepticus elicit the production and release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The immune pathogenesis of epilepsy involves complex cell-to-cell interactions including a cross talk between astrocytes and neurons, between astrocytes and brain microvascular endothelial cells, as well as reciprocal leukocyte-endothelial interactions in the context of disruption of the blood-brain barrier. There is a large body of literature from experimental studies showing that seizures can initiate a cascade of innate and adaptive immune responses from various cellular sources and perpetuate neuroinflammation through mechanisms involving transcription of inflammatory genes or posttranslational changes in cytokine release machinery. These inflammatory processes could also possibly contribute to the pathogenesis of comorbidities often associated with epilepsy. This opens exciting possibilities for the development of disease-modifying drugs aimed at mitigating neuroinflammation as a means of ameliorating epileptogenesis and lessening or preventing postictal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Legido
- Section of Neurology, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Christos D Katsetos
- Section of Neurology, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Petkau TL, Leavitt BR. Progranulin in neurodegenerative disease. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:388-98. [PMID: 24800652 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the progranulin gene are a common cause of familial frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The purpose of this review is to summarize the role of progranulin in health and disease, because the field is now poised to begin examining therapeutics that alter endogenous progranulin levels. We first review the clinical and neuropathological phenotype of FTD patients carrying mutations in the progranulin gene, which suggests that progranulin-mediated neurodegeneration is multifactorial and influenced by other genetic and/or environmental factors. We then examine evidence for the role of progranulin in the brain with a focus on mouse model systems. A better understanding of the complexity of progranulin biology in the brain will help guide the development of progranulin-modulating therapies for neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri L Petkau
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Children's and Women's Hospital, 980 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Blair R Leavitt
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Children's and Women's Hospital, 980 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Hospital, S 192, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2B5; Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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