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Pinto Coelho Santos R, da Silva Oliveira B, Katley Oliveira N, Cristina de Brito Toscano E, Leandro Marciano Vieira É, da Silva Barcelos L, Cristina Simões E Silva A, Lúcio Teixeira A, Silva de Miranda A, Alvarenga Rachid M. Absence of TNFR1 promotes a protective response in the early phase of hepatic encephalopathy induced by thioacetamide in mice. Neurosci Lett 2024:137987. [PMID: 39276845 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome with a wide spectrum of cognitive deficits, motor impairment, and psychiatric disturbances resulting from liver damage. The cytokine TNF has been considered the main cytokine in the development and progression of HE, with a pivotal role in the initiation and amplification of the inflammatory cascade. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the involvement of TNF type 1 receptor (TNFR1) in locomotor deficits and in the levels of TNF, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, CCL2, CX3CL1 and BDNF from the frontal cortex and hippocampus of TNFR1 knockout mice (TNFR1-/-) mice with HE induced by thioacetamide. Wild-type (WT) animals with HE developed locomotor deficit. The absence of TNFR1 absence of TNFR1 in HE animals attenuated the locomotor activity impairment in parallel with a balanced neuroinflammatory environment 24 h after the administration of thioacetamide. Taken together, the data suggests that the absence of TNFR1 promoted a protective response in the early phase of hepatic encephalopathy induced by thioacetamide in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruna da Silva Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Brasil
| | - Natália Katley Oliveira
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brasil; The Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Aline Silva de Miranda
- Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Brasil.
| | - Milene Alvarenga Rachid
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Brasil.
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Shahbazi A, Sepehrinezhad A, Vahdani E, Jamali R, Ghasempour M, Massoudian S, Sahab Negah S, Larsen FS. Gut Dysbiosis and Blood-Brain Barrier Alteration in Hepatic Encephalopathy: From Gut to Brain. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1272. [PMID: 37238943 PMCID: PMC10215854 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A common neuropsychiatric complication of advanced liver disease, hepatic encephalopathy (HE), impacts the quality of life and length of hospital stays. There is new evidence that gut microbiota plays a significant role in brain development and cerebral homeostasis. Microbiota metabolites are providing a new avenue of therapeutic options for several neurological-related disorders. For instance, the gut microbiota composition and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity are altered in HE in a variety of clinical and experimental studies. Furthermore, probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation have been shown to positively affect BBB integrity in disease models that are potentially extendable to HE by targeting gut microbiota. However, the mechanisms that underlie microbiota dysbiosis and its effects on the BBB are still unclear in HE. To this end, the aim of this review was to summarize the clinical and experimental evidence of gut dysbiosis and BBB disruption in HE and a possible mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shahbazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran; (A.S.); (S.M.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran;
| | - Ali Sepehrinezhad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran; (A.S.); (S.M.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran;
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9919191778, Iran
| | - Edris Vahdani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4815733971, Iran;
| | - Raika Jamali
- Research Development Center, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
| | - Monireh Ghasempour
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran;
| | - Shirin Massoudian
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran; (A.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Sajad Sahab Negah
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9919191778, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9919191778, Iran
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran 9815733169, Iran
| | - Fin Stolze Larsen
- Department of Intestinal Failure and Liver Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Inge Lehmanns Vej 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lopes FF, Lamberty Faverzani J, Hammerschmidt T, Aguilar Delgado C, Ferreira de Oliveira J, Wajner M, Regla Vargas C. Evaluation of oxidative damage to biomolecules and inflammation in patients with urea cycle disorders. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 736:109526. [PMID: 36702451 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Urea cycle disorders (UCD) are inborn errors of metabolism that occur due to a loss of function in enzymes and transporters involved in the urea cycle, causing an intoxication by hyperammonemia and accumulation of metabolites. Patients can develop hepatic encephalopathy (HE), severe neurological and motor disabilities, and often death. The mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of UCD are many and complex, but there are strong indications that oxidative stress and inflammation are present, being responsible for at least part of the cellular damage that occurs in these diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate oxidative and nitrosative damage and inflammation in UCD, to better understand the pathophysiology mechanisms of these diseases. We evaluated the nitrite and nitrate content, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), carbonyl protein content and a panel of cytokines in plasma sample of 14 patients. The UCD patients group consisted of individuals affected with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (n = 8), carbamoyl phosphate synthetase deficiency (n = 2), argininosuccinate synthetase deficiency (n = 2); arginase 1 deficiency (n = 1) and argininosuccinate lyase deficiency (n = 1). Patients mean age at diagnosis was 5.25 ± 9.86 years-old and mean concentrations were compared with healthy individuals of matched age and gender. We found a significant reduction in nitrogen reactive species in patients when compared to controls. TBARS was increased in patients, indicating lipid peroxidation. To evaluate protein oxidative damage in UCD, the carbonyl content was measured, and the results also demonstrated an increase in this biomarker. Finally, we found that UCD patients have enhanced concentrations of cytokines, with pro-inflammatory interleukins IL-6, IL-8, interferon-γ and TNF-α, and anti-inflammatory IL-10 being increased when compared to the control group. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that oxidative stress and inflammation occurs in UCD and probably contribute to the severe brain damage present in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Fátima Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Jéssica Lamberty Faverzani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Hammerschmidt
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Camila Aguilar Delgado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Julia Ferreira de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carmen Regla Vargas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Abdelaziz RR, Abdelrahman RS, Abdelmageed ME. SB332235, a CXCR2 antagonist, ameliorates thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy through modulation of the PI3K/AKT pathways in rats. Neurotoxicology 2022; 92:110-121. [PMID: 35961375 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that results from either acute or chronic liver failure. CXCR2 plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of liver and brain diseases. In the present study, the potential beneficial effects of SB332235, a selective inhibitor of CXCR2, against HE were evaluated. METHODS HE was induced in male rats by thioacetamide injection (200 mg/kg, i.p.) at three alternative days. SB332235 was injected in rats 1 h before TAA at a dose of 1 and 3 mg/kg i.p. RESULTS SB332235 alleviated oxidative stress as shown by the decreased serum NO and reduced MDA, elevated GSH and SOD levels, and reduced TNF-α and NF-κB levels in both brain and liver tissues of rats. Additionally, SB332235 suppressed brain ASK-1, JNK, IL-8, and caspase-3 expression, and activated PI3K/AKT expression in brain tissues. Markers of brain dysfunction, such as ammonia, and markers of hepatic injury, such as LDH, albumin, bilirubin, γGT, AST, ALT, and ALP, were significantly ameliorated. Also, the protective effect of SB332235 was confirmed by histological examination of both brain and liver tissues. CONCLUSIONS Both doses (1 and 3 mg/kg) of SB332235 revealed significant hepatic/neuroprotective effects due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic activities via activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Between the two, the 1 mg/kg dose provided significantly improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania R Abdelaziz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rehab S Abdelrahman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madina Al-Munawwarah, 30001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa E Abdelmageed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt.
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Claeys W, Van Hoecke L, Lefere S, Geerts A, Verhelst X, Van Vlierberghe H, Degroote H, Devisscher L, Vandenbroucke RE, Van Steenkiste C. The neurogliovascular unit in hepatic encephalopathy. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100352. [PMID: 34611619 PMCID: PMC8476774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological complication of hepatic dysfunction and portosystemic shunting. It is highly prevalent in patients with cirrhosis and is associated with poor outcomes. New insights into the role of peripheral origins in HE have led to the development of innovative treatment strategies like faecal microbiota transplantation. However, this broadening of view has not been applied fully to perturbations in the central nervous system. The old paradigm that HE is the clinical manifestation of ammonia-induced astrocyte dysfunction and its secondary neuronal consequences requires updating. In this review, we will use the holistic concept of the neurogliovascular unit to describe central nervous system disturbances in HE, an approach that has proven instrumental in other neurological disorders. We will describe HE as a global dysfunction of the neurogliovascular unit, where blood flow and nutrient supply to the brain, as well as the function of the blood-brain barrier, are impaired. This leads to an accumulation of neurotoxic substances, chief among them ammonia and inflammatory mediators, causing dysfunction of astrocytes and microglia. Finally, glymphatic dysfunction impairs the clearance of these neurotoxins, further aggravating their effect on the brain. Taking a broader view of central nervous system alterations in liver disease could serve as the basis for further research into the specific brain pathophysiology of HE, as well as the development of therapeutic strategies specifically aimed at counteracting the often irreversible central nervous system damage seen in these patients.
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Key Words
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure
- AD, acute decompensation
- ALF, acute liver failure
- AOM, azoxymethane
- AQP4, aquaporin 4
- Acute Liver Failure
- Ammonia
- BBB, blood-brain barrier
- BCRP, breast cancer resistance protein
- BDL, bile duct ligation
- Blood-brain barrier
- Brain edema
- CCL, chemokine ligand
- CCR, C-C chemokine receptor
- CE, cerebral oedema
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- CLDN, claudin
- CNS, central nervous system
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- Cirrhosis
- Energy metabolism
- GS, glutamine synthetase
- Glymphatic system
- HE, hepatic encephalopathy
- HO-1, heme oxygenase 1
- IL-, interleukin
- MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase 9
- MRP, multidrug resistance associated protein
- NGVU
- NGVU, neurogliovascular unit
- NKCC1, Na-K-2Cl cotransporter 1
- Neuroinflammation
- OCLN, occludin
- ONS, oxidative and nitrosative stress
- Oxidative stress
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- PCA, portacaval anastomosis
- PSS, portosystemic shunt
- S1PR2, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2
- SUR1, sulfonylurea receptor 1
- Systemic inflammation
- TAA, thioacetamide
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor beta
- TJ, tight junction
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- TNFR1, tumour necrosis factor receptor 1
- ZO, zonula occludens
- mPT, mitochondrial pore transition
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Claeys
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Van Hoecke
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sander Lefere
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences; Liver Research Center Ghent; Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anja Geerts
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Verhelst
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Vlierberghe
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Helena Degroote
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences; Liver Research Center Ghent; Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Van Steenkiste
- Antwerp University, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maria Middelares Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Sepehrinezhad A, Shahbazi A, Sahab Negah S, Joghataei MT, Larsen FS. Drug-induced-acute liver failure: A critical appraisal of the thioacetamide model for the study of hepatic encephalopathy. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:962-970. [PMID: 34026559 PMCID: PMC8122178 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) following acute and chronic liver failure is defined as a complex of neuropsychiatric abnormalities, such as discrete personal changes, sleep disorder, forgetfulness, confusion, and decreasing the level of consciousness to coma. The use and design of suitable animal models that represent clinical features and pathological changes of HE are valuable to map the molecular mechanisms that result in HE. Among different types of animal models, thioacetamide (TAA) has been used extensively for the induction of acute liver injury and HE. This agent is not directly hepatotoxic but its metabolites induce liver injury through the induction of oxidative stress and produce systemic inflammation similar to that seen in acute HE patients. In this short review article, we shortly review the most important pathological findings in animal models of acute HE following the administration of TAA.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AQP4, aquaporin 4 water channel
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Acute liver failure
- Animal model
- B7, B7 molecules (CD80+CD86)
- BBB, blood-brain barrier
- CBF, cerebral blood flow
- CCL2, chemokine ligand 2
- CNS, central nervous system
- CTLA4, Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated Protein 4
- CYP2E1, Cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily E member 1
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- HE, hepatic encephalopathy
- Hepatic encephalopathy
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IL-β, interleukin 1 β
- Iba1, ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κB
- OA, L-ornithine-l-aspartate
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TAA, thioacetamide
- TASO, thioacetamide sulfoxide
- TASO2, thioacetamide sulfdioxide
- TLR-2, toll-like receptor 2
- TLR-4, toll-like receptor 4
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- Thioacetamide
- Toxicity pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sepehrinezhad
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Sahab Negah
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fin Stolze Larsen
- Department of Hepatology CA-3163, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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DA SILVA DG, de CARVALHO ILQ, TOSCANO ECDB, SANTOS BÁDSS, OLIVEIRA BDS, CAMPOS MA, da FONSECA FG, CAMARGOS QM, de SOUSA GF, CALIARI MV, TEIXEIRA AL, de MIRANDA AS, RACHID MA. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is down regulated after bovine alpha-herpesvirus 5 infection in both wild-type and TLR3/7/9 deficient mice. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:180-186. [PMID: 33281142 PMCID: PMC7972877 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors have been implicated in the control of neuronal survival and plasticity in different brain diseases. Meningoencephalitis caused by bovine alpha-herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5) infection is a frequent neurological disease of young cattle, being the involvement of apoptosis in the development of neuropathological changes frequently discussed in the literature. It's well known that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can activate neuroinflammatory response and consequently lead to neuronal loss. However, there are no studies evaluating the expression of neurotrophic factors and their association with brain pathology and TLRs during the infection by BoHV-5. The current study aimed to analyze brain levels of neurotrophic factors along with neuropathological changes during acute infection by BoHV-5 in wild-type (WT) and TLR3/7/9 (TLR3/7/9-/-) deficiency mice. The infection was induced by intracranial inoculation of 1 × 104 TCID50 of BoHV-5. Infected animals presented similar degrees of clinical signs and neuropathological changes. Both infected groups had meningoencephalitis and neuronal damage in CA regions from hippocampus. BoHV-5 infection promoted the proliferation of Iba-1 positive cells throughout the neuropil, mainly located in the frontal cortex. Moreover, significant lower levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were detected in both BoHV-5 infected WT and TLR3/7/9 deficient mice, compared with non-infected animals. Our study showed that BDNF down regulation was associated with brain inflammation, reactive microgliosis and neuronal loss after bovine alpha-herpesvirus 5 infection in mice. Moreover, we demonstrated that combined TLR3/7/9 deficiency does not alter those parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Gonçalves DA SILVA
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department
of General Pathology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais,
Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Iracema Luisa Quintino de CARVALHO
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Science Institute,
Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Eliana Cristina de Brito TOSCANO
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department
of General Pathology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais,
Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Álvares da Silva Senra SANTOS
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive
Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo
Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Bruna da Silva OLIVEIRA
- Department of Morphology, Biological Science Institute,
Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio CAMPOS
- René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas
Gerais, 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Flávio Guimarães da FONSECA
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Science Institute,
Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Quezya Mendes CAMARGOS
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department
of General Pathology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais,
Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Ferreira de SOUSA
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department
of General Pathology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais,
Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Vidigal CALIARI
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department
of General Pathology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais,
Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Antônio Lúcio TEIXEIRA
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and
Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at
Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Aline Silva de MIRANDA
- Department of Morphology, Biological Science Institute,
Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Milene Alvarenga RACHID
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department
of General Pathology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais,
Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
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8
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9
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Camargos QM, Silva BC, Silva DG, Toscano ECDB, Oliveira BDS, Bellozi PMQ, Jardim BLDO, Vieira ÉLM, de Oliveira ACP, Sousa LP, Teixeira AL, de Miranda AS, Rachid MA. Minocycline treatment prevents depression and anxiety-like behaviors and promotes neuroprotection after experimental ischemic stroke. Brain Res Bull 2019; 155:1-10. [PMID: 31756420 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety have been reported as the major neuropsychiatric consequences following stroke. Minocycline, a neuroprotective drug has minimized depressive symptoms in patients with major depressive disorders and anxiety-like symptoms. In addition, minocycline demonstrated efficacy and seemed a promising neuroprotective agent in acute stroke patients. The present studied evaluated the effects of minocycline treatment on the depression and anxiety-like behaviors, brain damage and expression of inflammatory and neuroprotective mediators after transient global cerebral ischemia in C57BL/6 mice. Brain ischemia was induced by bilateral occlusion of the common carotids (BCCAo) for 25 min and subsequent reperfusion. Sham and BCCAo animals received minocycline at a dose of 30 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection during 14 days. The locomotor activity, depression and anxiety-like behaviors were assessed by open field, forced swim and elevated plus maze tests, respectively. Then, the brains were removed and processed to evaluate brain damage by histological and morphometric analysis, hippocampal neurodegeneration using Fluoro-Jade C histochemistry, microglial activity using iba-1 immunohistochemistry, brain levels of TNF, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70 and CCL2 by CBA, CX3CL1 and BDNF by ELISA assays. The animals developed depression and anxiety-like behaviors post-stroke and minocycline treatment prevented those neurobehavioral changes. Moreover, minocycline-treated BCCAo animals showed less intense brain damage in the cerebral cortex, brainstem and cerebellum as well as significantly reduced hippocampal neurodegeneration. BCCAo groups exhibited up-regulation of some cytokines at day 14 after ischemia and brain levels of CX3CL1 and BDNF remained unaltered. Our data indicate that the depression and anxiety-like behavioral improvements promoted by minocycline treatment might be related to its neuroprotective effect after brain ischemia in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quezya Mendes Camargos
- Laboratório de Patologia Celular e Molecular do Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Brazil
| | - Bruno Costa Silva
- Laboratório de Patologia Celular e Molecular do Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Brazil
| | - Daniele Gonçalves Silva
- Laboratório de Patologia Celular e Molecular do Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Érica Leandro Marciano Vieira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Lirlândia Pires Sousa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, UFMG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aline Silva de Miranda
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Brazil; Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil.
| | - Milene Alvarenga Rachid
- Laboratório de Patologia Celular e Molecular do Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Brazil; Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With the incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders on the rise, it is imperative to identify and understand the mechanisms by which environmental contaminants can impact the developing brain and heighten risk. Here, we report on recent findings regarding novel mechanisms of developmental neurotoxicity and highlight chemicals of concern, beyond traditionally defined neurotoxicants. RECENT FINDINGS The perinatal window represents a critical and extremely vulnerable period of time during which chemical insult can alter the morphological and functional trajectory of the developing brain. Numerous chemical classes have been associated with alterations in neurodevelopment including metals, solvents, pesticides, and, more recently, endocrine-disrupting compounds. Although mechanisms of neurotoxicity have traditionally been identified as pathways leading to neuronal cell death, neuropathology, or severe neural injury, recent research highlights alternative mechanisms that result in more subtle but consequential changes in the brain and behavior. These emerging areas of interest include neuroendocrine and immune disruption, as well as indirect toxicity via actions on other organs such as the gut and placenta. Understanding of the myriad ways in which the developing brain is vulnerable to chemical exposures has grown tremendously over the past decade. Further progress and implementation in risk assessment is critical to reducing risk of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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12
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Lima LCD, Miranda AS, Ferreira RN, Rachid MA, Simões E Silva AC. Hepatic encephalopathy: Lessons from preclinical studies. World J Hepatol 2019; 11:173-185. [PMID: 30820267 PMCID: PMC6393717 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v11.i2.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a major complication that is closely related to the progression of end-stage liver disease. Metabolic changes in advanced liver failure can promote cognition impairment, attention deficits and motor dysfunction that may result in coma and death. HE can be subdivided according to the type of hepatic injury, namely, type A, which results from acute liver failure, type B, which is associated with a portosystemic shunting without intrinsic liver disease, and type C, which is due to chronic liver disease. Several studies have investigated the pathogenesis of the disease, and most of the mechanisms have been explored using animal models. This article aimed to review the use of preclinical models to investigate HE. The most used animal species are rats and mice. Experimental models of type A HE include surgical procedures and the administration of hepatotoxic medications, whereas models of types B and C HE are generally surgically induced lesions in liver tissue, which evolve to hepatic cirrhosis. Preclinical models have allowed the comprehension of the pathways related to HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Cioglia Dias Lima
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brasil
| | - Aline Silva Miranda
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30130-100, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Novaes Ferreira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30130-100, Brasil
| | - Milene Alvarenga Rachid
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brasil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30130-100, Brasil.
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Sekine A, Fukuwatari T. Acute liver failure increases kynurenic acid production in rat brain via changes in tryptophan metabolism in the periphery. Neurosci Lett 2019; 701:14-19. [PMID: 30738081 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The tryptophan metabolite, kynurenic acid (KYNA), is a preferential antagonist of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor at endogenous brain concentrations. Recent studies have suggested that increased brain KYNA levels are involved in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. Most of the brain kynurenine (KYN), the KYNA precursor, comes from the periphery, and the liver has a central role in the peripheral tryptophan metabolism. In this study, the effect of acute liver failure (ALF) on brain KYNA production and on the peripheral tryptophan metabolism was investigated in rats. ALF was induced by administration of the hepatotoxin, thioacetamide (TAA). Brain KYNA levels were increased by TAA-induced ALF, and these increases were consistent with KYN levels in the brain, serum and liver. These results suggest that the ALF-induced increase in serum KYN contributes to the increase in brain KYNA via elevated KYN uptake within the brain. This increase in serum KYN level can be caused by the changes in tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase activity in the liver and the immune-related activation of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase in extrahepatic tissues. These findings suggest that hepatic dysfunction may contribute to neurological and psychiatric diseases associated with increased KYNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airi Sekine
- Department of Nutrition, School of Human Cultures, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Fukuwatari
- Department of Nutrition, School of Human Cultures, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan.
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14
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Bastos JR, Perico KM, Marciano Vieira ÉL, Teixeira AL, Machado FS, de Miranda AS, Moreira FA. Inhibition of the dopamine transporter as an animal model of bipolar disorder mania: Locomotor response, neuroimmunological profile and pharmacological modulation. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 102:142-149. [PMID: 29656188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of dopamine transporter (DAT) by GBR12909 has been proposed as a pharmacological model of mania related to bipolar disorder (BD). Here we tested the hypothesis that GBR12909 injection impairs habituation and induces hyperlocomotion in mice, along with changes in cytokines and neurotrophic factors levels, as observed in BD patients. We also tested if lithium carbonate, sodium valproate and aripiprazole prevent GBR12909-induced locomotion. Male Swiss mice received GBR12909 (15 mg/kg) injections and locomotor responses were quantified in an open field. Cytokines and neurotrophic factors levels were assessed in the prefrontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus 30 min and 24 h after injections. Pre-treatments with lithium, valproate or aripiprazole were performed with single and repeated injection protocols. GBR12909 prevented motoric habituation and increased basal locomotion in habituated mice in the open field. This compound also induced changes in IL-2 and BDNF levels in prefrontal cortex; IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 in striatum; and IL-10, IL-4, IFN-γ and NGF in hippocampus. GBR12909-induced hyperlocomotion was attenuated by lithium (12.5-100 mg/kg), but not valproate (75-300 mg/kg), and prevented by aripiprazole (0.1-10 mg/kg). Repeated injections of these drugs (twice a day for 3 days), however, failed to inhibit hyperlocomotion. The main limitations of the protocols in this study are the analysis of locomotion as the only behavioral parameter, changes in immune factors that may overlap with other psychiatric disorders and the lack chronic drug injections. Despite of these limitations, this study adds to previous literature suggesting DAT inhibition as a potential animal model of mania related to BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana R Bastos
- Grad School in Neuroscience, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Katherinne M Perico
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Érica L Marciano Vieira
- Grad School in Neuroscience, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antônio L Teixeira
- Grad School in Neuroscience, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fabiana S Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline S de Miranda
- Grad School in Neuroscience, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabrício A Moreira
- Grad School in Neuroscience, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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15
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Liu L, Miao M, Chen Y, Wang Z, Sun B, Liu X. Altered Function and Expression of ABC Transporters at the Blood-Brain Barrier and Increased Brain Distribution of Phenobarbital in Acute Liver Failure Mice. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:190. [PMID: 29559914 PMCID: PMC5845647 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated alterations in the function and expression of P-glycoprotein (P-GP), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) of acute liver failure (ALF) mice and its clinical significance. ALF mice were developed using intraperitoneal injection of thioacetamide. P-GP, BCRP, and MRP2 functions were determined by measuring the ratios of brain-to-plasma concentration of rhodamine 123, prazosin, and dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione, respectively. The mRNA and proteins expression levels of P-GP, BCRP, and MRP2 were evaluated with quantitative real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. MDCK-MDR1 and HCMEC/D3 cells were used to document the effects of the abnormally altered components in serum of ALF mice on the function and expression of P-GP. The clinical significance of alteration in P-GP function and expression was investigated by determining the distribution of the P-GP substrate phenobarbital (60 mg/kg, intravenous administration) in the brain and loss of righting reflex (LORR) induced by the drug (100 mg/kg). The results showed that ALF significantly downregulated the function and expression of both P-GP and BCRP, but increased the function and expression of MRP2 in the brain of mice. Cell study showed that increased chenodeoxycholic acid may be a reason behind the downregulated P-GP function and expression. Compared with control mice, ALF mice showed a significantly higher brain concentration of phenobarbital and higher brain-to-plasma concentration ratios. In accordance, ALF mice showed a significantly larger duration of LORR and shorter latency time of LORR by phenobarbital, inferring the enhanced pharmacological effect of phenobarbital on the central nervous system (CNS). In conclusion, the function and expression of P-GP and BCRP decreased, while the function and expression of MRP2 increased in the brain of ALF mice. The attenuated function and expression of P-GP at the BBB might enhance phenobarbital distribution in the brain and increase phenobarbital efficacy on the CNS of ALF mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingxing Miao
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongjian Wang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Binbin Sun
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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16
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Wang F, Miao MX, Sun BB, Wang ZJ, Tang XG, Chen Y, Zhao KJ, Liu XD, Liu L. Acute liver failure enhances oral plasma exposure of zidovudine in rats by downregulation of hepatic UGT2B7 and intestinal P-gp. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:1554-1565. [PMID: 28770824 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection is often associated with liver failure, which alters the pharmacokinetics of many drugs. In this study we investigated whether acute liver failure (ALF) altered the pharmacokinetics of the first-line anti-HIV agent zidovudine (AZT), a P-gp/BCRP substrate, in rats. ALF was induced in rats by injecting thioacetamide (TAA, 300 mg·kg-1·d-1, ip) for 2 days. On the second day after the last injection of TAA, the pharmacokinetics of AZT was investigated following both oral (20 mg/kg) and intravenous (10 mg/kg) administration. ALF significantly increased the plasma concentrations of AZT after both oral and intravenous doses of AZT, but without affecting the urinary excretion of AZT. AZT metabolism was studied in rat hepatic microsomes in vitro, which revealed that hepatic UGT2B7 was the main enzyme responsible for the formation of AZT O-glucuronide (GAZT); ALF markedly impaired AZT metabolism in hepatic microsomes, which was associated with the significantly decreased hepatic UGT2B7 expression. Intestinal absorption of AZT was further studied in rats via in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion. Intestinal P-gp function and intestinal integrity were assessed with rhodamine 123 and FD-70, respectively. We found that ALF significantly downregulated intestinal P-gp expression, and had a smaller effect on intestinal BCRP. Further studies showed that ALF significantly increased the intestinal absorption of both rhodamine 123 and AZT without altering intestinal integrity, thus confirming an impairment of intestinal P-gp function. In conclusion, ALF significantly increases the oral plasma exposure of AZT in rats, a result partly attributed to the impaired function and expression of hepatic UGT2B7 and intestinal P-gp.
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Klein H, Rabe GK, Karacay B, Bonthius DJ. T-Cells Underlie Some but Not All of the Cerebellar Pathology in a Neonatal Rat Model of Congenital Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:1031-1047. [PMID: 27667772 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection during pregnancy injures the human fetal brain. Neonatal rats inoculated with LCMV are an excellent model of congenital LCMV infection because they develop cerebellar injuries similar to those in humans. To evaluate the role of T-lymphocytes in LCMV-induced cerebellar pathology, congenitally athymic rats, deficient in T-lymphocytes were compared with euthymic rats. Peak viral titers and cellular targets of infection were similar, but viral clearance from astrocytes was impaired in the athymic rats. Cytokines and chemokines rose to higher levels and for a greater duration in the euthymic rats than in their athymic counterparts. The euthymic rats developed an intense lymphocytic infiltration, accompanied by destructive lesions of the cerebellum and a neuronal migration defect because of T-cell-mediated alteration of Bergmann glia. These pathologic changes were absent in the athymic rats but were restored by adoptive transfer of lymphocytes. Athymic rats were not free of pathologic effects, however, as the virus induced cerebellar hypoplasia. Thus, T-lymphocytes play key roles in LCMV clearance, cytokine/chemokine responses, and pathogenesis of destructive lesions and neuronal migration disturbances but not all pathology is T-lymphocyte-dependent. Cerebellar hypoplasia from LCMV occurs even in the absence of T-lymphocytes and is likely due to the viral infection itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Klein
- From the Department of Neurology (HK, DJB); Department of Pediatrics (GKR, BK); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa (HK, DJB)
| | - Glenda K Rabe
- From the Department of Neurology (HK, DJB); Department of Pediatrics (GKR, BK); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa (HK, DJB)
| | - Bahri Karacay
- From the Department of Neurology (HK, DJB); Department of Pediatrics (GKR, BK); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa (HK, DJB)
| | - Daniel J Bonthius
- From the Department of Neurology (HK, DJB); Department of Pediatrics (GKR, BK); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa (HK, DJB)
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18
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Losey P, Ladds E, Laprais M, Guevel B, Burns L, Bordet R, Anthony DC. The role of PPAR activation during the systemic response to brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:99. [PMID: 25994490 PMCID: PMC4450490 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fenofibrate, a PPAR-α activator, has shown promising results as a neuroprotective therapy, with proposed anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. However, it displays poor blood-brain barrier permeability leading to some ambiguity over its mechanism of action. Experimentally induced brain injury has been shown to elicit a hepatic acute phase response that modulates leukocyte recruitment to the injured brain. Here, we sought to discover whether one effect of fenofibrate might include the suppression of the acute phase response (APR) following brain injury. Methods A 1-h intraluminal thread middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model followed by a 6-h reperfusion was performed in C57/BL6 mice. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was then used to measure hepatic expression of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and serum amyloid A-1 (SAA-1), and immunohistochemical analysis was used to quantify brain and hepatic neutrophil infiltration following stroke. Results The MCAO and sham surgery induced the expression of all three acute phase reactants. A 14-day fenofibrate pre-treatment decreased reactant production, infarct volume, and neutrophil recruitment to the brain and liver, which is a hallmark of the APR. Conclusions The data highlight a novel mechanism of action for fenofibrate and lend further evidence towards the promotion of its use as a prophylactic therapy in patients at risk of cerebral ischaemia. Further research is required to elucidate the mechanistic explanation underlying its actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Losey
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Neuropathology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.,EA 1046, Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Branch, IMPRT, University of Lille North of France, Place de Verdun, Lille, Cedex, 59045, France
| | - Emma Ladds
- North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Road, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Maud Laprais
- EA 1046, Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Branch, IMPRT, University of Lille North of France, Place de Verdun, Lille, Cedex, 59045, France
| | - Borna Guevel
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Neuropathology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Laura Burns
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Neuropathology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Regis Bordet
- EA 1046, Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Branch, IMPRT, University of Lille North of France, Place de Verdun, Lille, Cedex, 59045, France.
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Neuropathology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK. .,EA 1046, Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Branch, IMPRT, University of Lille North of France, Place de Verdun, Lille, Cedex, 59045, France.
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