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Silva PB, Oliveira DG, Cardoso AD, Laurence PG, Boggio PS, Macedo EC. Event-related potential and lexical decision task in dyslexic adults: Lexical and lateralization effects. Front Psychol 2022; 13:852219. [PMID: 36438365 PMCID: PMC9682126 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.852219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is a specific learning disorder that presents cognitive and neurobiological impairments related to different patterns of brain activation throughout development, continuing in adulthood. Lexical decision tasks, together with electroencephalography (EEG) measures that have great temporal precision, allow the capture of cognitive processes during the task, and can assist in the understanding of altered brain activation processes in adult dyslexics. High-density EEG allows the use of temporal analyses through event-related potentials (ERPs). The aim of this study was to compare and measure the pattern of ERPs in adults with developmental dyslexia and good readers, and to characterize and compare reading patterns between groups. Twenty university adults diagnosed with developmental dyslexia and 23 healthy adult readers paired with dyslexics participated in the study. The groups were assessed in tests of intelligence, phonological awareness, reading, and writing, as well as through the lexical decision test (LDT). During LDT, ERPs were recorded using a 128-channel EEG device. The ERPs P100 occipital, N170 occipito-temporal, N400 centro-parietal, and LPC centro-parietal were analyzed. The results showed a different cognitive profile between the groups in the reading, phonological awareness, and writing tests but not in the intelligence test. In addition, the brain activation pattern of the ERPs was different between the groups in terms of hemispheric lateralization, with higher amplitude of N170 in the dyslexia group in the right hemisphere and opposite pattern in the control group and specificities in relation to the items of the LDT, as the N400 were more negative in the Dyslexia group for words, while in the control group, this ERP was more pronounced in the pseudowords. These results are important for understanding different brain patterns in developmental dyslexia and can better guide future interventions according to the changes found in the profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Elizeu Coutinho Macedo
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
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Toward a script relativity hypothesis: focused research agenda for psycholinguistic experiments in the science of reading. JOURNAL OF CULTURAL COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41809-022-00103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to extend the linguistic relativity hypothesis (i.e., the language we speak affects the way we think) to a script relativity hypothesis (i.e., the script in which we read influences our thought). Based on the rich body of knowledge in the science of reading that shows the effects of literacy on our cognitive processes, the foundation, rationale, and converging evidence of script relativity are discussed. The tenable notion of script relativity is anchored in previous research into the connection between language and thought as well as a causal relationship from language to cognition. Further discussed is the application of linguistic relativity to reading in both first and second languages to elucidate the reading-to-cognition link and how reading affects our attention, perception, and thought. Focused research for script relativity is suggested in the areas of the operating principle of script (alphabetic vs. morphosyllabic), reading directionality (left-to-right vs. right-to-left), word configurations (linearity vs. block), literacy experience (literates vs. illiterates), and interword spaces (presence vs. absence of interword spaces). The article ends with further recommendations and future directions. It is suggested that linguistic and cultural effects on cognition be controlled in future studies to disentangle the true effects of script.
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Larionova EV, Martynova OV. Frequency Effects on Spelling Error Recognition: An ERP Study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:834852. [PMID: 35496180 PMCID: PMC9046601 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.834852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spelling errors are ubiquitous in all writing systems. Most studies exploring spelling errors focused on the phonological plausibility of errors. However, unlike typical pseudohomophones, spelling errors occur in naturally produced written language. We investigated the time course of recognition of the most frequent orthographic errors in Russian (error in an unstressed vowel in the root) and the effect of word frequency on this process. During event-related potentials (ERP) recording, 26 native Russian speakers silently read high-frequency correctly spelled words, low-frequency correctly spelled words, high-frequency words with errors, and low-frequency words with errors. The amplitude of P200 was more positive for correctly spelled words than for misspelled words and did not depend on the frequency of the words. In addition, in the 350–500-ms time window, we found a more negative response for misspelled words than for correctly spelled words in parietal–temporal-occipital regions regardless of word frequency. Considering our results in the context of a dual-route model, we concluded that recognizing misspelled high-frequency and low-frequency words involves common orthographic and phonological processes associated with P200 and N400 components such as whole word orthography processing and activation of phonological representations correspondingly. However, at the 500–700 ms stage (associated with lexical-semantic access in our study), error recognition depends on the word frequency. One possible explanation for these differences could be that at the 500–700 ms stage recognition of high-frequency misspelled and correctly spelled words shifts from phonological to orthographic processes, while low-frequency misspelled words are accompanied by more prolonged phonological activation. We believe these processes may be associated with different ERP components P300 and N400, reflecting a temporal overlap between categorization processes based on orthographic properties for high-frequency words and phonological processes for low-frequency words. Therefore, our results complement existing reading models and demonstrate that the neuronal underpinnings of spelling error recognition during reading may depend on word frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V. Larionova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Ekaterina V. Larionova,
| | - Olga V. Martynova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
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The effects of script specificity on word recognition: syllabic type, syllabic format, and reading direction in Korean Hangul. JOURNAL OF CULTURAL COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41809-022-00094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cnudde K, van Hees S, Brown S, van der Wijk G, Pexman PM, Protzner AB. Increased Neural Efficiency in Visual Word Recognition: Evidence from Alterations in Event-Related Potentials and Multiscale Entropy. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 23:304. [PMID: 33806539 PMCID: PMC8002031 DOI: 10.3390/e23030304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Visual word recognition is a relatively effortless process, but recent research suggests the system involved is malleable, with evidence of increases in behavioural efficiency after prolonged lexical decision task (LDT) performance. However, the extent of neural changes has yet to be characterized in this context. The neural changes that occur could be related to a shift from initially effortful performance that is supported by control-related processing, to efficient task performance that is supported by domain-specific processing. To investigate this, we replicated the British Lexicon Project, and had participants complete 16 h of LDT over several days. We recorded electroencephalography (EEG) at three intervals to track neural change during LDT performance and assessed event-related potentials and brain signal complexity. We found that response times decreased during LDT performance, and there was evidence of neural change through N170, P200, N400, and late positive component (LPC) amplitudes across the EEG sessions, which suggested a shift from control-related to domain-specific processing. We also found widespread complexity decreases alongside localized increases, suggesting that processing became more efficient with specific increases in processing flexibility. Together, these findings suggest that neural processing becomes more efficient and optimized to support prolonged LDT performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Cnudde
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (S.v.H.); (S.B.); (G.v.d.W.); (P.M.P.); (A.B.P.)
| | - Sophia van Hees
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (S.v.H.); (S.B.); (G.v.d.W.); (P.M.P.); (A.B.P.)
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Sage Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (S.v.H.); (S.B.); (G.v.d.W.); (P.M.P.); (A.B.P.)
| | - Gwen van der Wijk
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (S.v.H.); (S.B.); (G.v.d.W.); (P.M.P.); (A.B.P.)
| | - Penny M. Pexman
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (S.v.H.); (S.B.); (G.v.d.W.); (P.M.P.); (A.B.P.)
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Andrea B. Protzner
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (S.v.H.); (S.B.); (G.v.d.W.); (P.M.P.); (A.B.P.)
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
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Wang H, Pexman PM, Turner G, Cortese F, Protzner AB. The relation between Scrabble expertise and brain aging as measured with EEG brain signal variability. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 69:249-260. [PMID: 29920434 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent empirical work suggests that the dynamics of brain function, as measured by brain signal variability, differs between younger and older adults. We extended this work by examining how the relationship between brain signal variability and age is altered in the context of expertise. We recorded electroencephalography from Scrabble experts and controls during a visual word recognition task. To measure variability, we used multiscale entropy, which emphasizes the way brain signals behave over a range of timescales and can differentiate the variability of a complex system (the brain) from a purely random system. We replicated previously identified shifts from long-range interactions among neural populations to more local processing in late adulthood. In addition, we demonstrated an age-related increase in midrange neural interactions for experts, suggesting greater maintenance of network integration into late adulthood. Our results indicate that expertise-related differences in the context of age and brain dynamics occur across different timescales and that these differences are linked to task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Penny M Pexman
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gary Turner
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Filomeno Cortese
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Seaman Family MR Centre, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrea B Protzner
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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