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Radagdam S, Khaki-Khatibi F, Rahbarghazi R, Shademan B, Nourazarian SM, Nikanfar M, Nourazarian A. Evaluation of dihydrotestosterone and dihydroprogesterone levels and gene expression of genes involved in neurosteroidogenesis in the SH-SY5Y Alzheimer disease cell model. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1163806. [PMID: 37304028 PMCID: PMC10252120 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1163806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia worldwide. This study investigated the effects of lipopolysaccharide on neurosteroidogenesis and its relationship to growth and differentiation using SH-SY5Y cells. Methods In this study, we used the MTT assay to assess the impact of LPS on SH-SY5Y cell viability. We also evaluated apoptotic effects using FITC Annexin V staining to detect phosphatidylserine in the cell membrane. To identify gene expression related to human neurogenesis, we utilized the RT2 Profiler TM PCR array human neurogenesis PAHS-404Z. Results Our study found that LPS had an IC50 level of 0.25 μg/mL on the SH-SY5Y cell line after 48 h. We observed Aβ deposition in SH-SY5Y cells treated with LPS, and a decrease in DHT and DHP levels in the cells. Our analysis showed that the total rate of apoptosis varied with LPS dilution: 4.6% at 0.1 μg/mL, 10.5% at 10 μg/mL, and 44.1% at 50 μg/mL. We also observed an increase in the expression of several genes involved in human neurogenesis, including ASCL1, BCL2, BDNF, CDK5R1, CDK5RAP2, CREB1, DRD2, HES1, HEYL, NOTCH1, STAT3, and TGFB1, after treatment with LPS at 10 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL. LPS at 50 μg/mL increased the expression of FLNA and NEUROG2, as well as the other genes mentioned. Conclusion Our study showed that LPS treatment altered the expression of human neurogenesis genes and decreased DHT and DHP levels in SH-SY5Y cells. These findings suggest that targeting LPS, DHT, and DHP could be potential therapeutic strategies to treat AD or improve its symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Radagdam
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khaki-Khatibi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behrouz Shademan
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Masoud Nikanfar
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Nourazarian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
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Chen J, Huang L, Yang Y, Xu W, Qin Q, Qin R, Liang X, Lai X, Huang X, Xie M, Chen L. Somatic Cell Reprogramming for Nervous System Diseases: Techniques, Mechanisms, Potential Applications, and Challenges. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13030524. [PMID: 36979334 PMCID: PMC10046178 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13030524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nervous system diseases present significant challenges to the neuroscience community due to ethical and practical constraints that limit access to appropriate research materials. Somatic cell reprogramming has been proposed as a novel way to obtain neurons. Various emerging techniques have been used to reprogram mature and differentiated cells into neurons. This review provides an overview of somatic cell reprogramming for neurological research and therapy, focusing on neural reprogramming and generating different neural cell types. We examine the mechanisms involved in reprogramming and the challenges that arise. We herein summarize cell reprogramming strategies to generate neurons, including transcription factors, small molecules, and microRNAs, with a focus on different types of cells.. While reprogramming somatic cells into neurons holds the potential for understanding neurological diseases and developing therapeutic applications, its limitations and risks must be carefully considered. Here, we highlight the potential benefits of somatic cell reprogramming for neurological disease research and therapy. This review contributes to the field by providing a comprehensive overview of the various techniques used to generate neurons by cellular reprogramming and discussing their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Chen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Lijuan Huang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Qingchun Qin
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Rongxing Qin
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xiaojun Liang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xinyu Lai
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-Related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Minshan Xie
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-Related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Nanning 530021, China
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Gene Self-Expressive Networks as a Generalization-Aware Tool to Model Gene Regulatory Networks. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030526. [PMID: 36979461 PMCID: PMC10046116 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-expressiveness is a mathematical property that aims at characterizing the relationship between instances in a dataset. This property has been applied widely and successfully in computer-vision tasks, time-series analysis, and to infer underlying network structures in domains including protein signaling interactions and social-networks activity. Nevertheless, despite its potential, self-expressiveness has not been explicitly used to infer gene networks. In this article, we present Generalizable Gene Self-Expressive Networks, a new, interpretable, and generalization-aware formalism to model gene networks, and we propose two methods: GXN•EN and GXN•OMP, based respectively on ElasticNet and OMP (Orthogonal Matching Pursuit), to infer and assess Generalizable Gene Self-Expressive Networks. We evaluate these methods on four Microarray datasets from the DREAM5 benchmark, using both internal and external metrics. The results obtained by both methods are comparable to those obtained by state-of-the-art tools, but are fast to train and exhibit high levels of sparsity, which make them easier to interpret. Moreover we applied these methods to three complex datasets containing RNA-seq informations from different mammalian tissues/cell-types. Lastly, we applied our methodology to compare a normal vs. a disease condition (Alzheimer), which allowed us to detect differential expression of genes’ sub-networks between these two biological conditions. Globally, the gene networks obtained exhibit a sparse and modular structure, with inner communities of genes presenting statistically significant over/under-expression on specific cell types, as well as significant enrichment for some anatomical GO terms, suggesting that such communities may also drive important functional roles.
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4
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A shear-thinning, ROS-scavenging hydrogel combined with dental pulp stem cells promotes spinal cord repair by inhibiting ferroptosis. Bioact Mater 2022; 22:274-290. [PMID: 36263097 PMCID: PMC9556860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious clinical disease. Due to the deformability and fragility of the spinal cord, overly rigid hydrogels cannot be used to treat SCI. Hence, we used TPA and Laponite to develop a hydrogel with shear-thinning ability. This hydrogel exhibits good deformation, allowing it to match the physical properties of the spinal cord; additionally, this hydrogel scavenges ROS well, allowing it to inhibit the lipid peroxidation caused by ferroptosis. According to the in vivo studies, the TPA@Laponite hydrogel could synergistically inhibit ferroptosis by improving vascular function and regulating iron metabolism. In addition, dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were introduced into the TPA@Laponite hydrogel to regulate the ratios of excitatory and inhibitory synapses. It was shown that this combination biomaterial effectively reduced muscle spasms and promoted recovery from SCI.
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5
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Maeda T, Mandai M, Sugita S, Kime C, Takahashi M. Strategies of pluripotent stem cell-based therapy for retinal degeneration: update and challenges. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:388-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lavictoire SJ, Jomaa D, Gont A, Jardine K, Cook DP, Lorimer IAJ. Identification of Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factors promoting Lgl1 phosphorylation in glioblastoma. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101172. [PMID: 34624316 PMCID: PMC8551657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein Lgl1 is a key regulator of cell polarity. We previously showed that Lgl1 is inactivated by hyperphosphorylation in glioblastoma as a consequence of PTEN tumour suppressor loss and aberrant activation of the PI 3-kinase pathway; this contributes to glioblastoma pathogenesis both by promoting invasion and repressing glioblastoma cell differentiation. Lgl1 is phosphorylated by atypical protein kinase C that has been activated by binding to a complex of the scaffolding protein Par6 and active, GTP-bound Rac. The specific Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factors that generate active Rac to promote Lgl1 hyperphosphorylation in glioblastoma are unknown. We used CRISPR/Cas9 to knockout PREX1, a PI 3-kinase pathway-responsive Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor, in patient-derived glioblastoma cells. Knockout cells had reduced Lgl1 phosphorylation, which was reversed by re-expressing PREX1. They also had reduced motility and an altered phenotype suggestive of partial neuronal differentiation; consistent with this, RNA-seq analyses identified sets of PREX1-regulated genes associated with cell motility and neuronal differentiation. PREX1 knockout in glioblastoma cells from a second patient did not affect Lgl1 phosphorylation. This was due to overexpression of a short isoform of the Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor TIAM1; knockdown of TIAM1 in these PREX1 knockout cells reduced Lgl1 phosphorylation. These data show that PREX1 links aberrant PI 3-kinase signaling to Lgl1 phosphorylation in glioblastoma, but that TIAM1 is also to fill this role in a subset of patients. This redundancy between PREX1 and TIAM1 is only partial, as motility was impaired in PREX1 knockout cells from both patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie J Lavictoire
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danny Jomaa
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Gont
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Jardine
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David P Cook
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian A J Lorimer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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7
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Gorniak-Walas M, Nizinska K, Lukasiuk K. Cloning and Functional Analysis of Rat Tweety-Homolog 1 Gene Promoter. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2463-2472. [PMID: 34173119 PMCID: PMC8302521 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tweety-homolog 1 protein (Ttyh1) is abundantly expressed in neurons in the healthy brain, and its expression is induced under pathological conditions. In hippocampal neurons in vitro, Ttyh1 was implicated in the regulation of primary neuron morphology. However, the mechanisms that underlie transcriptional regulation of the Ttyh1 gene in neurons remain elusive. The present study sought to identify the promoter of the Ttyh1 gene and functionally characterize cis-regulatory elements that are potentially involved in the transcriptional regulation of Ttyh1 expression in rat dissociated hippocampal neurons in vitro. We cloned a 592 bp rat Ttyh1 promoter sequence and designed deletion constructs of the transcription factors specificity protein 1 (Sp1), E2F transcription factor 3 (E2f3), and achaete-scute homolog 1 (Ascl1) that were fused upstream of a luciferase reporter gene in pGL4.10[luc2]. The luciferase reporter gene assay showed the possible involvement of Ascl1, Sp1, and responsive cis-regulatory elements in Ttyh1 expression. These findings provide novel information about Ttyh1 gene regulation in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Gorniak-Walas
- Laboratory of Epileptogenesis, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Nizinska
- Laboratory of Epileptogenesis, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Lukasiuk
- Laboratory of Epileptogenesis, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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8
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Liu Y, Zhang Y. ETV5 is Essential for Neuronal Differentiation of Human Neural Progenitor Cells by Repressing NEUROG2 Expression. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 15:703-716. [PMID: 31273540 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are multipotent cells that have the potential to produce neurons and glial cells in the neural system. NPCs undergo identity maintenance or differentiation regulated by different kinds of transcription factors. Here we present evidence that ETV5, which is an ETS transcription factor, promotes the generation of glial cells and drives the neuronal subtype-specific genes in newly differentiated neurons from the human embryonic stem cells-derived NPCs. Next, we find a new role for ETV5 in the repression of NEUROG2 expression in NPCs. ETV5 represses NEUROG2 transcription via NEUROG2 promoter and requires the ETS domain. We identify ETV5 has the binding sites and is implicated in silent chromatin in NEUROG2 promoter by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. Further, NEUROG2 transcription repression by ETV5 was shown to be dependent on a transcriptional corepressor (CoREST). During NPC differentiation toward neurons, ETV5 represses NEUROG2 expression and blocks the appearance of glutamatergic neurons. This finding suggests that ETV5 negatively regulates NEUROG2 expression and increases the number of GABAergic subtype neurons derived from NPCs. Thus, ETV5 represents a potent new candidate protein with benefits for the generation of GABAergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, No.1239, Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, No.1239, Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
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9
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Aslanpour S, Rosin JM, Balakrishnan A, Klenin N, Blot F, Gradwohl G, Schuurmans C, Kurrasch DM. Ascl1 is required to specify a subset of ventromedial hypothalamic neurons. Development 2020; 147:dev180067. [PMID: 32253239 DOI: 10.1242/dev.180067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Despite clear physiological roles, the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) developmental programs are poorly understood. Here, we asked whether the proneural gene achaete-scute homolog 1 (Ascl1) contributes to VMH development. Ascl1 transcripts were detected in embryonic day (E) 10.5 to postnatal day 0 VMH neural progenitors. The elimination of Ascl1 reduced the number of VMH neurons at E12.5 and E15.5, particularly within the VMH-central (VMHC) and -dorsomedial (VMHDM) subdomains, and resulted in a VMH cell fate change from glutamatergic to GABAergic. We observed a loss of Neurog3 expression in Ascl1-/- hypothalamic progenitors and an upregulation of Neurog3 when Ascl1 was overexpressed. We also demonstrated a glutamatergic to GABAergic fate switch in Neurog3-null mutant mice, suggesting that Ascl1 might act via Neurog3 to drive VMH cell fate decisions. We also showed a concomitant increase in expression of the central GABAergic fate determinant Dlx1/2 in the Ascl1-null hypothalamus. However, Ascl1 was not sufficient to induce an ectopic VMH fate when overexpressed outside the normal window of competency. Combined, Ascl1 is required but not sufficient to specify the neurotransmitter identity of VMH neurons, acting in a transcriptional cascade with Neurog3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Aslanpour
- Department of Neuroscience, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jessica M Rosin
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Anjali Balakrishnan
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Natalia Klenin
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Florence Blot
- Department of Development and Stem Cells, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM, Universite de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France
| | - Gerard Gradwohl
- Department of Development and Stem Cells, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM, Universite de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France
| | - Carol Schuurmans
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Deborah M Kurrasch
- Department of Neuroscience, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Neurog2 Acts as a Classical Proneural Gene in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus and Is Required for the Early Phase of Neurogenesis. J Neurosci 2020; 40:3549-3563. [PMID: 32273485 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2610-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The tuberal hypothalamus is comprised of the dorsomedial, ventromedial, and arcuate nuclei, as well as parts of the lateral hypothalamic area, and it governs a wide range of physiologies. During neurogenesis, tuberal hypothalamic neurons are thought to be born in a dorsal-to-ventral and outside-in pattern, although the accuracy of this description has been questioned over the years. Moreover, the intrinsic factors that control the timing of neurogenesis in this region are poorly characterized. Proneural genes, including Achate-scute-like 1 (Ascl1) and Neurogenin 3 (Neurog3) are widely expressed in hypothalamic progenitors and contribute to lineage commitment and subtype-specific neuronal identifies, but the potential role of Neurogenin 2 (Neurog2) remains unexplored. Birthdating in male and female mice showed that tuberal hypothalamic neurogenesis begins as early as E9.5 in the lateral hypothalamic and arcuate and rapidly expands to dorsomedial and ventromedial neurons by E10.5, peaking throughout the region by E11.5. We confirmed an outside-in trend, except for neurons born at E9.5, and uncovered a rostrocaudal progression but did not confirm a dorsal-ventral patterning to tuberal hypothalamic neuronal birth. In the absence of Neurog2, neurogenesis stalls, with a significant reduction in early-born BrdU+ cells but no change at later time points. Further, the loss of Ascl1 yielded a similar delay in neuronal birth, suggesting that Ascl1 cannot rescue the loss of Neurog2 and that these proneural genes act independently in the tuberal hypothalamus. Together, our findings show that Neurog2 functions as a classical proneural gene to regulate the temporal progression of tuberal hypothalamic neurogenesis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here, we investigated the general timing and pattern of neurogenesis within the tuberal hypothalamus. Our results confirmed an outside-in trend of neurogenesis and uncovered a rostrocaudal progression. We also showed that Neurog2 acts as a classical proneural gene and is responsible for regulating the birth of early-born neurons within the ventromedial hypothalamus, acting independently of Ascl1 In addition, we revealed a role for Neurog2 in cell fate specification and differentiation of ventromedial -specific neurons. Last, Neurog2 does not have cross-inhibitory effects on Neurog1, Neurog3, and Ascl1 These findings are the first to reveal a role for Neurog2 in hypothalamic development.
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Raina A, Mahajani S, Bähr M, Kügler S. Neuronal Trans-differentiation by Transcription Factors Ascl1 and Nurr1: Induction of a Dopaminergic Neurotransmitter Phenotype in Cortical GABAergic Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:249-260. [PMID: 31317490 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurons with a desired neurotransmitter phenotype can be differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells or from somatic cells only through tedious protocols with relatively low yield. Readily available cortical neurons isolated from embryonic rat brain, which have already undergone a complete neuronal differentiation process, might serve as alternative template source. These cultures consist of 85% glutamatergic and 15% GABAergic neurons, and we attempted to trans-differentiate them into dopaminergic neurons. Transcription factors Nurr1, Lmx1A and Pitx3, essential determinants of a dopaminergic cell fate during CNS development, were not sufficient to induce tyrosine hydroxylase expression in a significant number of cells. Combining Nurr1 with the generic neuronal differentiator and re-programming factor Ascl1, however, resulted in generation of neurons which express dopaminergic markers TH, AADC, VMAT2 and DAT. Only neurons of GABAergic phenotype could be trans-differentiated towards a dopaminergic neurotransmitter phenotype, while for glutamatergic neurons, this process proved to be neurotoxic. Intriguingly, GABAergic neurons isolated from embryonal midbrain could not be trans-differentiated into dopaminergic neurons by Ascl1 and Nurr1. Thus, in principle, post-mitotic embryonal neurons can serve as templates for neurons with a desired neurotransmitter phenotype. However, neurotransmitter phenotype plasticity critically depends on the differentiation history of the template neurons, which can result in relatively low yields of dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Raina
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sameehan Mahajani
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kügler
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073, Göttingen, Germany. .,Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.
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12
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Cheng X, Tan Z, Huang X, Yuan Y, Qin S, Gu Y, Wang D, He C, Su Z. Inhibition of Glioma Development by ASCL1-Mediated Direct Neuronal Reprogramming. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060571. [PMID: 31212628 PMCID: PMC6627512 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct conversion of non-neural cells into induced neurons holds great promise for brain repair. As the most common malignant tumor in the central nervous system, glioma is currently incurable due to its exponential growth and invasive behavior. Given that neurons are irreversible postmitotic cells, reprogramming glioma cells into terminally differentiated neuron-like cells represents a potential approach to inhibit brain tumor development. We here show that human glioma cells can be directly, rapidly and efficiently reprogrammed into terminally differentiated neuron-like cells by the single transcription factor ASCL1 (Achaete-scute complex-like 1, also known as MASH1). These induced cells exhibit typical neuron-like morphology and express multiple neuron-specific markers. Importantly, ASCL1-mediated neuronal reprogramming drives human glioma cells to exit the cell cycle and results in dramatic inhibition of proliferation, both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, this proof-of-principle study demonstrates a potential strategy for impeding brain tumor development by ASCL1-induced direct neuronal reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Cheng
- Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100020, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Zijian Tan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiao Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Yimin Yuan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Shangyao Qin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Yakun Gu
- Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100020, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Cheng He
- Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100020, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Zhida Su
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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13
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Guimarães RPDM, Landeira BS, Coelho DM, Golbert DCF, Silveira MS, Linden R, de Melo Reis RA, Costa MR. Evidence of Müller Glia Conversion Into Retina Ganglion Cells Using Neurogenin2. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:410. [PMID: 30483060 PMCID: PMC6240664 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Degenerative retinopathies are the leading causes of irreversible visual impairment in the elderly, affecting hundreds of millions of patients. Müller glia cells (MGC), the main type of glia found in the vertebrate retina, can resume proliferation in the rodent adult injured retina but contribute weakly to tissue repair when compared to zebrafish retina. However, postnatal and adult mouse MGC can be genetically reprogrammed through the expression of the transcription factor (TF) Achaete-scute homolog 1 (ASCL1) into induced neurons (iNs), displaying key hallmarks of photoreceptors, bipolar and amacrine cells, which may contribute to regenerate the damaged retina. Here, we show that the TF neurogenin 2 (NEUROG2) is also sufficient to lineage-reprogram postnatal mouse MGC into iNs. The efficiency of MGC lineage conversion by NEUROG2 is similar to that observed after expression of ASCL1 and both TFs induce the generation of functionally active iNs. Treatment of MGC cultures with EGF and FGF2 prior to Neurog2 or Ascl1 expression enhances reprogramming efficiencies, what can be at least partially explained by an increase in the frequency of MGCs expressing sex determining region Y (SRY)-box 2 (SOX2). Transduction of either Neurog2 or Ascl1 led to the upregulation of key retina neuronal genes in MGC-derived iNs, but only NEUROG2 induced a consistent increase in the expression of putative retinal ganglion cell (RGC) genes. Moreover, in vivo electroporation of Neurog2 in late progenitors from the neonatal rat retina, which are transcriptionally similar to MGCs, also induced a shift in the generation of retinal cell subtypes, favoring neuronal differentiation at the expense of MGCs and resuming the generation of RGCs. Altogether, our data indicate that NEUROG2 induces lineage conversion of postnatal rodent MGCs into RGC-like iNs in vitro and resumes the generation of this neuronal type from late progenitors of the retina in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pereira de Melo Guimarães
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Lab Neurogenesis, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Lab Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Marques Coelho
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment, IMD, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana S Silveira
- Lab Neurogenesis, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Linden
- Lab Neurogenesis, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A de Melo Reis
- Lab Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos R Costa
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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14
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Araújo JADM, Hilscher MM, Marques-Coelho D, Golbert DCF, Cornelio DA, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR, Leão RN, Costa MR. Direct Reprogramming of Adult Human Somatic Stem Cells Into Functional Neurons Using Sox2, Ascl1, and Neurog2. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:155. [PMID: 29937717 PMCID: PMC6003093 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) or directly into cells from a different lineage, including neurons, has revolutionized research in regenerative medicine in recent years. Mesenchymal stem cells are good candidates for lineage reprogramming and autologous transplantation, since they can be easily isolated from accessible sources in adult humans, such as bone marrow and dental tissues. Here, we demonstrate that expression of the transcription factors (TFs) SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (Sox2), Mammalian achaete-scute homolog 1 (Ascl1), or Neurogenin 2 (Neurog2) is sufficient for reprogramming human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSC) into induced neurons (iNs). Furthermore, the combination of Sox2/Ascl1 or Sox2/Neurog2 is sufficient to reprogram up to 50% of transfected hUCMSCs into iNs showing electrical properties of mature neurons and establishing synaptic contacts with co-culture primary neurons. Finally, we show evidence supporting the notion that different combinations of TFs (Sox2/Ascl1 and Sox2/Neurog2) may induce multiple and overlapping neuronal phenotypes in lineage-reprogrammed iNs, suggesting that neuronal fate is determined by a combination of signals involving the TFs used for reprogramming but also the internal state of the converted cell. Altogether, the data presented here contribute to the advancement of techniques aiming at obtaining specific neuronal phenotypes from lineage-converted human somatic cells to treat neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus M Hilscher
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Diego Marques-Coelho
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment, IMD, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Daiane C F Golbert
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Deborah A Cornelio
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Centro de Biociências, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Silvia R Batistuzzo de Medeiros
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Centro de Biociências, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Richardson N Leão
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Marcos R Costa
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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