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Cabral-França T, Cruz FF, Silva PC, Pannain VLN, Fernandes A, Eulálio JMR, Paiva MM, Macedo-Ramos H, Manso JEF, Baetas-da-Cruz W. Hippocampal Microglia Activation Induced by Acute Pancreatic Injury in Rats. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:148-160. [PMID: 37957410 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-08167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreatic glandular parenchyma that causes injury with or without the destruction of pancreatic acini. Clinical and experimental evidence suggest that certain systemic proinflammatory mediators may be responsible for initiating the fundamental mechanisms involved in microglial reactivity. Here, we investigated the possible repercussions of acute pancreatitis (AP) on the production of inflammatory mediators in the brain parenchyma focusing on microglial activation in the hippocampus. METHODS The acute pancreatic injury in rats was induced by a pancreas ligation surgical procedure (PLSP) on the splenic lobe, which corresponds to approximately 10% of total mass of the pancreas. Blood samples were collected via intracardiac puncture for the measurement of serum amylase. After euthanasia, frozen or paraffin-embedded brains and pancreas were analyzed using qRT-PCR or immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry assays showed a large number of Iba1 and PU.1-positive cells in the CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) regions of the hippocampus of the PLSP group. TNF-α mRNA expression was significantly higher in the brain from PLSP group. NLRP3 inflammasome expression was found to be significantly increased in the pancreas and brain of rats of the PLSP group. High levels of BNDF mRNA were found in the rat brain of PLSP group. In contrast, NGF mRNA levels were significantly higher in the control group versus PLSP group. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that AP has the potential to induce morphological changes in microglia consistent with an activated phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamires Cabral-França
- Postgraduate Program in Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Surgery, Centre for Experimental Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Translational Laboratory in Molecular Physiology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Centre for Experimental Surgery, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ferreira Cruz
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Silva
- Department of Surgery, Centre for Experimental Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Nunes Pannain
- Postgraduate Program in Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arlete Fernandes
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Marcus Raso Eulálio
- Postgraduate Program in Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Surgery, Centre for Experimental Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Hugo Macedo-Ramos
- Translational Laboratory in Molecular Physiology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Centre for Experimental Surgery, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose Eduardo Ferreira Manso
- Postgraduate Program in Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Surgery, Centre for Experimental Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wagner Baetas-da-Cruz
- Postgraduate Program in Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Department of Surgery, Centre for Experimental Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Translational Laboratory in Molecular Physiology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Centre for Experimental Surgery, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Laboratório Translacional em Fisiologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Centro de Cirurgia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, CCS, Bloco J, 2º and, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
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Construction and functional enrichment analysis of the competitive endogenous RNA regulatory network for nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy based on high-throughput sequencing. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:1253-1267. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00914-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Varas R, Ortiz FC. Neuroinflammation in Demyelinating Diseases: Oxidative Stress as a Modulator of Glial Cross-Talk. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4755-4762. [PMID: 31840603 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191216125725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Myelin is a specialized membrane allowing for saltatory conduction of action potentials in neurons, an essential process to achieve the normal communication across the nervous system. Accordingly, in diseases characterized by the loss of myelin and myelin forming cells -oligodendrocytes in the CNS-, patients show severe neurological disabilities. After a demyelinated insult, microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells invade the lesioned area initiating a spontaneous process of myelin repair (i.e. remyelination). A preserved hallmark of this neuroinflammatory scenario is a local increase of oxidative stress, where several cytokines and chemokines are released by glial and other cells. This generates an environment that determines cell interaction resulting in oligodendrocyte maturity and the ability to synthesize new myelin. Herein we review the main features of the regulatory aspect of these molecules based on recent findings and propose new putative signal molecules involved in the remyelination process, focused in the etiology of Multiple Sclerosis, one of the main demyelinating diseases causing disabilities in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Varas
- Mechanisms of Myelin Formation and Repair Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando C Ortiz
- Mechanisms of Myelin Formation and Repair Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Ludwig N, Azambuja JH, Rao A, Gillespie DG, Jackson EK, Whiteside TL. Adenosine receptors regulate exosome production. Purinergic Signal 2020; 16:231-240. [PMID: 32440820 PMCID: PMC7367962 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, small-sized extracellular vesicles, carry components of the purinergic pathway. The production by cells of exosomes carrying this pathway remains poorly understood. Here, we asked whether type 1, 2A, or 2B adenosine receptors (A1Rs, A2ARs, and A2BRs, respectively) expressed by producer cells are involved in regulating exosome production. Preglomerular vascular smooth muscle cells (PGVSMCs) were isolated from wildtype, A1R-/-, A2AR-/-, and A2BR-/- rats, and exosome production was quantified under normal or metabolic stress conditions. Exosome production was also measured in various cancer cells treated with pharmacologic agonists/antagonists of A1Rs, A2ARs, and A2BRs in the presence or absence of metabolic stress or cisplatin. Functional activity of exosomes was determined in Jurkat cell apoptosis assays. In PGVSMCs, A1R and A2AR constrained exosome production under normal conditions (p = 0.0297; p = 0.0409, respectively), and A1R, A2AR, and A2BR constrained exosome production under metabolic stress conditions. Exosome production from cancer cells was reduced (p = 0.0028) by the selective A2AR agonist CGS 21680. These exosomes induced higher levels of Jurkat apoptosis than exosomes from untreated cells or cells treated with A1R and A2BR agonists (p = 0.0474). The selective A2AR antagonist SCH 442416 stimulated exosome production under metabolic stress or cisplatin treatment, whereas the selective A2BR antagonist MRS 1754 reduced exosome production. Our findings indicate that A2ARs suppress exosome release in all cell types examined, whereas effects of A1Rs and A2BRs are dependent on cell type and conditions. Pharmacologic targeting of cancer with A2AR antagonists may inadvertently increase exosome production from tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ludwig
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Research Pavilion, Suite 1.27, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Juliana H Azambuja
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Research Pavilion, Suite 1.27, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aparna Rao
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Research Pavilion, Suite 1.27, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Delbert G Gillespie
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Research Pavilion, Suite 1.27, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Jackson EK, Mi Z, Janesko-Feldman K, Jackson TC, Kochanek PM. 2',3'-cGMP exists in vivo and comprises a 2',3'-cGMP-guanosine pathway. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R783-R790. [PMID: 30789788 PMCID: PMC6620655 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00401.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The discovery in 2009 that 2',3'-cAMP exists in biological systems was rapidly followed by identification of 2',3'-cGMP in cell and tissue extracts. To determine whether 2',3'-cGMP exists in mammals under physiological conditions, we used ultraperformance LC-MS/MS to measure 2',3'-cAMP and 2',3'-cGMP in timed urine collections (via direct bladder cannulation) from 25 anesthetized mice. Urinary excretion rates (means ± SE) of 2',3'-cAMP (15.5 ± 1.8 ng/30 min) and 2',3'-cGMP (17.9 ± 1.9 ng/30 min) were similar. Mice also excreted 2'-AMP (3.6 ± 1.1 ng/20 min) and 3'-AMP (9.5 ± 1.2 ng/min), hydrolysis products of 2',3'-cAMP, and 2'-GMP (4.7 ± 1.7 ng/30 min) and 3'-GMP (12.5 ± 1.8 ng/30 min), hydrolysis products of 2',3'-cGMP. To validate that the chromatographic signals were from these endogenous noncanonical nucleotides, we repeated these experiments in mice (n = 18) lacking 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase), an enzyme known to convert 2',3'-cyclic nucleotides to their corresponding 2'-nucleotides. In CNPase-knockout mice, urinary excretions of 2',3'-cAMP, 3'-AMP, 2',3'-cGMP, and 3'-GMP were increased, while urinary excretions of 2'-AMP and 2'-GMP were decreased. Infusions of exogenous 2',3'-cAMP increased urinary excretion of 2',3'-cAMP, 2'-AMP, 3'-AMP, and adenosine, whereas infusions of exogenous 2',3'-cGMP increased excretion of 2',3'-cGMP, 2'-GMP, 3'-GMP, and guanosine. Together, these data suggest the endogenous existence of not only a 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway (2',3'-cAMP → 2'-AMP/3'-AMP → adenosine), which was previously identified, but also a 2',3'-cGMP-guanosine pathway (2',3'-cGMP → 2'-GMP/3'-GMP → guanosine), observed here for the first time. Because it is well known that adenosine and guanosine protect tissues from injury, our data support the concept that both pathways may work together to protect tissues from injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zaichuan Mi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Keri Janesko-Feldman
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Travis C Jackson
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Andrews P, Toossi S, Kurz M, Jackson TC. Perspectives on Temperature Management. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2019; 9:98-101. [PMID: 31135301 DOI: 10.1089/ther.2019.29061.pja] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Andrews
- 1 Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Shahed Toossi
- 2 Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael Kurz
- 3 Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Travis C Jackson
- 4 Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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