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Jiang H, Zhang C, Lin M, Yin Y, Deng S, Liu W, Zhuo B, Tian G, Du Y, Meng Z. Deciphering the mechanistic impact of acupuncture on the neurovascular unit in acute ischemic stroke: Insights from basic research in a narrative review. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 101:102536. [PMID: 39384155 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2024] [Revised: 09/27/2024] [Accepted: 10/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/11/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke(IS), a severe acute cerebrovascular disease, not only imposes a heavy economic burden on society but also presents numerous challenges in treatment. During the acute phase, while thrombolysis and thrombectomy serve as primary treatments, these approaches are restricted by a narrow therapeutic window. During rehabilitation, commonly used neuroprotective agents struggle with their low drug delivery efficiency and inadequate preclinical testing, and the long-term pharmacological and toxicity effects of nanomedicines remain undefined. Meanwhile, acupuncture as a therapeutic approach is widely acknowledged for its effectiveness in treating IS and has been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as an alternative and complementary therapy, even though its exact mechanisms remain unclear. This review aims to summarize the known mechanisms of acupuncture and electroacupuncture (EA) in the treatment of IS. Research shows that acupuncture treatment mainly protects the neurovascular unit through five mechanisms: 1) reducing neuronal apoptosis and promoting neuronal repair and proliferation; 2) maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB); 3) inhibiting the overactivation and polarization imbalance of microglia; 4) regulating the movement of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells; 5) promoting the proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursors. Through an in-depth analysis, this review reveals the multi-level, multi-dimensional impact of acupuncture treatment on the neurovascular unit (NVU) following IS, providing stronger evidence and a theoretical basis for its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailun Jiang
- Department of Acupuncture, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Department of Acupuncture, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Acupuncture, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Department of Acupuncture, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Mengxuan Lin
- Department of Acupuncture, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Department of Acupuncture, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Yu Yin
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Shizhe Deng
- Department of Acupuncture, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Department of Acupuncture, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Acupuncture, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Department of Acupuncture, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Bifang Zhuo
- Department of Acupuncture, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Department of Acupuncture, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Guang Tian
- Department of Acupuncture, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Department of Acupuncture, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Yuzheng Du
- Department of Acupuncture, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Department of Acupuncture, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China.
| | - Zhihong Meng
- Department of Acupuncture, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Department of Acupuncture, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China.
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2
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Guan C, Feng Y, Cao L, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Liu L, Xie H, Yu K, Shen X, Wu Y, Wang N. Acupuncture for stroke: A bibliometric analysis of global research from 2000 to 2022. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33827. [PMID: 39050433 PMCID: PMC11268209 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to explore the global and future research trends in acupuncture interventions for stroke between 2000 and 2022 using bibliometric analysis. Method A bibliometric analysis of literature from 2000 to 2022 in the Web of Science Core Collection was conducted in this study. The analysis utilized CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Scimago Graphica software to identify the major contributors to publications, including authors, countries, institutions, journals, references, and keywords. Results The bibliometric analysis yielded a total of 860 publications. There was a gradual increase in the number of publications over the study period. China published the most articles. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine was the journal with the greatest number of publications. The most frequently used keywords were "acupuncture," "stroke," and "electroacupuncture." Conclusion These analysis uncovers the research trends in acupuncture for stroke spanning 2000 to 2022 and points to prospective research frontiers. This study provides a deeper and more thorough understanding of the connotations of acupuncture for stroke and guidance and support for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Guan
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yashuo Feng
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Lu Cao
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yiyuan Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Hongyu Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Kewei Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xueyan Shen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yi Wu
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Nianhong Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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3
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Chen Y, Chen S, Wu M, Chen F, Guan Q, Zhang S, Wen J, Sun Z, Chen Z. Hydrogen Sulfide Protects against Rat Ischemic Brain Injury by Promoting RhoA Phosphorylation at Serine 188. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:13227-13238. [PMID: 38524410 PMCID: PMC10956087 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The protective role of hydrogen sulfide against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury involves the inhibition of the RhoA-/Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) pathway. However, the specific mechanism remains elusive. This study investigates the impact of hydrogen sulfide on RhoA phosphorylation at serine 188 (Ser188) in vivo, aiming to test the hypothesis that hydrogen sulfide exerts neuroprotection by enhancing RhoA phosphorylation at Ser188, subsequently inhibiting the RhoA/ROCK pathway. Recombinant RhoAwild-pEGFP-N1 and RhoAS188A-pEGFP-N1 plasmids were constructed and administered via stereotaxic injection into the rat hippocampus. A rat global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model was induced by bilateral carotid artery ligation to elucidate the neuroprotective mechanisms of hydrogen sulfide. Both RhoAwild-pEGFP-N1 and RhoAS188A-pEGFP-N1 plasmids expressed RhoAwild and RhoAS188A proteins, respectively, in rat hippocampal tissues, alongside the intrinsic RhoA protein. Systemic administration of the exogenous hydrogen sulfide donor sodium hydrosulfide led to an increase in Ser188 phosphorylation of transfected RhoAwild and intrinsic RhoA protein within the hippocampus. However, this effect was not observed in tissues transfected with RhoAS188A. Sodium hydrosulfide-mediated RhoA phosphorylation correlated with decreased RhoA and ROCK2 activity in rat hippocampal tissues. Furthermore, sodium hydrosulfide administration reduced cerebral ischemia-reperfusion-induced neuronal damage and apoptosis in rat hippocampal tissues transfected with RhoAwild. However, this neuroprotective effect was attenuated in rats transfected with RhoAS188A. These findings suggest that the neuroprotective mechanism of hydrogen sulfide against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury involves increased RhoA phosphorylation at Ser188. Promoting this phosphorylation may represent a potential intrinsic therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chen
- Department
of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Miao Wu
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department
of Neurology, The First Affiliated
Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
| | - Qianjun Guan
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Jiyue Wen
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Zhongwu Sun
- Department
of Neurology, The First Affiliated
Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
| | - Zhiwu Chen
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China
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Liu M, Wang W, Zhang Y, Xu Z. Effects of combined electroacupuncture and medication therapy on the RhoA/ROCK-2 signaling pathway in the striatal region of rats afflicted by cerebral ischemia. Brain Res Bull 2023; 205:110828. [PMID: 38029846 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of electroacupuncture(EA), gastrodin(Gas), and their combination on the signaling pathways involving Ras homologous gene family member A (RhoA) and Rho-associated frizzled helix protein kinase (ROCK-2) within the striatal region of rats subjected to cerebral ischemia. Additionally, we aim to elucidate the therapeutic effects and potential underlying mechanisms associated with the concurrent application of electroacupuncture and medication in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. METHODS Rats were randomly assigned to one of five groups, namely, the sham operation (Sham) group, model group, EA group, Gas group, and the EA combined with Gas group (referred to as the "EA+Gas group"). Each group consisted of ten rats. Following the induction of cerebral ischemia, the EA group and EA+Gas group received EA stimulation at the Baihui(GV20) and Zusanli(ST36) acupoints for 30 min per session, administered once daily for 14 consecutive days. The Gas group and EA+Gas group were intraperitoneally injected with Gas at a dosage of 10 mg/kg, also administered once daily for 14 consecutive days. Nissl staining was employed to observe morphological alterations in the striatal nerve cells of rats in each group. Immunohistochemistry and western blot techniques were employed to evaluate the expression levels of striatal RhoA and ROCK-2 proteins. RESULTS In comparison to the Sham group, the model group exhibited a substantial reduction in the number of striatal nerve cells on the ischemic side, accompanied by notable changes in cell morphology, characterized by reduced cytoplasm, defective and atrophied cytosol, solidified nuclei, loosely arranged cells, and enlarged intercellular spaces. Additionally, there was a notable increase in the positive expression of RhoA and ROCK-2. In contrast, when compared to the model group, the EA, Gas, and EA+Gas groups demonstrated an elevated number of normal nerve cells within the ischemic striatal region, with a significant improvement in cell count and morphology. Furthermore, positive expression levels of RhoA and ROCK-2 were notably reduced in these groups. Compared with the EA group or the GAS group, the number of normal nerve cells in the striatum on the ischemic side of the EA+GAS group was further increased, and the positive expression level of RhoA and ROCK-2 were both further reduced. CONCLUSION The protective mechanism underlying the therapeutic efficacy of EA combined with Gas against cerebral ischemic striatal injury in rats may be associated with the inhibition of the activation of the RhoA/ROCK-2 signaling pathway. Importantly, the therapeutic effects observed with the combination of electroacupuncture and medication were superior to those achieved with EA alone or the sole administration of Gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Wannan Medical College, 241002 Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Wannan Medical College, 241002 Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yegui Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Wannan Medical College, 241002 Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Zhiliang Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Wannan Medical College, 241002 Wuhu, Anhui, China.
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5
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Lingli C, Hongmei N, Penghuan J, Hongli Z, Yuye L, Rui W, Fei R, Zhihong Y, Dongfang H, Yaming G. Inhibition of RhoA/ROCK signalling pathway activity improves neural damage and cognitive deficits in the fluorosis model. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115554. [PMID: 37806133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Excessive fluoride intake poses health risks to humans and animals. Many studies have indicated that fluoride exposure can damage the cytoskeleton and synapses, which has negative effects on the intellectual development of humans and animals. Our previous study suggested that the RhoA/ROCK signalling pathway is activated by NaF exposure in HT-22 cells and plays a vital role in cytoskeletal assembly and synaptogenesis. However, the mechanism underlying RhoA/ROCK-mediated cytoskeletal injury induced by fluoride remains unclear. In this study, Neuro-2A cells and ICR mice were used to investigate the effects of RhoA/ROCK activation inhibition on NaF-induced synaptic dysfunction and cognitive impairment. We detected the expression of GAP, RhoA, ROCK1/2, and (p)-MLC in vivo and in vitro model. The results showed that NaF exposure activated the RhoA/ROCK/MLC signalling pathway. We measured the effects of RhoA/ROCK inhibition on synaptic injury and intellectual impairment induced by NaF exposure. In vitro, Y-27632 suppressed activated RhoA/ROCK, attenuated morphological and ultrastructural damage, and decreased the survival rate and synapse-functional protein expression caused by NaF. In vivo, the results showed that the RhoA/ROCK/MLC pathway was inhibited by fasudil and improved pathological damage in the hippocampus, cognitive impairment, and decreased expression of neurofunctional proteins induced by NaF. Overall, these results suggest that fasudil and Y-27632 can reverse neurotoxicity caused by fluoride exposure. Furthermore, inhibition of RhoA/ROCK may be a future treatment for CNS injury, and more detailed studies on other neurodegenerative disease models are required to confirm its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lingli
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Provence, 453003, China; Postdoctoral Research and Development Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Provence, 453003, China
| | - Ning Hongmei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Provence, 453003, China
| | - Jia Penghuan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Provence, 453003, China
| | - Zhang Hongli
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Provence, 453003, China
| | - Liu Yuye
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Provence, 453003, China
| | - Wang Rui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Provence, 453003, China
| | - Ren Fei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Provence, 453003, China
| | - Yin Zhihong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Provence, 453003, China
| | - Hu Dongfang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Provence, 453003, China
| | - Ge Yaming
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Provence, 453003, China.
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Wang YL, Meng LL, Chen YL, OuYang L, Wu BF, Peng R, Lu SF, Liu Q, Zhang T, Li XX, Jing XY, Fu SP, Xu B. Electro-acupuncture treatment ameliorates intestinal inflammatory injury in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats via regulating the balance of Treg / γδ T cells. Brain Res 2023; 1803:148233. [PMID: 36623758 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electro-acupuncture (EA) has an anti-inflammatory role in ischemic stroke, but whether the protective effect of EA involves the regulation of the intestine barrier and Treg/ γδ T cells is unclear. Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) for 2 h followed by reperfusion for 24 h. The rats have treated with EA at the "Baihui" acupoint(GV20). Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and Longa neurologic score were performed to evaluate the outcomes after ischemic stroke. Inflammatory factor expression levels in the serum, ischemic hemisphere brain, and small intestine were detected by ELISA or RT-qPCR. Additionally, the morphology change of the small intestine was evaluated by analyzing villus height and smooth muscle thickness. Meanwhile, the expression of tight-junction proteins, including Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1), Occludin, and Claudin-1, were detected to evaluate the impact of EA on mucosal permeability in the small intestine. The percentages of regulatory T cells (Tregs) (CD45+CD4+Foxp3+) and γδ T cells (CD45+CD4-γδ T+) were measured to assess the effect of EA on intestinal T cells. EA decreased the brain infarction volume and intestine barrier injury in ischemic stroke rats. At the same time, it effectively suppressed the post-stroke inflammation in the brain and small intestine. More importantly, EA treatment increased the percentage of Tregs in the small intestine while reducing the rate of γδ T cells, and ultimately increased the ratio of Treg/ γδ T cells. These results demonstrated that EA ameliorated intestinal inflammation damage by regulating the Treg/ γδ T cell polarity shift and improving the intestine barrier integrity in rats with I/R injury. This may be one of the mechanisms underlying the anti-ischemic injury effects of acupuncture on stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Ling-Ling Meng
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Ling OuYang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Bu-Fan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Rou Peng
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng-Feng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 215600 Zhangjiagang, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Li
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Yue Jing
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Shu-Ping Fu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China.
| | - Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China.
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7
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Mu JD, Ma LX, Zhang Z, Qian X, Zhang QY, Ma LH, Sun TY. The factors affecting neurogenesis after stroke and the role of acupuncture. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1082625. [PMID: 36741282 PMCID: PMC9895425 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1082625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke induces a state of neuroplasticity in the central nervous system, which can lead to neurogenesis phenomena such as axonal growth and synapse formation, thus affecting stroke outcomes. The brain has a limited ability to repair ischemic damage and requires a favorable microenvironment. Acupuncture is considered a feasible and effective neural regulation strategy to improve functional recovery following stroke via the benign modulation of neuroplasticity. Therefore, we summarized the current research progress on the key factors and signaling pathways affecting neurogenesis, and we also briefly reviewed the research progress of acupuncture to improve functional recovery after stroke by promoting neurogenesis. This study aims to provide new therapeutic perspectives and strategies for the recovery of motor function after stroke based on neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Dan Mu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Liang-Xiao Ma
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China,The Key Unit of State Administration of Traditional Chines Medicine, Evaluation of Characteristic Acupuncture Therapy, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Liang-Xiao Ma ✉
| | - Zhou Zhang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Qian
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qin-Yong Zhang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Hui Ma
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Yi Sun
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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8
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Zhang Q, Deng P, Chen S, Xu H, Zhang Y, Chen H, Zhang J, Sun H. Electroacupuncture and human iPSC-derived small extracellular vesicles regulate the gut microbiota in ischemic stroke via the brain-gut axis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1107559. [PMID: 36742316 PMCID: PMC9895941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived small extracellular vesicles (iPSC-EVs) have substantial beneficial effects on ischemic stroke. However, the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we explored the mechanisms underlying the regulation of EA and iPSC-EVs in the microbiome-gut-brain axis (MGBA) after ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke mice (C57BL/6) were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or Sham surgery. EA and iPSC-EVs treatments significantly improved neurological function and neuronal and intestinal tract injury, downregulated the levels of IL-17 expression and upregulated IL-10 levels in brain and colon tissue after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. EA and iPSC-EVs treatments also modulated the microbiota composition and diversity as well as the differential distribution of species in the intestines of the mice after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Our results demonstrated that EA and iPSC-EVs treatments regulated intestinal immunity through MGBA regulation of intestinal microbes, reducing brain and colon damage following cerebral ischemia and positively impacting the outcomes of ischemic stroke. Our findings provide new insights into the application of EA combined with iPSC-EVs as a treatment for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongqiong Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peiying Deng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Suhui Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- CAMS Key Laboratory for T-Cell and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China,Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- CAMS Key Laboratory for T-Cell and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China,Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou, China,Guidon Pharmaceutics, Inc., Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Jianmin Zhang, ; Hua Sun,
| | - Hua Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Jianmin Zhang, ; Hua Sun,
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Nie Z, Miao H, Li C, Wu F. Electroacupuncture inhibits the expression of HMGB1/RAGE and alleviates injury to the primary motor cortex in rats with cerebral ischemia. Transl Neurosci 2023; 14:20220316. [PMID: 37829255 PMCID: PMC10566473 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)/receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) signaling pathway holds promise as a potential therapeutic target for ischemic brain injury. The effects of FPS-ZM1 and electroacupuncture (EA) on activation of the HMGB1/RAGE signaling pathway after cerebral ischemia remain uncertain. Methods Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was established. Neurological function was assessed using Longa scores. Nissl staining was used to observe the morphology of neurons. The expression levels of HMGB1 and RAGE were assayed with immunofluorescence staining and western blot. Results The results showed that EA and FPS-ZM1 could reduce the neural function score and neurons cell injury in cerebral ischemia rats by inhibiting the expression of HMGB1 and RAGE in primary motor cortex (M1) region. In addition, EA combined with FPS-ZM1 had a better therapeutic effect. Conclusions The HMGB1/RAGE pathway could be activated after cerebral ischemia. Both EA and FPS-ZM1 improved neurological deficits and attenuated neuronal damage in rats. They had synergistic effects. These interventions were observed to mitigate brain damage by suppressing the activation of HMGB1/RAGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyin Nie
- Department of Human Anatomy, Wannan Medical College, No. 22, Wenchang West Road, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, China
| | - Huachun Miao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Wannan Medical College, No. 22, Wenchang West Road, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, China
| | - Chenyu Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Wannan Medical College, No. 22, Wenchang West Road, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Wannan Medical College, No. 22, Wenchang West Road, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, China
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10
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Zhang Y, Yin YL, Jin ZY, Hu QP, Wu XG. Electroacupuncture Activates Neuroplasticity in the Motor Cortex and Corticospinal Tract via the mTOR Pathway in a Rat P-MCAO Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3470685. [PMID: 36440366 PMCID: PMC9683956 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3470685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) combines traditional Chinese medicine acupuncture theory with modern scientific technology. It is a promising therapy for the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases such as cerebral infarction. A large number of clinical studies have shown that EA promotes recovery of neurological function after cerebral infarction, however, the underlying mechanisms behind its effects remain unclear. We tested whether EA stimulation of the Zusanli (ST36) and Neiguan (PC6) acupoints activates neuroplasticity in rats with ischemic stroke and whether this involves the regulation of axonal regeneration through the mTOR pathway. 24 h after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (p-MCAO) in rats, EA treatment was started for 20 min, daily, for 14 days. We found that EA significantly reduced Modified Neurological Severity Scores (mNSS), cerebral infarct volume, and apoptosis of neuronal cells. EA also significantly increased the expression of the neuroplasticity-associated proteins GAP-43 and SYN and upregulated the phosphorylation levels of AKT, mTOR, S6, and PTEN to promote CST axon sprouting in the spinal cord at C1-C4 levels. The positive effects of EA were blocked by the administration of the mTOR inhibitor Rapamycin. In short, we found that EA of the Zusanli (ST36) and Neiguan (PC6) acupoints in p-MCAO rats induced neuroprotective and neuroplastic effects by regulating the mTOR signaling pathway. It promoted neuroplasticity activated by axon regeneration in the contralateral cortex and corticospinal tract. Activation of such endogenous remodeling is conducive to neurological recovery and may help explain the positive clinical effects seen in patients with infarcts.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China
| | - Ya-Long Yin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China
| | - Zi-Yan Jin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China
| | - Qi-Ping Hu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China
| | - Xin-gui Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China
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11
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Qin S, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Liu J, Qiu J, Gong Y, Fan W, Guo Y, Guo Y, Xu Z, Guo Y. The impact of acupuncture on neuroplasticity after ischemic stroke: a literature review and perspectives. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:817732. [PMID: 36439200 PMCID: PMC9685811 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.817732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is common in the elderly, and is one of the main causes of long-term disability worldwide. After ischemic stroke, spontaneous recovery and functional reconstruction take place. These processes are possible thanks to neuroplasticity, which involves neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and angiogenesis. However, the repair of ischemic damage is not complete, and neurological deficits develop eventually. The WHO recommends acupuncture as an alternative and complementary method for the treatment of stroke. Moreover, clinical and experimental evidence has documented the potential of acupuncture to ameliorate ischemic stroke-induced neurological deficits, particularly sequelae such as dyskinesia, spasticity, cognitive impairment, and dysphagia. These effects are related to the ability of acupuncture to promote spontaneous neuroplasticity after ischemic stroke. Specifically, acupuncture can stimulate neurogenesis, activate axonal regeneration and sprouting, and improve the structure and function of synapses. These processes modify the neural network and function of the damaged brain area, producing the improvement of various skills and adaptability. Astrocytes and microglia may be involved in the regulation of neuroplasticity by acupuncture, such as by the production and release of a variety of neurotrophic factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF). Moreover, the evidence presented indicates that acupuncture promotes neuroplasticity by modulating the functional reconstruction of the whole brain after ischemia. Therefore, the promotion of neuroplasticity is expected to become a new target for acupuncture in the treatment of neurological deficits after ischemic stroke, and research into the mechanisms responsible for these actions will be of significant clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siru Qin
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zichen Zhang
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yadan Zhao
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiwen Qiu
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Yinan Gong
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Fan
- Department of Rehabilitation Physical Therapy Course, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan
| | - Yongming Guo
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhifang Xu
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Guo
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
- Acupuncture Department, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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12
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Myatich A, Haque A, Sole C, Banik NL. Clemastine in remyelination and protection of neurons and skeletal muscle after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:940-946. [PMID: 36254972 PMCID: PMC9827778 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.355749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries affect nearly five to ten individuals per million every year. Spinal cord injury causes damage to the nerves, muscles, and the tissue surrounding the spinal cord. Depending on the severity, spinal injuries are linked to degeneration of axons and myelin, resulting in neuronal impairment and skeletal muscle weakness and atrophy. The protection of neurons and promotion of myelin regeneration during spinal cord injury is important for recovery of function following spinal cord injury. Current treatments have little to no effect on spinal cord injury and neurogenic muscle loss. Clemastine, an Food and Drug Administration-approved antihistamine drug, reduces inflammation, protects cells, promotes remyelination, and preserves myelin integrity. Recent clinical evidence suggests that clemastine can decrease the loss of axons after spinal cord injury, stimulating the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells into mature oligodendrocytes that are capable of myelination. While clemastine can aid not only in the remyelination and preservation of myelin sheath integrity, it also protects neurons. However, its role in neurogenic muscle loss remains unclear. This review discusses the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury, and the role of clemastine in the protection of neurons, myelin, and axons as well as attenuation of skeletal muscle loss following spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Myatich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA,Correspondence to: Azizul Haque, ; Naren L. Banik, .
| | - Christopher Sole
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Naren L. Banik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA,Correspondence to: Azizul Haque, ; Naren L. Banik, .
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13
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Xue M, Chen S, Xi J, Guan Q, Chen W, Guo Y, Chen Z. Protection against Hypoxia-Reoxygenation Injury of Hippocampal Neurons by H2S via Promoting Phosphorylation of ROCK2 at Tyr722 in Rat Model. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144567. [PMID: 35889443 PMCID: PMC9319530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway is associated with the protective effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) against cerebral ischemia. H2S protects rat hippocampal neurons (RHNs) against hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) injury by promoting phosphorylation of RhoA at Ser188. However, effect of H2S on the phosphorylation of ROCK2-related sites is unclear. The present study was designed to investigate whether H2S can play a role in the phosphorylation of ROCK2 at Tyr722, and explore whether this role mediates the protective effect of H/R injury in RHNs. Prokaryotic recombinant plasmids ROCK2wild-pGEX-6P-1 and ROCK2Y722F-pGEX-6P-1 were constructed and transfected into E. coli in vitro, and the expressed protein, GST-ROCK2wild and GST-ROCK2Y722F were used for phosphorylation assay in vitro. Eukaryotic recombinant plasmids ROCK2Y722-pEGFP-N1 and ROCK2Y722F-pEGFP-N1 as well as empty plasmid were transfected into the RHNs. Western blot assay and whole-cell patch-clamp technique were used to detect phosphorylation of ROCK2 at Tyr722 and BKCa channel current in the RHNs, respectively. Cell viability, leakages of intracellular enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and nerve-specific enolase (NSE) were measured. The H/R injury was indicated by decrease of cell viability and leakages of intracellular LDH and NSE. The results of Western blot have shown that NaHS, a H2S donor, significantly promoted phosphorylation of GST-ROCK2wild at Tyr722, while no phosphorylation of GST-ROCK2Y722F was detected. The phosphorylation of ROCK2wild promoted by NaHS was also observed in RHNs. NaHS induced more potent effects on protection against H/R injury, phosphorylation of ROCK2 at Tyr722, inhibition of ROCK2 activity, as well as increase of the BKCa current in the ROCK2Y722-pEGFP-N1-transfected RHNs. Our results revealed that H2S protects the RHNs from H/R injury through promoting phosphorylation of ROCK2 at Tyr722 to inhibit ROCK2 activity and potentially by opening channel currents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yan Guo
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (Z.C.); Tel.: +86-0551-65161133 (Y.G.); +86-0551-65161133 (Z.C.)
| | - Zhiwu Chen
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (Z.C.); Tel.: +86-0551-65161133 (Y.G.); +86-0551-65161133 (Z.C.)
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14
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Yang Y, Deng P, Si Y, Xu H, Zhang J, Sun H. Acupuncture at GV20 and ST36 Improves the Recovery of Behavioral Activity in Rats Subjected to Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:909512. [PMID: 35775011 PMCID: PMC9239252 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.909512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional acupuncture and electroacupuncture (EA) have been widely performed to treat ischemic stroke. To provide experimental support for the clinical application of acupuncture to ameliorate post-stroke sequelae, in this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of acupuncture and EA on CIRI following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. The animals were randomly divided into five groups: sham-operated (S), model (M), traditional acupuncture (A) treatment, electroacupuncture (EA) treatment, and drug (D; edaravone) therapies. Neurological behavioral characteristics (neurological deficit score, forelimb muscle strength, sensorimotor function, body symmetry, sucrose consumption, and mood) were examined in all the groups on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after reperfusion. Expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) were detected by immunohistochemistry. Both acupuncture and EA significantly reduced neurological deficits and improved forelimb muscle strength, sensorimotor function, body symmetry recovery, and neurovascular regeneration in the rats after ischemia/reperfusion injury. The efficacies of both acupuncture and EA were comparable to that of edaravone, a commonly used medicine for stroke in the clinic. Thus, our data suggest that acupuncture and EA therapy at acupoints GV20 and ST36 might represent alternative or complementary treatments to the conventional management of ischemic stroke, providing additional support for the experimental evidence for acupuncture therapy in clinical settings. In summary, EA might provide alternative or complementary treatment strategies for treating patients with apoplexy in the clinic. However, potential mechanisms underlying the role of acupuncture require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Peiying Deng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yingkui Si
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- CAMS Key Laboratory for T Cell and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jianmin Zhang,
| | - Hua Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Hua Sun,
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15
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Gao J, Liu J, Yao M, Zhang W, Yang B, Wang G. Panax notoginseng Saponins Stimulates Neurogenesis and Neurological Restoration After Microsphere-Induced Cerebral Embolism in Rats Partially Via mTOR Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:889404. [PMID: 35770087 PMCID: PMC9236302 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.889404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
P. Notoginseng Saponins (PNS), the main active component of herbal medicine Panax notoginseng, has been widely used to treat cerebrovascular diseases. It has been acknowledged that PNS exerted protection on nerve injuries induced by ischemic stroke, however, the long-term impacts of PNS on the restoration of neurological defects and neuroregeneration after stroke have not been thoroughly studied and the underlying molecular mechanism of stimulating neurogenesis is difficult to precisely clarify, much more in-depth researches are badly needed. In the present study, cerebral ischemia injury was induced by microsphere embolism (ME) in rats. After 14 days, PNS administration relieved cerebral ischemia injury as evidenced by alleviating neurological deficits and reducing hippocampal pathological damage. What’s more, PNS stimulated hippocampal neurogenesis by promoting cell proliferation, migration and differentiation activity and modulated synaptic plasticity. Increased number of BrdU/Nestin, BrdU/DCX and NeuroD1-positive cells and upregulated synapse-related GAP43, SYP, and PSD95 expression were observed in the hippocampus. We hypothesized that upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and activation of Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling after ME could partially underlie the neuroprotective effects of PNS against cerebral ischemia injury. Our findings offer some new viewpoints into the beneficial roles of PNS against ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jianxun Liu,
| | - Mingjiang Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Pathology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangrui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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16
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Deng P, Wang L, Zhang Q, Chen S, Zhang Y, Xu H, Chen H, Xu Y, He W, Zhang J, Sun H. Therapeutic Potential of a Combination of Electroacupuncture and Human iPSC-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles for Ischemic Stroke. Cells 2022; 11:820. [PMID: 35269441 PMCID: PMC8909871 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aimed to explore the roles of the combination of electroacupuncture (EA) and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (iPSC-EVs) on mice with ischemic stroke and the underlying mechanisms. A focal cerebral ischemia model was established in C57BL/6 mice through middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After 3 days, neurological impairment and motor function were examined by performing behavioral tests. The infarct volume and neuronal apoptosis were examined using TTC staining and TUNEL assays. Flow cytometry was performed to assess the proliferation of T lymphocytes. The changes in the interleukin (IL)-33/ST2 axis were evaluated by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. The combination of EA and iPSC-EVs treatment ameliorated neurological impairments and reduced the infarct volume and neuronal apoptosis in MCAO mice. EA plus iPSC-EVs suppressed T helper (Th1) and Th17 responses and promoted the regulatory T cell (Treg) response. In addition, EA plus iPSC-EVs exerted neuroprotective effects by regulating the IL-33/ST2 axis and inhibiting the microglia and astrocyte activation. Taken together, the study shows that EA and iPSC-EVs exerted a synergistic neuroprotective effect in MCAO mice, and this treatment may represent a novel potent therapy for ischemic stroke and damage to other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiying Deng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; (P.D.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.)
| | - Liang Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory for T Cell and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; (L.W.); (H.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Qiongqiong Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; (P.D.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.)
| | - Suhui Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; (P.D.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.)
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; (P.D.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.)
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; (P.D.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.)
| | - Hui Chen
- CAMS Key Laboratory for T Cell and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; (L.W.); (H.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yi Xu
- CAMS Key Laboratory for T Cell and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; (L.W.); (H.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Wei He
- CAMS Key Laboratory for T Cell and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; (L.W.); (H.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- CAMS Key Laboratory for T Cell and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; (L.W.); (H.C.); (Y.X.)
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou 213000, China
- Guidon Pharmaceutics, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Hua Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; (P.D.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.)
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17
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Guo X, Cheng B. Clinical Effects of Acupuncture for Stroke Patients Recovery. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:9962421. [PMID: 35222902 PMCID: PMC8872684 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9962421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is assumed as one of the common cerebrovascular diseases that endangers human health and life. Its incidence and mortality rates are high, while survivors (50% to 70%) suffer from different degrees of disability. Hemiplegia is a common disability after stroke, mainly manifested as muscle weakness of the affected side, limb spasm, and limited activity, which severely impacts a patient's daily life. There are various rehabilitation methods for stroke hemiplegia, including modern rehabilitation medicine, motor therapy, acupuncture, and rehabilitation robot. The cost and effect of different rehabilitation methods are not the same. It is the focus to find an economical and effective rehabilitation method. In this paper, 128 stroke patients aged 41 to 73 hospitalized between January 2019 and January 2021 were analyzed. The intervention group used standard physical therapy and traditional acupuncture therapy, and the control group only used standard physical therapy. We used RStudio 1.1.419 (RStudio Corporation) for analysis. Experimental results show that the short-term efficacy of the intervention group is better than that of the control group. The intervention group was better than the control group in recovery from injury during rehabilitation, degree of muscle spasm, self-care ability in daily life, and overall degree of damage. In the long-term efficacy analysis, we can see that with the increase in the number of acupuncture, the efficacy of the intervention group is still better than that of the control group. Compared with physical rehabilitation alone, acupuncture has better short-term, and long-term clinical effects for stroke patients improves motor dysfunction and improves the quality of life and independence of stroke patients. With the increase in the number of acupuncture treatments, the patient's rehabilitation effect will be better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Guo
- Rehabilitation Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hanyang Hospital of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430050, China
| | - Bingjie Cheng
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Hubei No. 3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan 430033, China
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18
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De I, Sharma P, Singh M. Emerging approaches of neural regeneration using physical stimulations solely or coupled with smart piezoelectric nano-biomaterials. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 173:73-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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19
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Zhang B, Shi H, Cao S, Xie L, Ren P, Wang J, Shi B. Revealing the magic of acupuncture based on biological mechanisms: A literature review. Biosci Trends 2022; 16:73-90. [PMID: 35153276 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2022.01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Haojun Shi
- Second Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shengnan Cao
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Liangyu Xie
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopedics, Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Pengcheng Ren
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopedics, Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopedics, Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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20
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Guo B, Qi M, Huang S, Zhuo R, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Xu M, Liu M, Guan T, Liu Y. Cadherin-12 Regulates Neurite Outgrowth Through the PKA/Rac1/Cdc42 Pathway in Cortical Neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:768970. [PMID: 34820384 PMCID: PMC8606577 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.768970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins play an important role in tissue homeostasis, as they are responsible for cell-cell adhesion during embryogenesis, tissue morphogenesis, and differentiation. In this study, we identified Cadherin-12 (CDH12), which encodes a type II classical cadherin, as a gene that promotes neurite outgrowth in an in vitro model of neurons with differentiated intrinsic growth ability. First, the effects of CDH12 on neurons were evaluated via RNA interference, and the results indicated that the knockdown of CDH12 expression restrained the axon extension of E18 neurons. The transcriptome profile of neurons with or without siCDH12 treatment revealed a set of pathways positively correlated with the effect of CDH12 on neurite outgrowth. We further revealed that CDH12 affected Rac1/Cdc42 phosphorylation in a PKA-dependent manner after testing using H-89 and 8-Bromo-cAMP sodium salt. Moreover, we investigated the expression of CDH12 in the brain, spinal cord, and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) during development using immunofluorescence staining. After that, we explored the effects of CDH12 on neurite outgrowth in vivo. A zebrafish model of CDH12 knockdown was established using the NgAgo-gDNA system, and the vital role of CDH12 in peripheral neurogenesis was determined. In summary, our study is the first to report the effect of CDH12 on axonal extension in vitro and in vivo, and we provide a preliminary explanation for this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mengwei Qi
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Run Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wenxue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yufang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Man Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Tuchen Guan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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21
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Appunni S, Gupta D, Rubens M, Ramamoorthy V, Singh HN, Swarup V. Deregulated Protein Kinases: Friend and Foe in Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6471-6489. [PMID: 34549335 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the third leading cause of mortality worldwide, but its medical management is still limited to the use of thrombolytics as a lifesaving option. Multiple molecular deregulations of the protein kinase family occur during the period of ischemia/reperfusion. However, experimental studies have shown that alterations in the expression of essential protein kinases and their pharmacological modulation can modify the neuropathological milieu and hasten neurophysiological recovery. This review highlights the role of key protein kinase members and their implications in the evolution of stroke pathophysiology. Activation of ROCK-, MAPK-, and GSK-3β-mediated pathways following neuronal ischemia/reperfusion injury in experimental conditions aggravate the neuropathology and delays recovery. Targeting ROCK, MAPK, and GSK-3β will potentially enhance myelin regeneration, improve blood-brain barrier (BBB) function, and suppress inflammation, which ameliorates neuronal survival. Conversely, protein kinases such as PKA, Akt, PKCα, PKCε, Trk, and PERK salvage neurons post-ischemia by mechanisms including enhanced toxin metabolism, restoring BBB integrity, neurotrophic effects, and apoptosis suppression. Certain protein kinases such as ERK1/2, JNK, and AMPK have favourable and unfavourable effects in salvaging ischemia-injured neurons. Targeting multiple protein kinase-mediated pathways simultaneously may improve neuronal recovery post-ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Appunni
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Deepika Gupta
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Himanshu Narayan Singh
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Centre, New York City, NY, USA.
| | - Vishnu Swarup
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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22
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Electroacupuncture Regulates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Ameliorates Neuronal Injury in Rats with Acute Ischemic Stroke. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9912325. [PMID: 34434247 PMCID: PMC8382524 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9912325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a common cause of morbidity, mortality, and disability worldwide. Electroacupuncture (EA) is an effective method for alleviating brain damage after ischemic stroke. However, the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to determine whether endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) could contribute to the protective effects of EA in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) to provide a rationale for the widespread clinical use of EA. Rats were divided into the sham-operated (sham) group, the CIRI (model) group, and the EA group. Rats in the model group were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h followed by 72 h of reperfusion. Rats with CIRI were treated daily with EA at GV20 and ST36 for a total of 3 days. The Longa scoring system and adhesive removal somatosensory test were applied to evaluate neurological deficits. Then, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was performed to measure the infarct volume. Immunofluorescence staining for NeuN and GFAP and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase- (TdT-) mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining were performed to detect apoptotic cells in brain tissue. Immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and western blotting were used to measure the levels of ERS indicators (GRP78, CHOP/GADD153, p-eIF2α, and caspase 12). The results showed that EA significantly reduced the cerebral infarct volume, improved neurological function, and inhibited neuronal apoptosis. In the EA group compared with the model group, the mRNA expression levels of GRP78 were significantly increased, and the expression levels of proapoptotic proteins (CHOP/GADD153, p-eIF2α, and caspase 12) were significantly decreased. These results suggest that the possible mechanism by which EA protects cells against neuronal injury in CIRI may involve inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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23
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Cai R, Wang Y, Huang Z, Zou Q, Pu Y, Yu C, Cai Z. Role of RhoA/ROCK signaling in Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2021; 414:113481. [PMID: 34302876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK), a serine/threonine kinase regulated by the small GTPase RhoA, is involved in regulating cell migration, proliferation, and survival. Numerous studies have shown that the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway can promote Alzheimer's disease (AD) occurrence. ROCK activation increases β-secretase activity and promotes amyloid-beta (Aβ) production; moreover, Aβ further activates ROCK. This is suggestive of a possible positive feedback role for Aβ and ROCK. Moreover, ROCK activation promotes the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and abnormal synaptic contraction. Additionally, ROCK activation can promote the neuroinflammatory response by activating microglia and astrocytes to release inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, ROCK is a promising drug target in AD; further, there is a need to elucidate the specific mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- RuoLan Cai
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, China; Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, China
| | - YangYang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, China; Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, China
| | - ZhenTing Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, China; Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, China
| | - Qian Zou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, China; Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, China
| | - YinShuang Pu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, China; Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, China
| | - Changyin Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Zhiyou Cai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, China; Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, China.
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24
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Liu H, Sun S, Liu B. Smurf2 exerts neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemic injury. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100537. [PMID: 33722608 PMCID: PMC8363835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore specific mechanisms involved in mediating the neuroprotective effects of Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 2 (Smurf2) in cerebral ischemic injury. A middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model and an oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD)–treated neuron model were developed. The expression of Smurf2, Yin Yang 1 (YY1), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF1α), and DNA damage–inducible transcript 4 gene (DDIT4) was analyzed. Thereafter, the expression of Smurf2, YY1, HIF1α, and DDIT4 was altered in the MCAO mice and OGD-treated neurons. Apoptosis in tissues and cerebral infarction were assessed. In neurons, the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, viability, and apoptosis were assessed, followed by evaluation of lactate dehydrogenase leakage rate. The interaction between Smurf2 and YY1 was analyzed by coimmunoprecipitation assay and that between YY1 ubiquitination by in vivo ubiquitination experiment. The results showed downregulation of Smurf2 and upregulation of YY1, HIF1α, and DDIT4 in both MCAO mice and OGD-treated neurons. Smurf2 elevated YY1 ubiquitination and degradation, and YY1 increased HIF1α expression to promote DDIT4 in neurons. Overexpressed Smurf2 or downregulated YY1, HIF1α, or DDIT4 reduced the volume of cerebral infarction and apoptosis in MCAO mice, while enhancing cell viability and reducing apoptosis and lactate dehydrogenase leakage in OGD-treated neurons. In summary, our findings elucidated a neuroprotective role of Smurf2 in cerebral ischemic injury via inactivation of the YY1/HIF1α/DDIT4 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Shengtao Sun
- Department of Paediatrics, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China.
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