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Dadario NB, Tanglay O, Sughrue ME. Deconvoluting human Brodmann area 8 based on its unique structural and functional connectivity. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1127143. [PMID: 37426900 PMCID: PMC10323427 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1127143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Brodmann area 8 (BA8) is traditionally defined as the prefrontal region of the human cerebrum just anterior to the premotor cortices and enveloping most of the superior frontal gyrus. Early studies have suggested the frontal eye fields are situated at its most caudal aspect, causing many to consider BA8 as primarily an ocular center which controls contralateral gaze and attention. However, years of refinement in cytoarchitectural studies have challenged this traditional anatomical definition, providing a refined definition of its boundaries with neighboring cortical areas and the presence of meaningful subdivisions. Furthermore, functional imaging studies have suggested its involvement in a diverse number of higher-order functions, such as motor, cognition, and language. Thus, our traditional working definition of BA8 has likely been insufficient to truly understand the complex structural and functional significance of this area. Recently, large-scale multi-modal neuroimaging approaches have allowed for improved mapping of the neural connectivity of the human brain. Insight into the structural and functional connectivity of the brain connectome, comprised of large-scale brain networks, has allowed for greater understanding of complex neurological functioning and pathophysiological diseases states. Simultaneously, the structural and functional connectivity of BA8 has recently been highlighted in various neuroimaging studies and detailed anatomic dissections. However, while Brodmann's nomenclature is still widely used today, such as for clinical discussions and the communication of research findings, the importance of the underlying connectivity of BA8 requires further review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B. Dadario
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Onur Tanglay
- Omniscient Neurotechnology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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2
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Connectivity modulations induced by reach&grasp movements: a multidimensional approach. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23097. [PMID: 34845265 PMCID: PMC8630117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Reach&grasp requires highly coordinated activation of different brain areas. We investigated whether reach&grasp kinematics is associated to EEG-based networks changes. We enrolled 10 healthy subjects. We analyzed the reach&grasp kinematics of 15 reach&grasp movements performed with each upper limb. Simultaneously, we obtained a 64-channel EEG, synchronized with the reach&grasp movement time points. We elaborated EEG signals with EEGLAB 12 in order to obtain event related synchronization/desynchronization (ERS/ERD) and lagged linear coherence between Brodmann areas. Finally, we evaluated network topology via sLORETA software, measuring network local and global efficiency (clustering and path length) and the overall balance (small-worldness). We observed a widespread ERD in α and β bands during reach&grasp, especially in the centro-parietal regions of the hemisphere contralateral to the movement. Regarding functional connectivity, we observed an α lagged linear coherence reduction among Brodmann areas contralateral to the arm involved in the reach&grasp movement. Interestingly, left arm movement determined widespread changes of α lagged linear coherence, specifically among right occipital regions, insular cortex and somatosensory cortex, while the right arm movement exerted a restricted contralateral sensory-motor cortex modulation. Finally, no change between rest and movement was found for clustering, path length and small-worldness. Through a synchronized acquisition, we explored the cortical correlates of the reach&grasp movement. Despite EEG perturbations, suggesting that the non-dominant reach&grasp network has a complex architecture probably linked to the necessity of a higher visual control, the pivotal topological measures of network local and global efficiency remained unaffected.
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3
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Moon HI, Jeong YJ, Suh JH. Voxel-based lesion symptom mapping analysis for dysphagia in stroke patients with isolated cerebellar lesions. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 129:65-74. [PMID: 34773172 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Because the cerebellum plays a role in motor coordination, timing, sequencing, and feedback, it is hypothesized to be involved in swallowing-related functions. The role of the cerebellum in deglutition has become increasing evident, but the exact nature of this role remains inconclusive because of limited data from pure cerebellar lesions. Therefore, we conducted location analysis in isolated cerebellar lesions to complement previous findings and provide additional information. We reviewed 40 stroke patients with isolated cerebellar lesion. Lesion location and volume were measured on brain magnetic resonance images. We generated statistical maps of lesions related to VDS using voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM). We also created an overlay map of subgroups according to VDS score, those who have low risk and those who have high risk. Patients with cerebellar lesion had difficulty swallowing, both in the oral and pharyngeal phases. Multivariate analysis of cognitive function was selected as an independent predictor. In the group of high-risk patients, the overlay map showed some bilateral asymmetry, with a wider distribution in the left hemisphere and involvement of deep cerebellar nuclei. Using VLSM, we found that lesion location was associated with dysphagia. Although these results were not statistically significant, they showed a lesion pattern with predominant distribution in the left posterior lobe. Our results suggest that damage to the posterior lobe of the left cerebellum tends be related to severity of dysphagia in patients with isolated cerebellar lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Im Moon
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, 20, Seohyeon-ro 180 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seoungnam, Gyeonggi, 13590, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoon Jeong Jeong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, 20, Seohyeon-ro 180 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seoungnam, Gyeonggi, 13590, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Suh
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, 20, Seohyeon-ro 180 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seoungnam, Gyeonggi, 13590, Republic of Korea
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4
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Khan DM, Kamel N, Muzaimi M, Hill T. Effective Connectivity for Default Mode Network Analysis of Alcoholism. Brain Connect 2020; 11:12-29. [PMID: 32842756 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2019.0721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: With the recent technical advances in brain imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), researchers' interests have inclined over the years to study brain functions through the analysis of the variations in the statistical dependence among various brain regions. Through its wide use in studying brain connectivity, the low temporal resolution of the fMRI represented by the limited number of samples per second, in addition to its dependence on brain slow hemodynamic changes, makes it of limited capability in studying the fast underlying neural processes during information exchange between brain regions. Materials and Methods: In this article, the high temporal resolution of the electroencephalography (EEG) is utilized to estimate the effective connectivity within the default mode network (DMN). The EEG data are collected from 20 subjects with alcoholism and 25 healthy subjects (controls), and used to obtain the effective connectivity diagram of the DMN using the Partial Directed Coherence algorithm. Results: The resulting effective connectivity diagram within the DMN shows the unidirectional causal effect of each region on the other. The variations in the causal effects within the DMN between controls and alcoholics show clear correlation with the symptoms that are usually associated with alcoholism, such as cognitive and memory impairments, executive control, and attention deficiency. The correlation between the exchanged causal effects within the DMN and symptoms related to alcoholism is discussed and properly analyzed. Conclusion: The establishment of the causal differences between control and alcoholic subjects within the DMN regions provides valuable insight into the mechanism by which alcohol modulates our cognitive and executive functions and creates better possibility for effective treatment of alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danish M Khan
- Centre for Intelligent Signal & Imaging Research (CISIR), Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia.,Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, University Road, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nidal Kamel
- Centre for Intelligent Signal & Imaging Research (CISIR), Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Mustapha Muzaimi
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian Malaysia
| | - Timothy Hill
- Neurotherapy & Psychology, Brain Therapy Centre, Kent Town, Australia
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Shimomura Y, Ohsawa T, Shimura M, Xia Y, Iwanaga K, Katsuura T. What is the significance of the traditional pinching mode of holding chopsticks? J Physiol Anthropol 2020; 39:13. [PMID: 32366321 PMCID: PMC7197175 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-020-00223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The purpose of this study was to clarify the influence of manipulation mode of chopsticks on the learning process, using assessment of task performance and electromyography, and to understand the significance of the traditional manipulation mode from the viewpoint of physiological anthropology. Previous studies have described two modes of manipulating chopsticks, the traditional pincers-pinching mode and the scissors-pinching mode.
Methods
We conducted experiments with two conditions of holding chopsticks: scissors mode and pincers mode. Eight subjects participated and were assigned to these modes, and they learned handling tasks in their assigned mode for 5 days with the non-dominant hand. We measured task execution times and conducted electromyography of the following muscles: first dorsalis interosseus, flexor pollicis brevis, flexor digiti minimi brevis, flexor digitorum superficialis, and extensor digitorum.
Results
The training effects were found in each mode. The pincers mode showed significantly shorter task performance times than did scissors mode. On electromyography, significant increases in activity of flexor digiti minimi brevis and tended an increase in flexor digitorum superficialis and a decrease in extensor digitorum occurred in pincers mode but not in scissors mode.
Conclusions
The traditional mode of holding chopsticks was associated with not only high task performance but also an advantage in terms of learning motor control.
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6
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Temporal and quantitative variability in muscle electrical activity decreases as dexterous hand motor skills are learned. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236254. [PMID: 32687520 PMCID: PMC7371173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle activity changes quantitatively and temporally during the motor learning process. However, the association between variability in muscle electrical activity and the learning and performance of dexterous hand movements is not well understood. Therefore, we undertook this study to investigate the relationships between temporal and quantitative variabilities in muscle activity and the learning of motor skills. Thirty-eight healthy participants performed 30 trials of a task that measured the time taken to rotate two cork balls 20 times using their non-dominant hand. The electromyographic (EMG) activities of the abductor pollicis brevis (APB), first dorsal interosseous, and extensor digitorum (ED) muscles were recorded. Temporal and quantitative variabilities in the EMG activity were evaluated by calculating the coefficient of variation of the duration and area of EMG activation. As motor learning proceeded, the task was completed more quickly and the EMG variability decreased. For all three muscles, significant correlations were observed between individual participants’ ball rotation time and EMG variability. Furthermore, significant positive correlations were observed between improvement in ball rotation time and reduction in EMG variability for the APB and ED muscles. These novel findings provide important insights regarding the relationships between temporal and quantitative variabilities in muscle activity and the learning of fine motor skills.
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7
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Mohamed EA, Sayed WM. Implication of JAK1/STAT3/SOCS3 Pathway in Aging of Cerebellum of Male Rat: Histological and Molecular study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8840. [PMID: 32483368 PMCID: PMC7264275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging causes morphological and functional changes in the cerebellum. This work aimed to demonstrate the implication of JAK1/STAT3/SOCS3 on aging-induced changes of rat cerebellum. Thirty male rats were divided into: adult (12 months), early senile (24 months) and late senile (32 months) groups. Immunohistochemical reaction of the cerebellum to GFAP and caspase-3 was assessed and the expression of JAK1, STAT3, SOCS3 proteins was also evaluated. TNFα as well as the activities of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in cerebellar tissue were also measured. The cerebellum of late senile rats revealed more degenerative changes than early senile rats in the form of increase in GFAP and caspase-3 immunoreaction. Additionally, there was decrease in JAK1and STAT3 expression in early and late senile rats and increase in SOCS3 when compare early and late senile groups with adult one. Enhancement of TNFα was noticed with aging as well as significant decrease in GSH and increase in MDA in early senile group. Moreover, late senile group revealed significant decrease in GSH and increase in MDA. It could be concluded that aging resulting in variable changes of the cerebellum as detected by morphological changes, immunohistochemical reactions of caspase-3 and GFAP and expression of JAK1/STAT3/SOCS3 proteins. Additionally, inflammatory marker TNFα and the activity of oxidative/antioxidative stress markers; malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also affected with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Ahmed Mohamed
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Meleda, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kasr Al-Ainy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walaa Mohamed Sayed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kasr Al-Ainy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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8
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The motor engram as a dynamic change of the cortical network during early sequence learning: An fMRI study. Neurosci Res 2020; 153:27-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Modroño C, Socas R, Hernández-Martín E, Plata-Bello J, Marcano F, Pérez-González JM, González-Mora JL. Neurofunctional correlates of eye to hand motor transfer. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:2656-2668. [PMID: 32166833 PMCID: PMC7294058 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigates the transfer of motor learning from the eye to the hand and its neural correlates by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a sensorimotor task consisting of the continuous tracking of a virtual target. In pretraining evaluation, all the participants (experimental and control group) performed the tracking task inside an MRI scanner using their right hand and a joystick. After which, the experimental group practiced an eye-controlled version of the task for 5 days using an eye tracking system outside the MRI environment. Post-training evaluation was done 1 week after the first scanning session, where all the participants were scanned again while repeating the manual pretraining task. Behavioral results show that the training in the eye-controlled task produced a better performance not only in the eye-controlled modality (motor learning) but also in the hand-controlled modality (motor transfer). Neural results indicate that eye to hand motor transfer is supported by the motor cortex, the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, which is consistent with previous research focused on other effectors. These results may be of interest in neurorehabilitation to activate the motor systems and help in the recovery of motor functions in stroke or movement disorder patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristián Modroño
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas (Unidad Departamental de Fisiología), Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Campus de Ofra, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain
| | - Rosario Socas
- Servicio de Rehabilitación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain
| | - Estefanía Hernández-Martín
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas (Unidad Departamental de Fisiología), Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Campus de Ofra, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain
| | - Julio Plata-Bello
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas (Unidad Departamental de Fisiología), Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Campus de Ofra, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain.,Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain
| | - Francisco Marcano
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas (Unidad Departamental de Fisiología), Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Campus de Ofra, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain
| | | | - José L González-Mora
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas (Unidad Departamental de Fisiología), Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Campus de Ofra, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain
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10
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Aubinet C, Cassol H, Gosseries O, Bahri MA, Larroque SK, Majerus S, Martial C, Martens G, Carrière M, Chatelle C, Laureys S, Thibaut A. Brain Metabolism but Not Gray Matter Volume Underlies the Presence of Language Function in the Minimally Conscious State (MCS): MCS+ Versus MCS- Neuroimaging Differences. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2020; 34:172-184. [PMID: 31971884 DOI: 10.1177/1545968319899914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. The minimally conscious state (MCS) is subcategorized into MCS- and MCS+, depending on the absence or presence, respectively, of high-level behavioral responses such as command-following. Objective. We aim to investigate the functional and structural neuroanatomy underlying the presence of these responses in MCS- and MCS+ patients. Methods. In this cross-sectional retrospective study, chronic MCS patients were diagnosed using repeated Coma Recovery Scale-Revised assessments. Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography data were acquired on 57 patients (16 MCS-; 41 MCS+) and magnetic resonance imaging with voxel-based morphometry analysis was performed on 66 patients (17 MCS-; 49 MCS+). Brain glucose metabolism and gray matter integrity were compared between patient groups and control groups. A metabolic functional connectivity analysis testing the hypothesis of preserved language network in MCS+ compared with MCS- was also done. Results. Patients in MCS+ presented higher metabolism mainly in the left middle temporal cortex, known to be important for semantic processing, compared with the MCS- group. The left angular gyrus was also functionally disconnected from the left prefrontal cortex in MCS- compared with MCS+ group. No significant differences were found in gray matter volume between patient groups. Conclusions. The clinical subcategorization of MCS is supported by differences in brain metabolism but not in gray matter structure, suggesting that brain function in the language network is the main support for recovery of command-following, intelligible verbalization and/or intentional communication in the MCS. Better characterizing the neural correlates of residual cognitive abilities of MCS patients contributes to reduce their misdiagnosis and to adapt therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Aubinet
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium.,Centre du Cerveau², University Hospital of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Helena Cassol
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium.,Centre du Cerveau², University Hospital of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Olivia Gosseries
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium.,Centre du Cerveau², University Hospital of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Ali Bahri
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Center In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Stephen Karl Larroque
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium.,Centre du Cerveau², University Hospital of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Steve Majerus
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Martial
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium.,Centre du Cerveau², University Hospital of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Géraldine Martens
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium.,Centre du Cerveau², University Hospital of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Manon Carrière
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium.,Centre du Cerveau², University Hospital of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Camille Chatelle
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium.,Centre du Cerveau², University Hospital of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Steven Laureys
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium.,Centre du Cerveau², University Hospital of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Aurore Thibaut
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium.,Centre du Cerveau², University Hospital of Liège, Liege, Belgium
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11
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Behuet S, Cremer JN, Cremer M, Palomero-Gallagher N, Zilles K, Amunts K. Developmental Changes of Glutamate and GABA Receptor Densities in Wistar Rats. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:100. [PMID: 31920569 PMCID: PMC6933313 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitters and their receptors are key molecules of signal transduction and subject to various changes during pre- and postnatal development. Previous studies addressed ontogeny at the level of neurotransmitters and expression of neurotransmitter receptor subunits. However, developmental changes in receptor densities to this day are not well understood. Here, we analyzed developmental changes in excitatory glutamate and inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in adjacent sections of the rat brain by means of quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiography. Receptor densities of the ionotropic glutamatergic receptors α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) as well as of the ionotropic GABAA and metabotropic GABAB receptors were investigated using specific high-affinity ligands. For each receptor binding site, significant density differences were demonstrated in the investigated regions of interest [olfactory bulb, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum] and developmental stages [postnatal day (P) 0, 10, 20, 30 and 90]. In particular, we showed that the glutamatergic and GABAergic receptor densities were already present between P0 and P10 in all regions of interest, which may indicate the early relevance of these receptors for brain development. A transient increase of glutamatergic receptor densities in the hippocampus was found, indicating their possible involvement in synaptic plasticity. We demonstrated a decline of NMDA receptor densities in the striatum and hippocampus from P30 to P90, which could be due to synapse elimination, a process that redefines neuronal networks in postnatal brains. Furthermore, the highest increase in GABAA receptor densities from P10 to P20 coincides with the developmental shift from excitatory to inhibitory GABA transmission. Moreover, the increase from P10 to P20 in GABAA receptor densities in the cerebellum corresponds to a point in time when functional GABAergic synapses are formed. Taken together, the present data reveal differential changes in glutamate and GABA receptor densities during postnatal rat brain development, which may contribute to their specific functions during ontogenesis, thus providing a deeper understanding of brain ontogenesis and receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Behuet
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Markus Cremer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany.,Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany.,Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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12
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Kawasaki T, Kono M, Tozawa R. Efficacy of Verbally Describing One's Own Body Movement in Motor Skill Acquisition. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9120356. [PMID: 31817257 PMCID: PMC6956347 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9120356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined whether (a) verbally describing one’s own body movement can be potentially effective for acquiring motor skills, and (b) if the effects are related to motor imagery. The participants in this study were 36 healthy young adults (21.2 ± 0.7 years), randomly assigned into two groups (describing and control). They performed a ball rotation activity, with the describing group being asked by the examiner to verbally describe their own ball rotation, while the control group was asked to read a magazine aloud. The participants’ ball rotation performances were measured before the intervention, then again immediately after, five minutes after, and one day after. In addition, participants’ motor imagery ability (mental chronometry) of their upper extremities was measured. The results showed that the number of successful ball rotations (motor smoothness) and the number of ball drops (motor error) significantly improved in the describing group. Moreover, improvement in motor skills had a significant correlation with motor imagery ability. This suggests that verbally describing an intervention is an effective tool for learning motor skills, and that motor imagery is a potential mechanism for such verbal descriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Kawasaki
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, School of Human and Social Sciences, Tokyo International University, Kawagoe-City, Saitama 350-1198, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-49-232-1111
| | - Masashi Kono
- Department of Rehabilitation, Murata Hospital, Ikuno-ku, Osaka-City, Osaka 544-0011, Japan;
| | - Ryosuke Tozawa
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Ryotokuji University, Urayasu-City, Chiba 279-8567, Japan;
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13
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Kawasaki T, Tozawa R, Aramaki H. Effectiveness of using an unskilled model in action observation combined with motor imagery training for early motor learning in elderly people: a preliminary study. Somatosens Mot Res 2018; 35:204-211. [DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2018.1527760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Kawasaki
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Tokyo International University, Kawagoe-City, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Ryotokuji University, Urayasu-City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tozawa
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Ryotokuji University, Urayasu-City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Aramaki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Ryotokuji University, Urayasu-City, Chiba, Japan
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Kim Y, Im S, Kim SH, Park GY. Laterality of cerebellar afferent and efferent pathways in a healthy right-handed population: A diffusion tensor imaging study. J Neurosci Res 2018; 97:582-596. [PMID: 30582195 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum communicates with the cerebral cortex through the cortico-ponto-cerebellar tract (CPCT, cerebellar afferent) and the dentato-rubro-thalamo-cortical tract (DRTCT, cerebellar efferent). This study explored the laterality of CPCT and DRTCT in a right-handed population. Forty healthy right-handed subjects (18 males and 22 females with age range of 26-79 years old) who underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were retrospectively enrolled. Bilateral CPCT, DRTCT, and the corticospinal tract (CST) were reconstructed using probabilistic diffusion tensor tractography (DTT). Tract volume (TV) and fractional anisotropy (FA) were compared between dominant and non-dominant tracts. Subjects were divided into age groups (20-40, 41-60, and 61-80 years), and the DTI-derived parameters of the groups were compared to determine age-related differences. TV and FA of non-dominant CPCT were higher than those of dominant CPCT, and the dominant CST was higher than the non-dominant CST. The TV and FA of DRTCT showed no side-to-side difference. The 61-80 years age group had the highest TV of the dominant and non-dominant DRTCT among the three groups and the highest FA of the non-dominant CPCT and DRTCT. The results revealed the structural characteristics of CPCT and DRTCT using probabilistic DTT. Normal asymmetric patterns and age-related changes in cerebellar white matter tracts may be important to researchers investigating cerebro-cerebellar structural connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngkook Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Im
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hong Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Young Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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Re TJ, Levman J, Lim AR, Righini A, Grant PE, Takahashi E. High-angular resolution diffusion imaging tractography of cerebellar pathways from newborns to young adults. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00589. [PMID: 28127511 PMCID: PMC5256176 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many neurologic and psychiatric disorders are thought to be due to, or result in, developmental errors in neuronal cerebellar connectivity. In this connectivity analysis, we studied the developmental time-course of cerebellar peduncle pathways in pediatric and young adult subjects. METHODS A cohort of 80 subjects, newborns to young adults, was studied on a 3T MR system with 30 diffusion-weighted measurements with high-angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) tractography. RESULTS Qualitative and quantitative results were analyzed for age-based variation. In subjects of all ages, the superior cerebellar peduncle pathway (SCP) and two distinct subpathways of the middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP), as described in previous ex vivo studies, were identified in vivo with this technique: pathways between the rostral pons and inferior-lateral cerebellum (MCP cog), associated predominantly with higher cognitive function, and pathways between the caudal pons and superior-medial cerebellum (MCP mot), associated predominantly with motor function. DISCUSSION Our findings showed that the inferior cerebellar peduncle pathway (ICP), involved primarily in proprioception and balance appears to have a later onset followed by more rapid development than that exhibited in other tracts. We hope that this study may provide an initial point of reference for future studies of normal and pathologic development of cerebellar connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Re
- Department of RadiologyBoston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Fetal‐Neonatal Brain Imaging and Developmental Science CenterBoston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Jacob Levman
- Fetal‐Neonatal Brain Imaging and Developmental Science CenterBoston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Division of Newborn MedicineDepartment of MedicineBoston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Ashley R. Lim
- Division of Newborn MedicineDepartment of MedicineBoston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Department of Behavioral NeuroscienceNortheastern UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | - Andrea Righini
- Department of Pediatric Radiology and NeuroradiologyChildren's Hospital V. BuzziMilanItaly
| | - Patricia Ellen Grant
- Department of RadiologyBoston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Fetal‐Neonatal Brain Imaging and Developmental Science CenterBoston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Division of Newborn MedicineDepartment of MedicineBoston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Emi Takahashi
- Fetal‐Neonatal Brain Imaging and Developmental Science CenterBoston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Division of Newborn MedicineDepartment of MedicineBoston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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Koturbash I, Jadavji NM, Kutanzi K, Rodriguez-Juarez R, Kogosov D, Metz GA, Kovalchuk O. Fractionated low-dose exposure to ionizing radiation leads to DNA damage, epigenetic dysregulation, and behavioral impairment. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2016; 2:dvw025. [PMID: 29492301 PMCID: PMC5804539 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvw025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies of Fractionated Exposure to Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation (FELDIR) has become of increasing importance to clinical interventions. Its consequences on DNA damage, physical, and mental health have been insufficiently investigated, however. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of FELDIR on the brain using a mouse model. We addressed the levels of DNA damage, global genomic methylation, and DNA methylation machinery in cerebellum, frontal lobe, olfactory bulb and hippocampal tissues, as well as behavioral changes linked to FELDIR exposure. The results reveal increased levels of DNA damage, as reflected by increased occurrence of DNA Strand Breaks (SBs) and dysregulation of stress-response kinase p38. FELDIR also resulted in initial loss of global genomic methylation and altered expression of methyltransferases DNMT1 (down-regulation) and DNMT3a (up-regulation), as well as methyl-binding protein MeCP2 (up-regulation). FELDIR-associated behavioral changes included impaired skilled limb placement on a ladder rung task, increased rearing activity in an open field, and elevated anxiety-like behaviors. The said alterations showed significant dose and tissue specificity. Thus, FELDIR represents a critical impact on DNA integrity and behavioral outcomes that need to be considered in the design of clinical intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Koturbash
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K3M4
| | - Nafisa M. Jadavji
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K3M4
| | - Kristy Kutanzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K3M4
| | - Rocio Rodriguez-Juarez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K3M4
| | - Dmitry Kogosov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K3M4
| | - Gerlinde A.S. Metz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K3M4
- Alberta Epigenetics Network, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K3M4
- Alberta Epigenetics Network, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Cerebellar Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation and Motor Control Training in Individuals with Cervical Dystonia. Brain Sci 2016; 6:brainsci6040056. [PMID: 27886079 PMCID: PMC5187570 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci6040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is emerging evidence that cervical dystonia is a neural network disorder with the cerebellum as a key node. The cerebellum may provide a target for neuromodulation as a therapeutic intervention in cervical dystonia. Objective: This study aimed to assess effects of intermittent theta-burst stimulation of the cerebellum on dystonia symptoms, quality of life, hand motor dexterity and cortical neurophysiology using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Methods: Sixteen participants with cervical dystonia were randomised into real or sham stimulation groups. Cerebellar neuromodulation was combined with motor training for the neck and an implicit learning task. The intervention was delivered over 10 working days. Outcome measures included dystonia severity and pain, quality of life, hand dexterity, and motor-evoked potentials and cortical silent periods recorded from upper trapezius muscles. Assessments were taken at baseline and after 5 and 10 days, with quality of life also measured 4 and 12 weeks later. Results: Intermittent theta-burst stimulation improved dystonia severity (Day 5, −5.44 points; p = 0.012; Day 10, −4.6 points; p = 0.025), however, effect sizes were small. Quality of life also improved (Day 5, −10.6 points, p = 0.012; Day 10, −8.6 points, p = 0.036; Week 4, −12.5 points, p = 0.036; Week 12, −12.4 points, p = 0.025), with medium or large effect sizes. There was a reduction in time to complete the pegboard task pre to post intervention (both p < 0.008). Cortical neurophysiology was unchanged by cerebellar neuromodulation. Conclusion: Intermittent theta-burst stimulation of the cerebellum may improve cervical dystonia symptoms, upper limb motor control and quality of life. The mechanism likely involves promoting neuroplasticity in the cerebellum although the neurophysiology remains to be elucidated. Cerebellar neuromodulation may have potential as a novel treatment intervention for cervical dystonia, although larger confirmatory studies are required.
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Karin J. Recontextualizing Dance Skills: Overcoming Impediments to Motor Learning and Expressivity in Ballet Dancers. Front Psychol 2016; 7:431. [PMID: 27047437 PMCID: PMC4805647 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of transmitting ballet's complex technique to young dancers can interfere with the innate processes that give rise to efficient, expressive and harmonious movement. With the intention of identifying possible solutions, this article draws on research across the fields of neurology, psychology, motor learning, and education, and considers their relevance to ballet as an art form, a technique, and a training methodology. The integration of dancers' technique and expressivity is a core theme throughout the paper. A brief outline of the historical development of ballet's aesthetics and training methods leads into factors that influence dancers' performance. An exploration of the role of the neuromotor system in motor learning and the acquisition of expert skills reveals the roles of sensory awareness, imagery, and intention in cuing efficient, expressive movement. It also indicates potentially detrimental effects of conscious muscle control, explicit learning and persistent naïve beliefs. Finally, the paper presents a new theory regarding the acquisition of ballet skills. Recontextualization theory proposes that placing a problematic task within a new context may engender a new conceptual approach and/or sensory intention, and hence the genesis of new motor programs; and that these new programs may lead to performance that is more efficient, more rewarding for the dancer, more pleasing aesthetically, and more expressive. From an anecdotal point of view, this theory appears to be supported by the progress of many dancers at various stages of their dancing lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Karin
- Australian Ballet SchoolMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Catholic UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- University of CanberraCanberra, ACT, Australia
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19
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K.R. L, K. W, L.A. B, N.J. H. Motor skill acquisition across short and long time scales: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging data. Neuropsychologia 2014; 59:130-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Linortner P, Jehna M, Johansen-Berg H, Matthews P, Schmidt R, Fazekas F, Enzinger C. Aging associated changes in the motor control of ankle movements in the brain. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2222-2229. [PMID: 24836898 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although age-related gait changes have been well characterized, little is known regarding potential functional changes in central motor control of distal lower limb movements with age. We hypothesized that there are age-related changes in brain activity associated with the control of repetitive ankle movements, an element of gait feasible for study with functional magnetic resonance imaging. We analyzed standardized functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 102 right-foot dominant healthy participants aged 20-83 years for age-associated effects using FSL and a meta-analysis using coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation. For the first time, we have confirmed age-related changes in brain activity with this gait-related movement of the lower limb in a large population. Increasing age correlated strongly with increased movement-associated activity in the cerebellum and precuneus. Given that task performance did not vary with age, we interpret these changes as potentially compensatory for other age-related changes in the sensorimotor network responsible for control of limb function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Linortner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Margit Jehna
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 9, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Heidi Johansen-Berg
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), John Radcliff Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9 DU, UK
| | - Paul Matthews
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Franz Fazekas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Enzinger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036 Graz, Austria.,Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 9, 8036 Graz, Austria
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21
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Ferrucci R, Brunoni AR, Parazzini M, Vergari M, Rossi E, Fumagalli M, Mameli F, Rosa M, Giannicola G, Zago S, Priori A. Modulating human procedural learning by cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation. THE CEREBELLUM 2014; 12:485-92. [PMID: 23328908 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-012-0436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies suggest that the cerebellum contributes to human cognitive processing, particularly procedural learning. This type of learning is often described as implicit learning and involves automatic, associative, and unintentional learning processes. Our aim was to investigate whether cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) influences procedural learning as measured by the serial reaction time task (SRTT), in which subjects make speeded key press responses to visual cues. A preliminary modeling study demonstrated that our electrode montage (active electrode over the cerebellum with an extra-cephalic reference) generated the maximum electric field amplitude in the cerebellum. We enrolled 21 healthy subjects (aged 20-49 years). Participants did the SRTT, a visual analogue scale and a visual attention task, before and 35 min after receiving 20-min anodal and sham cerebellar tDCS in a randomized order. To avoid carry-over effects, experimental sessions were held at least 1 week apart. For our primary outcome measure (difference in RTs for random and repeated blocks) anodal versus sham tDCS, RTs were significantly slower for sham tDCS than for anodal cerebellar tDCS (p = 0.04), demonstrating that anodal tDCS influenced implicit learning processes. When we assessed RTs for procedural learning across the one to eight blocks, we found that RTs changed significantly after anodal stimulation (interaction "time" × "blocks 1/8": anodal, p = 0.006), but after sham tDCS, they remained unchanged (p = 0.094). No significant changes were found in the other variables assessed. Our finding that anodal cerebellar tDCS improves an implicit learning type essential to the development of several motor skills or cognitive activity suggests that the cerebellum has a critical role in procedural learning. tDCS could be a new tool for improving procedural learning in daily life in healthy subjects and for correcting abnormal learning in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ferrucci
- Centro Clinico per la Neurostimolazione, le Neurotecnologie ed i Disordini del Movimento, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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22
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23
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The effectiveness of allied health care in patients with ataxia: a systematic review. J Neurol 2013; 261:251-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-013-6910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mantha K, Kleiber M, Singh S. Neurodevelopmental Timing of Ethanol Exposure May Contribute to Observed Heterogeneity of Behavioral Deficits in a Mouse Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jbbs.2013.31009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
This chapter addresses the important and undertreated problem of balance disorders. The chapter has a simplified summary of the physiology of balance problems in order to set the scene. The issue of assessment is next addressed with discussion of important tests including the Berg Balance Scale and the Get Up and Go Test, and others. Posturography is discussed as well as assessment of the gravitional vertical. The assessment of vestibular function is of key importance and discussed in some detail. The focus of the chapter is on balance rehabilitation. Re-training of postural alignment and of sensory strategies are key but adaptation of the environment and re-training of cognitive strategies are also helpful in individual cases. Vestibular exercises can also be used. The chapter then critically analyses the efficacy of these treatments in specific balance disorders such as in stroke, Parkinson disease, polyneuropathies, multiple sclerosis, and vestibular disorders. Overall, there is a growing body of evidence that balance rehabilitation improves symptoms, function, and quality of life for those troubled by these disabling problems.
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Hardwick RM, Rottschy C, Miall RC, Eickhoff SB. A quantitative meta-analysis and review of motor learning in the human brain. Neuroimage 2012. [PMID: 23194819 PMCID: PMC3555187 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have improved our understanding of which brain structures are involved in motor learning. Despite this, questions remain regarding the areas that contribute consistently across paradigms with different task demands. For instance, sensorimotor tasks focus on learning novel movement kinematics and dynamics, while serial response time task (SRTT) variants focus on sequence learning. These differing task demands are likely to elicit quantifiably different patterns of neural activity on top of a potentially consistent core network. The current study identified consistent activations across 70 motor learning experiments using activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis. A global analysis of all tasks revealed a bilateral cortical–subcortical network consistently underlying motor learning across tasks. Converging activations were revealed in the dorsal premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, superior parietal lobule, thalamus, putamen and cerebellum. These activations were broadly consistent across task specific analyses that separated sensorimotor tasks and SRTT variants. Contrast analysis indicated that activity in the basal ganglia and cerebellum was significantly stronger for sensorimotor tasks, while activity in cortical structures and the thalamus was significantly stronger for SRTT variants. Additional conjunction analyses then indicated that the left dorsal premotor cortex was activated across all analyses considered, even when controlling for potential motor confounds. The highly consistent activation of the left dorsal premotor cortex suggests it is a critical node in the motor learning network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Hardwick
- Behavioural Brain Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK.
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27
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Sasaki AT, Kochiyama T, Sugiura M, Tanabe HC, Sadato N. Neural networks for action representation: a functional magnetic-resonance imaging and dynamic causal modeling study. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:236. [PMID: 22912611 PMCID: PMC3418609 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Automatic mimicry is based on the tight linkage between motor and perception action representations in which internal models play a key role. Based on the anatomical connection, we hypothesized that the direct effective connectivity from the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) to the ventral premotor area (PMv) formed an inverse internal model, converting visual representation into a motor plan, and that reverse connectivity formed a forward internal model, converting the motor plan into a sensory outcome of action. To test this hypothesis, we employed dynamic causal-modeling analysis with functional magnetic-resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty-four normal participants underwent a change-detection task involving two visually-presented balls that were either manually rotated by the investigator's right hand (“Hand”) or automatically rotated. The effective connectivity from the pSTS to the PMv was enhanced by hand observation and suppressed by execution, corresponding to the inverse model. Opposite effects were observed from the PMv to the pSTS, suggesting the forward model. Additionally, both execution and hand observation commonly enhanced the effective connectivity from the pSTS to the inferior parietal lobule (IPL), the IPL to the primary sensorimotor cortex (S/M1), the PMv to the IPL, and the PMv to the S/M1. Representation of the hand action therefore was implemented in the motor system including the S/M1. During hand observation, effective connectivity toward the pSTS was suppressed whereas that toward the PMv and S/M1 was enhanced. Thus, the action-representation network acted as a dynamic feedback-control system during action observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro T Sasaki
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of Cerebral Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki, Japan
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Boe SG, Cassidy RJ, McIlroy WE, Graham SJ. Single session motor learning demonstrated using a visuomotor task: Evidence from fMRI and behavioural analysis. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 209:308-19. [PMID: 22743802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Interaction between lexical and grammatical language systems in the brain. Phys Life Rev 2012; 9:198-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Wallace DG, Winter SS, Metz GA. Serial pattern learning during skilled walking. J Integr Neurosci 2012; 11:17-32. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219635212500021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Lin CHJ, Chiang MC, Knowlton BJ, Iacoboni M, Udompholkul P, Wu AD. Interleaved practice enhances skill learning and the functional connectivity of fronto-parietal networks. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 34:1542-58. [PMID: 22359276 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Practice of tasks in an interleaved order generally induces superior learning compared with practicing in a repetitive order, a phenomenon known as the contextual-interference (CI) effect. Increased neural activity during interleaved over repetitive practice has been associated with the beneficial effects of CI. Here, we used psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis to investigate whether the neural connectivity of the dorsal premotor (PM) and the dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) cortices changes when motor sequences are acquired through interleaved practice. Sixteen adults practiced a serial reaction time task where a set of three 4-element sequences were arranged in a repetitive or in an interleaved order on 2 successive days. On Day 5, participants were tested with practiced sequences to evaluate retention. A within-subjects design was used so that participants practiced sequences in the other condition (repetitive or interleaved) 2-4 weeks later. Functional magnetic resonance images were acquired during practice and retention. On Day 2 of practice, there was greater inter-regional functional connectivity in the interleaved compared with the repetitive condition for both PM-seeded and DLPFC-seeded connectivity. The increased functional connectivity between both seeded regions and sensorimotor cortical areas correlated with the benefit of interleaved practice during later retention. During retention, a significant PPI effect was found in DLPFC-seeded connectivity, with increased DLPFC-supplementary motor area connectivity correlated with the benefits of interleaved practice. These data suggest that interleaved practice benefits learning by enhancing coordination of sensorimotor cortical regions, and superior performance of sequences learned under CI is characterized by increased functional connectivity in frontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ho Janice Lin
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Reed A-153, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Abdul-Kareem IA, Stancak A, Parkes LM, Al-Ameen M, Alghamdi J, Aldhafeeri FM, Embleton K, Morris D, Sluming V. Plasticity of the superior and middle cerebellar peduncles in musicians revealed by quantitative analysis of volume and number of streamlines based on diffusion tensor tractography. THE CEREBELLUM 2012; 10:611-23. [PMID: 21503593 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-011-0274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This work was conducted to study the plasticity of superior (SCP) and middle (MCP) cerebellar peduncles in musicians. The cerebellum is well known to support several musically relevant motor, sensory and cognitive functions. Previous studies reported increased cerebellar volume and grey matter (GM) density in musicians. Here, we report on plasticity of white matter (WM) of the cerebellum. Our cohort included 10/10 gender and handedness-matched musicians and controls. Using diffusion tensor imaging, fibre tractography of SCP and MCP was performed. The fractional anisotropy (FA), number of streamlines and volume of streamlines of SCP/MCP were compared between groups. Automatic measurements of GM and WM volumes of the right/left cerebellar hemispheres were also compared. Musicians have significantly increased right SCP volume (p = 0.02) and number of streamlines (p = 0.001), right MCP volume (p = 0.004) and total WM volume of the right cerebellum (p = 0.003). There were no significant differences in right MCP number of streamlines, left SCP/MCP volume and number of streamlines, SCP/MCP FA values, GM volume of the right cerebellum and GM/WM volumes of the left cerebellum. We propose that increased volume and number of streamlines of the right cerebellar peduncles represent use-dependent structural adaptation to increased sensorimotor and cognitive functional demands on the musician's cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihssan A Abdul-Kareem
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Metabolic Changes of Cerebrum by Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over Lateral Cerebellum: A Study with FDG PET. THE CEREBELLUM 2011; 11:739-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-011-0333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Uehara S, Nambu I, Tomatsu S, Lee J, Kakei S, Naito E. Improving human plateaued motor skill with somatic stimulation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25670. [PMID: 21991331 PMCID: PMC3186792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Procedural motor learning includes a period when no substantial gain in performance improvement is obtained even with repeated, daily practice. Prompted by the potential benefit of high-frequency transcutaneous electrical stimulation, we examined if the stimulation to the hand reduces redundant motor activity that likely exists in an acquired hand motor skill, so as to further upgrade stable motor performance. Healthy participants were trained until their motor performance of continuously rotating two balls in the palm of their right hand became stable. In the series of experiments, they repeated a trial performing this cyclic rotation as many times as possible in 15 s. In trials where we applied the stimulation to the relaxed thumb before they initiated the task, most reported that their movements became smoother and they could perform the movements at a higher cycle compared to the control trials. This was not possible when the dorsal side of the wrist was stimulated. The performance improvement was associated with reduction of amplitude of finger displacement, which was consistently observed irrespective of the task demands. Importantly, this kinematic change occurred without being noticed by the participants, and their intentional changes of motor strategies (reducing amplitude of finger displacement) never improved the performance. Moreover, the performance never spontaneously improved during one-week training without stimulation, whereas the improvement in association with stimulation was consistently observed across days during training on another week combined with the stimulation. The improved effect obtained in stimulation trials on one day partially carried over to the next day, thereby promoting daily improvement of plateaued performance, which could not be unlocked by the first-week intensive training. This study demonstrated the possibility of effectively improving a plateaued motor skill, and pre-movement somatic stimulation driving this behavioral change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Uehara
- Brain ICT Laboratory, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Nambu
- Brain ICT Laboratory, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, Osaka, Japan
| | - Saeka Tomatsu
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jongho Lee
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Kakei
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiichi Naito
- Brain ICT Laboratory, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Bussy G, Charrin E, Brun A, Curie A, des Portes V. Implicit procedural learning in fragile X and Down syndrome. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2011; 55:521-528. [PMID: 21418366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Procedural learning refers to rule-based motor skill learning and storage. It involves the cerebellum, striatum and motor areas of the frontal lobe network. Fragile X syndrome, which has been linked with anatomical abnormalities within the striatum, may result in implicit procedural learning deficit. METHODS To address this issue, a serial reaction time (RT) task including six blocks of trials was performed by 14 individuals with fragile X syndrome, 12 individuals with Down syndrome and 12 mental age-matched control subjects. The first (B1) and fifth (B5) blocks were random whereas the others (B2, B3, B4 and B6) consisted of a repeated 10-step sequence. Results were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS For patients with fragile X syndrome, the RT was highly suggestive of preserved implicit learning as a significant difference was observed between blocks B5 and B6 (P = 0.009). However, the difference of RT between B4 and B5 did not reach significance, possibly due to a subgroup of individuals who did not learn. In contrast, in the Down syndrome group, RT decreased significantly between B4 and B5 (W = 2; P = 0.003) but not between the last ordered block (B6) and the last random block (B5), suggesting a weakness in procedural learning which was sensitive to the interfering random block. CONCLUSION implicit learning is variable in genetic syndromes and therefore relatively independent of general intellectual capacities. The results are discussed together with previous reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bussy
- CNRS UMR, Institut des Sciences Cognitives, Bron, France.
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Saywell N, Taylor D. The role of the cerebellum in procedural learning—Are there implications for physiotherapists’ clinical practice? Physiother Theory Pract 2009; 24:321-8. [DOI: 10.1080/09593980701884832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lesions of the premotor and supplementary motor areas fail to prevent implicit learning in the operant serial implicit learning task. Brain Res 2009; 1284:116-24. [PMID: 19501057 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An implicit learning deficit in people with Huntington's or Parkinson's diseases has implicated the striatum as being of importance for non-declarative learning. We have sought to identify the neurological substrate of this function using a Serial Implicit Learning Task (SILT), an operant task that requires the animal to produce 2-phase (S1 and S2) sequential nose pokes to receive a reward in the nine-hole box apparatus. Differences in performance on the speed and accuracy of responding to stimuli occurring in predictable locations over those to unpredictable locations provide an index of implicit learning, within the context of generalised performance of a skilled motor habit. Previous studies with striatal lesions demonstrated clear functional deficits on the SILT that implicated a generalised impairment in the speed and accuracy of skilled motor performance, whereas the specific implicit learning component of the task remained intact. Since imaging studies in man have identified the premotor and supplementary motor area (SMA) of the cortex as being of importance in implicit learning, we here explore the effects of similar lesions in animals on performance of the SILT. Premotor and SMA lesions produced a generalised impairment in both the accuracy and reaction time measures of SILT performance, whereas - like striatal lesions - they remained able to utilise the benefit of predictable information. A similar profile of impairments was apparent both in animals pretrained on the task prior to lesion, and in animals trained under acquisition post-lesion. The presented results suggest that the premotor and SMA are not essential for implicit learning, but are important in the performance of sequenced motor tasks.
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Abstract
Recent discoveries on the way in which the cerebellum carries out higher non-motor functions, have stimulated a proliferation of researches into functional integration and neural mechanisms in the cerebellum. Cerebellar functional asymmetry is a special characteristic of cerebellar functional organization and the cerebro-cerebellar circuitry that underlies task performance. Multi-level neuroimaging studies demonstrate that cerebellar functional asymmetry has a rather complex pattern, and may be correlated with practice or certain disorders. In this review, we summarize some new and important advances in the understanding of functional laterality of the cerebellum in primary motor and higher cognitive functions, and highlight the differences in the patterns of cerebellar functional asymmetry in the various functional domains. We propose that cerebellar functional asymmetry may be associated with the pattern of connectivity between a large number of widely distributed brain areas and between special cerebellar functional regions. It is suggested that cerebro-cerebellar circuits in particular play an important role in cerebellar functional asymmetry. Finally, we propose that multi-scale connectivity analyses and careful studies of high-level cerebellar functional asymmetry would make an important contribution to the understanding of the human cerebellum and cerebral neural networks.
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Martin CL, Tan D, Bragge P, Bialocerkowski A. Effectiveness of physiotherapy for adults with cerebellar dysfunction: a systematic review. Clin Rehabil 2009; 23:15-26. [DOI: 10.1177/0269215508097853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To systematically review the literature investigating the effectiveness of physiotherapy in adults with cerebellar dysfunction and to document treatment strategies currently employed in the physiotherapy management of this patient population. Data sources: Eight electronic databases were searched to source English-language studies published up to December 2007. Secondary searching of reference lists was also undertaken. Review methods: Studies were included if they used a quantitative research design to investigate the effect of physiotherapy on adults with diagnosed cerebellar dysfunction. Three reviewers were involved in study selection. Eligible studies were assessed for methodological quality. Data pertaining to the participants, interventions received, outcomes measured, and the effectiveness of the intervention were systematically extracted and synthesised in a narrative format. Results: Nine studies were included in the review. The majority of the studies (n = 7) were case studies or case series. The median quality score was 8/16 (range 4—10). The studies were heterogeneous in terms of patient characteristics, interventions received and outcomes measured. All studies reported positive effects of physiotherapy over a range of outcomes measured, in particular balance, gait and function. Conclusion: There is some evidence that supports the effectiveness of physiotherapy in adults with cerebellar dysfunction. However, these results need to be interpreted with caution due to the low volume, quality and clinical applicability of this evidence. There is a need for further high-quality research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- CL Martin
- School of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences Research Centre, The University of Melbourne,
| | - D. Tan
- School of Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne and Department of Physiotherapy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - P. Bragge
- School of Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne
| | - A. Bialocerkowski
- School of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Ardila A. On the evolutionary origins of executive functions. Brain Cogn 2008; 68:92-9. [PMID: 18397818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Picard H, Amado I, Mouchet-Mages S, Olié JP, Krebs MO. The role of the cerebellum in schizophrenia: an update of clinical, cognitive, and functional evidences. Schizophr Bull 2008; 34:155-72. [PMID: 17562694 PMCID: PMC2632376 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbm049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of the cerebellum in schizophrenia has been highlighted by Andreasen's hypothesis of "cognitive dysmetria," which suggests a general dyscoordination of sensorimotor and mental processes. Studies in schizophrenic patients have brought observations supporting a cerebellar impairment: high prevalence of neurological soft signs, dyscoordination, abnormal posture and propioception, impaired eyeblink conditioning, impaired adaptation of the vestibular-ocular reflex or procedural learning tests, and lastly functional neuroimaging studies correlating poor cognitive performances with abnormal cerebellar activations. Despite those compelling evidences, there has been, to our knowledge, no recent review on the clinical, cognitive, and functional literature supporting the role of the cerebellum in schizophrenia. We conducted a Medline research focusing on cerebellar dysfunctions in schizophrenia. Emphasis was given to recent literature (after 1998). The picture arising from this review is heterogeneous. While in some domains, the role of the cerebellum seems clearly defined (ie, neurological soft signs, posture, or equilibrium), in other domains, the cerebellar contribution to schizophrenia seems limited or indirect (ie, cognition) if present at all (ie, affectivity). Functional models of the cerebellum are proposed as a background for interpreting these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernàn Picard
- INSERM U796, Pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases, University Paris Descartes, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France.
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Brooks SP, Trueman RC, Dunnett SB. Striatal lesions in the mouse disrupt acquisition and retention, but not implicit learning, in the SILT procedural motor learning task. Brain Res 2007; 1185:179-88. [PMID: 17964549 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
People with Huntington's disease (HD) have been found to have an implicit learning deficit whereby they are typically unable to detect repeated sequences embedded within randomly presented stimuli. The operant serial implicit learning task (SILT) was designed to probe animal models of HD for implicit learning deficits using the 9-hole box apparatus. The present study used mice to determine whether "early" striatal lesions would prevent SILT acquisition and to confirm previous findings that post-training "late lesions" would impair the retention of task performance. The SILT is a two-phase task whereby an initial stimulus light (S1) presentation was presented in one of five possible locations. A correct nose-poke response to the S1 resulted in this light being extinguished and a second, apparently random light presentation (S2). A correct nose-poke to S2 resulted in a reward. Within the apparently random stimulus light presentations, a predictable S1/S2 combination was embedded. Both lesion groups ("early" pre-acquisition and "late" post-acquisition lesions) demonstrated increased reaction times to S1, with the late-lesion group also recording reduced task accuracy when compared with the sham control group. The early-lesion group also demonstrated increased response latencies for the S2 stimuli during task acquisition, this was also true for task retention in the late-lesion group. No difference between the control group and early-lesion group was found for the S2 response accuracy during the acquisition period. After the lesioning of the late-lesion group, both lesion groups demonstrated reduced accuracy to the S2 stimuli as the control group improved their performance throughout the test period, while the accuracy of both lesion groups remained stable at a lower performance level. All three experimental groups were able to utilize the embedded predictable information. The present data suggest that the striatum is important for the acquisition and retention of motor learning tasks, but does not play a role in the learning of implicit information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Brooks
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
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Lupi A, Bertagnoni G, Salgarello M, Orsolon P, Malfatti V, Zanco P. Cerebellar Vermis Relative Hypermetabolism: An Almost Constant PET Finding in an Injured Brain. Clin Nucl Med 2007; 32:445-51. [PMID: 17515750 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0b013e3180537621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cortical alterations of brain metabolism, as seen in PET, obviously depend on the nature of the damage (either mechanical, toxic, anoxic, or other). However, some subcortical abnormalities seem to occur rather frequently regardless of the extension, position and cause of the damage. In particular, relative cerebellar vermis activation seems to be frequently encountered. The aim of this work was to determine the incidence of this pattern in a heterogeneous population of brain trauma, and to compare it on a quantitative basis with a group of age-sex matched controls. The case records of this study consist of 58 consecutive patients, 44 males, 14 females, age 14-69 (median 34) 44 traumatic, 8 anoxic, 4 vascular and 2 toxic injuries. In the trauma group, the visualization of the cerebellar vermis was readily appreciable as a consistent majority of cases. In particular, the mean vermis/cerebellum ratio (calculated by appropriate ROI positioning) was 1.26 +/- 0.17 SD (range 0.92-1.82); in the control group the same parameters showed much less dispersion: average 0.92 +/- 0.06, range 0.80-1.10 (P < 0.005). If, on the basis of the normal group data, a cut-off value of 1 is accepted for the v/c ratio, it is noted that 54/57 trauma patients (95%) showed a ratio above this value. In conclusion, a hypermetabolic cerebellar vermis is a common finding in a damaged brain, regardless of the nature of the trauma (probably due to the relative preservation compared with other structures of alternative metabolic pathways), and seems to be the hallmark of the injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lupi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Ospedale S. Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy.
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Krigolson OE, Holroyd CB. Hierarchical error processing: Different errors, different systems. Brain Res 2007; 1155:70-80. [PMID: 17498670 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Error processing during motor control involves the evaluation of "high-level" errors (i.e., failures to meet a system goal) by a frontal system involving anterior cingulate cortex and the evaluation of "low-level" errors (i.e., discrepancies between actual and desired motor commands) by a posterior system involving posterior parietal cortex. We have recently demonstrated that high-level errors committed within the context of a continuous tracking task elicited an error-related negativity (ERN) -- a component of the event-related brain potential (ERP) generated within medial-frontal cortex that is sensitive to error commission. The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate that low-level motor errors do not elicit an ERN, but may instead evoke other ERP components associated with visual processing and online motor control. Participants performed a computer aiming task in which they manipulated a joystick to move a cursor from a start to a target position. On a random subset of trials the target jumped to a new position at movement onset, requiring the participants to modify their current motor command. Further, on one half of these "target perturbation" trials the cursor did not respond to corrective movements of the joystick. Consistent with our previous findings, we found that the uncorrectable errors elicited an ERN. We also found that the target perturbations on both correctable and uncorrectable trials did not elicit an ERN, but rather evoked two other ERP components, the N100 and P300. These results suggest that medial-frontal cortex is insensitive to low-level motor errors, and are in line with a recent theory that holds that the P300 reflects stimulus-response optimization by the impact of locus coeruleus activity on posterior cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav E Krigolson
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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Abstract
We studied the structures of the cerebellar cortex of young adult and old cats for age-related changes, which were statistically analysed. Nissl staining was used to visualize the cortical neurons. The immunohistochemical method was used to display glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactive (IR) astrocytes and neurofilament-immunoreactive (NF-IR) neurons. Under the microscope, the thickness of the cerebellar cortex was measured; and the density of neurons in all the layers as well as that of GFAP-IR cells in the granular layer was analysed. Compared with young adult cats, the thickness of the molecular layer and total cerebellar cortex was significantly decreased in old cats, and that of the granular layer increased. The density of neurons in each layer was significantly lower in old cats than in young adult ones. Astrocytes in old cats were significantly denser than in young adult ones, and accom-panied by evident hypertrophy of the cell bodies and enhanced immunoreaction of GFAP substance. Purkinje cells (PCs) in old cats showed much fewer NF-IR dendrites than those in young adults. The above findings indicate a loss of neurons and decrease in the number of dendrites of the PCs in the aged cerebellar cortex, which might underlie the functional decline of afferent efficacy and information integration in the senescent cerebellum. An age-dependent enhancement of activity of the astrocytes may exert a protective effect on neurons in the aged cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzheng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, People's Republic of China
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