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Ramugounder R. The impact of p38 MAPK, 5-HT/DA/E signaling pathways in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases and heart failure in type 1 diabetes. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Brain signalling systems: A target for treating type I diabetes mellitus. Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:191-201. [PMID: 31325597 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
From early to later stages of Type I Diabetes Mellitus (TIDM), signalling molecules including brain indolamines and protein kinases are altered significantly, and that has been implicated in the Metabolic Disorders (MD) as well as impairment of retinal, renal, neuronal and cardiovascular systems. Considerable attention has been focused to the effects of diabetes on these signalling systems. However, the exact pathophysiological mechanisms of these signals are not completely understood in TIDM, but it is likely that hyperglycemia, acidosis, and insulin resistance play significant roles. Insulin maintains normal glycemic levels and it acts by binding to its receptor, so that it activates the receptor's tyrosine kinase activity, resulting in phosphorylation of several substrates. Those substrates provide binding/interaction sites for signalling molecules, including serine/threonine kinases and indolamines. For more than two decades, our research has been focused on the mechanisms of protein kinases, CaM Kinase and Serotonin transporter mediated alterations of indolamines in TIDM. In this review, we have also discussed how discrete areas of brain respond to insulin or some of the pharmacological agents that triggers or restores these signalling molecules, and it may be useful for the treatment of specific region wise changes/disorders of diabetic brain.
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Qin Y, Wang N, Zhang X, Han X, Zhai X, Lu Y. IDO and TDO as a potential therapeutic target in different types of depression. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1787-1800. [PMID: 30014175 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Depression is highly prevalent worldwide and a leading cause of disabilty. However, the medications currently available to treat depression fail to adequately relieve depressive symptoms for a large number of patients. Research into the aberrant overactivation of the kynurenine pathway and the production of various active metabolites has brought new insight into the progression of depression. IDO and TDO are the first and rate-limiting enzymes in the kynurenine pathway and regulate the production of active metabolites. There is substantial evidence that TDO and IDO enzyme are activated during depression, and therefore, IDO and TDO inhibitors have been identified as ideal therapeutic targets for depressive disorder. Hence, this review will focus on the kynurenine branch of tryptophan metabolism and describe the role of IDO and TDO in the pathology of depression. In addition, this review will compare the relative imbalance between KYNA and neurotoxic kynurenine metabolites in different psychiatric disorders. Finally, this review is also directed toward assessing whether IDO and TDO are potential therapeutic target in depression associated with other diseases such as diabetes and/or cancer, as well as the development of potent IDO and TDO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Nanxi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xinlin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xuemei Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xuejia Zhai
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Yongning Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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A serotonergic deficit in the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter may underpin enhanced panic-like behavior in diabetic rats. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 28:558-564. [PMID: 28799955 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
It is known that diabetic (DBT) animals present dysregulation on the serotonergic system in several brain areas associated with anxiety-like responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of 5-HT1A receptors on dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) in the behavioral response related to panic disorder in type-1 DBT animals. For this, the escape response by electric stimulation (ES) of dPAG in DBT and normoglycemic (NGL) animals was assessed. Both NGL and DBT animals were exposed to an open-field test (OFT) 28 days after DBT confirmation. The current threshold to induce escape behavior in DBT animals was reduced compared with NGL animals. No impairment in locomotor activity was observed when DBT animals were compared with NGL animals. An intra-dPAG injection of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist (±)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) increased the [INCREMENT] threshold in both DBT and NGL, suggesting a panicolytic-like effect. DBT animals presented a more pronounced panicolytic-like response compared with NGL as a higher [INCREMENT] threshold was observed after 8-OH-DPAT treatment, which could be a consequence of the increased expression of the 5-HT1A receptor in the dPAG from DBT animals. Our results are in line with the proposal that a deficiency in serotonergic modulation of the dPAG is involved in triggering the panic attack and the 5-HT1A receptors might be essential for the panicolytic-like response.
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da Silva Dias IC, Carabelli B, Ishii DK, de Morais H, de Carvalho MC, Rizzo de Souza LE, Zanata SM, Brandão ML, Cunha TM, Ferraz AC, Cunha JM, Zanoveli JM. Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase/Kynurenine Pathway as a Potential Pharmacological Target to Treat Depression Associated with Diabetes. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6997-7009. [PMID: 26671617 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic disease associated with depression whose pathophysiological mechanisms that associate these conditions are not fully elucidated. However, the activation of the indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that participate of the tryptophan metabolism leading to a decrease of serotonin (5-HT) levels and whose expression is associated with an immune system activation, has been proposed as a common mechanism that links depression and diabetes. To test this hypothesis, diabetic (DBT) and normoglycemic (NGL) groups had the cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6) and 5-HT and norepinephrine (NE) levels in the hippocampus (HIP) evaluated. Moreover, the effect of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine (FLX), IDO direct inhibitor 1-methyl-tryptophan (1-MT), anti-inflammatory and IDO indirect inhibitor minocycline (MINO), or non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor ibuprofen (IBU) was evaluated in DBT rats submitted to the modified forced swimming test (MFST). After the behavioral test, the HIP was obtained for IDO expression by Western blotting analysis. DBT rats exhibited a significant increase in HIP levels of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 and a decrease in HIP 5-HT and NA levels. They also presented a depressive-like behavior which was reverted by all employed treatments. Interestingly, treatment with MINO, IBU, or FLX but not with 1-MT reduced the increased IDO expression in the HIP from DBT animals. Taken together, our data support our hypothesis that neuroinflammation in the HIP followed by IDO activation with a consequent decrease in the 5-HT levels can be a possible pathophysiological mechanism that links depression to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Caroline da Silva Dias
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Rua Coronel H dos Santos S/N, P.O. Box 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81540-990, Brazil
| | - Bruno Carabelli
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81540-990, Brazil
| | - Daniela Kaori Ishii
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Rua Coronel H dos Santos S/N, P.O. Box 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81540-990, Brazil
| | - Helen de Morais
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Rua Coronel H dos Santos S/N, P.O. Box 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81540-990, Brazil
| | - Milene Cristina de Carvalho
- Institute of Neurosciences and Behavior (INeC) and Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology of Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz E Rizzo de Souza
- Department of Basic Pathology, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Silvio M Zanata
- Department of Basic Pathology, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Marcus Lira Brandão
- Institute of Neurosciences and Behavior (INeC) and Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology of Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Anete Curte Ferraz
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81540-990, Brazil
| | - Joice Maria Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Rua Coronel H dos Santos S/N, P.O. Box 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81540-990, Brazil
| | - Janaina Menezes Zanoveli
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Rua Coronel H dos Santos S/N, P.O. Box 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81540-990, Brazil.
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Biochemical and neurotransmitters changes associated with tramadol in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:238780. [PMID: 24971322 PMCID: PMC4058222 DOI: 10.1155/2014/238780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes is increasing worldwide. Chronic neuropathic pain occurs in approximately 25% of diabetic patients. Tramadol, an atypical analgesic with a unique dual mechanism of action, is used in the management of painful diabetic neuropathy. It acts on monoamine transporters to inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), and dopamine (DA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of diabetes on the brain neurotransmitter alterations induced by tramadol in rats, and to study the hepatic and renal toxicities of the drug. Eighty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into two sets: the normal set and the diabetic set. Diabetes was induced in rats. Tramadol was administered orally once daily for 28 days. The levels of DA, NE, and 5-HT in cerebral cortex, thalamus/hypothalamus, midbrain, and brainstem were evaluated in rats. In addition, the renal toxicity and histopathological effects of the drug were assessed. The induction of diabetes altered neurotransmitter levels. Oral administration of tramadol significantly decreased the neurotransmitter levels. Diabetes significantly altered the effects of tramadol in all brain regions. Tramadol affected function and histology of the liver and kidney. The clinical effects of tramadol in diabetic patients should be stressed.
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Cabou C, Vachoux C, Campistron G, Drucker DJ, Burcelin R. Brain GLP-1 signaling regulates femoral artery blood flow and insulin sensitivity through hypothalamic PKC-δ. Diabetes 2011; 60:2245-56. [PMID: 21810595 PMCID: PMC3161335 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a gut-brain hormone that regulates food intake, energy metabolism, and cardiovascular functions. In the brain, through a currently unknown molecular mechanism, it simultaneously reduces femoral artery blood flow and muscle glucose uptake. By analogy to pancreatic β-cells where GLP-1 activates protein kinase C (PKC) to stimulate insulin secretion, we postulated that PKC enzymes would be molecular targets of brain GLP-1 signaling that regulate metabolic and vascular function. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used both genetic and pharmacological approaches to investigate the role of PKC isoforms in brain GLP-1 signaling in the conscious, free-moving mouse simultaneous with metabolic and vascular measurements. RESULTS In normal wild-type (WT) mouse brain, the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist exendin-4 selectively promotes translocation of PKC-δ (but not -βII, -α, or -ε) to the plasma membrane. This translocation is blocked in Glp1r(-/-) mice and in WT mice infused in the brain with exendin-9, an antagonist of the GLP-1R. This mechanism coordinates both blood flow in the femoral artery and whole-body insulin sensitivity. Consequently, in hyperglycemic, high-fat diet-fed diabetic mice, hypothalamic PKC-δ activity was increased and its pharmacological inhibition improved both insulin-sensitive metabolic and vascular phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our studies show that brain GLP-1 signaling activates hypothalamic glucose-dependent PKC-δ to regulate femoral artery blood flow and insulin sensitivity. This mechanism is attenuated during the development of experimental hyperglycemia and may contribute to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cendrine Cabou
- INSERM U1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Rangueil, Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chemin des Maraîchers, Toulouse, France
| | - Christelle Vachoux
- INSERM U1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Rangueil, Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chemin des Maraîchers, Toulouse, France
| | - Gérard Campistron
- INSERM U1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Rangueil, Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chemin des Maraîchers, Toulouse, France
| | - Daniel J. Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rémy Burcelin
- INSERM U1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Rangueil, Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Corresponding author: Rémy Burcelin,
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Ramakrishnan R, Sheeladevi R, Namasivayam A. Regulation of protein kinases and coregulatory interplay of S-100beta and serotonin transporter on serotonin levels in diabetic rat brain. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:246-59. [PMID: 18711746 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases are critical component in the regulation of signal transduction pathways, including neurotransmitters. Our previous studies have shown that serotonin (5-HT) altered under diabetic condition was accompanied by alterations of protein kinase C-alpha (PKC-alpha) and CaMKII, and those alterations were reversed after insulin administration. The current study showed that alloxan-induced diabetic animals revealed hyperglycemia and was associated with an increase in the content of 5-HT, PKC-alpha expression and PKC activity (P < 0.05) simultaneously in striatum (ST), midbrain (MB), pons medulla (PM), cerebellum (CB), and cerebral cortex (CCX) from 7 days to 60 days. Although the 5-HT levels in hippocampus (HC) and hypothalamus (HT) were not altered, the PKC-alpha expression and PKC activity showed increases (P < 0.05) in level in HC. Insulin administration reversed all these changes to a normal level. In contrast, the in vitro study has shown that the 5-HT levels correlated with PKC-alpha expressions as well as PKC activity (P < 0.05) only in ST, MB, and CB either after induction with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or blocking with chelerythrine, whereas PM and CCX remained elevated (P < 0.05), implying a regulatory role for PKC-alpha only in ST, MB, and CB. However, our consecutive studies have shown that the 5-HT level in PM was regulated by p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) both in vivo and in vitro, whereas the 5-HT level in CCX was coregulated by S-100beta by protein-protein interaction with serotonin transporter (SERT) via 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate sodium salt (8-Br-cAMP)-induced cAMP/PKAII pathway(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
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Gómez M, Bosco R, Eblen-Zajjur A. Influence of acute hyperglycaemia on the amplitude of nociceptive spinal evoked potentials in healthy rats. Int J Neurosci 2007; 117:1513-21. [PMID: 17917922 DOI: 10.1080/00207450601126350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of blood glucose level on the amplitude of nociceptive spinal evoked potentials in healthy rats, an acute hyperglycaemia state was induced in an experimental group of 12 rats, through the infusion of glucosade solution. A Ringer-lactate solution was administered equivolumetrically to the control group (5 rats) under the same experimental conditions. Nociceptive spinal evoked potentials were recorded every 2 min, before and during the induction of hyperglycaemia, from the left lumbar cord dorsum activated orthodromically by ipsilateral electrical stimulation of the hind paw (20 Volts, 0.5 ms, 0.2 Hertz). Acute hyperglycaemia induced an increase of amplitude in both N (+8.92%, p = .000006) and P (+10.46%, p = .000037) waves when comparing control and experimental groups or basal versus infusion values, in response to nociceptive stimuli. The present results show that acute hyperglycaemia could contribute to central nociceptive sensitization; it would be attributed to an increased synchronization of spinal dorsal horn neuronal discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gómez
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Dpto. de Ciencias Fisiológicas Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela
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