1
|
Nagaoka K, Kurauchi Y, Asano D, Morita A, Sakamoto K, Nakahara T. Pharmacological inhibition of Na +/K +-ATPase induces neurovascular degeneration and glial cell alteration in the rat retina. Exp Eye Res 2022; 220:109107. [PMID: 35568201 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) plays an important role in ion homeostasis and neurotransmitter uptake. In the retina, multidirectional communications among neurons, glia, and blood vessels (that is, neuro-glio-vascular interaction) are crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis. We investigated the role of NKA in the elements of neuro-glio-vascular unit in neonatal and adult rat retinas. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (1- and 8-week-old) were injected intravitreally with ouabain (20 nmol/eye), an inhibitor of NKA. Morphological changes in retinal neurons, glia, and blood vessels were examined. The intravitreal injection of ouabain decreased the number of cells in the ganglion cell layer, as well as the thicknesses of the inner plexiform and inner nuclear layers in neonatal and adult rats compared to age-matched controls. The ouabain-induced neuronal cell damage was partially prevented by D-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid, an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors. In the deep retinal vascular plexus of the ouabain-injected eyes, angiogenesis was delayed in neonatal rats, whereas capillary degeneration occurred in adult rats. The immunoreactivity of glutamine synthetase and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) decreased in the retinas of neonatal and adult rats injected intravitreally with ouabain. The immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein was enhanced in the retinas of ouabain-injected adult eyes. After the ouabain injection, CD45-positive leukocytes and Iba1-positive microglia increased in the inner retinal layer of neonatal rats, whereas they increased in the middle retinal layer of adult rats. These results suggest that the inhibition of NKA induces the degeneration of neuronal and vascular cells and alteration of glial cells in both neonatal and adult retinas. In addition to the direct effects of NKA inhibition, the disturbance of retinal glutamate metabolism and decreased VEGF expression may contribute to neurovascular degeneration. The activity of NKA is crucial for maintaining elements of neuro-glio-vascular unit in the retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koki Nagaoka
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yuki Kurauchi
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oehonmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Daiki Asano
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Akane Morita
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nakahara
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
The mammalian retina has the potential to regenerate rod cells, bipolar cells, and amacrine cells in vivo to repair damaged nervous tissue through the Müller glial cell (MGC)-mediated response. Both horizontal cell (HC) and amacrine cell are interneurons in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and are generated under the control of some common transcription factors during retinal development. However, to date, the ability of HC regeneration in vivo in mammals remains unclear. Here, ouabain (a Na/K-ATPase inhibitor) was injected into rat eyes to induce an obvious cell loss in the INL. The proliferation, dedifferentiation of MGC and production of new neurons after ouabain injection were examined by BrdU incorporation and immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that 2 days after ouabain treatment, MGCs incorporated BrdU and upregulated the expression of Nestin, which is a marker for retinal progenitor cells. Several weeks after ouabain injection, the BrdU-positive cells in the outer border of the INL expressed Prox1 and Calbindin D-28k, which are specific markers for HC. Taken together, these results suggest that the mammalian retina can regenerate new type of interneurons (HC) in vivo, which advances our understanding of mammalian retinal regeneration after damage.
Collapse
|
3
|
Osborne A, Hopes M, Wright P, Broadway DC, Sanderson J. Human organotypic retinal cultures (HORCs) as a chronic experimental model for investigation of retinal ganglion cell degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2015; 143:28-38. [PMID: 26432917 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing need for models of human diseases that utilise native, donated human tissue in order to model disease processes and develop novel therapeutic strategies. In this paper we assessed the suitability of adult human retinal explants as a potential model of chronic retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration. Our results confirmed that RGC markers commonly used in rodent studies (NeuN, βIII Tubulin and Thy-1) were appropriate for labelling human RGCs and followed the expected differential expression patterns across, as well as throughout, the macular and para-macular regions of the retina. Furthermore, we showed that neither donor age nor post-mortem time (within 24 h) significantly affected the initial expression levels of RGC markers. In addition, the feasibility of using human post mortem donor tissue as a long-term model of RGC degeneration was determined with RGC protein being detectable up to 4 weeks in culture with an associated decline in RGC mRNA and significant, progressive, apoptotic labelling of NeuN(+) cells. Differences in RGC apoptosis might have been influenced by medium compositions indicating that media constituents could play a role in supporting axotomised RGCs. We propose that using ex vivo human explants may prove to be a useful model for testing the effectiveness of neuroprotective strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Osborne
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK; John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Marina Hopes
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Phillip Wright
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - David C Broadway
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Julie Sanderson
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Y, Zhou GM. MMP-9 inhibition facilitates amacrine cell loss after ouabain-induced retinal damage. Exp Eye Res 2015; 135:174-81. [PMID: 25752698 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Retinal ischemia is a common risk factor for visual impairment and blindness. Two common changes after retinal ischemia are retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and Müller glial cell (MGC)-mediated endogenous repair. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) has been shown to be responsible to RGC death. However, the effects of MMP-9 on the loss of other neurons and the reactivity of MGCs after retinal injury remain unclear. Ouabain, a Na/K-ATPase inhibitor, was injected into the vitreous body of rat eyes to induce cell death in the inner nuclear layer (INL). MMP-9 expression and activation in the retinas were examined by gelatin zymography and immunohistochemistry. The role of MMP-9 inhibitor (MMP-9i) in ouabain-treated retinas was assessed. After ouabain injection, there was an upregulation of MMP-9 activity in the inner retinas, and the activation of MMP-9 reached a maximum at 2 day. Unexpectedly, MMP-9i enhanced the thinning of the INL, the loss of Calbindin D-28k-positive cells and Syntaxin-positive amacrine cells (ACs) in the INL and decreased levels of Calbindin D-28k protein, while leaving the outer nuclear layer (ONL) unchanged. In addition, MMP-9i led to a minor increase in the number of BrdU positive cells that did not express GS in the INL. Collectively, these results revealed that the inhibition of MMP-9 activity facilitated AC loss and promoted the generation of MGC-derived cells in ouabain-treated retinas, which indicates that treating retinal diseases with drugs that inhibit MMP-9 activity should be considered with caution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China.
| | - Guo-Min Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cécyre B, Monette M, Beudjekian L, Casanova C, Bouchard JF. Localization of diacylglycerol lipase alpha and monoacylglycerol lipase during postnatal development of the rat retina. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:150. [PMID: 25565975 PMCID: PMC4266045 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, there has been increased interest in the physiological roles of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system and its receptors, the cannabinoid receptor types 1 (CB1R) and 2 (CB2R). Exposure to cannabinoids during development results in neurofunctional alterations, which implies that the eCB system is involved in the developmental processes of the brain. Because of their lipophilic nature, eCBs are synthesized on demand and are not stored in vesicles. Consequently, the enzymes responsible for their synthesis and degradation are key regulators of their physiological actions. Therefore, knowing the localization of these enzymes during development is crucial for a better understanding of the role played by eCBs during the formation of the central nervous system. In this study, we investigated the developmental protein localization of the synthesizing and catabolic enzymes of the principal eCB, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the retinas of young and adult rats. The distribution of the enzymes responsible for the synthesis (DAGLα) and the degradation (MAGL) of 2-AG was determined for every retinal cell type from birth to adulthood. Our results indicate that DAGLα is present early in postnatal development. It is highly expressed in photoreceptor, horizontal, amacrine, and ganglion cells. MAGL appears later during the development of the retina and its presence is limited to amacrine and Müller cells. Overall, these results suggest that 2-AG is strongly present in early retinal development and might be involved in the regulation of the structural and functional maturation of the retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cécyre
- Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie, École d'Optométrie, Université de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada ; Laboratoire des Neurosciences de la vision, École d'Optométrie, Université de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marjorie Monette
- Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie, École d'Optométrie, Université de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Liza Beudjekian
- Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie, École d'Optométrie, Université de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Casanova
- Laboratoire des Neurosciences de la vision, École d'Optométrie, Université de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Bouchard
- Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie, École d'Optométrie, Université de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Murphy MJ, Crewther SG. Ouabain inhibition of Na/K-ATPase across the retina prevents signed refractive compensation to lens-induced defocus, but not default ocular growth in young chicks. F1000Res 2013; 2:97. [PMID: 25506418 PMCID: PMC4257142 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-97.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The relevance of retinal integrity and energy pathways to ocular growth and induction of refractive errors has seldom been investigated. Thus, we used ouabain to target the channels that are essential for the maintenance of membrane potentials in cells, sodium potassium ATPase (Na/K-ATPase), to examine refractive compensation and ocular growth in response to lens-induced defocus in the chick. Methods: A single intravitreal injection of 1 mM ouabain in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) carrier or DMSO alone was followed by monocular defocus with positive or negative 10 D lens (or no lens) from post-hatching days 5-9 under 12/12 hr light/dark conditions. Biometry and dark-adapted flash and electroretinography (ERG) were conducted on day 9, followed by immunohistological analyses. Results: Ouabain inhibited differential ocular growth and refractive compensation to signed defocus compared to DMSO. By 4-days post-ouabain injection all components of the typical ERG responses to light had been eliminated, and widespread histological damage was apparent, though some ‘default state’ ocular growth was measurable. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated reduction in the specialized water channel Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression and increased evidence of caspase 3 expression (a cell death associated protein) in ouabain-treated eyes compared with DMSO alone. Conclusion: The current study demonstrates that blockade of photoreceptor and inner retinal responses to light onset and offset by ouabain inhibits differential refractive compensation to optical blur, but does not prevent ocular growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Murphy
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zabouri N, Bouchard JF, Casanova C. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 expression during postnatal development of the rat retina. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:1258-80. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|