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Burton BK, Andersen KK, Greve AN, Hemager N, Spang KS, Ellersgaard D, Christiani CJ, Gantriis D, Gregersen M, Søndergaard A, Jepsen JRM, Bliksted VF, Mors O, Plessen KJ, Nordentoft M, Thorup AAE. Sex differences across developmental domains among children with a familial risk of severe mental disorders. Psychol Med 2023; 53:3628-3643. [PMID: 35156599 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences in brain structure and neurodevelopment occur in non-clinical populations. We investigated whether sex had a similar effect on developmental domains amongst boys and girls with a familial risk of schizophrenia (FHR-SZ), bipolar disorder (FHR-BP), and controls. METHODS Through Danish registries, we identified 522 7-year-old children (242 girls) with FHR-SZ, FHR-BP, and controls. We assessed their performance within the domains of neurocognition, motor function, language, social cognition, social behavior, psychopathology, and home environment. RESULTS FHR-SZ boys compared with FHR-SZ girls had a higher proportion of disruptive behavior and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and exhibited lower performance in manual dexterity, balance, and emotion recognition. No sex differences were found between boys and girls within FHR-BP group. Compared with controls, both FHR-SZ boys and FHR-SZ girls showed impaired processing speed and working memory, had lower levels of global functioning, and were more likely to live in an inadequate home environment. Compared with control boys, FHR-SZ boys showed impaired manual dexterity, social behavior, and social responsiveness, and had a higher proportion of ADHD and disruptive behavior disorder diagnoses. Stress and adjustment disorders were more common in FHR-BP boys compared with control boys. We found no differences between FHR-BP girls and control girls. CONCLUSIONS Impairment within neurodevelopmental domains associated within FHR-SZ boys v. FHR-SZ girls was most evident among boys, whereas no sex differences were found within the FHR-BP group (FHR-BP boys v. FHR-BP girls). FHR-SZ boys exhibited the highest proportion of early developmental impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Klee Burton
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 3A, 1st floor, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Klaus Kaae Andersen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Statistics and Pharmacoepidemiology, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aja N Greve
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 175, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Nicoline Hemager
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 3A, 1st floor, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4th floor, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Katrine S Spang
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 3A, 1st floor, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ditte Ellersgaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4th floor, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Camilla J Christiani
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 3A, 1st floor, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ditte Gantriis
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 175, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Maja Gregersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4th floor, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anne Søndergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4th floor, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jens Richardt M Jepsen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 3A, 1st floor, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4th floor, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research & Centre for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Hospital Centre Glostrup, Ndr. Ringvej 29-67, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Fuglsang Bliksted
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 175, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Services, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 175, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Services, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Jessica Plessen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 3A, 1st floor, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center, University of Lausanne, Avenue d'Echallens 9, CH-1004 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4th floor, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anne A E Thorup
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 3A, 1st floor, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
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Correa-Ghisays P, Vicent Sánchez-Ortí J, Balanzá-Martínez V, Fuentes-Durá I, Martinez-Aran A, Ruiz-Bolo L, Correa-Estrada P, Ruiz-Ruiz JC, Selva-Vera G, Vila-Francés J, Macias Saint-Gerons D, San-Martín C, Ayesa-Arriola R, Tabarés-Seisdedos R. MICEmi: A method to identify cognitive endophenotypes of mental illnesses. Eur Psychiatry 2022; 65:e85. [PMID: 36440538 PMCID: PMC9807453 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characterizing neurocognitive endophenotypes of mental illnesses (MIs) could be useful for identifying at-risk individuals, increasing early diagnosis, improving disease subtyping, and proposing therapeutic strategies to reduce the negative effects of the symptoms, in addition to serving as a scientific basis to unravel the physiopathology of the disease. However, a standardized algorithm to determine cognitive endophenotypes has not yet been developed. The main objective of this study was to present a method for the identification of endophenotypes in MI research. METHODS For this purpose, a 14-expert working group used a scoping review methodology and designed a method that includes a scoring template with five criteria and indicators, a strategy for their verification, and a decision tree. CONCLUSIONS This work is ongoing since it is necessary to obtain external validation of the applicability of the method in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Correa-Ghisays
- Center for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,TMAP Unidad de Evaluación en Autonomía Personal, Dependencia y Trastornos Mentales Graves, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joan Vicent Sánchez-Ortí
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,TMAP Unidad de Evaluación en Autonomía Personal, Dependencia y Trastornos Mentales Graves, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Balanzá-Martínez
- Center for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,TMAP Unidad de Evaluación en Autonomía Personal, Dependencia y Trastornos Mentales Graves, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Fuentes-Durá
- Center for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,TMAP Unidad de Evaluación en Autonomía Personal, Dependencia y Trastornos Mentales Graves, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Anabel Martinez-Aran
- Center for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Bipolar Disorders Unit, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lara Ruiz-Bolo
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Juan Carlos Ruiz-Ruiz
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gabriel Selva-Vera
- Center for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,TMAP Unidad de Evaluación en Autonomía Personal, Dependencia y Trastornos Mentales Graves, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joan Vila-Francés
- Intelligent Data Analysis Laboratory (IDAL), University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Diego Macias Saint-Gerons
- Center for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,TMAP Unidad de Evaluación en Autonomía Personal, Dependencia y Trastornos Mentales Graves, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Constanza San-Martín
- Center for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,TMAP Unidad de Evaluación en Autonomía Personal, Dependencia y Trastornos Mentales Graves, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
- Center for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,TMAP Unidad de Evaluación en Autonomía Personal, Dependencia y Trastornos Mentales Graves, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Knudsen CB, Hemager N, Greve AN, Lambek R, Andreassen AK, Veddum L, Brandt JM, Gregersen M, Krantz MF, Søndergaard A, Steffensen NL, Birk M, Stadsgaard HB, Ohland J, Burton BK, Jepsen JRM, Thorup AAE, Nordentoft M, Mors O, Bliksted VF. Neurocognitive Development in Children at Familial High Risk of Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:589-599. [PMID: 35385060 PMCID: PMC8988021 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Neurocognitive impairments exist in children at familial high risk (FHR) of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Studies on preadolescent developmental courses of neurocognition are important to describe shared and distinct neurodevelopmental pathways in these groups. OBJECTIVE To assess the development in specific neurocognitive functions from age 7 to 11 years in children at FHR of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder compared with children in a population-based control (PBC) group. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study is a prospective, longitudinal, cohort study that collected data from January 1, 2013, to January 31, 2016 (phase 1), and from March 1, 2017, to June 30, 2020 (phase 2). Data were collected at 2 university hospitals in Denmark, and participants included 520 children at FHR of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder along with a PBC group matched with the group of children at FHR of schizophrenia by age, sex, and municipality. EXPOSURES Parental schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or neither. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Neurocognitive functioning was assessed with validated tests of intelligence, processing speed, attention, memory, verbal fluency, and executive functioning. Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression models with maximum likelihood estimation were used to estimate neurocognitive development from age 7 to 11 years. RESULTS At 4-year follow-up, a total of 451 children (mean [SD] age; 11.9 [0.2] years; 208 girls [46.1%]) underwent neurocognitive testing. There were a total of 170 children at FHR of schizophrenia (mean [SD] age, 12.0 [0.3]; 81 girls [47.7%]), 103 children at FHR of bipolar disorder (mean [SD] age, 11.9 [0.2] years; 45 girls [43.7%]), and 178 children in the PBC group (mean [SD] age, 11.9 [0.2] years; 82 girls [46.1%]). At either age 7 or 11 years or at both assessments, 520 children participated in the neurocognitive assessment and were therefore included in the analyses. When correcting for multiple comparisons, no statistically significant time × group interactions were observed across the 3 groups. Compared with the PBC group at 4-year follow-up, children at FHR of schizophrenia showed significant neurocognitive impairment in 7 of 24 neurocognitive measures (29.2%; Cohen d range, 0.29-0.37). Compared with children at FHR of bipolar disorder, children at FHR of schizophrenia had significant neurocognitive impairment in 5 of 24 measures (20.8%; Cohen d range, 0.29-0.38). Children at FHR of bipolar disorder and those in the PBC group did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cohort study, findings suggest that neurocognitive maturation was comparable across groups of children at FHR of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder compared with PBCs from age 7 to 11 years. Compared with the PBC group, children at FHR of schizophrenia demonstrated widespread, stable, neurocognitive impairments during this period, whereas children at FHR of bipolar disorder showed no neurocognitive impairments, which may indicate distinct neurodevelopmental pathways in children at FHR of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Bruun Knudsen
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital–Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research–iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nicoline Hemager
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research–iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark,Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen University Hospital–Mental Health Services, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aja Neergaard Greve
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital–Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research–iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rikke Lambek
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna Krogh Andreassen
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital–Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research–iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lotte Veddum
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital–Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research–iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Julie Marie Brandt
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research–iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark,Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja Gregersen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research–iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark,Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Falkenberg Krantz
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research–iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark,Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen University Hospital–Mental Health Services, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Søndergaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research–iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark,Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna Lawaetz Steffensen
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital–Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research–iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Merete Birk
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital–Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research–iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jessica Ohland
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research–iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark,Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Klee Burton
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen University Hospital–Mental Health Services, Copenhagen, Denmark,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Richardt Møllegaard Jepsen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research–iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark,Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen University Hospital–Mental Health Services, Copenhagen, Denmark,Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Center, Glostrup, Copenhagen University Hospital–Mental Health Services CPH, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Amalie Elgaard Thorup
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research–iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark,Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen University Hospital–Mental Health Services, Copenhagen, Denmark,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research–iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark,Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital–Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research–iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Fuglsang Bliksted
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital–Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research–iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Carpendale EJ, Cullen AE, Dickson H, Laurens KR. Dissociable impairments of verbal learning differentiate childhood risk profiles for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res Cogn 2022; 28:100239. [PMID: 35242608 PMCID: PMC8861403 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2022.100239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor verbal learning and memory function is well-documented among individuals with schizophrenia and those at clinical high-risk for psychosis. This study aimed to identify these impairments among children aged 9–12 years with different schizophrenia risk profiles (family history or antecedents of schizophrenia, each of higher[H] or lower[L] risk load) relative to typically developing peers. These three groups were recruited via community-screening, and differentiated for analysis into: typically developing children (TD = 45); children who had 1 first- or ≥2 second-degree affected relatives (FHxH = 16) or one second-degree relative (FHxL = 15); and children presenting multiple replicated antecedents of schizophrenia whose clinical symptoms persisted at 2- and/or 4-year follow-up (ASzH = 16) or remitted during follow-up (ASzL = 16). Verbal learning/memory measures assessed at baseline (age 9–12 years) included: (i) total recall; (ii) trial 1 recall; (iii) learning score; (iv) intrusions; (v) total words lost; and (vi) serial position patterns. Analyses of variance indicated that FHxH and ASzH youth demonstrated impaired total recall compared to TD and ASzL children and lost significantly more words between trials than TD and FHxL children. Learning score was impaired among both FHxH and FHxL relative to TD and ASzL children. Thus, among putatively at-risk children, total words recalled and lost distinguished those with higher risk load (by family history or persistent antecedent symptomology), whereas learning score indexed familial vulnerability. Follow-up of the sample is needed to determine the capacity of verbal learning deficits to predict later illness and provide a potential avenue for early remediation to improve clinical or functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J. Carpendale
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Psychology and Counselling, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexis E. Cullen
- King's College London, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Dickson
- King's College London, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin R. Laurens
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Psychology and Counselling, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- King's College London, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
- University of New South Wales, School of Psychiatry, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Corresponding author at: School of Psychology and Counselling, O Block, B Wing, Level 5, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia.
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5
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Cognitive reserve and its correlates in child and adolescent offspring of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022:10.1007/s00787-022-01957-0. [PMID: 35175425 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-022-01957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM To analyze cognitive reserve (CR) in child and adolescent offspring of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (SZ-off) or bipolar disorder (BD-off) and compare them with a group of community controls (CC-off). We also aimed to investigate whether there was an association between CR and clinical and neuropsychological variables according to group. METHODS The study included 46 SZ-off, 105 BD-off and 102 CC-off. All participants completed assessments regarding CR and clinical, neuropsychological and psychosocial functioning. CR was measured with a proxy based on premorbid intelligence, parental occupational level, educational attainment, developmental milestones and sociability. The clinical assessment included the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, Present and Lifetime, the Semi-structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes, and the Global Assessment Functioning scale. The neuropsychological assessment included measures of executive functioning, attention, verbal memory, working memory and processing speed. RESULTS SZ-off showed a lower level of CR compared to BD-off and CC-off, while BD-off showed an intermediate level of CR between SZ-off and CC-off. Moreover, an association between higher CR and less lifetime psychopathology, fewer prodromal psychotic symptoms, higher psychosocial functioning, and a higher working memory score was observed in all groups, but it was stronger in SZ-off. CONCLUSIONS CR seemed to be associated with psychopathology, clinical symptoms, psychosocial functioning, and some cognitive functions. SZ-off appeared to benefit more from a higher CR, therefore it could be considered a protective factor against the development of clinical symptomatology and cognitive impairment.
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Grimes KM, Foussias G, Remington G, Kalahani-Bargis K, Zakzanis KK. Stability of Verbal Fluency in Outpatients with Schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2021; 295:113528. [PMID: 33189369 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While it is well established that individuals with schizophrenia exhibit a wide range of neurocognitive deficits, there is significant heterogeneity in this regard. Impairments in verbal fluency appear to present consistently across most individuals with the illness. The present study examined the stability of verbal fluency abilities in chronic schizophrenia longitudinally. It was hypothesized that semantic but not phonemic verbal fluency performance would be stable over one year. Data was extracted from a larger study that followed 53 outpatients (70% male; mean age = 39.2 years) diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. At each testing interval (baseline, 6, and 12 months), the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia was administered, which included phonemic (i.e., F, S) and semantic (i.e., animals) verbal fluency tasks. No significant differences were found across time points for semantic and phonemic verbal fluency with respect to mean number of words generated, clustering, and switching. The findings provide evidence of stability in semantic and phonemic verbal fluency abilities in chronic schizophrenia. Moving forward, it would be valuable to examine verbal fluency performance longitudinally across multiple stages of illness (i.e., clinically high-risk to chronic schizophrenia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyrsten M Grimes
- University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough Ontario.
| | - George Foussias
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto Ontario
| | - Gary Remington
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto Ontario
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Chen J, Chen X, Leung SS, Tsang HW. Potential impacts, alleviating factors, and interventions for children of a parent with schizophrenia: A scoping review. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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De la Serna E, Camprodon-Boadas P, Ilzarbe D, Sugranyes G, Baeza I, Moreno D, Díaz-Caneja CM, Rosa-Justicia M, Llorente C, Ayora M, Borras R, Torrent C, Bernardo M, Castro-Fornieles J. Neuropsychological development in the child and adolescent offspring of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: A two-year follow-up comparative study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 103:109972. [PMID: 32454164 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There has been growing scientific evidence in recent years that schizophrenia and bipolar disorder share clinical, cognitive, neuroimaging and genetic characteristics. This overlap might also be present in their offspring, who have an increased risk of developing both disorders. Comparing the characteristics of these samples may have important implications for understanding etiological processes. This study aimed to assess the development of cognitive functions over two years in a sample of child and adolescent offspring of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (SZoff) or bipolar disorder (BDoff), comparing them with a community control group (CCoff). METHODS 90 BDoff, 41 SZoff and 107 CCoff aged between 6 and 17 years were included at baseline. At the two-year follow-up, 84.9% of the sample was re-assessed (78 BDoff, 32 SZoff and 92 CCoff). All subjects were assessed with a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery at baseline and at the two-year follow-up to evaluate: intelligence quotient, working memory, processing speed, verbal memory and learning, visual memory, executive functions and sustained attention. RESULTS Processing speed, verbal memory and executive functions showed different developmental patterns among the SZoff, BDoff and CCoff groups. The SZoff group maintained baseline performances in the three variables over time, while the BDoff group presented improved processing speed and executive functioning and the CCoff group showed improvements in verbal memory and executive functions at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the development of some cognitive functions might differ between child and adolescent SZoff and BDoff, indicating different trajectories during neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De la Serna
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institut Clinic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona 2017SGR881, Spain.
| | - P Camprodon-Boadas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institut Clinic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona 2017SGR881, Spain; Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Ilzarbe
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institut Clinic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona 2017SGR881, Spain; Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Sugranyes
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institut Clinic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona 2017SGR881, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Baeza
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institut Clinic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona 2017SGR881, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - C M Díaz-Caneja
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Rosa-Justicia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institut Clinic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona 2017SGR881, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Llorente
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Ayora
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Borras
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institut Clinic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona 2017SGR881, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Torrent
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain; Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institut Clinic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Bernardo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Institut Clinic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Castro-Fornieles
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institut Clinic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona 2017SGR881, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Sánchez-Gutiérrez T, Rodríguez-Toscano E, Llorente C, de la Serna E, Moreno C, Sugranyes G, Romero S, Calvo A, Baeza I, Sánchez-Gistau V, Espliego A, Castro-Fornieles J, Moreno D. Neuropsychological, clinical and environmental predictors of severe mental disorders in offspring of patients with schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 270:739-748. [PMID: 31312885 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-019-01044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Offspring of individuals with schizophrenia (SZCOff) are at an increased risk for this disorder. Neuropsychological decline is a core feature of the disorder and researchers have reported increasing impairments in cognition during the prodromal phase in high-risk adolescents. Additionally, factors like the presence of prodromal symptoms or specific behavioral patterns could predict, together with neurocognitive functioning, the risk of conversion to severe mental disorders in SCZOff. This study aims to compare the neuropsychological functioning of a sample of 41 SCZOff children and adolescents and 105 community control offspring (CCOff) and to develop a prediction model to examine whether neuropsychological functioning, clinical and behavioral factors predict subsequent risk of severe mental disorders. We collected demographic, clinical and neuropsychological data. We found significant differences between groups in working memory, speed of processing, verbal memory and learning, visual memory and intelligence quotient (IQ). The socioeconomic status, verbal memory, working memory and positive prodromal symptoms predicted a significant proportion of the dependent variable variance. In conclusion, SCZOff showed neurocognitive impairments in several neuropsychological domains compared to CCOff. Neuropsychological functioning, environmental factors and positive prodromal symptoms could predict the risk of onset of severe mental disorders in SCZOff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Sánchez-Gutiérrez
- Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja (UNIR), Madrid, Spain. .,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Elisa Rodríguez-Toscano
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.,Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy Department, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cloe Llorente
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena de la Serna
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2017SGR88, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium (CIBERSAM), August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Moreno
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gisela Sugranyes
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2017SGR88, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium (CIBERSAM), August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soledad Romero
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2017SGR88, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium (CIBERSAM), August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Calvo
- Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja (UNIR), Madrid, Spain.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Immaculada Baeza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2017SGR88, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium (CIBERSAM), August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanessa Sánchez-Gistau
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2017SGR88, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium (CIBERSAM), August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Espliego
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefina Castro-Fornieles
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2017SGR88, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium (CIBERSAM), August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Moreno
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Bora E. A comparative meta-analysis of neurocognition in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 45:121-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractObjective:Cognitive impairment is a familial and heritable aspect of major psychoses and might be a shared vulnerability marker for schizophrenia and BP. However, it is not clear whether some aspects of cognitive deficits are uniquely associated with risk for specific diagnoses.Methods:A novel meta-analysis of cognitive functions in first-degree relatives of probands with bipolar disorder (BP-Rel) and schizophrenia (Sch-Rel) was conducted. Current meta-analysis included 20 studies and compared cognitive functions of 1341 Sch-Rel, 939 BP-Rel and 1427 healthy controls.Results:Sch-Rel was associated with cognitive deficits in all domains (d = 0.20–0.58) and BP-Rel underperformed healthy controls in processing speed, verbal fluency and speed based executive function tests (d = 0.33–0.41). Sch-Rel underperformed BP-Rel in general intellectual ability, working memory, verbal memory, planning, processing speed and fluency (d = 0.24–0.42).Conclusions:Inefficiency in processing information and impaired processing speed might be common vulnerability factors for major psychoses. On the other hand, low performance in accuracy based tasks and deficits in general intellectual ability, verbal learning, planning and working memory might be more specifically associated with risk for schizophrenia.
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11
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Gumustas F, Koyuncu Kutuk E, Yulaf Y, Almis BH. Psychiatric disorders, developmental, and academic difficulties among children and adolescents at-risk for schizophrenia: a controlled study. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2017.1394803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Funda Gumustas
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic, Marmara University Education Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Yasemin Yulaf
- Psychology Department, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Behice Han Almis
- Psychiatry Clinic, Adiyaman University Education Research Hospital, Adiyaman, Turkey
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12
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Fischer EK, Drago A. A molecular pathway analysis stresses the role of inflammation and oxidative stress towards cognition in schizophrenia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:765-774. [PMID: 28477285 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive processes have a genetic component and are impaired in Schizophrenia (SKZ). The exact nature of such impairment escapes definition. The aim of the present contribution was the identification of the molecular pathways enriched with mutations (SNPs) associated with cognitive performance during antipsychotic treatment. 765 individuals from the CATIE study, males = 559, mean age 40.93 ± 11.03 were included. Working memory and the verbal memory were the evaluated outcomes. A mixed regression model for repeated measures served in R for clinical and molecular pathway analysis. The analysis of quality was conducted under the following criteria: minor allele frequency >0.01, genotype call rate >95%, missing data frequency <5%, Hardy-Weimberg equilibrium threshold >0.0001. The inflation factor was controlled by lambda values. Input for the pathway analysis was SNPs at a p level <0.05 of association genome-wide. Gender, age, education and the duration of the disease were the clinical and socio-demographic variables associated with the cognitive performance. 4268977 SNPs were available after imputation and quality analysis. Pathways related to inflammation and oxidation were the most strongly associated with verbal memory and working memory at a conservative adjusted p value < 0.01. We report that inflammation and in particular the pathway associated with arachidonic acid was enriched in mutations associated with poorer performance at the verbal memory and working memory tasks in SKZ patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Kure Fischer
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University-Psykiatrisk Forskningsenhed Vest, GI Landevej 49, 1, 7400, Herning, Denmark
| | - Antonio Drago
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University-Psykiatrisk Forskningsenhed Vest, GI Landevej 49, 1, 7400, Herning, Denmark.
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13
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de la Serna E, Sugranyes G, Sanchez-Gistau V, Rodriguez-Toscano E, Baeza I, Vila M, Romero S, Sanchez-Gutierrez T, Penzol MJ, Moreno D, Castro-Fornieles J. Neuropsychological characteristics of child and adolescent offspring of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 2017; 183:110-115. [PMID: 27847227 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are considered neurobiological disorders which share some clinical, cognitive and neuroimaging characteristics. Studying child and adolescent offspring of patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BDoff) or schizophrenia (SZoff) is regarded as a reliable method for investigating early alterations and vulnerability factors for these disorders. This study compares the neuropsychological characteristics of SZoff, BDoff and a community control offspring group (CC) with the aim of examining shared and differential cognitive characteristics among groups. METHODS 41 SZoff, 90 BDoff and 107 CC were recruited. They were all assessed with a complete neuropsychological battery which included intelligence quotient, working memory (WM), processing speed, verbal memory and learning, visual memory, executive functions and sustained attention. RESULTS SZoff and BDoff showed worse performance in some cognitive areas compared with CC. Some of these difficulties (visual memory) were common to both offspring groups, whereas others, such as verbal learning and WM in SZoff or PSI in BDoff, were group-specific. CONCLUSIONS The cognitive difficulties in visual memory shown by both the SZoff and BDoff groups might point to a common endophenotype in the two disorders. Difficulties in other cognitive functions would be specific depending on the family diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena de la Serna
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Clinical Institute for the Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 2014SGR489, Spain.
| | - Gisela Sugranyes
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Clinical Institute for the Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 2014SGR489, Spain; August Pi i Sunyer Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanessa Sanchez-Gistau
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Early Intervention Psychosis Service, Pere Mata Institute and University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain
| | - Elisa Rodriguez-Toscano
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Complutense University, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Immaculada Baeza
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Clinical Institute for the Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 2014SGR489, Spain
| | - Montserrat Vila
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Clinical Institute for the Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 2014SGR489, Spain
| | - Soledad Romero
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Clinical Institute for the Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 2014SGR489, Spain
| | - Teresa Sanchez-Gutierrez
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Complutense University, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª José Penzol
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Complutense University, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Moreno
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Complutense University, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefina Castro-Fornieles
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Clinical Institute for the Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 2014SGR489, Spain; August Pi i Sunyer Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Aydın E, Cansu Ülgen M, Tabo A, Devrim Balaban Ö, Yeşilyurt S, Yumrukçal H. Executive function and genetic loading in nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenia patients. Psychiatry Res 2017; 248:105-110. [PMID: 28038438 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions meet the "endophenotype candidate" criteria in neuropsychological measures for schizophrenic patients. To determine which area of executive functioning has the greatest value in differentiating the so called "candidate endophenotype" of schizophrenia through comparing the effect sizes of four commonly used executive function tests. A Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, a Stroop Test, a Trail Making Test and a Verbal Fluency Test were used to evaluate executive function in two study groups: healthy relatives of schizophrenia patients from simplex and multiplex families and a healthy control group. In all four tests, study groups performed poorly in contrast to the control group. In the B time, A error and B error results of the Trail Making Test, the multiplex group performed poorly compared to the simplex group; control group did better than both study groups. Our findings support that the presence of a schizophrenia patient in a family predicts worse performance on executive function tests in a group of healthy relatives of that individual. The results of our study suggest that the Trail Making Test in particular may signify a stronger endophenotypic trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Aydın
- Institution and Department, Bakırköy Research & Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery/Psychiatry Services, Turkey.
| | - Mine Cansu Ülgen
- Institution and Department, Gaziantep Ersin Arslan Hospital/Psychiatry Services, Turkey
| | - Abdülkadir Tabo
- Institution and Department, Bakırköy Research & Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery/Psychiatry Services, Turkey
| | - Özlem Devrim Balaban
- Institution and Department, Bakırköy Research & Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery/Psychiatry Services, Turkey
| | - Sema Yeşilyurt
- Institution and Department, Bakırköy Research & Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery/Psychiatry Services, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Yumrukçal
- Institution and Department, Bakırköy Research & Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery/Psychiatry Services, Turkey
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15
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Li Y, Cao F, Shao D, Xue J. Ecological assessment of executive functions in adolescents genetically at high risk for schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry 2014; 55:1350-7. [PMID: 24850068 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study sought to examine specific executive deficits in the real-life environment among adolescents genetically at high risk for schizophrenia and understand the role of the genetic risk, victimization and family functioning, and their interaction on the deficits. METHODS The study included 96 non-affected adolescent offspring and siblings of patients with schizophrenia in the high-risk group (HR) and 193 healthy adolescents in the healthy control group (HC), all aged between 9 and 20 years. All participants completed assessments of executive functions (EFs), victimization, and family functioning. RESULTS The multivariate analysis revealed that the HR group reported more difficulties on the Shift, Plan/Organize, and Task Completion scale than the HC group. Significant main effects were also detected for victimization level on all domains of EFs and for adaptability level on Inhibit, Working Memory, Plan, and Task Completion scales. Besides, the group×victimization level interactions were significant for Working Memory and Task Completion scales. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that the genetic risk and victimization were predictors of executive deficits. CONCLUSIONS The HR group showed impaired EFs in the everyday environment. And, the genetic risk for schizophrenia and victimization may be related to executive dysfunction. Our results may provide clues about explaining the mechanisms of executive impairments in the HR group and help to identify new targets for early interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, No.44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012 P.R. China
| | - Fenglin Cao
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, No.44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012 P.R. China.
| | - Di Shao
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, No.44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012 P.R. China
| | - Jiaomei Xue
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, No.44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012 P.R. China
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16
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Relationship of asymmetrical dimethylarginine, nitric oxide, and sustained attention during attack in patients with major depressive disorder. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:624395. [PMID: 24558318 PMCID: PMC3914576 DOI: 10.1155/2014/624395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relationship of serum nitric oxide (NO) and asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels with cognitive functioning in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). 41 MDD patients (Beck depression scale scores >16) and 44 controls were included in the study. Rey verbal learning and memory test, auditory consonant trigram test, digit span test, Wisconsin card sorting test, continuous performance task (TOVA), and Stroop test scores were found to be impaired in patients with major depressive disorder when compared to healthy controls. There was no significant difference between patient and control groups in terms of serum NO and ADMA. Serum NO levels were correlated with TOVA test error scores and Stroop test time scores, whereas serum ADMA levels were negatively correlated with TOVA test error scores. Metabolic detriments especially in relation to NO metabolism in frontal cortex and hypothalamus, psychomotor retardation, or loss of motivation may explain these deficits.
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17
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Reverse translation of the rodent 5C-CPT reveals that the impaired attention of people with schizophrenia is similar to scopolamine-induced deficits in mice. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e324. [PMID: 24217494 PMCID: PMC3849961 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Attentional dysfunction in schizophrenia (SZ) is a core deficit that contributes to multiple cognitive deficits and the resulting functional disability. However, developing procognitive therapeutics for neuropsychiatric disorders have been limited by a 'translational gap'--a lack of cognitive paradigms having cross-species translational validity and relevance. The present study was designed to perform an initial validation of the cross-species homology of the 5-choice Continuous Performance Test (5C-CPT) in healthy nonpsychiatric comparison subjects (NCS), SZ patients and mice under pharmacologic challenge. The 5C-CPT performance in SZ patients (n=20) was compared with age-matched NCS (n=23). The effects of the general muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine on mice (n=21) performing the 5C-CPT were also assessed. SZ subjects exhibited significantly impaired attention in the 5C-CPT, driven by reduced target detection over time and nonsignificantly increased impulsive responding. Similarly, scopolamine significantly impaired attention in mice, driven by reduced target detection and nonsignificantly increased impulsive responding. Scopolamine also negatively affected accuracy and speed of responding in mice, although these measures failed to differentiate SZ vs. NCS. Thus, mice treated with scopolamine exhibited similar impairments in vigilance as seen in SZ, although the differences between the behavioral profiles warrant further study. The availability of rodent and human versions of this paradigm provides an opportunity to: (1) investigate the neuroanatomic, neurochemical and genomic architecture of abnormalities in attention observed in clinical populations such as SZ; (2) develop and refine animal models of cognitive impairments; and (3) improve cross-species translational testing for the development of treatments for these impairments.
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Agnew-Blais J, Seidman LJ. Neurocognition in youth and young adults under age 30 at familial risk for schizophrenia: a quantitative and qualitative review. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2013; 18:44-82. [PMID: 22998599 PMCID: PMC3577989 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2012.676309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurocognitive dysfunction is a central feature of schizophrenia and is observed during all phases of the illness. Because schizophrenia is known to run in families, studying neurocognitive function in first-degree, nonpsychotic relatives has been a widely utilised strategy for almost 50 years for understanding presumed "genetic risk". Studying nonpsychotic relatives ("familial high-risk", or FHR) allows for identification of cognitive vulnerability markers independent of confounds associated with psychosis. METHODS Prior meta-analyses have elucidated the level and pattern of cognitive deficits in the premorbid, prodromal, and postonset periods of psychosis, and in relatives regardless of age. However, no prior quantitative analyses have specifically focused on studies of young first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia who have not passed through the peak age illness risk (<age 30). The English language literature of neuropsychological studies of first-degree relatives for schizophrenia was identified up to 15 May 2011. RESULTS From 33 studies, 28 studies met our criteria for quantitative review, utilising >70 individual tests and 250 variables. CONCLUSIONS In general, young FHR individuals demonstrated deficits with a moderate level of severity compared with healthy controls. The largest average effect sizes (ESs), based on tests given in at least three independent studies, were on estimates of Full Scale IQ (d= -0.777), followed by Vocabulary (d= -0.749) and single word reading tests (d= -0.698) (often used as estimates of IQ). Measures of declarative memory, sustained attention, working memory and others had more modest ESs. Deficits were milder than in established schizophrenia, but often as severe as in clinical high-risk or putatively prodromal participants and in older relatives examined in prior meta-analyses. Additionally, while assessed from a more limited literature, youth at FHR for schizophrenia tended to show worse neurocognitive functioning than those at FHR for affective psychosis. This suggests that genetic risk for schizophrenia as reflected in a positive FHR carries an especially heavy impact on cognitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Agnew-Blais
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Larry J. Seidman
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Boston, Massachusetts 02114,Correspondence: Larry J. Seidman, Ph.D., Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Commonwealth, Research Center, 5th floor, 75 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115; Tel: 617-754-1238,
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Early cognitive experience prevents adult deficits in a neurodevelopmental schizophrenia model. Neuron 2012; 75:714-24. [PMID: 22920261 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Brain abnormalities acquired early in life may cause schizophrenia, characterized by adulthood onset of psychosis, affective flattening, and cognitive impairments. Cognitive symptoms, like impaired cognitive control, are now recognized to be important treatment targets but cognition-promoting treatments are ineffective. We hypothesized that cognitive training during the adolescent period of neuroplastic development can tune compromised neural circuits to develop in the service of adult cognition and attenuate schizophrenia-related cognitive impairments that manifest in adulthood. We report, using neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion rats (NVHL), an established neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, that adolescent cognitive training prevented the adult cognitive control impairment in NVHL rats. The early intervention also normalized brain function, enhancing cognition-associated synchrony of neural oscillations between the hippocampi, a measure of brain function that indexed cognitive ability. Adolescence appears to be a critical window during which prophylactic cognitive therapy may benefit people at risk of schizophrenia.
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Chandra PS, Kommu JVS, Rudhran V. Schizophrenia in women and children: a selective review of literature from developing countries. Int Rev Psychiatry 2012; 24:467-82. [PMID: 23057983 DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2012.707118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Women and children with psychotic disorders in developing countries may be vulnerable and have considerable social disadvantages. Gender disadvantage has implications for all health outcomes including mental illnesses. In the more relevant gender-related context we discuss several important issues which affect women with schizophrenia, namely stigma, caregiver burden, functional outcome, marriage, victimization and help-seeking. The findings indicate that there are variations in clinical and functional outcomes and age of onset of illness between different regions. Drug side effects, such as metabolic syndrome appear to be quite common, adding to disease burden in women from developing countries. Victimization and coercion may contribute to poor quality of life and health concerns such as STIs and HIV. Stigma among women with schizophrenia appears to play a major role in help-seeking, caregiver burden and issues such as marriage and parenting. Gender-sensitive care and practices are few and not well documented. Research in the area of psychoses in children and adolescents from LAMI countries is sparse and is mainly restricted to a few clinic-based studies. More research is needed on organic and medical factors contributing to childhood psychoses, pathways to care, help-seeking, and impact of early detection and community care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha S Chandra
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
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Şevik AE, Anıl Yağcıoğlu AE, Yağcıoğlu S, Karahan S, Gürses N, Yıldız M. Neuropsychological performance and auditory event related potentials in schizophrenia patients and their siblings: a family study. Schizophr Res 2011; 130:195-202. [PMID: 21592733 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various neuropsychological domains, and P300 auditory event-related potentials (ERP) and mismatch negativity (MMN) exhibit abnormalities in schizophrenia patients and their first-degree relatives. The aims of this study were to compare cognitive and P300/MMN measurements in schizophrenia patients, their siblings, and controls, and to identify the degree of familial influence on each measure. METHODS Thirty patients diagnosed with schizophrenia according to DSM-IV, 20 unaffected siblings and 25 healthy controls were able to complete all neuropsyhological and neurophysiological assessments. All participants were administered SCID-I and the patients were also evaluated regarding symptom severity and functioning. Neuropsychological battery testing results and P300/MMN measurements were obtained for all the participants. RESULTS Both schizophrenia patients and their siblings had lower working memory, as measured by the Auditory Consonant Trigram Test (ACT), and lower MMN amplitude scores than the controls. In addition, the patients had lower attention, verbal memory, executive function, visuomotor speed, and figural memory scores than both the siblings and controls, and lower verbal fluency scores than controls. MMN and P300 amplitudes were lower and P300 latency longer in the schizophrenia patients, as compared to controls. P300 latency was also longer in the schizophrenia patients as compared to siblings and, MMN amplitudes were significantly lower in the siblings compared to controls. Working memory performance measured by ACT significantly predicted inclusion in both the patient and sibling groups and showed significant familial influence. MMN amplitude significantly predicted inclusion only to the patient group and did not show significant familial influence. CONCLUSION The schizophrenia patients exhibited impairment in various cognitive domains and P300/MMN measurements, versus impairment only in working memory and MMN amplitude in their siblings. Working memory seems to have a relatively strong familial influence among all the neuropsychological and neurophysiological parameters evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Emre Şevik
- Başkent University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey
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