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Liang G, Lee YZ, Kow ASF, Lee QL, Cheng Lim LW, Yusof R, Tham CL, Ho YC, Lee MT. Neuroprotective effects of Gypenosides: A review on preclinical studies in neuropsychiatric disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 978:176766. [PMID: 38908668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino is a perennial creeping herb belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family that has a long history of usage in traditional oriental medicine. Gypenosides are the primary bioactive compounds in Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Because of the medicinal value of gypenosides, functional food and supplements containing gypenosides have been promoted and consumed with popularity, especially among Asian communities. This review presented the progress made in the research of pharmacological properties of gypenosides on diseases of the nervous system and their possible mechanism of action. To date, preclinical studies have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of gypenosides in alleviating neuropsychiatric disorders like depression, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, secondary dementia, stroke, optic neuritis, etc. Pharmacological studies have discovered that gypenosides can modulate various major signaling pathways like NF-κB, Nrf2, AKT, ERK1/2, contributing to the neuroprotective properties. However, there is a dearth of clinical research on gypenosides, with current investigations on the compounds being mainly conducted in vitro and on animals. Future studies focusing on isolating and purifying novel gypenosides and investigations on exploring the potential molecular mechanism underlying their biological activities are warranted, which may serve as a foundation for further clinical trials for the betterment of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengfan Liang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia.
| | - Yu Zhao Lee
- Office of Postgraduate Studies, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia; Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia.
| | | | - Qi Long Lee
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia.
| | - Luis Wei Cheng Lim
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia.
| | - Rohana Yusof
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia.
| | - Chau Ling Tham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang , 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Natural Medicine and Product Research Laboratory (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang , 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Yu-Cheng Ho
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, 82445, Taiwan.
| | - Ming Tatt Lee
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia; Centre of Research for Mental Health and Well-being, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia.
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Role of Nrf2 in aging, Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 82:101756. [PMID: 36243357 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear Factor-Erythroid Factor 2 (Nrf2) is an important transcription factor that regulates the expression of large number of genes in healthy and disease states. Nrf2 is made up of 605 amino acids and contains 7 conserved regions known as Nrf2-ECH homology domains. Nrf2 regulates the expression of several key components of oxidative stress, mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, autophagy and mitochondrial function in all organs of the human body, in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Mounting evidence also suggests that altered expression of Nrf2 is largely involved in aging, neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's diseases, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Stroke, Multiple sclerosis and others. The purpose of this article is to detail the essential role of Nrf2 in oxidative stress, antioxidative defense, detoxification, inflammatory responses, transcription factors, proteasomal and autophagic/mitophagic degradation, and metabolism in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. This article also highlights the Nrf2 structural and functional activities in healthy and disease states, and also discusses the current status of Nrf2 research and therapeutic strategies to treat aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Su S, Wang J, Wang J, Yu R, Sun L, Zhang Y, Song L, Pu W, Tang Y, Yu Y, Zhou K. Cardioprotective effects of gypenoside XVII against ischemia/reperfusion injury: Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and mitochondrial fusion fission balance. Phytother Res 2022; 36:2982-2998. [PMID: 35624528 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Gypenoside XVII (GP-17), a tetracyclic triterpene saponin isolated from the functional food Gynostemma pentaphyllum, has been demonstrated protective effects against cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases on multiple disease models. In this study, we established a myocardial infarction (MI) model by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery, and explored whether GP-17 prevent myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injuries in mice. Compared with the I/R group, GP-17 significantly improved the cardiac function, reduced the MI, decreased myocardial pathology, activated superoxide dismutase and catalase, and reduced the content of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, malondialdehyde, and inflammatory factor. The proteomic analysis showed multiple differential proteins between the GP-17 and I/R groups enriched in endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Western-Blot showed that GP-17 significantly decreased the expression of GRP78, ATF6, CHOP, and phosphorylation of PERK, indicating the inhibition of ERS. GP-17 inhibited the expression of ATG5, LC3A/B, and BAX, illustrating the suppression of autophagy and apoptosis. Moreover, both GP-17 and 4-PBA could improve the downregulated Mfn2, meaning that inhibition of ERS regulated the mitochondrial fusion fission balance, thus protected the function of mitochondria. In conclusion, we found that GP-17 prevented against myocardial I/R injury by inhibit ERS-induced cell apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Su
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiarui Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruili Yu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Likang Sun
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Song
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiling Pu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Clinical Medicine Research, Center of Heart Failure of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingli Yu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Su C, Li N, Ren R, Wang Y, Su X, Lu F, Zong R, Yang L, Ma X. Progress in the Medicinal Value, Bioactive Compounds, and Pharmacological Activities of Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Molecules 2021; 26:6249. [PMID: 34684830 PMCID: PMC8540791 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino (GP), also named Jiaogulan in Chinese, was known to people for its function in both health care and disease treatment. Initially and traditionally, GP was a kind of tea consumed by people for its pleasant taste and weight loss efficacy. With the passing of the centuries, GP became well known as more than just a tea. Until now, numbers of bioactive compounds, including saponins (also named gypenosides, GPS), polysaccharides (GPP), flavonoids, and phytosterols were isolated and identified in GP, which implied the great medicinal worth of this unusual tea. Both in vivo and in vitro tests, ranging from different cell lines to animals, indicated that GP possessed various biological activities including anti-cancer, anti-atherogenic, anti-dementia, and anti-Parkinson's diseases, and it also had lipid-regulating effects as well as neuroprotection, hepatoprotective, and hypoglycemic properties. With the further development and utilization of GP, the research on the chemical constituents and pharmacological properties of GP were deepening day by day and had made great progress. In this review, the recent research progress in the bioactive compounds, especially gypenosides, and the pharmacological activities of GP were summarized, which will be quite useful for practical applications of GP in the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lingling Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan 750004, China; (C.S.); (N.L.); (R.R.); (Y.W.); (X.S.); (F.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Xueqin Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan 750004, China; (C.S.); (N.L.); (R.R.); (Y.W.); (X.S.); (F.L.); (R.Z.)
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Nguyen NH, Ha TKQ, Yang JL, Pham HTT, Oh WK. Triterpenoids from the genus Gynostemma: Chemistry and pharmacological activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113574. [PMID: 33186700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE G. pentaphyllum, also known as Jiao-Gu-Lan, has been used traditionally as folk remedies for many diseases, including diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases in China and some countries in East and Southeast Asia. It is considered as an "immortality herb" in Guizhou Province, because it was consumed regularly by the elderly native inhabitants. Other species of the same genus Gynostemma such as G. longipes and G. laxum have been used as alternatives to G. pentaphyllum in ethno-medicine in Vietnam and other Asian countries. AIM OF THE REVIEW The review aims to summarize up-to-date study results on Gynostemma species, including traditional usage, phytochemical profile, pharmacological activities, and toxicological studies, in order to suggest future research orientation and therapeutic applications on acute and chronic diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS The relevant literature on the genus Gynostemma was gathered from secondary databases (Web of Science and PubMed), books, and official websites. The latest literature cited in this review was published in February 2020. RESULTS The genus Gynostemma has been widely used in traditional medicine, mainly for treatment of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and hepatosteatosis. To date, 328 dammarane-type saponins were isolated and structurally elucidated from Gynostemma species. Crude extracts, saponin-rich fractions (gypenosides), and pure compounds were reported to show a wide range of pharmacological activities in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The most notable pharmacological effects were anti-cancer, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammatory activities. Toxicological studies were conducted only on G. pentaphyllum, showing that the plant extracts were relatively safe in both acute and long-term toxicity experiments at the given dosage while no toxicological studies were reported for the other species. CONCLUSIONS The review summarizes current studies on traditional uses, phytochemistry, biological properties, and toxicology of medicinal Gynostemma species. Till now, the majority of publications still focused only on G. pentaphyllum. However, the promising preliminary data of other Gynostemma species indicated the research potential of this genus, both in phytochemical and pharmacological aspects. Furthermore, clinical data are required to evaluate the efficacy and undesired effects of crude extracts, standard saponin fractions, and pure compounds prepared from Gynostemma medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc-Hieu Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University, Hanoi, 12116, Viet Nam; PHENIKAA Research and Technology Institute (PRATI), A&A Green Phoenix Group JSC, No. 167 Hoang Ngan, Trung Hoa, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 11313, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Kim Quy Ha
- College of Natural Sciences, Cantho University, Campus II, Cantho City, Viet Nam
| | - Jun-Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources of CAS and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Ha Thanh Tung Pham
- Department of Botany, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Won Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Kostuk EW, Cai J, Iacovitti L. Subregional differences in astrocytes underlie selective neurodegeneration or protection in Parkinson's disease models in culture. Glia 2019; 67:1542-1557. [PMID: 31025779 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the selective degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN), while the neighboring ventral tegmental area (VTA) is relatively spared. The mechanisms underlying this selectivity are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate a vital role for subregional astrocytes in the protection of VTA DA neurons. We found that elimination of astrocytes in vitro exposes a novel vulnerability of presumably protected VTA DA neurons to the PD mimetic toxin MPP+ , as well as exacerbation of SN DA neuron vulnerability. Conversely, VTA astrocytes protected both VTA and SN DA neurons from MPP+ toxicity in a dose dependent manner, and this protection was mediated via a secreted molecule. RNAseq analysis of isolated VTA and SN astrocytes demonstrated a vast array of transcriptional differences between these two closely related populations demonstrating regional heterogeneity of midbrain astrocytes. We found that GDF15, a member of the TGFβ superfamily which is expressed 230-fold higher in VTA astrocytes than SN, recapitulates neuroprotection of both rat midbrain and iPSC-derived DA neurons, whereas its knockdown conversely diminished this effect. Neuroprotection was likely mediated through the GRFAL receptor expressed on DA neurons. Together; these results suggest that subregional differences in astrocytes underlie the selective degeneration or protection of DA neurons in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wildon Kostuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jingli Cai
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lorraine Iacovitti
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Lee B, Shim I, Lee H, Hahm DH. Gypenosides attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation and anxiety-like behaviors in rats. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2018; 22:305-316. [PMID: 30460112 PMCID: PMC6171448 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2018.1517825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is considered a major factor in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Gypenosides (GPS) have pharmacological properties with multiple beneficial effects including antiinflammatory, antioxidative, and protective properties. The present study was performed to examine whether GPS shows anxiolytic-like effects in a model of chronic inflammation induced by injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the rat hippocampus. The effects of GPS on inflammatory factors in the hippocampus and the downstream mechanisms of these effects were also examined. Introduction of LPS into the lateral ventricle caused inflammatory reactions and anxiety-like symptoms in the rats. Daily treatment with GPS (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) for 21 consecutive days significantly increased the time spent and number of visits to the open arm in the elevated plus maze test, and significantly increased the number of central zone crossings in the open field test. Moreover, GPS administration significantly reduced the freezing response to contextual fear conditioning, and significantly decreased the levels of proinflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), levels in the brain. Furthermore, GPS reduced LPS-induced elevated levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mRNA and inhibition of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA levels. Taken together, these results suggest that GPS may have anxiolytic-like effects and may have novel therapeutic potential for anxiety-like behaviors caused by neuroinflammation. GPS may be useful for developing an agents for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as anxiety, due to its antiinflammatory activities and the modulation of NF-κB/iNOS/TLR4/BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Hahm
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Dong SQ, Zhang QP, Zhu JX, Chen M, Li CF, Liu Q, Geng D, Yi LT. Gypenosides reverses depressive behavior via inhibiting hippocampal neuroinflammation. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1153-1160. [PMID: 30119182 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gypenosides, a saponins extract isolated from the Gynostemma pentaphyllum plant, produces neuroprotective effects in the brain. Our previous studies have shown that hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling was involved in the antidepressant-like effects of gypenosides. It remains unknown whether gypenosides could alleviate neuroinflammation in depressive-like animals. The aim of the present study was to address this issue in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Gypenosides was administrated for four weeks, followed by sucrose preference test and tail suspension test, which were performed to evaluate the effects of gypenosides. The results showed that gypenosides reversed both the decreased sucrose preference and increased immobility time in CUMS mice. In addition, gypenosides also attenuated the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the hippocampus of CUMS animals. Furthermore, the activation of NF-κB, as well as its upstream mediators IKKα and IKKβ were inhibited by gypenosides. Last but not the least, CUMS promoted the activation of microglia, while gypenosides suppressed it according to the reduced number of iba1 positive cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that gypenosides exhibits the antidepressant-like effects in mice, which may be mediated by the inhibition of microglia and NF-κB signaling in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qi Dong
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian province, PR China
| | - Qiu-Ping Zhang
- Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen 361009, Fujian province, PR China
| | - Ji-Xiao Zhu
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi province, PR China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian province, PR China
| | - Cheng-Fu Li
- Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen 361009, Fujian province, PR China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian province, PR China; Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian province, PR China
| | - Di Geng
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian province, PR China; Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian province, PR China
| | - Li-Tao Yi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian province, PR China; Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian province, PR China.
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Gypenosides Attenuate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation and Memory Impairment in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:4183670. [PMID: 30018656 PMCID: PMC6029442 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4183670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is deliberated a major factor in various neurodegenerative diseases. Gypenosides (GPS) have pharmacological properties with multiple beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and protective properties. In the present study, whether GPS could improve cognitive dysfunction and chronic inflammation caused by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the hippocampus was investigated. Effects of GPS on inflammatory factors in the hippocampus and the downstream mechanisms of these effects were also examined. Induction of LPS into the lateral ventricle caused inflammatory reactions and memory impairment on the rats. Every day treatment of GPS (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) for 21 consecutive days attenuated spatial recognition, discrimination, and memory deficits. GPS treatment significantly decreased proinflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) levels in the brain. Furthermore, GPS reduced LPS-induced elevated levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mRNA and inhibition of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA level. Collectively, these results showed that GPS may improve cognitive function and provide a potential therapy for memory impairment caused by neuroinflammation. Based on these, GPS may be effective in inhibiting the progress of neurodegenerative diseases by improving memory functions due to its anti-inflammatory activities and appropriate modulation of NF-κB/iNOS/TLR4/BDNF.
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Gypenoside inhibits RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis by regulating NF‐κB, AKT, and MAPK signaling pathways. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:7310-7318. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yi LT, Mu RH, Dong SQ, Wang SS, Li CF, Geng D, Liu Q. miR-124 antagonizes the antidepressant-like effects of standardized gypenosides in mice. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:458-468. [PMID: 29484897 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118758304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that gypenosides produced antidepressant-like effects in mice exposed to chronic mild stress in a brain-derived neurotrophic factor-dependent manner. However, whether other mechanisms are involved in the antidepressant-like effects of gypenosides is not clear. miR-124 is one of the most abundant microRNAs in the hippocampus, and its dysregulation is related to the pathophysiology of depression. The glucocorticoid receptor is dysfunctional in depression, and it is a direct target of miR-124. Therefore, the present study used corticosterone-induced mice as a model to evaluate the role of miR-124 on the antidepressant-like effects of gypenosides. miR-124 agomir was intracerebrally injected prior to administration of gypenosides and corticosterone injection. Sucrose preference and forced swimming tests were performed 21 days later. Proteins related to glucocorticoid receptors and brain-derived neurotrophic factor-tyrosine receptor kinase B signaling in the hippocampus were evaluated. Our results demonstrated that gypenosides reversed the chronic corticosterone injection-induced decreased sucrose preference and increased immobility time. In contrast, this effect was antagonized by miR-124 injection. In addition, gypenosides increased glucocorticoid receptor and tyrosine receptor kinase B expression in the hippocampus, which activated brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling. miR-124 also blocked these effects. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that a reduction in miR-124 was required for the antidepressant-like effects of gypenosides induced by chronic corticosterone injection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Tao Yi
- 1 Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.,3 Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Hao Mu
- 1 Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Qi Dong
- 1 Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Wang
- 1 Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Fu Li
- 4 Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Geng
- 1 Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.,3 Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- 1 Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.,3 Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
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13
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Yang Q, Zhao C, Zhao J, Ye Y. Synthesis and neuroprotective effects of the complex nanoparticles of iron and sapogenin isolated from the defatted seeds of Camellia oleifera. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:428-434. [PMID: 27937035 PMCID: PMC6130765 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1245346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The defatted seeds of Camellia oleifera var. monosperma Hung T. Chang (Theaceae) are currently discarded without effective utilization. However, sapogenin has been isolated and shows antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities suggestive of its neuroprotective function. OBJECTIVE In order to improve the activities of sapogenin, the nanoparticles of iron-sapogenin have been synthesized, and the neuroprotective effects are evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Structural characters of the nanoparticles were analyzed, and the antioxidant effect was assessed by DPPH method, and the neuroprotective effect was evaluated by rotenone-induced neurodegeneration in Kunming mice injected subcutaneously into the back of neck with rotenone (50 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks and then treated by tail intravenous injection with the iron-sapogenin at the dose of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg for 7 days. Mice behaviour and neurotransmitters were tested. RESULTS The product had an average size of 162 nm with spherical shape, and scavenged more than 90% DPPH radicals at 0.8 mg/mL concentration. It decreased behavioural disorder and malondialdehyde content in mice brain, and increased superoxide dismutase activity, tyrosine hydroxylase expression, dopamine and acetylcholine levels in brain in dose dependence, and their maximum changes were respectively up to 60.83%, 25.17%, 22.13%, 105.26%, 42.17% and 22.89% as compared to vehicle group. Iron-sapogenin nanoparticle shows significantly better effects than the sapogenin. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Iron-sapogenin alleviates neurodegeneration of mice injured by neurotoxicity of rotenone, it is a superior candidate of drugs for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chuang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yong Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
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Zhang HK, Ye Y, Zhao ZN, Li KJ, Du Y, Hu QM, He JF. Neuroprotective effects of gypenosides in experimental autoimmune optic neuritis. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:541-549. [PMID: 28503425 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.04.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine whether gypenosides have protective effects in experimental autoimmune optic neuritis (EAON). METHODS Mice were randomly divided into seven groups: control group, model group, three different density gypenosides monotherapy, methylprednisolone monotherapy, combination of gypenosides and methylprednisolone group. The control group was subcutaneously injected with oil emulsion adjuvant and all other groups were subcutaneously immunized with an emulsified mixture of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55 peptide to induce EAON. Mice in the gypenosides groups were administered injections daily with three concentrations (15 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg) of gypenosides respectively. Mice in the methylprednisolone group and the combination treatment group were injected daily with methylprednisolone (20 mg/kg) or methylprednisolone (20 mg/kg) + gypenosides (30 mg/kg), respectively. After MOG immunization, visual evoked potential (VEP), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and histopathologic examination were performed at 14, 20, 30, and 40d post-inoculation (p.i.). All results were expressed as mean±SEM. The data were evaluated by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey or Games-Howell test. RESULTS Compared with the control group, p2 latency was prolonged in the model group (P=0.041). Combination treatment can alleviated the change in VEP at 20d p.i. (P=0.012). Average peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness was reduced in the model group (P=0.000, 30d; P=0.000, 40d) and gypenosides treatment remarkably diminished the degree of RNFL degeneration at 30d and 40d p.i (P=0.000, 30d; P=0.000, 40d). The pathomorphological results showed a decrease in demye-lination (P=0.020) and inflammatory reactions in the combination group compared with the model group (20d p.i.). Gypenosides treatment also alleviated the degree of axonal loss (40d p.i.) (P=0.003). CONCLUSION Treatment with gypenosides exerts protective effects on retinal nerve fibers and axons in EAON. When combined with gypenosides, methylprednisolone reduces demyelination in the acute stage of EAON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Kan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yuan Ye
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhen-Ni Zhao
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Kai-Jun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yi Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Qiu-Ming Hu
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jian-Feng He
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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Antidepressant-like effects of standardized gypenosides: involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in hippocampus. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:3211-21. [PMID: 27385417 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gypenosides have been reported to produce neuroprotective effects and increase monoamine neurotransmitter levels in the brain. OBJECTIVE Considering that depression is involved in monoamine reduction, this study evaluated the antidepressant-like effects of gypenosides in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). METHODS The sucrose preference test and forced swimming test were performed after administration of gypenosides (at 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. Hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its downstream targets were analyzed by western blot. Additionally, hippocampal neuronal proliferation was measured by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Four-week treatment with fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) and gypenosides (at either 50 or 100 mg/kg) increased sucrose preference and decreased the immobility time in mice exposed to CUMS. In addition, gypenosides (at either 50 or 100 mg/kg) also increased BDNF expression and neuronal proliferation in the hippocampus of CUMS animals. Further, we showed that treating CUMS mice with K252a, which is an inhibitor of the BDNF receptor TrkB, blocked the effects of gypenosides (100 mg/kg), including behavioral improvements, neuronal proliferation, and up-regulation of p-TrkB, p-ERK, and p-Akt proteins. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that gypenosides exhibit antidepressant-like effects in mice, which may be mediated by activation of the BDNF-ERK/Akt signaling pathway in the hippocampus.
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Yu H, Guan Q, Guo L, Zhang H, Pang X, Cheng Y, Zhang X, Sun Y. Gypenosides alleviate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via attenuation of oxidative stress and preservation of mitochondrial function in rat heart. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:429-37. [PMID: 26800973 PMCID: PMC4837178 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-016-0669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gypenosides (GP) are the predominant components of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, a Chinese herb medicine that has been widely used for the treatment of chronic inflammation, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. GP has been demonstrated to exert protective effects on the liver and brain against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, yet whether it is beneficial to the heart during myocardial I/R is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that pre-treatment with GP dose-dependently limits infarct size, alleviates I/R-induced pathological changes in the myocardium, and preserves left ventricular function in a rat model of cardiac I/R injury. In addition, GP pre-treatment reduces oxidative stress and protects the intracellular antioxidant machinery in the myocardium. Further, we show that the cardioprotective effect of GP is associated with the preservation of mitochondrial function in the cardiomyocytes, as indicated by ATP level, enzymatic activities of complex I, II, and IV on the mitochondrial respiration chain, and the activity of citrate synthase in the citric acid cycle for energy generation. Moreover, GP maintains mitochondrial membrane integrity and inhibits the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol. The cytoprotective effect of GP is further confirmed in vitro in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cell line with oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R), and the results indicate that GP protects cell viability, reduces oxidative stress, and preserves mitochondrial function. In conclusion, our study suggests that GP may be of clinical value in cytoprotection during acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qigang Guan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Haishan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Pang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
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Sengupta T, Vinayagam J, Singh R, Jaisankar P, Mohanakumar KP. Plant-Derived Natural Products for Parkinson's Disease Therapy. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 12:415-96. [PMID: 27651267 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28383-8_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived natural products have made their own niche in the treatment of neurological diseases since time immemorial. Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, has no cure and the treatment available currently is symptomatic. This chapter thoughtfully and objectively assesses the scientific basis that supports the increasing use of these plant-derived natural products for the treatment of this chronic and progressive disorder. Proper considerations are made on the chemical nature, sources, preclinical tests and their validity, and mechanisms of behavioural or biochemical recovery observed following treatment with various plants derived natural products relevant to PD therapy. The scientific basis underlying the neuroprotective effect of 6 Ayurvedic herbs/formulations, 12 Chinese medicinal herbs/formulations, 33 other plants, and 5 plant-derived molecules have been judiciously examined emphasizing behavioral, cellular, or biochemical aspects of neuroprotection observed in the cellular or animal models of the disease. The molecular mechanisms triggered by these natural products to promote cell survivability and to reduce the risk of cellular degeneration have also been brought to light in this study. The study helped to reveal certain limitations in the scenario: lack of preclinical studies in all cases barring two; heavy dependence on in vitro test systems; singular animal or cellular model to establish any therapeutic potential of drugs. This strongly warrants further studies so as to reproduce and confirm these reported effects. However, the current literature offers scientific credence to traditionally used plant-derived natural products for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sengupta
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - J Vinayagam
- Division of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - R Singh
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - P Jaisankar
- Division of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - K P Mohanakumar
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India. .,Inter University Centre for Biomedical Research & Super Specialty Hospital, Mahatma Gandhi University Campus at Thalappady, Rubber Board PO, Kottayam, 686009, Kerala, India.
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Shin KS, Zhao TT, Park KH, Park HJ, Hwang BY, Lee CK, Lee MK. Gypenosides attenuate the development of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:23. [PMID: 25896846 PMCID: PMC4431176 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gypenosides (GPS) and ethanol extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP-EX) show anxiolytic effects on affective disorders in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Long-term administration of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) leads to the development of severe motor side effects such as L-DOPA-induced-dyskinesia (LID) in PD. The present study investigated the effects of GPS and GP-EX on LID in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat model of PD. RESULTS Daily administration of L-DOPA (25 mg/kg) in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of PD for 22 days induced expression of LID, which was determined by the body and locomotive AIMs scores and contralateral rotational behaviors. However, co-treatments of GPS (25 and 50 mg/kg) or GP-EX (50 mg/kg) with L-DOPA significantly attenuated the development of LID without compromising the anti-parkinsonian effects of L-DOPA. In addition, the increases in ∆FosB expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats induced by L-DOPA administration were significantly reduced by co-treatment with GPS (25 and 50 mg/kg) or GP-EX (50 mg/kg). CONCLUSION These results suggest that GPS (25 and 50 mg/kg) and GP-EX (50 mg/kg) effectively attenuate the development of LID by modulating the biomarker activities of ∆FosB expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of PD. GPS and GP-EX will be useful adjuvant therapeutics for LID in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon Sung Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 362-763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ting Ting Zhao
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 362-763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Keun Hong Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 362-763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Jin Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 362-763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bang Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 362-763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chong Kil Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 362-763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myung Koo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 362-763, Republic of Korea.
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Cho JY, Choi J, Park JG, Yi YS, Hossen MJ, Kim H, Ro J, Cha BC, Yoo ES, Kim JH, Lee J. Alcohol-induced Hyperlipidemia Is Ameliorated by Orally Administered DWP208, a Sodium Succinate Form of ZYM201. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 18:469-74. [PMID: 25598660 PMCID: PMC4296035 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.6.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DWP208 is a sodium succinate form of ZYM-201 which is a triterpenoid glycoside isolated from Sanguisorba officinalis, a medicinal plant prescribed for various diseases, such as duodenal ulcers and bleeding in East Asian counties. We demonstrated that this compound is able to normalize the altered lipid metabolism induced by hyperglycemia and a high fat diet. In this study, we determined whether hyperlipidemic conditions induced with chronically treated alcohol can also be restored by DWP208. Similar to our previous results, orally administered DWP208 (1 to 10 mg/kg) also ameliorated the hyperlipidemia that was induced by alcohol. This compound reversed the alcohol-induced hyperlipidemia including (i) up-regulated hyperlipidemic parameters such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), atherosclerotic index (AI), triglyceride, and total cholesterol, and (ii) down-regulated hyperlipidemic parameters such as absolute body weight, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in serum and liver. According to our data, the ameliorative activity of DWP208 is due to its indirect anti-oxidative activity as a result of which lipid peroxide and hydroxyl radical levels were reduced and the activity of SOD was enhanced. Therefore, our data strongly suggest that DWP208 can be used as a remedy against alcohol-induced hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Jongwon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan 608-736, Korea
| | - Jae Gwang Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Young-Su Yi
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Muhammad Jahangir Hossen
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea. ; Department of Animal Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barisal 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Hyeongmin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Jieun Ro
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Bae Cheon Cha
- College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju 220-702, Korea
| | - Eun Sook Yoo
- College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Jaehwi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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Wang J, Yuan L, Cheng B, Li W, Xiao C, Wang Y, Liu X. Antioxidant capacity and antitumor activity of Fructus Kochiae extracts. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2012.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, 0086-712100 Shaanxi, China P.R
| | - L. Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, 0086-712100 Shaanxi, China P.R
| | - B. Cheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, 0086-712100 Shaanxi, China P.R
| | - W. Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, 0086-712100 Shaanxi, China P.R
| | - C. Xiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, 0086-712100 Shaanxi, China P.R
| | - Y. Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, 0086-712100 Shaanxi, China P.R
| | - X. Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, 0086-712100 Shaanxi, China P.R
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Dong L, Yang KQ, Fu WY, Shang ZH, Zhang QY, Jing FM, Li LL, Xin H, Wang XJ. Gypenosides protected the neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of neonatal rats that were prenatally exposed to ethanol. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:21967-79. [PMID: 25464383 PMCID: PMC4284688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151221967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) can cause severe mental retardation in children who are prenatally exposed to ethanol. The effects of prenatal and early postnatal ethanol exposure on adult hippocampal neurogenesis have been investigated; however, the effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on the subventricular zone (SVZ) have not. Gypenosides (GPs) have been reported to have neuroprotective effects in addition to other bioactivities. The effects of GPs on neural stem cells (NSCs) in the FASD model are unknown. Here, we test the effect of prenatal ethanol exposure on the neonatal SVZ, and the protection potential of GPs on NSCs in FASD rats. Our results show that prenatal ethanol exposure can suppress the cell proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in the neonatal SVZ and that GPs (400 mg/kg/day) can significantly increase the cell proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells inhibited by ethanol. Our data indicate that GPs have neuroprotective effects on the NSCs and can enhance the neurogenesis inhibited by ethanol within the SVZ of neonatal rats. These findings provide new evidence for a potential therapy involving GPs for the treatment of FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Kun-Qi Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Wen-Yan Fu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Zhen-Hua Shang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Fang-Miao Jing
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Lin-Lin Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Hua Xin
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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Meng X, Wang M, Sun G, Ye J, Zhou Y, Dong X, Wang T, Lu S, Sun X. Attenuation of Aβ25-35-induced parallel autophagic and apoptotic cell death by gypenoside XVII through the estrogen receptor-dependent activation of Nrf2/ARE pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 279:63-75. [PMID: 24726523 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) has a pivotal function in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. To investigate Aβ neurotoxicity, we used an in vitro model that involves Aβ25-35-induced cell death in the nerve growth factor-induced differentiation of PC12 cells. Aβ25-35 (20μM) treatment for 24h caused apoptotic cell death, as evidenced by significant cell viability reduction, LDH release, phosphatidylserine externalization, mitochondrial membrane potential disruption, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, PARP cleavage, and DNA fragmentation in PC12 cells. Aβ25-35 treatment led to autophagic cell death, as evidenced by augmented GFP-LC3 puncta, conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, and increased LC3-II/LC3-I ratio. Aβ25-35 treatment induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by intracellular ROS accumulation and increased production of mitochondrial superoxide, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and 8-OHdG. Phytoestrogens have been proved to be protective against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and regarded as relatively safe targets for AD drug development. Gypenoside XVII (GP-17) is a novel phytoestrogen isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum or Panax notoginseng. Pretreatment with GP-17 (10μM) for 12h increased estrogen response element reporter activity, activated PI3K/Akt pathways, inhibited GSK-3β, induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation, augmented antioxidant responsive element enhancer activity, upregulated heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression and activity, and provided protective effects against Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity, including oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagic cell death. In conclusion, GP-17 conferred protection against Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity through estrogen receptor-dependent activation of PI3K/Akt pathways, inactivation of GSK-3β and activation of Nrf2/ARE/HO-1 pathways. This finding might provide novel insights into understanding the mechanism for neuroprotective effects of phytoestrogens or gypenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Jingxue Ye
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, PR China
| | - Yanhui Zhou
- Center of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, PR China
| | - Xi Dong
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Protective effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum polysaccharides on PC12 cells impaired by MPP+. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 69:171-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Wu Q, Jang M, Piao XL. Determination by UPLC-MS of four dammarane-type saponins from heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:311-6. [PMID: 25036687 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.882751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum and its main dammaran-type saponins, gypenoside L, gypenoside LI, damulin B, and damulin A, possess non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cell inhibitory activity. We established in this study a method by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for determination of the saponins and also investigated their content change in heat-processed G. pentaphyllum. The main saponins increased with increasing heating temperature and time. Further investigation showed that they were produced from gypenoside XLVI and gypenoside LVI by undergoing hydrolysis during the heat treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- a Institute of Chinese Minority Traditional Medicine, Minzu University of China , Beijing , China
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26
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Li K, Du Y, Fan Q, Tang CY, He JF. Gypenosides might have neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects on optic neuritis. Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:636-8. [PMID: 24629564 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Optic neuritis is a common disease in young adults, inducing apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells, which leads to varying degree of visual function damages, even blindness. As the standard treatment, methylprednisolone pulse therapy can only promote the recovery of visual acuity but not prevent retinal ganglion cell degeneration. It cannot help improve the ultimate visual outcome. Both inflammatory response and endogenous oxidative stress play crucial roles in the progression of optic neuritis. The combination of immunomodulatory and antioxidant is expected to improve the prognosis of the disease by preventing the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells. Triterpenoids (oleanolic acid derived) were reported to have the dual capacity of simultaneously repressing production of pro-inflammatory mediators and exerting neuroprotective effects through induction of anti-oxidant genes in experimental optic neuritis. Gypenosides with an aglycone mainly of dammarane-type tetracyclic triterpenoids, also has the dual capacity of immune regulation and antioxidation. Both gypenosides and oleanolic acid were reported to have similar roles in hepatoprotection. Beside, gypenosides were reported to have the capacity of modulating the activation of immune cells and the expression of cytokines. In addition, gypenosides showed neuroprotective effect against oxidative injury in dopaminergic neurons and mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Accordingly, we propose that gypenosides have potential neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects on optic neuritis through antioxidation and immune regulation. The application of gypenosides might prevent the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells and improve the ultimate visual outcome in patients with optic neuritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yi Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Fan
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cheng-Ye Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian-Feng He
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
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27
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Wang XJ, Sun T, Kong L, Shang ZH, Yang KQ, Zhang QY, Jing FM, Dong L, Xu XF, Liu JX, Xin H, Chen ZY. Gypenosides pre-treatment protects the brain against cerebral ischemia and increases neural stem cells/progenitors in the subventricular zone. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 33:49-56. [PMID: 24334222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gypenosides (GPs) have been reported to have neuroprotective effects in addition to other bioactivities. The protective activity of GPs during stroke and their effects on neural stem cells (NSCs) in the ischemic brain have not been fully elucidated. Here, we test the effects of GPs during stroke and on the NSCs within the subventricular zone (SVZ) of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats. Our results show that pre-treatment with GPs can reduce infarct volume and improve motor function following MCAO. Pre-treatment with GPs significantly increased the number of BrdU-positive cells in the ipsilateral and contralateral SVZ of MCAO rats. The proliferating cells in both sides of the SVZ were glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)/nestin-positive type B cells and doublecortin (DCX)/nestin-positive type A cells. Our data indicate that GPs have neuroprotective effects during stroke which might be mediated through the enhancement of neurogenesis within the SVZ. These findings provide new evidence for a potential therapy involving GPs for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Kong
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Hua Shang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun-Qi Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Miao Jing
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lun Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Feng Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xin Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Xin
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Yu Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Secalonic acid A protects dopaminergic neurons from 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺)-induced cell death via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 713:58-67. [PMID: 23665112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Secalonic acid A (SAA) is a natural compound found in marine fungi. We have reported that SAA can attenuate the cytotoxicity of colchicine in rat cortical neurons. Whether SAA can also inhibit the neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) in dopaminergic neurons has not been investigated. Here, we show that pretreatment with 1 μM SAA significantly rescued tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons from MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity in primary dopaminergic neuron culture. Moreover, SAA at doses of 0.15 mg/kg and 0.75 mg/kg increased the number of dopaminergic neurons and upregulated striatal dopamine in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease mice experiments. We also show that SAA significantly attenuated cytotoxicity induced by 2.5 mM MPP(+) in SH-SY5Y cells. These results indicate that the activation of JNK, p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and caspase-3 during apoptosis triggered by MPP(+) could be suppressed by SAA; on the other hand, an MPP(+)-induced increase in the expression of Bax in SH-SY5Y cells was blocked by SAA. These results indicate that inhibition of the phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK, down-regulation of Bax expression, and suppression of caspase-3 activation are involved in the protective effects of SAA against MPP(+) toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. SAA may rescue dopaminergic neurons from MPP(+)-induced cell death through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
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29
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Li XZ, Zhang SN, Liu SM, Lu F. Recent advances in herbal medicines treating Parkinson's disease. Fitoterapia 2013; 84:273-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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30
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Schild L, Cotte T, Keilhoff G, Brödemann R. Preconditioning of brain slices against hypoxia induced injury by a Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract--stimulation of anti-oxidative enzyme expression. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:812-818. [PMID: 22516894 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A short period of hypoxia/hypoglycaemia (oxygen and glucose deprivation, OGD) induced by perfusion with O(2)/glucose-free medium caused immediate loss and incomplete restoration of evoked field potentials in the CA1 region of transverse hippocampus slices. OGD-dependent decrease in evoked field potentials can be prevented by a proceeding short OGD event (preconditioning). We report about a study investigating the effect of an ethanolic Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract on evoked field potentials when administered before the OGD episode. Using this procedure, the extract completely protected the cells of the slices from functional injury. In an astroglia rich cell culture the ethanolic Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract caused within 48 h of cultivation increased protein and activity levels of the anti-oxidative enzymes manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Consequently, the cellular H(2)O(2) concentration remained at a low level. These data suggest that the Gynostemma pentaphyllum-mediated increase in antioxidative enzyme activities may contribute to the protection of transverse hippocampus slices from OGD induced functional injury. Our results demonstrate that the prophylactic administration of the ethanolic extract from Gynostemma pentaphyllum has a high potential to protect from ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Schild
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany.
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31
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Subramaniyam S, Mathiyalagan R, Jun Gyo I, Bum-Soo L, Sungyoung L, Deok Chun Y. Transcriptome profiling and insilico analysis of Gynostemma pentaphyllum using a next generation sequencer. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:2075-2083. [PMID: 21769605 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Gynosaponins (Gypenosides) are major phyto-chemicals in Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.), with similarities to the ginsenosides present in Panax ginseng. Gynosaponins are classified as terpenoid compounds. In G. pentaphyllum, 25% of the total gynosaponins are similar to ginsenosides. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptional levels of the G. pentaphyllum genome to identify secondary metabolite genes. The complete transcriptomes for the roots and leaves were obtained using a GS-FLX pyro-sequencer. In total, we obtained 265,340 and all reads were well annotated according to biological databases. Using insilico analysis, 84% of sequence were well annotated and we obtained most of the secondary metabolite genes that represent mono-, di-, tri- and sesquiterpenoids. From our EST, most of the terpenoid genes were noted, among those few similar genes were studied in P. ginseng and these transcripts will help to characterize more triterpenoid genes in G. pentaphyllum. Also help to compare P. ginseng and G. pentaphyllum at transcriptome level.
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32
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Brown JA, Emnett RJ, White CR, Yuede CM, Conyers SB, O'Malley KL, Wozniak DF, Gutmann DH. Reduced striatal dopamine underlies the attention system dysfunction in neurofibromatosis-1 mutant mice. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:4515-28. [PMID: 20826448 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning and behavioral abnormalities are among the most common clinical problems in children with the neurofibromatosis-1 (NF1) inherited cancer syndrome. Recent studies using Nf1 genetically engineered mice (GEM) have been instructive for partly elucidating the cellular and molecular defects underlying these cognitive deficits; however, no current model has shed light on the more frequently encountered attention system abnormalities seen in children with NF1. Using an Nf1 optic glioma (OPG) GEM model, we report novel defects in non-selective and selective attention without an accompanying hyperactivity phenotype. Specifically, Nf1 OPG mice exhibit reduced rearing in response to novel objects and environmental stimuli. Similar to children with NF1, the attention system dysfunction in these mice is reversed by treatment with methylphenidate (MPH), suggesting a defect in brain catecholamine homeostasis. We further demonstrate that this attention system abnormality is the consequence of reduced dopamine (DA) levels in the striatum, which is normalized following either MPH or l-dopa administration. The reduction in striatal DA levels in Nf1 OPG mice is associated with reduced striatal expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limited enzyme in DA synthesis, without any associated dopaminergic cell loss in the substantia nigra. Moreover, we demonstrate a cell-autonomous defect in Nf1+/- dopaminergic neuron growth cone areas and neurite extension in vitro, which results in decreased dopaminergic cell projections to the striatum in Nf1 OPG mice in vivo. Collectively, these data establish abnormal DA homeostasis as the primary biochemical defect underlying the attention system dysfunction in Nf1 GEM relevant to children with NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn A Brown
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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