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Ríos JA, Bórquez JC, Godoy JA, Zolezzi JM, Furrianca MC, Inestrosa NC. Emerging role of Metformin in Alzheimer's disease: A translational view. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 100:102439. [PMID: 39074563 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) constitutes a major public-health issue of our time. Regrettably, despite our considerable understanding of the pathophysiological aspects of this disease, current interventions lead to poor outcomes. Furthermore, experimentally promising compounds have continuously failed when translated to clinical trials. Along with increased population ageing, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has become an extremely common condition, mainly due to unbalanced dietary habits. Substantial epidemiological evidence correlates T2DM with cognitive impairment as well. Considering that brain insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and amyloidogenesis are common phenomena, further approaching the common features among these pathological conditions. Metformin constitutes the first-choice drug to preclude insulin resistance in T2DM clinical management. Experimental evidence suggests that its functions might include neuroprotective effects, in addition to its hypoglycemic activity. This review aims to summarize and discuss current knowledge of experimental data on metformin on this path towards translational medicine. Finally, we discuss the controversial data of responses to metformin in vitro, and in vivo, animal models and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juvenal A Ríos
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Bórquez
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Juan A Godoy
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan M Zolezzi
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | | | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.
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Pourfridoni M, Hedayati-Moghadam M, Fathi S, Fathi S, Mirrashidi FS, Askarpour H, Shafieemojaz H, Baghcheghi Y. Beneficial effects of metformin treatment on memory impairment. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:640. [PMID: 38727848 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Memory issues are a prevalent symptom in different neurodegenerative diseases and can also manifest in certain psychiatric conditions. Despite limited medications approved for treating memory problems, research suggests a lack of sufficient options in the market. Studies indicate that a significant percentage of elderly individuals experience various forms of memory disorders. Metformin, commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes, has shown neuroprotective properties through diverse mechanisms. This study explores the potential of metformin in addressing memory impairments. The current research gathered its data by conducting an extensive search across electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Previous research suggests that metformin enhances brain cell survival and memory function in both animal and clinical models by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death while increasing beneficial neurotrophic factors. The findings of the research revealed that metformin is an effective medication for enhancing various types of memory problems in numerous studies. Given the rising incidence of memory disorders, it is plausible to utilize metformin, which is an affordable and accessible drug. It is often recommended as a treatment to boost memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Pourfridoni
- Student Research Committee, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Hedayati-Moghadam
- Student Research Committee, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Shirin Fathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Shiva Fathi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Mirrashidi
- Departrment of Pediatrics, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Hedyeh Askarpour
- Student Research Committee, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Hadi Shafieemojaz
- Student Research Committee, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Yousef Baghcheghi
- Student Research Committee, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran.
- Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran.
- Bio Environmental Health Hazards Research Center, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran.
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Kim C, Kim Y, Sohn JH, Sung JH, Han SW, Lee M, Kim Y, Lee JJ, Mo HJ, Yu KH, Lee SH. Effects of Prior Metformin Use on Stroke Outcomes in Diabetes Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke Receiving Endovascular Treatment. Biomedicines 2024; 12:745. [PMID: 38672100 PMCID: PMC11048027 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) predisposes individuals to vascular injury, leading to poor outcomes after ischemic stroke and symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation (SHT) after thrombolytic and endovascular treatment (EVT). Metformin (MET), an oral antidiabetic drug, has shown potential neuroprotective effects, but its impact on stroke prognosis in DM patients undergoing EVT remains unclear. In a multicenter study, 231 patients with DM undergoing EVT for acute ischemic stroke were enrolled. Prior MET use was identified, and patients were stratified into MET+ and MET- groups. Demographics, clinical data, and outcomes were compared between groups. Multivariate analysis was used to assess the effect of MET on stroke prognosis. Of the enrolled patients, 59.3% were previously on MET. MET+ patients had lower initial infarct volumes and NIHSS scores compared to MET-taking patients. Multivariate analysis showed that MET+ was associated with a lower risk of stroke progression and SHT (with stroke progression as follows: odd ratio [OR] 0.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.12-0.48], p < 0.001; SHT: OR 0.33, 95% CI [0.14-0.75], p = 0.01) and was also associated with better 3-month functional outcomes (mRS 0-2) after EVT. Prestroke MET use in DM patients undergoing EVT is associated with improved stroke prognosis, including reduced risk of stroke progression and SHT and better functional outcomes. These findings suggest the potential neuroprotective role of MET in this population and highlight its clinical utility as an adjunctive therapy in the management of ischemic stroke. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and to optimize MET therapy in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulho Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (C.K.); (J.-H.S.); (J.H.S.); (S.-W.H.)
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (Y.K.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Yejin Kim
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (Y.K.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Jong-Hee Sohn
- Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (C.K.); (J.-H.S.); (J.H.S.); (S.-W.H.)
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (Y.K.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Joo Hye Sung
- Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (C.K.); (J.-H.S.); (J.H.S.); (S.-W.H.)
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (Y.K.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Sang-Won Han
- Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (C.K.); (J.-H.S.); (J.H.S.); (S.-W.H.)
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (Y.K.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Minwoo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hallym Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea; (M.L.); (K.-H.Y.)
| | - Yerim Kim
- Department of Neurology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 05355, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jae Jun Lee
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (Y.K.); (J.J.L.)
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jung Mo
- Department of Neurology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong 18450, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kyung-Ho Yu
- Department of Neurology, Hallym Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea; (M.L.); (K.-H.Y.)
| | - Sang-Hwa Lee
- Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (C.K.); (J.-H.S.); (J.H.S.); (S.-W.H.)
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (Y.K.); (J.J.L.)
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Alnaaim SA, Al‐kuraishy HM, Al‐Gareeb AI, Ali NH, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Saad HM, Batiha GE. New insights on the potential anti-epileptic effect of metformin: Mechanistic pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:3953-3965. [PMID: 37737447 PMCID: PMC10747420 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures. Epilepsy is observed as a well-controlled disease by anti-epileptic agents (AEAs) in about 69%. However, 30%-40% of epileptic patients fail to respond to conventional AEAs leading to an increase in the risk of brain structural injury and mortality. Therefore, adding some FDA-approved drugs that have an anti-seizure activity to the anti-epileptic regimen is logical. The anti-diabetic agent metformin has anti-seizure activity. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the anti-seizure activity of metformin was not entirely clarified. Henceforward, the objective of this review was to exemplify the mechanistic role of metformin in epilepsy. Metformin has anti-seizure activity by triggering adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling and inhibiting the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways which are dysregulated in epilepsy. In addition, metformin improves the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) which has a neuroprotective effect. Hence, metformin via induction of BDNF can reduce seizure progression and severity. Consequently, increasing neuronal progranulin by metformin may explain the anti-seizure mechanism of metformin. Also, metformin reduces α-synuclein and increases protein phosphatase 2A (PPA2) with modulation of neuroinflammation. In conclusion, metformin might be an adjuvant with AEAs in the management of refractory epilepsy. Preclinical and clinical studies are warranted in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saud A. Alnaaim
- Clinical Neurosciences Department, College of MedicineKing Faisal UniversityHofufSaudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M. Al‐kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineALmustansiriyia UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Ali I. Al‐Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineALmustansiriyia UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Naif H. Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical CollegeNajran UniversityNajranSaudi Arabia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and EngineeringNovel Global Community Educational FoundationHebershamNew South WalesAustralia
- AFNP MedWienAustria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery IIUniversity Hospital Witten‐Herdecke, University of Witten‐HerdeckeWuppertalGermany
| | - Hebatallah M. Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineMatrouh UniversityMatrouhEgypt
| | - Gaber El‐Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDamanhour UniversityDamanhourEgypt
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Inhibition of VDAC1 Rescues A β 1-42-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Ferroptosis via Activation of AMPK and Wnt/ β-Catenin Pathways. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:6739691. [PMID: 36816741 PMCID: PMC9937775 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6739691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis in neurons. Voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) is a major protein in the mitochondrial outer membrane. It has been reported that VDAC1 associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis. However, the mechanism by which VDAC1 regulates mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis of neurons in AD remains unclear. This study is aimed at investigating the mechanism of action of VDAC1 in mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis in neurons of the AD model. In this study, we determined cell viability after treatment with Aβ 1-42 via the MTT assay. The SOD, MDA, ROS, and MMP production was measured via the SOD kit, MDA kit, DCFDA staining, and JC-1 staining. The memory abilities of mice were detected via the Morris water maze test. The expression of AMPK/mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin, and GPX4 regulated by VDAC1 was detected via western blotting. Our present study showed that PC12 cells had decreased cell viability, increased LDH release, and decreased GPX4 expression after Aβ 1-42 treatment. Meanwhile, Aβ 1-42 induced MMP and SOD downregulation and increased MDA and ROS generation in PC12 cells. In addition, the expression of VDAC1 is increased in the brain tissue of AD mice and Aβ 1-42-treated PC12 cells. Further investigation of the role of VDAC1 in regulating AD found that all effects induced by Aβ 1-42 were reversed by inhibition of VDAC1. Additionally, inhibition of VDAC1 activates the AMPK/mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that inhibition of VDAC1 alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis in AD neurons by activating AMPK/mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin.
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Actions of Metformin in the Brain: A New Perspective of Metformin Treatments in Related Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158281. [PMID: 35955427 PMCID: PMC9368983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a first-line drug for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and one of the most commonly prescribed drugs in the world. Besides its hypoglycemic effects, metformin also can improve cognitive or mood functions in some T2DM patients; moreover, it has been reported that metformin exerts beneficial effects on many neurological disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Fragile X syndrome (FXS); however, the mechanism underlying metformin in the brain is not fully understood. Neurotransmission between neurons is fundamental for brain functions, and its defects have been implicated in many neurological disorders. Recent studies suggest that metformin appears not only to regulate synaptic transmission or plasticity in pathological conditions but also to regulate the balance of excitation and inhibition (E/I balance) in neural networks. In this review, we focused on and reviewed the roles of metformin in brain functions and related neurological disorders, which would give us a deeper understanding of the actions of metformin in the brain.
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Tu WJ, Liu Z, Chao BH, Yan F, Ma L, Cao L, Ji XM, Wang LD. Metformin use is associated with low risk of case fatality and disability rates in first-ever stroke patients with type 2 diabetes. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2022; 13:20406223221076894. [PMID: 35465053 PMCID: PMC9021516 DOI: 10.1177/20406223221076894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To assess the effectiveness of metformin treatment on long-term outcomes in first-ever stroke patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in China. Methods: From August to September 2019, all patients with first-ever stroke and T2DM from 232 hospitals in China Mainland were included. The enrolled patients were divided into two groups: the metformin treatment (MT) and the no-metformin treatment (No-MT) groups. All discharged patients would receive a telephone follow-up at 12-month after admission. Results: In total, 7587 first-ever stroke patients with T2DM [age: median (IQR) = 66 (57–73) years; 57.35% male] were recruited. Out of those 7587 included patients, 3593 (47.36%) received MT. The in-hospital case fatality rate was lower in the MT group than the No-MT group [MT group versus No-MT group: 1.09% versus 2.30%; absolute difference = −1.75% (95% CI = −2.15 to −1.17%); OR = 0.63 (95% CI = 0.47 to 0.84)]. The 12-month case fatality rate was lower in the MT group than the No-MT group [4.72% versus 8.05%; absolute difference = −4.05% (95% CI = −5.58 to −2.41); OR = 0.69 (95% CI = 0.50 to 0.88)]. The 12-month disability rate was also lower in the MT group than the No-MT group [14.74% versus 19.41%; absolute difference = −5.70% (95% CI = −7.25 to −3.22); OR = 0.83 (95% CI = 0.70 to 0.95)]. Furthermore, the recurrence rate did not differ significantly between the MT and No-MT groups (p = 0.29). Conclusion: The study reveals that metformin use in stroke patients with T2DM results in a less severe stroke and lower fatality and disability rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119, South Four Ring West Road, Beijing 100070, China
- The General Office of Stroke Prevention Project Committee, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bao-Hua Chao
- The General Office of Stroke Prevention Project Committee, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Cao
- The General Office of Stroke Prevention Project Committee, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xun-Ming Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Long-De Wang
- The General Office of Stroke Prevention Project Committee, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, No. 118, Guang’anmen Inner Street, Beijing 100053, China
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Sanati M, Aminyavari S, Afshari AR, Sahebkar A. Mechanistic insight into the role of metformin in Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2022; 291:120299. [PMID: 34999113 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a type of dementia, is characterized by progressive memory decline and cognition impairment. Despite the considerable body of evidence regarding AD pathophysiology, current therapies merely slow down the disease progression, and a comprehensive therapeutic approach is unavailable. Accordingly, finding an efficient multifunctional remedy is necessary to blunt the increasing rate of AD incidence in the upcoming years. AD shares pathophysiological similarities (e.g., impairment of cognitive functions, insulin sensitivity, and brain glucose metabolism) with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), which offers the utilization of metformin, a biguanide hypoglycemic agent, as an alternative therapeutic approach in AD therapy. Emerging evidence has revealed the impact of metformin in patients suffering from AD. It has been described that metformin employs multiple mechanisms to improve cognition and memory impairment in pre-clinical AD models, including reduction of hippocampal amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaque and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) load, suppression of inflammation, amelioration of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, restriction of apoptotic neuronal death, and induction of neurogenesis. This review discusses the pre-clinical evidence, which may shed light on the role of metformin in AD and provide a more comprehensive mechanistic insight for future studies in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sanati
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Samaneh Aminyavari
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir R Afshari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Liu HL, Hu FY, Xu P, Wu JH. Regulation of mitophagy by metformin improves the structure and function of retinal ganglion cells following excitotoxicity-induced retinal injury. Exp Eye Res 2022; 217:108979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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Gelpi M, Mikaeloff F, Knudsen AD, Benfeitas R, Krishnan S, Svenssson Akusjärvi S, Høgh J, Murray DD, Ullum H, Neogi U, Nielsen SD. The central role of the glutamate metabolism in long-term antiretroviral treated HIV-infected individuals with metabolic syndrome. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:22732-22751. [PMID: 34635603 PMCID: PMC8544298 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a significant factor for cardiometabolic comorbidities in people living with HIV (PLWH) and a barrier to healthy aging. The long-term consequences of HIV-infection and combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in metabolic reprogramming are unknown. In this study, we investigated metabolic alterations in well-treated PLWH with MetS to identify potential mechanisms behind the MetS phenotype using advanced statistical and machine learning algorithms. We included 200 PLWH from the Copenhagen Comorbidity in HIV-infection (COCOMO) study. PLWH were grouped into PLWH with MetS (n = 100) defined according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) consensus worldwide definition of the MetS or without MetS (n = 100). The untargeted plasma metabolomics was performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS) and immune-phenotyping of Glut1 (glucose transporter), xCT (glutamate/cysteine transporter) and MCT1 (pyruvate/lactate transporter) by flow cytometry. We applied several conventional approaches, machine learning algorithms, and linear classification models to identify the biologically relevant metabolites associated with MetS in PLWH. Of the 877 identified biochemicals, 9% (76/877) differed significantly between PLWH with and without MetS (false discovery rate < 0.05). The majority belonged to amino acid metabolism (43%). A consensus identification by combining supervised and unsupervised methods indicated 11 biomarkers of MetS phenotype in PLWH. A weighted co-expression network identified seven communities of positively intercorrelated metabolites. A single community contained six of the potential biomarkers mainly related to glutamate metabolism. Transporter expression identified altered xCT and MCT in both lymphocytic and monocytic cells. Combining metabolomics and immune-phenotyping indicated altered glutamate metabolism associated with MetS in PLWH, which has clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gelpi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flora Mikaeloff
- The Systems Virology Laboratory, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas D. Knudsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rui Benfeitas
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm S-10691, Sweden
| | - Shuba Krishnan
- The Systems Virology Laboratory, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Svenssson Akusjärvi
- The Systems Virology Laboratory, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julie Høgh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel D. Murray
- Centre for Health and Infectious Diseases Research (CHIP), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ujjwal Neogi
- The Systems Virology Laboratory, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Susanne D. Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Alomar SY, M Barakat B, Eldosoky M, Atef H, Mohamed AS, Elhawary R, El-Shafey M, Youssef AM, Elkazaz AY, Gabr AM, Elaskary AA, Salih MAK, Alolayan SO, Zaitone SA. Protective effect of metformin on rat diabetic retinopathy involves suppression of toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-k B expression and glutamate excitotoxicity. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 90:107193. [PMID: 33246827 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus are progressively significant reasons for mortality. Metformin (MET) is considered as the first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes patients, and may be especially beneficial in cases of diabetic retinopathy although the precise mechanisms of MET action are not fully elucidated. The current study was designed to inspect the antioxidant and modulatory actions of MET on DRET in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The effect of MET on the toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B (TLR4/NFkB), inflammatory burden and glutamate excitotoxicity was assessed. Twenty-four male rats were assigned to four experimental groups: (1) Vehicle group, (2) Diabetic control: developed diabetes by injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, i.p.). (3&4) Diabetic + MET group: diabetic rats were left for 9 weeks without treatment and then received oral MET 100 and 200 mg/kg for 6 weeks. Retinal samples were utilized in biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies. MET administration significantly decreased retinal level of insulin growth factor and significantly suppressed the diabetic induced increase of malondialdehyde, glutamate, tumor necrosis factor-α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Further, MET decreased the retinal mRNA expression of NFkB, tumor necrosis factor-α and TLR4 in diabetic rats. The current findings shed the light on MET's efficacy as an adjuvant therapy to hinder the development of diabetic retinopathy, at least partly, via inhibition of oxidative stress-induced NFkB/TLR4 pathway and suppression of glutamate excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman Y Alomar
- Doping Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Bassant M Barakat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Eldosoky
- Department of Neuroscience Technology, College of Applied Sciences, Jubail Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hoda Atef
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abdelaty Shawky Mohamed
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reda Elhawary
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Shafey
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Physiological Sciences Department, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal M Youssef
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Amany Y Elkazaz
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Portsaid University, Portsaid, Egypt
| | - Attia M Gabr
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Pharmacology and Therapeutics Department, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohamed A K Salih
- Ophthalmology Department, Al-Azher Asyut Faculty of Medicine for Men, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Sultan Othman Alolayan
- Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sawsan A Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Li W, Kutas M, Gray JA, Hagerman RH, Olichney JM. The Role of Glutamate in Language and Language Disorders - Evidence from ERP and Pharmacologic Studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:217-241. [PMID: 33039453 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current models of language processing do not address mechanisms at the neurotransmitter level, nor how pharmacologic agents may improve language function(s) in seemingly disparate disorders. L-Glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the human brain, is extensively involved in various higher cortical functions. We postulate that the physiologic role of L-Glutamate neurotransmission extends to the regulation of language access, comprehension, and production, and that disorders in glutamatergic transmission and circuitry contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and sporadic-onset language disorders such as the aphasic stroke syndromes. We start with a review of basic science data pertaining to various glutamate receptors in the CNS and ways that they may influence the physiological processes of language access and comprehension. We then focus on the dysregulation of glutamate neurotransmission in three conditions in which language dysfunction is prominent: Alzheimer's Disease, Fragile X-associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome, and Aphasic Stroke Syndromes. Finally, we review the pharmacologic and electrophysiologic (event related brain potential or ERP) data pertaining to the role glutamate neurotransmission plays in language processing and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Li
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3700, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - Marta Kutas
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0515, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - John A Gray
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3700, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA, 95618, USA.
| | - Randi H Hagerman
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - John M Olichney
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3700, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA; Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA, 95618, USA.
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13
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Is metformin a geroprotector? A peek into the current clinical and experimental data. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 191:111350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Tang BL. Could metformin be therapeutically useful in Huntington's disease? Rev Neurosci 2020; 31:297-317. [PMID: 31751298 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggest that dimethylbiguanide (metformin), a first-line drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus, could be neuroprotective in a range of brain pathologies, which include neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury. However, there are also contraindications that associate metformin treatment with cognitive impairment as well as adverse outcomes in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease animal models. Recently, a beneficial effect of metformin in animal models of Huntington's disease (HD) has been strengthened by multiple reports. In this brief review, the findings associated with the effects of metformin in attenuating neurodegenerative diseases are discussed, focusing on HD-associated pathology and the potential underlying mechanisms highlighted by these studies. The mechanism of action of metformin is complex, and its therapeutic efficacy is therefore expected to be dependent on the disease context. The key metabolic pathways that are effectively affected by metformin, such as AMP-activated protein kinase activation, may be altered in the later decades of the human lifespan. In this regard, metformin may nonetheless be therapeutically useful for neurological diseases with early pathological onsets, such as HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 117596, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Medical Drive, Singapore 119077, Singapore
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15
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Yang Q, Huang Q, Hu Z, Tang X. Potential Neuroprotective Treatment of Stroke: Targeting Excitotoxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1036. [PMID: 31611768 PMCID: PMC6777147 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of death and adult disability. However, therapeutic options remain limited. Numerous pathways underlie acute responses of brain tissue to stroke. Early events following ischemic damage include reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative stress and glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, both of which contribute to rapid cell death within the infarct core. A subsequent cascade of inflammatory events escalates damage progression. This review explores potential neuroprotective strategies for targeting key steps in the cascade of ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury. NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitors and several drugs currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration including glucose-lowering agents, antibiotics, and immunomodulators, have shown promise in the treatment of stroke in both animal experiments and clinical trials. Ischemic conditioning, a phenomenon by which one or more cycles of a short period of sublethal ischemia to an organ or tissue protects against subsequent ischemic events in another organ, may be another potential neuroprotective strategy for the treatment of stroke by targeting key steps in the I/R injury cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianyi Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangqi Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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16
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Zhao X, Zeng Z, Gaur U, Fang J, Peng T, Li S, Zheng W. Metformin protects PC12 cells and hippocampal neurons from H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative damage through activation of AMPK pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:16619-16629. [PMID: 30784077 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Metformin, a first line anti type 2 diabetes drug, has recently been shown to extend lifespan in various species, and therefore, became the first antiaging drug in clinical trial. Oxidative stress due to excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) is considered to be an important factor in aging and related disease, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the antioxidative effects of metformin and its underlying mechanisms in neuronal cells is not known. In the present study, we showed that metformin, in clinically relevant concentrations, protected neuronal PC12 cells from H2 O2 -induced cell death. Metformin significantly ameliorated cell death due to H2 O2 insult by restoring abnormal changes in nuclear morphology, intracellular ROS, lactate dehydrogenase, and mitochondrial membrane potential induced by H2 O2 . Hoechst staining assay and flow cytometry analysis revealed that metformin significantly reduced the apoptosis in PC12 cells exposed to H2 O2 . Western blot analysis further demonstrated that metformin stimulated the phosphorylation and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in PC12 cells, while application of AMPK inhibitor compound C, or knockdown of the expression of AMPK by specific small interfering RNA or short hairpin RNA blocked the protective effect of metformin. Similar results were obtained in primary cultured hippocampal neurons. Taken together, these results indicated that metformin is able to protect neuronal cells from oxidative injury, at least in part, via the activation of AMPK. As metformin is comparatively cheaper with much less side effects in clinic, our findings support its potential to be a drug for prevention and treatment of aging and aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- Center of Reproduction, Development & Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Zhiwen Zeng
- Center of Reproduction, Development & Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Uma Gaur
- Center of Reproduction, Development & Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Jiankang Fang
- Center of Reproduction, Development & Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Tangming Peng
- Center of Reproduction, Development & Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Center of Reproduction, Development & Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Center of Reproduction, Development & Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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17
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Głombik K, Trojan E, Kurek A, Budziszewska B, Basta-Kaim A. Inflammatory Consequences of Maternal Diabetes on the Offspring Brain: a Hippocampal Organotypic Culture Study. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:357-375. [PMID: 31197747 PMCID: PMC6616224 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes is a disorder associated with abnormal chronic inflammation that poses a risk to the developing fetus. We investigated the effects of experimentally induced diabetes (streptozotocin model) in Wistar female rats on the inflammatory status of the hippocampi of their offspring. Additionally, the impact of antidiabetic drugs (metformin and glyburide) on inflammatory processes was evaluated. Organotypic hippocampal cultures (OHCs) were prepared from the brains of the 7-day-old rat offspring of control and diabetic mother rats. On the 7th day in vitro, the cultures were pretreated with metformin (3 μM) or glyburide (1 μM) and then stimulated for 24 h with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg/ml). The OHCs obtained from the offspring of diabetic mothers were characterized by the increased mortality of cells and an enhanced susceptibility to damage caused by LPS. Although we showed that LPS stimulated the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) in the control and diabetic cultures, the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in the OHC medium obtained from the offspring of diabetic mothers were more pronounced. In the diabetic cultures, enhanced levels of TLR-4 and the overactivation of the NLRP3 inflammasome were demonstrated. Metformin and glyburide pretreatment normalized the LPS-induced IL-1β secretion in the control and diabetic cultures. Furthermore, glyburide diminished both: LPS-induced IL-6 and TNF-α secretion in the control and diabetic cultures and increased NF-κB p65 subunit phosphorylation. Glyburide also diminished the levels of the NLRP3 subunit and caspase-1, but only in the diabetic cultures. The results showed that maternal diabetes affected inflammatory processes in the offspring brain and increased hippocampal sensitivity to the LPS-induced inflammatory response. The use of antidiabetic agents, especially glyburide, had a beneficial impact on the changes caused by maternal diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Głombik
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ewa Trojan
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Kurek
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bogusława Budziszewska
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
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18
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Cong C, Kluwe L, Li S, Liu X, Liu Y, Liu H, Gui W, Liu T, Xu L. Paeoniflorin inhibits tributyltin chloride-induced apoptosis in hypothalamic neurons via inhibition of MKK4-JNK signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 237:1-8. [PMID: 30878547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Paeoniflorin (PF) exerts a significant protective effect against neurotoxicity and mitochondrial damage in neurons. However, the mechanisms underlying PF-mediated rescue remain elusive. Therefore, we endeavored to further research the molecular mechanisms underlying PF-mediated inhibition of tributyltin chloride (TBTC)-induced apoptosis of neurons. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the influence and possible mechanism of action of PF in TBTC-induced neurodegenerative disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, primary hypothalamic neurons were treated with tributyltin chloride (150 μg/L) and PF (25, 50, and 100 μM). 17β-estradiol (1 nM) was used as a positive control. Subsequently, CCK-8 assay was performed. The level of apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry and the function of mitochondria was reflected by MMP levels. The mRNA expression levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), together with Bax, were examined using qRT-PCR. The protein levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-3 were examined using western blotting. Finally, pretreatment with JNK agonist, anisomycin, was done to observe the change in expressions of MKK4 and JNK. RESULTS Paeoniflorin treatment reduced TBTC-induced damage and neuron loss in a dose-dependent manner. Decrease in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) as well as JNK levels were reversed by treatment with paeoniflorin via inhibition of JNK activation. Furthermore, ratio of levels of Bcl-2/Bax increased while the activation of caspase-3 was suppressed. In addition, pretreatment with JNK agonist, anisomycin effectively suppressed TBTC-induced cytotoxicity in hypothalamic neuron. CONCLUSIONS PF can potentially be used to prevent and/or treat neurodegenerative diseases and neural injury by inhibiting MKK4-JNK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Cong
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 20032, China
| | - Lan Kluwe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shengnan Li
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 20032, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 20032, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 20032, China
| | - Huicong Liu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 20032, China
| | - Wenjia Gui
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 20032, China
| | - Te Liu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 20032, China
| | - Lianwei Xu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 20032, China.
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19
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Wu W, Wang S, Liu Q, Shan T, Wang Y. Metformin Protects against LPS-Induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction by Activating AMPK Pathway. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3272-3284. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiche Wu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Sisi Wang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
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20
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Ou Z, Kong X, Sun X, He X, Zhang L, Gong Z, Huang J, Xu B, Long D, Li J, Li Q, Xu L, Xuan A. Metformin treatment prevents amyloid plaque deposition and memory impairment in APP/PS1 mice. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:351-363. [PMID: 29253574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer'sdisease(AD) is characterized by deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ)plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, andneuronal loss, accompaniedbyneuroinflammation. Neuroinflammatoryprocesses are thought to contribute toAD pathophysiology. Metformin has been reported to have anti-inflammatory efficacy. However, whether metformin is responsible for the anti-neuroinflammationand neuroprotection on APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) mice remains unclear. Here we showed that metformin attenuated spatial memory deficit, neuron loss in the hippocampus and enhanced neurogenesis in APP/PS1 mice. In addition, metformin administration decreased amyloid-β (Aβ)plaque load and chronic inflammation (activated microglia and astrocytes as well as pro-inflammatory mediators) in the hippocampus and cortex. Further study demonstrated that treatment with metformin enhanced cerebral AMPK activation. Meanwhile, metformin notably suppressed the activation of P65 NF-κB, mTOR and S6K, reduced Bace1 protein expression. Our data suggest that metformin can exert functional recovery of memory deficits and neuroprotective effect on APP/PS1 mice via triggering neurogenesis and anti-inflammation mediated by regulating AMPK/mTOR/S6K/Bace1 and AMPK/P65 NF-κB signaling pathways in the hippocampus, which may contribute to improvement in neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenri Ou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xuejian Kong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xiangdong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xiaosong He
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Zhuo Gong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Jingyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Biao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Dahong Long
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Liping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Aiguo Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.
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21
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Jang S, Park SH. Antidiabetic Drug Metformin Protects Neuronal Cells against Quinolinic Acid-Induced Excitotoxicity by Decreasing Intracellular Calcium. Chonnam Med J 2018; 54:24-30. [PMID: 29399562 PMCID: PMC5794475 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2018.54.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The antidiabetic drug metformin has been found to have beneficial effects in various neurological disorders; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. Here we report that metformin protects neuronal cells from quinolinic acid (QUIN)-induced excitotoxicity. For this, we pretreated N18D3 neuronal cells with metformin prior to QUIN for 24 h. We found that pretreating the cells with metformin significantly improved cell survival rate in a concentration-dependent manner and reduced apoptotic cell death, as revealed by a MTT assay and DAPI staining, respectively. Calcium imaging using fluo-4 showed that metformin (100 µM) inhibited the intracellular calcium increase that was induced by QUIN. In addition, mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic genes, p21 and Bax, was decreased and of anti-apoptotic genes, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, was increased with metformin treatment compared to QUIN-induced cells. The immunoreactivity of phosphorylated ERK1/2 was elevated in cells treated with metformin, indicating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in the neuroprotective effects of metformin in QUIN-induced cell death. Collectively, our data demonstrates that metformin exerts its neuroprotective effects by inhibiting intracellular calcium increases, allowing it to regulate ERK1/2 signaling and modulate cell survival and death genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeong Jang
- Department of Physiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sah-Hoon Park
- Department of Physiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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22
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Fatemi I, Amirteimoury M, Shamsizadeh A, Kaeidi A. The effect of metformin on morphine analgesic tolerance and dependence in rats. Res Pharm Sci 2018; 13:316-323. [PMID: 30065764 PMCID: PMC6040165 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.235158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Opiate tolerance and dependence is a worldwide public health problem and gives a significant burden to society. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of metformin (MET) on development and expression of morphine tolerance and dependence in rats. For induction of tolerance, morphine sulfate was injected (10 mg/kg, twice a day, s.c.) for 7 days. Animals received metformin (5 and 50 mg/kg, orally, daily) during the examination period for assessing the development of morphine tolerance and dependence. In order to evaluate the expression of morphine tolerance and dependence, single doses of MET (5 and 50 mg/kg, orally) were administered on day 7. Tail flick test was performed to assess the induction of morphine tolerance. For evaluation of morphine dependence, naloxone-induced jumping (5 mg/kg, s.c.) was monitored. Our results showed that 7 days coadministration of 50 mg/kg of MET significantly reduced the development of morphine analgesic tolerance versus morphine + saline treated rats (P < 0.001). Treatment with 50 mg/kg MET reduced the incidence and frequency of jumping in naloxone injected animals (P < 0.01). It is notable that single dose administration of MET, did not prevent the expression of analgesic tolerance and physical dependence to morphine. Based on these results, it can be concluded that MET attenuates the development of morphine analgesic tolerance and dependence in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Fatemi
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, I.R. Iran.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, I.R. Iran
| | - Morteza Amirteimoury
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, I.R. Iran
| | - Ali Shamsizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, I.R. Iran.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, I.R. Iran
| | - Ayat Kaeidi
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, I.R. Iran.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, I.R. Iran
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Markowicz-Piasecka M, Sikora J, Szydłowska A, Skupień A, Mikiciuk-Olasik E, Huttunen KM. Metformin - a Future Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases : Theme: Drug Discovery, Development and Delivery in Alzheimer's Disease Guest Editor: Davide Brambilla. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2614-2627. [PMID: 28589443 PMCID: PMC5736777 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex, chronic and progressive metabolic disease, which is characterized by relative insulin deficiency, insulin resistance, and high glucose levels in blood. Esteemed published articles and epidemiological data exhibit an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) in diabetic pateints. Metformin is the most frequently used oral anti-diabetic drug, which apart from hypoglycaemic activity, improves serum lipid profiles, positively influences the process of haemostasis, and possesses anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, scientists have put their efforts in establishing metformin's role in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD, amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Parkinson's disease. Results of several clinical studies confirm that long term use of metformin in diabetic patients contributes to better cognitive function, compared to participants using other anti-diabetic drugs. The exact mechanism of metformin's advantageous activity in AD is not fully understood, but scientists claim that activation of AMPK-dependent pathways in human neural stem cells might be responsible for the neuroprotective activity of metformin. Metformin was also found to markedly decease Beta-secretase 1 (BACE1) protein expression and activity in cell culture models and in vivo, thereby reducing BACE1 cleavage products and the production of Aβ (β-amyloid). Furthermore, there is also some evidence that metformin decreases the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is responsible for the degradation of acetylcholine (Ach), a neurotransmitter involved in the process of learning and memory. In regard to the beneficial effects of metformin, its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties cannot be omitted. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that metformin ameliorates oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szydłowska
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Skupień
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Mikiciuk-Olasik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul., Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kristiina M. Huttunen
- School Of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland,, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Blumrich EM, Dringen R. Metformin Accelerates Glycolytic Lactate Production in Cultured Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons. Neurochem Res 2017; 44:188-199. [PMID: 28688035 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is the most frequently used drug for the treatment of type-II diabetes. As metformin has been reported to cross the blood-brain barrier, brain cells will encounter this drug. To test whether metformin may affect the metabolism of neurons, we exposed cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons to metformin. Treatment with metformin caused a time- and concentration-dependent increase in glycolytic lactate release from viable neurons as demonstrated by the three-to fivefold increase in extracellular lactate concentration determined after exposure to metformin. Half-maximal stimulation of lactate production was found after incubation of neurons for 4 h with around 2 mM or for 24 h with around 0.5 mM metformin. Neuronal cell viability was not affected by millimolar concentrations of metformin during acute incubations in the hour range nor during prolonged incubations, although alterations in cell morphology were observed during treatment with 10 mM metformin for days. The acute stimulation of neuronal lactate release by metformin was persistent upon removal of metformin from the medium and was not affected by the presence of modulators of adenosine monophosphate activated kinase activity. In contrast, rabeprazole, an inhibitor of the organic cation transporter 3, completely prevented metformin-mediated stimulation of neuronal lactate production. In summary, the data presented identify metformin as a potent stimulator of glycolytic lactate production in viable cultured neurons and suggest that organic cation transporter 3 mediates the uptake of metformin into neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Blumrich
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany.,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany. .,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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Ogundele OM, Lee CC, Francis J. Age-dependent alterations to paraventricular nucleus insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor as a possible link between sympathoexcitation and inflammation. J Neurochem 2016; 139:706-721. [PMID: 27626839 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Modifications to neural circuits of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) have been implicated in sympathoexcitation and systemic cardiovascular dysfunction. However, to date, the role of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) expression on PVN pathophysiology is unknown. Using confocal immunofluorescence quantification and electrophysiological recordings from acute PVN slices, we investigated the mechanism through which age-dependent IGF-1R depletion contributes to the progression of inflammation and sympathoexcitation in the PVN of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Four and twenty weeks old SHR and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were used for this study. Our data showed that angiotensin I/II and pro-inflammatory high mobility box group protein 1 (HMGB1) exhibited increased expression in the PVN of SHR versus WKY at 4 weeks (p < 0.01), and were even more highly expressed with age in SHR (p < 0.001). This correlated with a significant decrease in IGF-1R expression, with age, in the PVN of SHR when compared with WKY (p < 0.001) and were accompanied by related changes in astrocytes and microglia. In subsequent analyses, we found an age-dependent change in the expression of proteins associated with IGF-1R signaling pathways involved in inflammatory responses and synaptic function in the PVN. MAPK/ErK was more highly expressed in the PVN of SHR by the fourth week (p < 0.001; vs. WKY), while expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (p < 0.001) and calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II alpha (CamKIIα; p < 0.001) were significantly decreased by the 4th and 20th week, respectively. Age-dependent changes in MAPK/ErK expression in the PVN correlated with an increase in the expression of vesicular glutamate transporter (p < 0.001 vs. WKY), while decreased levels of CamKIIα was associated with a decreased expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (p < 0.001) by the 20th week. In addition, reduced labeling for ϒ-aminobutyric acid in the PVN of SHR (p < 0.001) correlated with a decrease in neuronal nitric oxide synthase labeling (p < 0.001) when compared with the WKY by the 20th week. Electrophysiological recordings from neurons in acute slice preparations of the PVN of 4 weeks old SHR revealed spontaneous post-synaptic currents of higher frequency when compared with neurons from WKY PNV slices of the same age (p < 0.001; n = 14 cells). This also correlated with an increase in PSD-95 in the PVN of SHR when compared with the WKY (p < 0.001). Overall, we found an age-dependent reduction of IGF-1R, and related altered expression of associated downstream signaling molecules that may represent a link between the concurrent progression of synaptic dysfunction and inflammation in the PVN of SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalekan M Ogundele
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Charles C Lee
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Joseph Francis
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Morroniside promotes angiogenesis and further improves microvascular circulation after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Brain Res Bull 2016; 127:111-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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