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Varghese SM, Patel S, Nandan A, Jose A, Ghosh S, Sah RK, Menon B, K V A, Chakravarty S. Unraveling the Role of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Pathophysiology of Depression: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04205-5. [PMID: 38730081 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a highly prevalent psychological disorder characterized by persistent dysphoria, psychomotor retardation, insomnia, anhedonia, suicidal ideation, and a remarkable decrease in overall well-being. Despite the prevalence of accessible antidepressant therapies, many individuals do not achieve substantial improvement. Understanding the multifactorial pathophysiology and the heterogeneous nature of the disorder could lead the way toward better outcomes. Recent findings have elucidated the substantial impact of compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity on the manifestation of depression. BBB functions as an indispensable defense mechanism, tightly overseeing the transport of molecules from the periphery to preserve the integrity of the brain parenchyma. The dysfunction of the BBB has been implicated in a multitude of neurological disorders, and its disruption and consequent brain alterations could potentially serve as important factors in the pathogenesis and progression of depression. In this review, we extensively examine the pathophysiological relevance of the BBB and delve into the specific modifications of its components that underlie the complexities of depression. A particular focus has been placed on examining the effects of peripheral inflammation on the BBB in depression and elucidating the intricate interactions between the gut, BBB, and brain. Furthermore, this review encompasses significant updates on the assessment of BBB integrity and permeability, providing a comprehensive overview of the topic. Finally, we outline the therapeutic relevance and strategies based on BBB in depression, including COVID-19-associated BBB disruption and neuropsychiatric implications. Understanding the comprehensive pathogenic cascade of depression is crucial for shaping the trajectory of future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamili Mariya Varghese
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Shashikant Patel
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Amritasree Nandan
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Anju Jose
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Soumya Ghosh
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ranjay Kumar Sah
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Bindu Menon
- Department of Psychiatry, Amrita School of Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Athira K V
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India.
| | - Sumana Chakravarty
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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Hong QL, Ding YH, Chen JY, Shi SS, Liang RS, Tu XK. Schisandrin B Protects against Ischemic Brain Damage by Regulating PI3K/AKT Signaling in Rats. Chin J Integr Med 2023; 29:885-894. [PMID: 37357242 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-023-3596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect and mechanism of schisandrin B (Sch B) in the treatment of cerebral ischemia in rats. METHODS The cerebral ischemia models were induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups using a random number table, including sham, MCAO, MCAO+Sch B (50 mg/kg), MCAO+Sch B (100 mg/kg), MCAO+Sch B (100 mg/kg)+LY294002, and MCAO+Sch B (100 mg/kg)+wortmannin groups. The effects of Sch B on pathological indicators, including neurological deficit scores, cerebral infarct volume, and brain edema, were subsequently studied. Tissue apoptosis was identified by terminal transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining. The protein expressions involved in apoptosis, inflammation response and oxidative stress were examined by immunofluorescent staining, biochemical analysis and Western blot analysis, respectively. The effect of Sch B on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling was also explored. RESULTS Sch B treatment decreased neurological deficit scores, cerebral water content, and infarct volume in MCAO rats (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Neuronal nuclei and TUNEL staining indicated that Sch B also reduced apoptosis in brain tissues, as well as the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3 expression (P<0.01). Sch B regulated the production of myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide and superoxide dismutase, as well as the release of cytokine interleukin (IL)-1 β and IL-18, in MCAO rats (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Sch B promoted the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT. Blocking the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway with LY294002 or wortmannin reduced the protective effect of Sch B against cerebral ischemia (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Sch B reduced apoptosis, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress of MCAO rats by modulating the PI3K/AKT pathway. Sch B had a potential for treating cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Long Hong
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, 362000, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Yi-Hang Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Jing-Yi Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Song-Sheng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Ri-Sheng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Xian-Kun Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
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An L, Zhong Y, Tan J, Liu Y, Li A, Yang T, Wang S, Liu Y, Gao H. Sevoflurane exerts protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and pyroptosis through the circular RNA PAN3/microRNA-29b-3p/stromal cell-derived factor 4 axis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110219. [PMID: 37270931 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sevoflurane is suggested to exert protective functions against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). However, the particular mechanism remains elusive. Therefore, this research explored the mechanism of sevoflurane in MIRI-induced damage and pyroptosis. METHODS Subsequent to gain-or loss-of-function assays or/and sevoflurane treatment, the MIRI model was developed in rats. Cardiac function and body and heart weight of rats were evaluated, followed by measurement of apoptosis and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and pyroptosis-related protein levels. After loss-of-function assays or/and sevoflurane treatment in human cardiomyocytes (HCMs), the hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model was constructed. In HCMs, cell viability, apoptosis, and pyroptosis-related proteins were detected. Circular RNA PAN3 (circPAN3), microRNA (miR)-29b-3p, and stromal cell-derived factor 4 (SDF4) expression was determined in rat myocardial tissues and HCMs. Mechanistically, interactions among circPAN3, miR-29b-3p, and SDF4 were analyzed. RESULTS MIRI modeling increased miR-29b-3p expression and diminished circPAN3 and SDF4 expression in H/R-treated HCMs and MIRI rats, which was nullified by sevoflurane preconditioning. Mechanistically, circPAN3 negatively targeted miR-29b-3p to upregulate SDF4. Moreover, sevoflurane preconditioning reduced heart weight/body weight ratio, LDH, CK-MB, myocardial infarct size, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, apoptosis, and pyroptosis, while elevating the increase and decrease of left ventricular pressure (±dp/dt max) and left ventricular systolic pressure in MIRI rats. In addition, sevoflurane preconditioning augmented viability while diminishing apoptosis and pyroptosis in H/R-treated HCMs. Moreover, circPAN3 silencing or miR-29b-3p overexpression abrogated alleviatory effects of sevoflurane on myocardial injury and pyroptosis in vitro. CONCLUSION Sevoflurane treatment ameliorated myocardial injury and pyroptosis in MIRI via circPAN3/miR-29b-3p/SDF4 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li An
- School of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China; Translational Medicine Research Center of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, PR China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China
| | - Jian Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 558004, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China
| | - Anliang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China
| | - Tianyu Yang
- School of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, PR China
| | - Shengzhao Wang
- School of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, PR China
| | - Yanqiu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guiyang Fourth People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550007, PR China.
| | - Hong Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Hospital of The 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, PR China.
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Teller J, Jung C, Wilke JB, Schimmelpfennig SD, Hindermann M, Hinken L, Gabriel MM, Fegbeutel C, Schäfer A, Laser H, Lichtinghagen R, Worthmann H, Weissenborn K, Ehrenreich H. Autoantibodies against NMDAR subunit NR1 disappear from blood upon anesthesia. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 24:100494. [PMID: 35965838 PMCID: PMC9372600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anesthetics penetrate the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and - as confirmed preclinically – transiently disrupt it. An analogous consequence in humans has remained unproven. In mice, we previously reported that upon BBB dysfunction, the brain acts as ‘immunoprecipitator’ of autoantibodies against N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor subunit-NR1 (NMDAR1-AB). We thus hypothesized that during human anesthesia, pre-existing NMDAR1-AB will specifically bind to brain. Screening of N = 270 subjects undergoing general anesthesia during cardiac surgery for serum NMDAR1-AB revealed N = 25 NMDAR1-AB seropositives. Only N = 14 remained positive post-surgery. No changes in albumin, thyroglobulin or CRP were associated with reduction of serum NMDAR1-AB. Thus, upon anesthesia, BBB opening likely occurs also in humans. Whether the blood brain barrier opens on general anesthesia in humans is unclear. Serum NMDAR1-AB titers drop upon anesthesia during cardiac surgery. Drop of serum NMDAR1-AB after anesthesia indicates ‘immunoprecipitation’ by brain. Immunoprecipitation needs brain access of NMDAR1-AB, indicating barrier opening. Neither hemodilution nor inflammation explain this loss of NMDAR1-AB from serum.
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Wang F, Zeng Y, Liu X, Cao J, Kang S, Zhou W, Chen X, Liu J, Zhang D. Chromogranin A-derived peptide CGA47-66 protects against septic brain injury by reducing blood-brain barrier damage through the PI3K/AKT pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 605:162-170. [PMID: 35339012 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
CGA47-66 (Chromofungin, CHR), is a peptide derived from the N-terminus of chromogranin A (CgA), has been proven to inhibit the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced brain injury. However, the underlying mechanism is still unknown. We found that CGA47-66 exerted a protective effect on cognitive impairment by inhibiting the destruction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the LPS-induced sepsis mice model. In addition, the hCMEC/D3 cell line was used to establish an in vitro BBB model. Under LPS stimulation, CGA47-66 could significantly alleviate the hyperpermeability of the BBB, the destruction of tight junction proteins, and the rearrangement of F-actin. To investigate the underlying mechanism, we used LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, which partially reduced the protective effect of CGA47-66 on the integrity of BBB. Indicating that the PI3K/AKT pathway plays a vital role in the brain-protective function of CGA47-66, which might be a potential therapeutic target for septic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- FengLin Wang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - Yan Zeng
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China; Intensive Care Unit, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - Xian Liu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - JiaJun Cao
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - ShengNan Kang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - WuShuang Zhou
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - XiaoYing Chen
- Department of Surgical Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - JingLun Liu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
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Cell Therapy of Stroke: Do the Intra-Arterially Transplanted Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier? Cells 2021; 10:cells10112997. [PMID: 34831220 PMCID: PMC8616541 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal model studies and first clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of the mesenchymal stem cells' (MSCs) transplantation in stroke. Intra-arterial (IA) administration looks especially promising, since it provides targeted cell delivery to the ischemic brain, is highly effective, and can be safe as long as the infusion is conducted appropriately. However, wider clinical application of the IA MSCs transplantation will only be possible after a better understanding of the mechanism of their therapeutic action is achieved. On the way to achieve this goal, the study of transplanted cells' fate and their interactions with the blood-brain barrier (BBB) structures could be one of the key factors. In this review, we analyze the available data concerning one of the most important aspects of the transplanted MSCs' action-the ability of cells to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vitro and in vivo after IA administration into animals with experimental stroke. The collected data show that some of the transplanted MSCs temporarily attach to the walls of the cerebral vessels and then return to the bloodstream or penetrate the BBB and either undergo homing in the perivascular space or penetrate deeper into the parenchyma. Transmigration across the BBB is not necessary for the induction of therapeutic effects, which can be incited through a paracrine mechanism even by cells located inside the blood vessels.
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Lin Q, Wang W, Yang L, Duan X. 4-Methoxybenzylalcohol protects brain microvascular endothelial cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced injury via activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:252. [PMID: 33613705 PMCID: PMC7856387 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during the process of cerebral ischemic injury is a key factor that affects the treatment of this condition. The present study aimed to assess the potential effects of 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (4-MA) on brain microvascular endothelial cells (bEnd.3) against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/Rep) using an in vitro model that mimics in vivo ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, the present study aimed to explore whether this underlying mechanism was associated with the inhibition of pro-inflammatory factors and the activation status of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. bEnd.3 cells were subjected to OGD/Rep-induced injury before being treated with 4-MA, following which cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and levels of nitric oxidase (NO) were detected by colorimetry, pro-inflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, were detected by ELISA. The expression levels of occluding and claudin-5were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining. The expression levels of AKT, phosphorylated (p)-Akt, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and p-eNOS were also measured by western blot analysis. After bEnd.3 cells were subjected to OGD/Rep-induced injury, cell viability and NO levels were significantly decreased, whilst LDH leakage and inflammatory factor (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) levels were significantly increased. Treatment with 4-MA significantly ameliorated cell viability, LDH release and the levels of NO and pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 as a result of OGD/Rep. Furthermore, treatment with 4-MA upregulated the expression of occludin, claudin-5, Akt and eNOS, in addition to increasing eNOS and AKT phosphorylation in bEnd.3 cells. These results suggest that 4-MA can alleviate OGD/Rep-induced injury in bEnd.3 cells by inhibiting inflammation and by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway as a possible mechanism. Therefore, 4-MA can serve as a potential candidate for treating OGD/Rep-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Weili Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Liping Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicine, University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Duan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicine, University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
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Neag MA, Mitre AO, Catinean A, Mitre CI. An Overview on the Mechanisms of Neuroprotection and Neurotoxicity of Isoflurane and Sevoflurane in Experimental Studies. Brain Res Bull 2020; 165:281-289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wang Y, Shi Y, Zou J, Zhang X, Liang Y, Tai J, Cui C, Wang M, Guo D. Network pharmacology exploration reveals a common mechanism in the treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular disease with Salvia miltiorrhiza Burge. and Carthamus tinctorius L. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:351. [PMID: 33213432 PMCID: PMC7678298 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to identify the key genes and KEGG pathways in Carthamus tinctorius L. (Safflower) and Salvia miltiorrhiza Burge. (Salvia) for the treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular disease, and to explore their potential molecular mechanisms. METHODS Compounds and targets in Safflower and Salvia were retrieved from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). We obtained targets of myocardial infarction (MI) and cerebral infarction (CI) data from Therapeutic Target Database (TTD), Drugbank and DisGeNET datasets. The network of Safflower, Salvia, CI and MI was established and then executing, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) analyses of the functional characteristics were performed. The Chinese herbal prescription and target for CI and MI were obtained by searching in the database. Finally, the main pathways of Salvia and Safflower in Chinese patent medicines were analyzed. The MCAO model was established in rats, and compatibility of salvia with safflower was experimentally verified. RESULTS We obtained a total of 247 genes targeted by 52 compounds from Safflower and 119 genes targeted by 48 compounds from Salvia. In total, we identified 299 known therapeutic targets for the treatment of CI and 960 targets for the treatment MI. There are 23 common targets for Salvia, Safflower, MI, and CI. A total of 85 KEGG pathways were also enriched and intersected with the pathway of proprietary Chinese medicine to yield 25 main pathways. Safflower and Salvia have the best therapeutic effect in MCAO. CONCLUSION We identified gene lists for Safflower and Salvia in CI and MI. Bioinformatics and interaction analyses may provide new insight into the treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases with Safflower and Salvia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajun Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of basic and new drug research of traditional Chinese medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Junbo Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of basic and new drug research of traditional Chinese medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of basic and new drug research of traditional Chinese medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yulin Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia Tai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunli Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of basic and new drug research of traditional Chinese medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of basic and new drug research of traditional Chinese medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongyan Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of basic and new drug research of traditional Chinese medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
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Chi OZ, Mellender SJ, Kiss GK, Chiricolo A, Liu X, Patel N, Jacinto E, Weiss HR. Lysophosphatidic acid increased infarct size in the early stage of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion with increased BBB permeability. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:105029. [PMID: 32912542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether exogenous lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a phospholipid extracellular signaling molecule, would increase infarct size and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption during the early stage of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, and whether it works through Akt-mTOR-S6K1 intracellular signaling. MATERIAL AND METHODS Rats were given either vehicle or LPA 1 mg/kg iv three times during reperfusion after one hour of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. In another group, prior to administration of LPA, 30 mg/kg of PF-4708671, an S6K1 inhibitor, was injected. After one hour of MCA occlusion and two hours of reperfusion the transfer coefficient (Ki) of 14C-α-aminoisobutyric acid and the volume of 3H-dextran distribution were determined to measure the degree of BBB disruption. At the same time, the size of infarct was determined and western blot analysis was performed to determine the levels of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and phosphorylated S6 (pS6). RESULTS LPA increased the Ki in the ischemic-reperfused cortex (+43%) when compared with Control rats and PF-4708671 pretreatment prevented the increase of Ki by LPA. LPA increased the percentage of cortical infarct out of total cortical area (+36%) and PF-4708671 pretreatment prevented the increase of the infarct size. Exogenous LPA did not significantly change the levels of p-Akt as well as pS6 in the ischemic-reperfused cortex. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that the increase in BBB disruption could be one of the reasons of the increased infarct size by LPA. S6K1 may not be the major target of LPA. A decrease of LPA during early cerebral ischemia-reperfusion might be beneficial for neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oak Z Chi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, Suite 3100, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1977, USA.
| | - Scott J Mellender
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, Suite 3100, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1977, USA
| | - Geza K Kiss
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, Suite 3100, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1977, USA
| | - Antonio Chiricolo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, Suite 3100, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1977, USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, Suite 3100, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1977, USA
| | - Nikhil Patel
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Estela Jacinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Harvey R Weiss
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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11
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Lee TH, Yang JT, Lin JR, Hu CJ, Chou WH, Lin CP, Chi NF. Protective effects of ischemic preconditioning against neuronal apoptosis and dendritic injury in the hippocampus are age-dependent. J Neurochem 2020; 155:430-447. [PMID: 32314365 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning with non-lethal ischemia can be protective against lethal forebrain ischemia. We hypothesized that aging may aggravate ischemic susceptibility and reduce brain plasticity against preconditioning. Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a sensitive tool to detect brain integrity and white matter architecture. This study used DTI and histopathology to investigate the effect of aging on ischemic preconditioning. In this study, adult and middle-aged male Mongolian gerbils were subjected to non-lethal 5-min forebrain ischemia (ischemic preconditioning) or sham-operation, followed by 3 days of reperfusion, and then lethal 15-min forebrain ischemia. A 9.4-Tesla MR imaging system was used to study DTI indices, namely fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), and intervoxel coherence (IC) in the hippocampal CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG) areas. In situ expressions of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2, dendritic marker protein) and apoptosis were also examined. The 5-min ischemia did not cause dendritic and neuronal injury and any significant change in DTI indices and MAP2 in adult and middle-aged gerbils. The 15-min ischemia-induced significant delayed neuronal apoptosis and early dendritic injury evidenced by DTI and MAP2 studies in both CA1 and DG areas with more severe injury in middle-aged gerbils than adult gerbils. Ischemic preconditioning could improve neuronal apoptosis in CA1 area and dendritic integrity in both CA1 and DG areas with better improvement in adult gerbils than middle-aged gerbils. This study thus suggests an age-dependent protective effect of ischemic preconditioning against both neuronal apoptosis and dendritic injury in hippocampus after forebrain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsong-Hai Lee
- Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Tsung Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Rung Lin
- Clinical Informatics and Medical Statistics Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chaur-Jong Hu
- Department of Neurology, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hai Chou
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Po Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Fang Chi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Klein P, Friedman A, Hameed MQ, Kaminski RM, Bar-Klein G, Klitgaard H, Koepp M, Jozwiak S, Prince DA, Rotenberg A, Twyman R, Vezzani A, Wong M, Löscher W. Repurposed molecules for antiepileptogenesis: Missing an opportunity to prevent epilepsy? Epilepsia 2020; 61:359-386. [PMID: 32196665 PMCID: PMC8317585 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of epilepsy is a great unmet need. Acute central nervous system (CNS) insults such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), and CNS infections account for 15%-20% of all epilepsy. Following TBI and CVA, there is a latency of days to years before epilepsy develops. This allows treatment to prevent or modify postinjury epilepsy. No such treatment exists. In animal models of acquired epilepsy, a number of medications in clinical use for diverse indications have been shown to have antiepileptogenic or disease-modifying effects, including medications with excellent side effect profiles. These include atorvastatin, ceftriaxone, losartan, isoflurane, N-acetylcysteine, and the antiseizure medications levetiracetam, brivaracetam, topiramate, gabapentin, pregabalin, vigabatrin, and eslicarbazepine acetate. In addition, there are preclinical antiepileptogenic data for anakinra, rapamycin, fingolimod, and erythropoietin, although these medications have potential for more serious side effects. However, except for vigabatrin, there have been almost no translation studies to prevent or modify epilepsy using these potentially "repurposable" medications. We may be missing an opportunity to develop preventive treatment for epilepsy by not evaluating these medications clinically. One reason for the lack of translation studies is that the preclinical data for most of these medications are disparate in terms of types of injury, models within different injury type, dosing, injury-treatment initiation latencies, treatment duration, and epilepsy outcome evaluation mode and duration. This makes it difficult to compare the relative strength of antiepileptogenic evidence across the molecules, and difficult to determine which drug(s) would be the best to evaluate clinically. Furthermore, most preclinical antiepileptogenic studies lack information needed for translation, such as dose-blood level relationship, brain target engagement, and dose-response, and many use treatment parameters that cannot be applied clinically, for example, treatment initiation before or at the time of injury and dosing higher than tolerated human equivalent dosing. Here, we review animal and human antiepileptogenic evidence for these medications. We highlight the gaps in our knowledge for each molecule that need to be filled in order to consider clinical translation, and we suggest a platform of preclinical antiepileptogenesis evaluation of potentially repurposable molecules or their combinations going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Klein
- Mid-Atlantic Epilepsy and Sleep Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alon Friedman
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, and Brain and Cognitive Science, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Departments of Medical Neuroscience and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Mustafa Q. Hameed
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rafal M. Kaminski
- Neurosymptomatic Domains Section, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guy Bar-Klein
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Henrik Klitgaard
- Neurosciences Therapeutic Area, UCB Pharma, Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Mathias Koepp
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sergiusz Jozwiak
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David A. Prince
- Neurology and the Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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13
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Liu H, Cao X, Wang H, Zhao J, Wang X, Wang Y. Antimicrobial peptide KR-32 alleviates Escherichia coli K88-induced fatty acid malabsorption by improving expression of fatty acid transporter protein 4 (FATP4)1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:2342-2356. [PMID: 30958881 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection causes nutrient malabsorption in small intestine. KR-32, a kind of synthetic antimicrobial peptide, has the bacteriostatic effect. In the present study, 2 experiments were designed to analyze the effects of KR-32 on fat absorption of piglets with or without Escherichia coli infection. In Exp. 1, 12 weaning piglets (21 d old) were allocated to 2 groups: piglets with an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of antimicrobial peptide KR-32 (APK) and piglets with an i.p. injection of an equivalent volume (1 mL) of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (CON-1). Results showed that after 7 d of growth, KR-32 did not significantly change growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of feed nutrients of normal pigs. To confirm whether KR-32 affects those of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88-challenged pigs, we performed Exp. 2, in which 18 piglets (28 d old) were divided into the following 3 groups: 1) piglets orally challenged with 1 × 1010 cfu ETEC K88 on day 1 followed by an i.p. injection of 0.6 mg/kg KR-32 (K88 + APK); 2) piglets orally challenged with 1 × 1010 cfu ETEC K88 on day 1 followed by an i.p. injection of an equivalent volume (1 mL) of PBS (K88); and 3) piglets with an oral administration of fresh Luria-Bertani broth (50 mL) followed by an i.p. injection of an equivalent volume of PBS (CON-2). Results showed that ETEC K88 challenge led to poor ADFI, ADG, and G:F in piglets; decreased ATTD of feed nutrients, especially CP and ether extract (EE); and intestinal morphology disorder. After i.p. injection of KR-32, ADG and ATTD of CP and EE were greatly increased, G:F was significantly reduced (P < 0.05), and, especially, ATTD of EE returned to a normal level compared with group CON-2. Fatty acid absorption also highly increased after KR-32 injection. Then we focused on fat digestion and fatty acid uptake. The pH in the intestine and pancreas lipase showed no difference among the 3 treatment groups, whereas fatty acid transporter protein 4 (FATP4) expression was remarkably improved (P < 0.05) and the epithelial barrier was recovered after i.p. injection of KR-32. In conclusion, KR-32, given to ETEC K88-challenged piglets, improved growth performance, ATTD of EE, fatty acid absorption, and intestinal morphology, which indicated that KR-32 was likely to improve the expression of FATP4 and by repairing the epithelial barrier, thereby alleviating fatty acid malabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyuan Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xinxia Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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14
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Wen YT, Zhang JR, Kapupara K, Tsai RK. mTORC2 activation protects retinal ganglion cells via Akt signaling after autophagy induction in traumatic optic nerve injury. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-11. [PMID: 31409770 PMCID: PMC6802655 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic optic neuropathy is an injury to the optic nerve that leads to vision loss. Autophagy is vital for cell survival and cell death in central nervous system injury, but the role of autophagy in traumatic optic nerve injury remains uncertain. Optic nerve crush is a robust model of traumatic optic nerve injury. p62 siRNA and rapamycin are autophagy inducers and have different neuroprotective effects in the central nervous system. In this study, p62 and rapamycin induced autophagy, but only p62 siRNA treatment provided a favorable protective effect in visual function and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival. Moreover, the number of macrophages at the optic nerve lesion site was lower in the p62-siRNA-treated group than in the other groups. p62 siRNA induced more M2 macrophage polarization than rapamycin did. Rapamycin inhibited both mTORC1 and mTORC2 activation, whereas p62 siRNA inhibited only mTORC1 activation and maintained mTORC2 and Akt activation. Inhibition of mTORC2-induced Akt activation resulted in blood–optic nerve barrier disruption. Combined treatment with rapamycin and the mTORC2 activator SC79 improved RGC survival. Overall, our findings suggest that mTORC2 activation after autophagy induction is necessary for the neuroprotection of RGCs in traumatic optic nerve injury and may lead to new clinical applications. Regulating molecular signaling pathways that control the degradation of cellular components—a process known as autophagy—could offer a new approach to treating optic nerve damage after traumatic injuries. There is currently no established treatment option for traumatic optic nerve injury. Rong-Kung Tsai and colleagues at Tzu Chi University in Hualien, Taiwan, explored the role of a protein complex called mTORC2 in autophagy during the repair of optic nerves in rats. They investigated mTORC2 activation by small RNA molecules that also activate autophagy, and by drugs that activate autophagy but inhibit mTORC2. The results indicate that autophagy associated with activation of mTORC2 protects damaged retinal neurons and promotes visual recovery. In addition to treating optic nerve injuries, drugs activating mTORC2 and autophagy might help treat nerve-related diseases of the eye, including glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Tseng Wen
- Institute of Eye Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Rong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Kishan Kapupara
- Institute of Eye Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Kung Tsai
- Institute of Eye Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan. .,Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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15
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Chi OZ, Kiss GK, Mellender SJ, Liu X, Liu S, Jacinto E, Weiss HR. Inhibition of p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) by PF-4708671 decreased infarct size in early cerebral ischemia-reperfusion with decreased BBB permeability. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 855:202-207. [PMID: 31063769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
It is not clear whether inhibition of p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) is neuroprotective in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Decreasing blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption has been associated with a better neuronal outcome in cerebral ischemia. We hypothesized that inhibition of S6K1 would decrease BBB disruption and infarct size in the early stage of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed in rats under isoflurane anesthesia with controlled ventilation. 75 mg/kg of PF-4708671, an S6K1 inhibitor, was administered intraperitoneally 15 min after MCAO. After 1 h of MCAO and 2 h of reperfusion, the transfer coefficient (Ki) of 14C-α-aminoisobutyric acid and the volume of 3H-dextran distribution were determined to assess the degree of BBB disruption. At the same time point, phosphorylated Rictor (pT1135) and the infarct size were measured to evaluate S6K1 activity. In the PF-4708671 treated rats, the Ki of the ischemic-reperfused cortex was lower than the untreated rats (-22%, P < 0.05) and the volume of dextran distribution was significantly lower in most brain regions. With PF-4708671, a significant decrease in pT1135 Rictor was observed and the percentage of cortical infarct out of total cortical area was decreased (11.6 ± 2.0% vs 7.2 ± 1.1%, P < 0.0001). Our data demonstrate that PF-4708671 decreased the size of the cortical infarct in the ischemic-reperfused cortex with a decrease in BBB disruption suggesting that inhibition of S6K1 may induce neuronal survival in early cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and that a decrease of BBB disruption could be one of the contributing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oak Z Chi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, Suite 3100, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-1977, USA.
| | - Geza K Kiss
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, Suite 3100, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-1977, USA
| | - Scott J Mellender
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, Suite 3100, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-1977, USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, Suite 3100, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-1977, USA
| | - Sharon Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Estela Jacinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Harvey R Weiss
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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16
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Delsing L, Dönnes P, Sánchez J, Clausen M, Voulgaris D, Falk A, Herland A, Brolén G, Zetterberg H, Hicks R, Synnergren J. Barrier Properties and Transcriptome Expression in Human iPSC-Derived Models of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1816-1827. [PMID: 30171748 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based models of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are important for increasing the knowledge of BBB formation, degradation and brain exposure of drug substances. Human models are preferred over animal models because of interspecies differences in BBB structure and function. However, access to human primary BBB tissue is limited and has shown degeneration of BBB functions in vitro. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be used to generate relevant cell types to model the BBB with human tissue. We generated a human iPSC-derived model of the BBB that includes endothelial cells in coculture with pericytes, astrocytes and neurons. Evaluation of barrier properties showed that the endothelial cells in our coculture model have high transendothelial electrical resistance, functional efflux and ability to discriminate between CNS permeable and non-permeable substances. Whole genome expression profiling revealed transcriptional changes that occur in coculture, including upregulation of tight junction proteins, such as claudins and neurotransmitter transporters. Pathway analysis implicated changes in the WNT, TNF, and PI3K-Akt pathways upon coculture. Our data suggest that coculture of iPSC-derived endothelial cells promotes barrier formation on a functional and transcriptional level. The information about gene expression changes in coculture can be used to further improve iPSC-derived BBB models through selective pathway manipulation. Stem Cells 2018;36:1816-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Delsing
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Systems Biology Research Center, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden.,Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - José Sánchez
- Biostatistics, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Maryam Clausen
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Dimitrios Voulgaris
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Herland
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriella Brolén
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Ryan Hicks
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jane Synnergren
- Systems Biology Research Center, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
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17
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Nadeau CA, Dietrich K, Wilkinson CM, Crawford AM, George GN, Nichol HK, Colbourne F. Prolonged Blood-Brain Barrier Injury Occurs After Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Is Not Acutely Associated with Additional Bleeding. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 10:287-297. [PMID: 29949086 PMCID: PMC6526148 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) causes blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage along with altered element levels in the brain. BBB permeability was quantified at 3, 7, and 14 days with Evans Blue dye after collagenase-induced ICH in rat. At peak permeability (day 3), a gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agent was injected to further characterize BBB disruption, and X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI) was used to map Gd, Fe, Cl, and other elements. XFI revealed that Ca, Cl, Gd, and Fe concentrations were significantly elevated, whereas K was significantly decreased. Therefore, using Gd-XFI, we co-determined BBB dysfunction with alterations in the metallome, including those that contribute to cell death and functional outcome. Warfarin was administered 3 days post-ICH to investigate whether additional or new bleeding occurs during peak BBB dysfunction, and hematoma volume was assessed on day 4. Warfarin administration prolonged bleeding time after a peripheral cut-induced bleed, but warfarin did not worsen hematoma volume. Accordingly, extensive BBB leakage occurred after ICH, but did not appear to affect total hematoma size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby A Nadeau
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, P217 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Kristen Dietrich
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Cassandra M Wilkinson
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, P217 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Andrew M Crawford
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Graham N George
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Helen K Nichol
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Frederick Colbourne
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, P217 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada. .,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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18
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Liu X, Kiss GK, Mellender SJ, Weiss HR, Chi OZ. Activation of Akt by SC79 decreased cerebral infarct in early cerebral ischemia-reperfusion despite increased BBB disruption. Neurosci Lett 2018; 681:78-82. [PMID: 29859325 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Activation of Akt has been suggested to produce neuronal protection in cerebral ischemia. Decreasing blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption has been associated with a better neuronal outcome in cerebral ischemia. We hypothesized that activation of Akt would decrease BBB disruption and contribute to decreasing the size of infarct in the early stage of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion within the therapeutic window. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed in rats under isoflurane anesthesia with controlled ventilation. Rats were treated with SC79 (a selective Akt activator which is cell and BBB permeable) 0.05 mg/kg × 3 i.p. or vehicle i.p. perioperatively. After one hour of MCAO and two hours of reperfusion, the transfer coefficient (Ki) of 14C-α-aminoisobutyric acid (14C-AIB, molecular weight 104 Da) and the volume of 3H-dextran (molecular weight 70,000 Da) distribution were determined to measure the degree of BBB disruption. At the same time point, the size of infarction was determined using tetrazolium staining. In an additional group of rats, a higher dose of SC79 (0.5 mg/kg × 3) was administered to determine the size of infarct. Administration of SC79 increased the Ki in the ischemic-reperfused cortex (IR-C, +32%, p < 0.05) as well as in the contralateral cortex (CC, +35%, p < 0.05) when compared with the untreated animals with MCAO/reperfusion. The volume of dextran distribution was not significantly changed by SC79. SC79 treatment significantly produced a decrease in the percentage of cortical infarct out of total cortical area (12.7 ± 1.7% vs 6.9 ± 0.9%, p < 0.001). Increasing the dose of SC79 by ten times did not significantly affect the size of cortical infarct. Contrary to our hypothesis, our data demonstrated that SC79 decreased the size of the infarct in the ischemic-reperfused cortex despite an increase in BBB disruption. Our data suggest the importance of activation of Akt for neuronal survival in the early stage of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion within the therapeutic window and that the mechanism of neuroprotection may not be related to the BBB effects of SC79.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, Suite 3100, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-1977, USA
| | - Geza K Kiss
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, Suite 3100, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-1977, USA
| | - Scott J Mellender
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, Suite 3100, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-1977, USA
| | - Harvey R Weiss
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Oak Z Chi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, Suite 3100, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-1977, USA.
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