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Caffaratti H, Slater B, Shaheen N, Rhone A, Calmus R, Kritikos M, Kumar S, Dlouhy B, Oya H, Griffiths T, Boes AD, Trapp N, Kaiser M, Sallet J, Banks MI, Howard MA, Zanaty M, Petkov CI. Neuromodulation with Ultrasound: Hypotheses on the Directionality of Effects and a Community Resource. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.06.14.24308829. [PMID: 38947047 PMCID: PMC11213082 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.14.24308829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Low-intensity Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation (TUS) is a promising non-invasive technique for deep-brain stimulation and focal neuromodulation. Research with animal models and computational modelling has raised the possibility that TUS can be biased towards enhancing or suppressing neural function. Here, we first conduct a systematic review of human TUS studies for perturbing neural function and alleviating brain disorders. We then collate a set of hypotheses on the directionality of TUS effects and conduct an initial meta-analysis on the human TUS study reported outcomes to date ( n = 32 studies, 37 experiments). We find that parameters such as the duty cycle show some predictability regarding whether the targeted area's function is likely to be enhanced or suppressed. Given that human TUS sample sizes are exponentially increasing, we recognize that results can stabilize or change as further studies are reported. Therefore, we conclude by establishing an Iowa-Newcastle (inTUS) resource for the systematic reporting of TUS parameters and outcomes to support further hypothesis testing for greater precision in brain stimulation and neuromodulation with TUS. Highlights Systematic review of human TUS studies for enhancing or suppressing neural functionCollated set of hypotheses on using TUS to bias towards enhancement or suppressionMeta-analysis results identify parameters that may bias the directionality of effectsTUS resource established for systematic reporting of TUS parameters and outcomes.
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Meng W, Lin Z, Bian T, Chen X, Meng L, Yuan T, Niu L, Zheng H. Ultrasound Deep Brain Stimulation Regulates Food Intake and Body Weight in Mice. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2024; 32:366-377. [PMID: 38194393 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2024.3351312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Given the widespread occurrence of obesity, new strategies are urgently needed to prevent, halt and reverse this condition. We proposed a noninvasive neurostimulation tool, ultrasound deep brain stimulation (UDBS), which can specifically modulate the hypothalamus and effectively regulate food intake and body weight in mice. Fifteen-min UDBS of hypothalamus decreased 41.4% food intake within 2 hours. Prolonged 1-hour UDBS significantly decreased daily food intake lasting 4 days. UDBS also effectively restrained body weight gain in leptin-receptor knockout mice (Sham: 96.19%, UDBS: 58.61%). High-fat diet (HFD) mice treated with 4-week UDBS (15 min / 2 days) reduced 28.70% of the body weight compared to the Sham group. Meanwhile, UDBS significantly modulated glucose-lipid metabolism and decreased the body fat. The potential mechanism is that ultrasound actives pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the hypothalamus for reduction of food intake and body weight. These results provide a noninvasive tool for controlling food intake, enabling systematic treatment of obesity.
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Sharma V, Páscoa dos Santos F, Verschure PFMJ. Patient-specific modeling for guided rehabilitation of stroke patients: the BrainX3 use-case. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1279875. [PMID: 38099071 PMCID: PMC10719856 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1279875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BrainX3 is an interactive neuroinformatics platform that has been thoughtfully designed to support neuroscientists and clinicians with the visualization, analysis, and simulation of human neuroimaging, electrophysiological data, and brain models. The platform is intended to facilitate research and clinical use cases, with a focus on personalized medicine diagnostics, prognostics, and intervention decisions. BrainX3 is designed to provide an intuitive user experience and is equipped to handle different data types and 3D visualizations. To enhance patient-based analysis, and in keeping with the principles of personalized medicine, we propose a framework that can assist clinicians in identifying lesions and making patient-specific intervention decisions. To this end, we are developing an AI-based model for lesion identification, along with a mapping of tract information. By leveraging the patient's lesion information, we can gain valuable insights into the structural damage caused by the lesion. Furthermore, constraining whole-brain models with patient-specific disconnection masks can allow for the detection of mesoscale excitatory-inhibitory imbalances that cause disruptions in macroscale network properties. Finally, such information has the potential to guide neuromodulation approaches, assisting in the choice of candidate targets for stimulation techniques such as Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation (TUS), which modulate E-I balance, potentiating cortical reorganization and the restoration of the dynamics and functionality disrupted due to the lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Sharma
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Francisco Páscoa dos Santos
- Eodyne Systems S.L., Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul F. M. J. Verschure
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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4
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Chen R, Du W, Zhang X, Xu R, Jiang W, Zhang C, Yang Y, Zhang H, Xie X, Song D, Yuan Y, Zhang X. Protective effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) against cerebral ischemic stroke in mice by promoting brain vascular remodeling via the inhibition of ROCK1/p-MLC2 signaling pathway. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:10984-10996. [PMID: 37771006 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling is essential for patients with cerebral ischemic stroke (CIS). Our previous study proved that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) could increase cortical hemodynamics. However, the effects and mechanisms of LIPUS on cerebral vascular remodeling after CIS are still unknown. In this study, we applied LIPUS to the mouse brain at 0.5 h after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) and subsequently daily for a stimulation time of 30 min. Results showed that compared with the dMCAO group, LIPUS markedly increased cerebral blood flow (CBF), reduced brain swelling, and improved functional recovery at day 3 after CIS. LIPUS promoted leptomeningeal vasculature remodeling, enlarged vascular diameter, and increased the average vessel length and density at day 3 after CIS. Proteomic analysis highlighted that LIPUS mainly participated in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton pathway. Rho kinase 1 (ROCK1) was downregulated by LIPUS and participated in regulation of actin cytoskeleton. Subsequently, we verified that ROCK1 was mainly expressed in pericytes. Furthermore, we demonstrated that LIPUS inhibited ROCK1/p-MLC2 signaling pathway after CIS, which had positive effects on vascular remodeling and cerebral blood circulation. In conclusion, our preliminary study revealed the vascular remodeling effects and mechanism of LIPUS in CIS, provided evidence for potential clinical application of LIPUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Renhao Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Huiran Zhang
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
| | - Xiaoli Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Degang Song
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Hebei Medical University, No. 258, Wenhua Road, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066000, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- School of Electrical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuromodulation of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Xiangjian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
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Liu T, Shi J, Fu Y, Zhang Y, Bai Y, He S, Deng W, Jin Q, Chen Y, Fang L, He L, Li Y, Yang Y, Zhang L, Lv Q, Wang J, Xie M. New trends in non-pharmacological approaches for cardiovascular disease: Therapeutic ultrasound. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2023; 33:431-440. [PMID: 35461990 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances in application of therapeutic ultrasound have been reported in the past decades. Therapeutic ultrasound is an emerging non-invasive stimulation technique. This approach has shown high potential for treatment of various disease including cardiovascular disease. In this review, application principle and significance of the basic parameters of therapeutic ultrasound are summarized. The effects of therapeutic ultrasound in myocardial ischemia, heart failure, myocarditis, arrhythmias, and hypertension are explored, with key focus on the underlying mechanism. Further, the limitations and challenges of ultrasound therapy on clinical translation are evaluated to promote application of the novel strategy in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Liu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiawei Shi
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yanan Fu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yichan Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ying Bai
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shukun He
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wenhui Deng
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qiaofeng Jin
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yihan Chen
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lingyun Fang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lin He
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuman Li
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yali Yang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Mingxing Xie
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China.
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6
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Zheng H, Niu L, Qiu W, Liang D, Long X, Li G, Liu Z, Meng L. The Emergence of Functional Ultrasound for Noninvasive Brain-Computer Interface. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0200. [PMID: 37588619 PMCID: PMC10427153 DOI: 10.34133/research.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
A noninvasive brain-computer interface is a central task in the comprehensive analysis and understanding of the brain and is an important challenge in international brain-science research. Current implanted brain-computer interfaces are cranial and invasive, which considerably limits their applications. The development of new noninvasive reading and writing technologies will advance substantial innovations and breakthroughs in the field of brain-computer interfaces. Here, we review the theory and development of the ultrasound brain functional imaging and its applications. Furthermore, we introduce latest advancements in ultrasound brain modulation and its applications in rodents, primates, and human; its mechanism and closed-loop ultrasound neuromodulation based on electroencephalograph are also presented. Finally, high-frequency acoustic noninvasive brain-computer interface is prospected based on ultrasound super-resolution imaging and acoustic tweezers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Zheng
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Weibao Qiu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dong Liang
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaojing Long
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guanglin Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Integration Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Integration Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Long Meng
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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7
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Davis CM, Ammi AY, Zhu W, Methner C, Cao Z, Giraud D, Alkayed NJ, Woltjer RL, Kaul S. Low-Intensity Ultrasound Reduces Brain Infarct Size by Upregulating Phosphorylated Endothelial Nitric Oxide in Mouse Model of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2023; 49:1091-1101. [PMID: 36739244 PMCID: PMC10050145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There have been attempts to use therapeutic ultrasound (US) for the treatment of both experimental and clinical stroke. We hypothesized that low-intensity US has direct beneficial effects on the brain independent of cerebral blood flow (CBF) during middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). METHODS Three groups of mice were studied. Group I included 84 mice with MCAO undergoing US treatment/no treatment at two US frequencies (0.25 and 1.05 MHz) with three different acoustic pressures at each frequency in which infarct size (IS) was measured 24 h later. Group II included 11 mice undergoing treatment based on best US results from group I animals in which the IS/risk area (RA) ratio was measured 24 h later. Group III included 38 normal mice undergoing US treatment/no treatment for assessment of CBF, tissue metabolite and protein expression and histopathology. DISCUSSION Ultrasound at both frequencies and most acoustic pressures resulted in reduction in IS in group I animals, with the best results obtained with 0.25 MHz at 2.0 MPa: IS was reduced 4-fold in the cerebral cortex, 1.5-fold in the caudate putamen and 3.5-fold in the cerebral hemisphere compared with control. US application in group III animals elicited only a marginal increase in CBF despite a 2.6-fold increase in phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-eNOS)-S1177 and a corresponding decrease in p-eNOS-T494. Histopathology revealed no evidence of hemorrhage, inflammation or necrosis. CONCLUSION Low-intensity US at specific frequencies and acoustic pressures results in marked neuroprotection in a mouse model of stroke by modulation of p-eNOS independent of its effect on CBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Davis
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Azzdine Y Ammi
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Wenbin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Carmen Methner
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Zhiping Cao
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David Giraud
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Randy L Woltjer
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sanjiv Kaul
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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8
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Choudhary M, Chaudhari S, Gupta T, Kalyane D, Sirsat B, Kathar U, Sengupta P, Tekade RK. Stimuli-Responsive Nanotherapeutics for Treatment and Diagnosis of Stroke. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041036. [PMID: 37111522 PMCID: PMC10141724 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second most common medical emergency and constitutes a significant cause of global morbidity. The conventional stroke treatment strategies, including thrombolysis, antiplatelet therapy, endovascular thrombectomy, neuroprotection, neurogenesis, reducing neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, hemostatic treatment, do not provide efficient relief to the patients due to lack of appropriate delivery systems, large doses, systemic toxicity. In this context, guiding the nanoparticles toward the ischemic tissues by making them stimuli-responsive can be a turning point in managing stroke. Hence, in this review, we first outline the basics of stroke, including its pathophysiology, factors affecting its development, current treatment therapies, and their limitations. Further, we have discussed stimuli-responsive nanotherapeutics used for diagnosing and treating stroke with challenges ahead for the safe use of nanotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Choudhary
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Sayali Chaudhari
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Tanisha Gupta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Dnyaneshwar Kalyane
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhagwat Sirsat
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Umesh Kathar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh K Tekade
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
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9
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Li KP, Wu JJ, Zhou ZL, Xu DS, Zheng MX, Hua XY, Xu JG. Noninvasive Brain Stimulation for Neurorehabilitation in Post-Stroke Patients. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13030451. [PMID: 36979261 PMCID: PMC10046557 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13030451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterized by high morbidity, mortality, and disability, stroke usually causes symptoms of cerebral hypoxia due to a sudden blockage or rupture of brain vessels, and it seriously threatens human life and health. Rehabilitation is the essential treatment for post-stroke patients suffering from functional impairments, through which hemiparesis, aphasia, dysphagia, unilateral neglect, depression, and cognitive dysfunction can be restored to various degrees. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is a popular neuromodulatory technology of rehabilitation focusing on the local cerebral cortex, which can improve clinical functions by regulating the excitability of corresponding neurons. Increasing evidence has been obtained from the clinical application of NIBS, especially repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). However, without a standardized protocol, existing studies on NIBS show a wide variation in terms of stimulation site, frequency, intensity, dosage, and other parameters. Its application for neurorehabilitation in post-stroke patients is still limited. With advances in neuronavigation technologies, functional near-infrared spectroscopy, and functional MRI, specific brain regions can be precisely located for stimulation. On the basis of our further understanding on neural circuits, neuromodulation in post-stroke rehabilitation has also evolved from single-target stimulation to co-stimulation of two or more targets, even circuits and the network. The present study aims to review the findings of current research, discuss future directions of NIBS application, and finally promote the use of NIBS in post-stroke rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Peng Li
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia-Jia Wu
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Zong-Lei Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Xu
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mou-Xiong Zheng
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
- Correspondence: (M.-X.Z.); (X.-Y.H.); (J.-G.X.)
| | - Xu-Yun Hua
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
- Correspondence: (M.-X.Z.); (X.-Y.H.); (J.-G.X.)
| | - Jian-Guang Xu
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent Rehabilitation, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
- Correspondence: (M.-X.Z.); (X.-Y.H.); (J.-G.X.)
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10
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Kim E, Kum J, Lee SH, Kim H. Development of a wireless ultrasonic brain stimulation system for concurrent bilateral neuromodulation in freely moving rodents. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1011699. [PMID: 36213731 PMCID: PMC9539445 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1011699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilateral brain stimulation is an important modality used to investigate brain circuits and treat neurological conditions. Recently, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) received significant attention as a novel non-invasive neurostimulation technique with high spatial specificity. Despite the growing interest, the typical ultrasound brain stimulation study, especially for small animals, is limited to a single target of sonication. The constraint is associated with the complexity and the cost of the hardware system required to achieve multi-regional sonication. This work presented the development of a low-cost LIPUS system with a pair of single-element ultrasound transducers to address the above problem. The system was built with a multicore processor with an RF amplifier circuit. In addition, LIPUS device was incorporated with a wireless module (bluetooth low energy) and powered by a single 3.7 V battery. As a result, we achieved an ultrasound transmission with a central frequency of 380 kHz and a peak-to-peak pressure of 480 kPa from each ultrasound transducer. The developed system was further applied to anesthetized rats to investigate the difference between uni- and bilateral stimulation. A significant difference in cortical power density extracted from electroencephalogram signals was observed between uni- and bilateral LIPUS stimulation. The developed device provides an affordable solution to investigate the effects of LIPUS on functional interhemispheric connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Kim
- Biomedical Research Division, Bionics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeungeun Kum
- Biomedical Research Division, Bionics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Lee
- Biomedical Research Division, Bionics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyungmin Kim
- Biomedical Research Division, Bionics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hyungmin Kim,
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11
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Zhang MF, Chen WZ, Huang FB, Peng ZY, Quan YC, Tang ZM. Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation facilitates hand motor function and cortical excitability: A crossover, randomized, double blind study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:926027. [PMID: 36147048 PMCID: PMC9486841 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.926027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is a new form of non-invasive brain stimulation. Low-intensity TUS is considered highly safe. We aimed to investigate the effect of low-intensity TUS on hand reaction responses and cortical excitability in healthy adults. Methods This study used a crossover, randomized, and double-blind design. A total of 20 healthy participants were recruited for the study. All the participants received TUS and sham stimulation on separate days in random order. The finger tapping test (tapping score by using a tablet) and motor evoked potential (MEP) were assessed before and after stimulation, and discomfort levels were assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) score. Results No significant differences in tapping score or MEP amplitude between the two experimental conditions were registered before stimulation. After stimulation, tapping scores were increased regardless of the specific treatment, and the real stimulation condition receiving TUS (90.4 ± 11.0 points) outperformed the sham stimulation condition (86.1 ± 8.4 points) (p = 0.002). The MEP latency of real TUS (21.85 ± 1.33 ms) was shorter than that of sham TUS (22.42 ± 1.43 ms) (p < 0.001). MEP amplitude of real TUS (132.18 ± 23.28 μV) was higher than that of sham TUS (114.74 ± 25.5 μV, p = 0.005). There was no significant difference in the discomfort score between the two conditions (p = 0.163). Conclusion Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) can decrease the hand reaction response time and latency of the MEP, enhance the excitability of the motor cortex, and improve hand motor function in healthy individuals without obvious discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Fei Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yuedong Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China
| | - Wei-Zhou Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yuedong Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China
| | - Fub-Biao Huang
- Department of Occupational Therapy, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Peng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yuedong Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China
| | - Ying-Chan Quan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yuedong Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yuedong Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi-Ming Tang
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12
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Guo J, Lo WLA, Hu H, Yan L, Li L. Transcranial ultrasound stimulation applied in ischemic stroke rehabilitation: A review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:964060. [PMID: 35937889 PMCID: PMC9355469 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.964060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a serious medical condition that is caused by cerebral vascular occlusion and leads to neurological dysfunction. After stroke, patients suffer from long-term sensory, motor and cognitive impairment. Non-invasive neuromodulation technology has been widely studied in the field of stroke rehabilitation. Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS), as a safe and non-invasive technique with deep penetration ability and a tiny focus, is an emerging technology. It can produce mechanical and thermal effects by delivering sound waves to brain tissue that can induce the production of neurotrophic factors (NFs) in the brain, and reduce cell apoptosis and the inflammatory response. TUS, which involves application of an acoustic wave, can also dissolve blood clots and be used to deliver therapeutic drugs to the ischemic region. TUS has great potential in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Future advancements in imaging and parameter optimization will improve the safety and efficacy of this technology in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiecheng Guo
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wai Leung Ambrose Lo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijing Hu
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Li Yan
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Li Yan,
| | - Le Li
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Le Li,
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13
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Kaloss AM, Arnold LN, Soliman E, Langman M, Groot N, Vlaisavljevich E, Theus MH. Noninvasive Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Mediates Tissue Protection following Ischemic Stroke. BME FRONTIERS 2022; 2022:9864910. [PMID: 37850177 PMCID: PMC10521672 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9864910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective and Impact Statement. This study examined the efficacy and safety of pulsed, low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) and determined its ability to provide neuroprotection in a murine permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) model. Introduction. Focused ultrasound (FUS) has emerged as a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke; however, its nonthrombolytic properties remain ill-defined. Therefore, we examined how LIFU influenced neuroprotection and vascular changes following stroke. Due to the critical role of leptomeningeal anastomoses or pial collateral vessels, in cerebral blood flow restoration and tissue protection following ischemic stroke, we also investigated their growth and remodeling. Methods. Mice were exposed to transcranial LIFU (fundamental frequency: 1.1 MHz, sonication duration: 300 ms, interstimulus interval: 3 s, pulse repetition frequency: 1 kHz, duty cycle per pulse: 50%, and peak negative pressure: -2.0 MPa) for 30 minutes following induction of pMCAO and then evaluated for infarct volume, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and pial collateral remodeling at 24 hrs post-pMCAO. Results. We found significant neuroprotection in mice exposed to LIFU compared to mock treatment. These findings correlated with a reduced area of IgG deposition in the cerebral cortex, suggesting attenuation of BBB breakdown under LIFU conditions. We also observed increased diameter of CD31-postive microvessels in the ischemic cortex. We observed no significant difference in pial collateral vessel size between FUS and mock treatment at 24 hrs post-pMCAO. Conclusion. Our data suggests that therapeutic use of LIFU may induce protection through microvascular remodeling that is not related to its thrombolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Kaloss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Lauren N. Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061, USA
| | - Eman Soliman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Maya Langman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061, USA
| | - Nathalie Groot
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Eli Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061, USA
- Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Michelle H. Theus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg Virginia 24061, USA
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14
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Zhu S, Meng B, Jiang J, Wang X, Luo N, Liu N, Shen H, Wang L, Li Q. The Updated Role of Transcranial Ultrasound Neuromodulation in Ischemic Stroke: From Clinical and Basic Research. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:839023. [PMID: 35221926 PMCID: PMC8873076 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.839023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a common cause of death and disability worldwide, which leads to serious neurological and physical dysfunction and results in heavy economic and social burdens. For now, timely and effective dissolution of thrombus, and ultimately improvement in the recovery of neurological functions, is the treatment strategy focus. Recently, many studies have reported that transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS), as a non-invasive method, can dissolve thrombus, improve cerebral blood circulation, and exert a neuroprotective effect post-stroke. TUS can promote functional recovery and improve rehabilitation efficacy among patients with ischemic stroke. This mini-review summarizes the potential mechanism and limitation of TUS in stroke aims to provide a new strategy for the future treatment of patients with ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiping Zhu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Bin Meng
- Department of Ultrasound, Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jianping Jiang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xiaotao Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Na Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Huaping Shen
- Department of Ultrasound, Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Starbody Plastic Surgery Clinic, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
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15
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Deng LD, Qi L, Suo Q, Wu SJ, Mamtilahun M, Shi RB, Liu Z, Sun JF, Tang YH, Zhang ZJ, Yang GY, Wang JX. Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation reduces vasogenic edema after middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2058-2063. [PMID: 35142697 PMCID: PMC8848588 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption underlies the vasogenic edema and neuronal cell death induced by acute ischemic stroke. Reducing this disruption has therapeutic potential. Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation has shown neuromodulatory and neuroprotective effects in various brain diseases including ischemic stroke. Ultrasound stimulation can reduce inflammation and promote angiogenesis and neural circuit remodeling. However, its effect on the BBB in the acute phase of ischemic stroke is unknown. In this study of mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion for 90 minutes, low-intensity low-frequency (0.5 MHz) transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation was applied 2, 4, and 8 hours after occlusion. Ultrasound stimulation reduced edema volume, improved neurobehavioral outcomes, improved BBB integrity (enhanced tight junction protein ZO-1 expression and reduced IgG leakage), and reduced secretion of the inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the ischemic brain. Our results show that low-intensity ultrasound stimulation attenuated BBB disruption and edema formation, which suggests it may have therapeutic use in ischemic brain disease as a protector of BBB integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Dong Deng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, and Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, and Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Suo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, and Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Ju Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, and Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Muyassar Mamtilahun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, and Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ru-Bing Shi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, and Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, and Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Feng Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, and Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao-Hui Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, and Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, and Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, and Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Xian Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, and Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Yi SS, Zou JJ, Meng L, Chen HM, Hong ZQ, Liu XF, Farooq U, Chen MX, Lin ZR, Zhou W, Ao LJ, Hu XQ, Niu LL. Ultrasound Stimulation of Prefrontal Cortex Improves Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Depressive-Like Behaviors in Mice. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:864481. [PMID: 35573384 PMCID: PMC9099414 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.864481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that inflammatory responses may influence brain neurochemical pathways, inducing depressive-like behaviors. Ultrasound stimulation (US) is a promising non-invasive treatment for neuropsychiatric diseases. We investigated whether US can suppress inflammation and improve depressive-like behaviors. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide to induce depressive-like behaviors. Ultrasound wave was delivered into the prefrontal cortex (PFC) for 30 min. Depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated through the forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and elevated plus maze (EPM). Biochemical analyses were performed to assess the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the PFC and serum. The results indicated that US of the PFC significantly improved depressive-like behaviors in the TST (p < 0.05) and FST (p < 0.05). Anxiety-like behaviors also improved in the EPM (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the lipopolysaccharide-mediated upregulation of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the PFC was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) by US. In addition, no tissue damage was observed. Overall, US of PFC can effectively improve lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behaviors, possibly through the downregulation of inflammatory cytokines in the PFC. US may be a safe and promising tool for improvement of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Sha Yi
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,School of Rehabilitation, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun-Jie Zou
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Long Meng
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hou-Minji Chen
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong-Qiu Hong
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Liu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Umar Farooq
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mo-Xian Chen
- School of Rehabilitation, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zheng-Rong Lin
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li-Juan Ao
- School of Rehabilitation, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xi-Quan Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Li Niu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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17
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Yu F, Huang T, Ran Y, Li D, Ye L, Tian G, Xi J, Liu Z. New Insights Into the Roles of Microglial Regulation in Brain Plasticity-Dependent Stroke Recovery. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:727899. [PMID: 34421544 PMCID: PMC8374071 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.727899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains the leading cause of long-term disability worldwide with significant long-term sequelae. However, there is no highly effective treatment to enhance post-stroke recovery despite extensive efforts in exploring rehabilitative therapies. Neurorehabilitation is recognized as the cornerstone of functional restoration therapy in stroke, where treatments are focused on neuroplastic regulation to reverse neural structural disruption and improve neurofunctional networks. Post-stroke neuroplasticity changes begin within hours of symptom onset and reaches a plateau by 3 to 4 weeks within the global brain in animal studies. It plays a determining role in spontaneous stroke recovery. Microglia are immediately activated following cerebral ischemia, which has been found both proximal to the primary ischemic injury and at the remote brain regions which have functional connections to the primary injury area. Microglia exhibit different activation profiles based on the microenvironment and adaptively switch their phenotypes in a spatiotemporal manner in response to brain injuries. Microglial activation coincides with neuroplasticity after stroke, which provides the fundamental base for the microglia-mediated inflammatory responses involved in the entire neural network rewiring and brain repair. Microglial activation exerts important effects on spontaneous recovery after stroke, including structural and functional reestablishment of neurovascular networks, neurogenesis, axonal remodeling, and blood vessel regeneration. In this review, we focus on the crosstalk between microglial activation and endogenous neuroplasticity, with a special focus on the plastic alterations in the whole brain network and their implications for structural and functional restoration after stroke. We then summarize recent advances in the impacts of microglial phenotype polarization on brain plasticity, trying to discuss the potential efficacy of microglia-based extrinsic restorative interventions in promoting post-stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ran
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Da Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Guiqin Tian
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianing Xi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zongjian Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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18
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Dong Y, Liu D, Zhao Y, Yuan Y, Wang W, Wu S, Liang X, Wang Z, Liu L. Assessment of Neuroprotective Effects of Low-Intensity Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation in a Parkinson's Disease Rat Model by Fractional Anisotropy and Relaxation Time T2 ∗ Value. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:590354. [PMID: 33633533 PMCID: PMC7900573 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.590354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound (LITUS) may have a therapeutic effect on Parkinson's disease (PD) patients to some extent. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and relaxation time T2∗ that indicate the integrity of fiber tracts and iron concentrations in brain tissue have been used to evaluate the therapeutic effects of LITUS. Purpose: This study aims to use FA and T2∗ values to evaluate the therapeutic effects of LITUS in a PD rat model. Materials and Methods: Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a hemi-PD group (n = 10) and a LITUS group (n = 10). Single-shot spin echo echo-planar imaging and fast low-angle shot T2WI sequences at 3.0 T were used. The FA and T2∗ values on the right side of the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta were measured to evaluate the therapeutic effect of LITUS in the rats. Results: One week after PD-like signs were induced in the rats, the FA value in the LITUS group was significantly larger compared with the PD group (0.214 ± 0.027 vs. 0.340 ± 0.032, t = 2.864, P = 0.011). At the 5th and 6th weeks, the FA values in the LITUS group were significantly smaller compared with the PD group (5th week: 0.290 ± 0.037 vs. 0.405 ± 0.027, t = 2.385, P = 0.030; 6th week: 0.299 ± 0.021 vs. 0.525 ± 0.028, t = 6.620, P < 0.0001). In the 5th and 6th weeks, the T2∗ values in the injected right SN of the LITUS group were significantly higher compared with the PD group (5th week, 12.169 ± 0.826 in the LITUS group vs. 7.550 ± 0.824 in the PD group; 6th week, 11.749 ± 0.615 in the LITUS group vs. 7.550 ± 0.849 in the PD group). Conclusion: LITUS had neuroprotective effects and can reduce the damage of 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in hemi-PD rats. The combination of FA and T2∗ assessments can potentially serve as a new and effective method to evaluate the therapeutic effects of LITUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Dong
- Department of Interventional Treatment, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Defeng Liu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yuemei Zhao
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- College of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Wenxi Wang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Zhanqiu Wang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
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19
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Zheng T, Du J, Yuan Y, Wu S, Jin Y, Shi Q, Wang X, Liu L. Effect of Low Intensity Transcranial Ultrasound (LITUS) on Post-traumatic Brain Edema in Rats: Evaluation by Isotropic 3-Dimensional T2 and Multi-TE T2 Weighted MRI. Front Neurol 2020; 11:578638. [PMID: 33281713 PMCID: PMC7689022 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.578638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Brain edema is one of the important factors affecting the prognosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound (LITUS) has significant anti-cerebral edema effect. T2-weighted image-based volume and T2 value measurements can sensitively reflect tissue edema. Purpose: To evaluate the effect and possible mechanisms of LITUS on brain edema by iso-voxel 3-dimensional T2WI (iso-3D T2WI) and multi-TE T2WI. Methods: Forty-five rats were randomly divided into sham control, TBI and TBI + LITUS groups (n = 15, respectively). Iso-voxel 3-dimensional T2WI and multi-TE T2WI sequences at 3.0T to obtain T2 value and edema volume of the injury cortex. T2 values were obtained on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 after TBI and brain edema volume were obtained on days 7 and 14. Results: The T2 values of the damaged cortex in the TBI group showed a slow decreasing trend after a significant increase. For TBI+LITUS group, T2 values decreased with continuous LITUS treatment. At day 28, the T2 values were not significantly longer than the control group (adjusted P = 0.0535), but were significantly shorter than the TBI group at day 42 (adjusted P = 0.0003). The edema volume at day 7 and 14 in the LITUS group was significantly lower than the TBI group (P = 0.0004 and P < 0.0001, respectively). AQP-4 and β-APP protein staining showed a strong positive reaction near the CCI point, TBI+LITUS group showed a medium positive reaction, and the sham control group showed a weak positive reaction. Conclusion: The therapeutic effect of LITUS on post-traumatic brain edema was confirmed through T2 value and edema volume, and the mechanism may be related to inhibiting the expression of AQP-4 and promoting the removal of β-APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zheng
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yinglan Jin
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qinglei Shi
- Scientific Clinical Specialist, Siemens Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
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Gatto RG. Editorial for "Evaluating the Therapeutic Effect of Low-Intensity Transcranial Ultrasound on Traumatic Brain Injury With Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging". J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 52:532-533. [PMID: 32031305 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 4 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:532-533.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo G Gatto
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Zheng T, Yuan Y, Yang H, Du J, Wu S, Jin Y, Wang Z, Liu D, Shi Q, Wang X, Liu L. Evaluating the Therapeutic Effect of Low-Intensity Transcranial Ultrasound on Traumatic Brain Injury With Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 52:520-531. [PMID: 31999388 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound (LITUS) has a therapeutic effect on traumatic brain injury (TBI). Diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) might be able to evaluate the effect changes of injured brain microstructure. PURPOSE To evaluate the therapeutic effect of LITUS in a moderate TBI rat model with DKI parameters. STUDY TYPE Prospective case-control animal study. ANIMAL MODEL Forty-five rats were randomly divided into sham control, TBI, and LITUS treatment groups (n = 15). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE Single-shot spin echo echo-planar imaging and fast T2 WI sequences at 3.0T. ASSESSMENT DKI parameters were obtained on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 after TBI. STATISTICAL TESTS For the mean kurtosis (MK), axial kurtosis (Ka), and radial kurtosis (Kr) values, groups were compared using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS LITUS inhibited TBI and caused MK values to increase significantly during the early stage (LITUS vs. TBI, day 7, adjusted P < 0.0001) and decrease during the late stage (LITUS vs. TBI, day 42, adjusted P = 0.0156) in the damaged cortex. In the thalamus, the MK value of the TBI group began to rise on day 7, with no change observed in the LITUS group. TBI increases Ka value during the early stage in the cortex and decreases during the late stage in the cortex and thalamus. LITUS inhibited these Ka changes (LITUS vs. TBI, day 7, adjusted P = 0.0014; LITUS vs. TBI, day 42, adjusted P = 0.0026 and 0.0478, respectively, for cortex and thalamus). The Kr value increased slightly during the early stage in the cortex (TBI vs. Sham, day 1, adjusted P = 0.0016). DATA CONCLUSION The DKI parameter, particularly the MK value, evaluates primary cortical injury as well as the secondary brain injury that could not be detected by conventional T2 WI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy Stage: 4 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:520-531.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zheng
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Haoxiang Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yinglan Jin
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanqiu Wang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Defeng Liu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Qinglei Shi
- Scientific Clinical Specialist, Siemens Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
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Luo Y, Yang J, Wang H, Gan Z, Ran D. Cellular Mechanism Underlying rTMS Treatment for the Neural Plasticity of Nervous System in Drosophila Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184625. [PMID: 31540425 PMCID: PMC6770261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is used as a research tool and clinical treatment for the non-clinical and clinical populations, to modulate brain plasticity. In the case of neurologic and psychiatric disease, there is significant evidence to suggest that rTMS plays an important role in the functional recovery after neurological dysfunction. However, the causal role for rTMS in the recovery of nervous dysfunction remains unclear. The purpose of the present study is to detect the regulation of rTMS on the excitatory neuronal transmission and specify the mode of action of rTMS on the neural plasticity using Drosophila whole brain. Therefore, we identified the effects of rTMS on the neural plasticity of central neural system (CNS) by detecting the electrophysiology properties of projection neurons (PNs) from adult Drosophila brain after rTMS. Using patch clamp recordings, we recorded the mini excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) of PNs after rTMS at varying frequencies (1 Hz and 100 Hz) and intensities (1%, 10%, 50%, and 100%). Then, the chronic electrophysiology recordings, including mEPSC, spontaneous action potential (sAP), and calcium channel currents from PNs after rTMS at low frequency (1 Hz), with low intensity (1%) were detected and the properties of the recordings were analyzed. Finally, the frequency and decay time of mEPSC, the resting potential and frequency of sAP, and the current density and rise time of calcium channel currents were significantly changed by rTMS. Our work reveals that rTMS can be used as a tool to regulate the presynaptic function of neural circuit, by modulating the calcium channel in a frequency-, intensity- and time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Zongjie Gan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Donzhi Ran
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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