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Ku Y, Zhou Y. Crossmodal Associations and Working Memory in the Brain. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1437:91-100. [PMID: 38270855 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-7611-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Crossmodal associations between stimuli from different sensory modalities could emerge in non-synesthetic people and be stored in working memory to guide goal-directed behaviors. This chapter reviews a plethora of studies in this field to summarize where, when, and how crossmodal associations and working memory are processed. It has been found that in those brain regions that are traditionally considered as unimodal primary sensory areas, neural activity could be influenced by crossmodal sensory signals at temporally very early stage of information processing. This phenomenon could not be due to feedback projections from higher level associative areas. Sequentially, neural processes would then occur in associative cortical areas including the posterior parietal cortex and prefrontal cortex. Neural oscillations in multiple frequency bands may reflect brain activity in crossmodal associations, and it is likely that neural synchrony is related to potential neural mechanisms underlying these processes. Primary sensory areas and associative areas coordinate together through neural synchrony to fulfil crossmodal associations and to guide working memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Ku
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain and Mental Well-being, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yongdi Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Pais-Vieira C, Allahdad MK, Perrotta A, Peres AS, Kunicki C, Aguiar M, Oliveira M, Pais-Vieira M. Neurophysiological correlates of tactile width discrimination in humans. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1155102. [PMID: 37250697 PMCID: PMC10213448 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1155102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tactile information processing requires the integration of sensory, motor, and cognitive information. Width discrimination has been extensively studied in rodents, but not in humans. Methods Here, we describe Electroencephalography (EEG) signals in humans performing a tactile width discrimination task. The first goal of this study was to describe changes in neural activity occurring during the discrimination and the response periods. The second goal was to relate specific changes in neural activity to the performance in the task. Results Comparison of changes in power between two different periods of the task, corresponding to the discrimination of the tactile stimulus and the motor response, revealed the engagement of an asymmetrical network associated with fronto-temporo-parieto-occipital electrodes and across multiple frequency bands. Analysis of ratios of higher [Ratio 1: (0.5-20 Hz)/(0.5-45 Hz)] or lower frequencies [Ratio 2: (0.5-4.5 Hz)/(0.5-9 Hz)], during the discrimination period revealed that activity recorded from frontal-parietal electrodes was correlated to tactile width discrimination performance between-subjects, independently of task difficulty. Meanwhile, the dynamics in parieto-occipital electrodes were correlated to the changes in performance within-subjects (i.e., between the first and the second blocks) independently of task difficulty. In addition, analysis of information transfer, using Granger causality, further demonstrated that improvements in performance between blocks were characterized by an overall reduction in information transfer to the ipsilateral parietal electrode (P4) and an increase in information transfer to the contralateral parietal electrode (P3). Discussion The main finding of this study is that fronto-parietal electrodes encoded between-subjects' performances while parieto-occipital electrodes encoded within-subjects' performances, supporting the notion that tactile width discrimination processing is associated with a complex asymmetrical network involving fronto-parieto-occipital electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pais-Vieira
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Saúde (CIIS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde (ICS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mehrab K. Allahdad
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Saúde (CIIS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde (ICS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - André Perrotta
- Centre for Informatics and Systems of the University of Coimbra (CISUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - André S. Peres
- Proaction Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CINEICC, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carolina Kunicki
- Vasco da Gama Research Center (CIVG), Vasco da Gama University School (EUVG), Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Aguiar
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute of Biomedicine, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Manuel Oliveira
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute of Biomedicine, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Miguel Pais-Vieira
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute of Biomedicine, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Shao D, Jiang D, Huang Q, Ren S, Li J, Xiao J, Guan Y, Lai B, Zhao J, Xie F, Hua F. Brain glucose metabolism and dopamine transporter changes in rats with morphine-induced conditioned place preference. Addict Biol 2023; 28:e13277. [PMID: 37186440 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Addiction to morphine is a chronic brain disease leading to compulsive abuse. Drug addiction animal models with and without conditioned place preference (CPP) training have been used to investigate cue-elicited drug craving. We used 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG) and 11 C-2-β-carbomethoxy-3-β-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (11 C-CFT) micro-PET/CT scans to examine the regional changes in brain glucose metabolism and dopamine transporter (DAT) availability to study their relationship underlying drug memory in morphine-treated rat models with and without CPP. Standardized uptake value ratio (SUVr) of 18 F-FDG significantly decreased in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and cingulate with short-term morphine administration compared with the baseline condition. Voxelwise analysis indicated glucose metabolism alterations in the somatosensory cortex, hippocampus and cingulate in morphine-treated rats and in the striatum, thalamus, medial prefrontal cortex, primary motor cortex and many regions in the cortex in the CPP group compared with the baseline condition. Alterative glucose metabolism was also observed in the striatum, primary somatosensory cortex and some cortical regions in the CPP group compared with morphine alone group. DAT expression alterations were only observed in the long-term morphine compared with the short-term morphine group. This study shows that cerebral glucose metabolism significantly altered during morphine administration and CPP process mainly in the mPFC, striatum and hippocampus, which indicates that the function of these brain regions is involved in cue-induced craving and memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Shao
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Donglang Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medcine & PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medcine & PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhua Ren
- Department of Nuclear Medcine & PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junpeng Li
- Department of Nuclear Medcine & PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianfei Xiao
- Department of Nuclear Medcine & PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Guan
- Department of Nuclear Medcine & PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Lai
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medcine & PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengchun Hua
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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4
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Shi L, Liu C, Peng X, Cao Y, Levy DA, Xue G. The neural representations underlying asymmetric cross-modal prediction of words. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:2418-2435. [PMID: 36715307 PMCID: PMC10028649 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-modal prediction serves a crucial adaptive role in the multisensory world, yet the neural mechanisms underlying this prediction are poorly understood. The present study addressed this important question by combining a novel audiovisual sequence memory task, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and multivariate neural representational analyses. Our behavioral results revealed a reliable asymmetric cross-modal predictive effect, with a stronger prediction from visual to auditory (VA) modality than auditory to visual (AV) modality. Mirroring the behavioral pattern, we found the superior parietal lobe (SPL) showed higher pattern similarity for VA than AV pairs, and the strength of the predictive coding in the SPL was positively correlated with the behavioral predictive effect in the VA condition. Representational connectivity analyses further revealed that the SPL mediated the neural pathway from the visual to the auditory cortex in the VA condition but was not involved in the auditory to visual cortex pathway in the AV condition. Direct neural pathways within the unimodal regions were found for the visual-to-visual and auditory-to-auditory predictions. Together, these results provide novel insights into the neural mechanisms underlying cross-modal sequence prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Daniel A Levy
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Gui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Bianco V, Veniero D, D’Acunto A, Koch G, Picazio S. Challenging inhibitory control with high- and low-calorie food: A behavioural and TMS study. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1016017. [PMID: 36908918 PMCID: PMC9992824 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1016017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Most people are often tempted by their impulses to "indulge" in high-calorie food, even if this behaviour is not consistent with their goal to control weight in the long term and might not be healthy. The outcome of this conflict is strongly dependent on inhibitory control. It has already been reported that individuals with weaker inhibitory control consume more high-calorie food, are more often unsuccessful dieters, overweight or obese compared to people with more effective inhibitory control. In the present study, we aimed at investigating inhibitory control in the context of human eating behaviour. A sample of 20 healthy normal-weight adults performed a 50% probability visual affective Go/NoGo task involving food (high- and low-calorie) and non-food images as stimuli. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was administered over the right primary motor cortex (M1) either 300 ms after image presentation to measure corticospinal excitability during the different stimulus categories or 300 ms after the appearance of a fixation point, as a control stimulation condition. The experimental session consisted of a food target and a non-food target block. Behavioural outcomes showed a natural implicit inclination towards high-calorie food in that participants were faster and more accurate compared to the other categories. This advantage was selectively deleted by TMS, which slowed down reaction times. MEPs did not differ according to the stimulus category, but, as expected, were bigger for Go compared to NoGo trials. Participants judged high-calorie food also as more appetising than low-calorie food images. Overall, our results point to a differential modulation when targeting inhibitory control, in favour of the more palatable food category (high-calorie). Present data suggest that the activity of the motor system is modulated by food nutritional value, being more engaged by appetising food. Future work should explore to what extent these processes are affected in patients with eating disorders and should aim to better characterise the related dynamics of cortical connectivity within the motor network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bianco
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychophysiology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Domenica Veniero
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alessia D’Acunto
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychophysiology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychophysiology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Human Physiology Section, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Picazio
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychophysiology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Cao D, Qian Z, Tang Y, Wang J, Jiang T, Li Y. Neural indicator of positive reappraisal: A TMS-EEG study over the left VLPFC. J Affect Disord 2022; 300:418-429. [PMID: 34986377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive reappraisal aims to reinterpret negative situations in a more positive light. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) during positive reappraisal was suggested to improve emotion regulation capacity. However, it remains unclear whether the improvement of the capacity of emotion regulation was caused by the alterations of neural activity with TMS perturbation over the left VLPFC during positive reappraisal. METHODS Single-pulse TMS was delivered among fifteen participants who engaged in positive reappraisal experiments with concurrent electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. Participants repeated positive reappraisal experiments at three different stimulation settings: no stimulation, TMS pulses over the left VLPFC at 300 ms post-stimulus as the targeted stimulation and over the vertex as the control stimulation. RESULTS TMS pulses over the left VLPFC at 300 ms post-stimuli increased late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes (300-800 ms) within the central-parietal and right prefrontal regions in response to the reappraisal stimuli compared with the negative stimuli. Moreover, changes in neural activity within the frontoparietal network contributed to the modulated LPP amplitudes of the reappraisal stimuli with the targeted stimulation. Importantly, the central-parietal LPP amplitudes of the reappraisal stimuli with the targeted stimulation was not only correlated with but also could predict the valence ratings using positive reappraisal. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated a causal role of the left VLPFC in positive reappraisal, and provided a neural indicator to indicate the degree to which single-pulse TMS modulated the emotional experience using positive reappraisal. It shows promise to apply in future closed-loop neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Zhenying Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yingying Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100089, China.
| | - Yingjie Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; College of International education, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Zhao YJ, Kay KN, Tian Y, Ku Y. Sensory Recruitment Revisited: Ipsilateral V1 Involved in Visual Working Memory. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1470-1479. [PMID: 34476462 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The "sensory recruitment hypothesis" posits an essential role of sensory cortices in working memory, beyond the well-accepted frontoparietal areas. Yet, this hypothesis has recently been challenged. In the present study, participants performed a delayed orientation recall task while high-spatial-resolution 3 T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals were measured in posterior cortices. A multivariate inverted encoding model approach was used to decode remembered orientations based on blood oxygen level-dependent fMRI signals from visual cortices during the delay period. We found that not only did activity in the contralateral primary visual cortex (V1) retain high-fidelity representations of the visual stimuli, but activity in the ipsilateral V1 also contained such orientation tuning. Moreover, although the encoded tuning was faded in the contralateral V1 during the late delay period, tuning information in the ipsilateral V1 remained sustained. Furthermore, the ipsilateral representation was presented in secondary visual cortex (V2) as well, but not in other higher-level visual areas. These results thus supported the sensory recruitment hypothesis and extended it to the ipsilateral sensory areas, which indicated the distributed involvement of visual areas in visual working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jie Zhao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Center for Brain and Mental Well-being, Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China.,School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Kendrick N Kay
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yonghong Tian
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China.,School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yixuan Ku
- Center for Brain and Mental Well-being, Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Functional specificity of the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in positive reappraisal: A single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 21:793-804. [PMID: 33751480 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-021-00881-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimage studies have yielded evidence for a correlation between the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and a specific type of cognitive reappraisal strategy, positive reappraisal. However, evidence is still lacking for a direct relation. We used single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the left VLPFC at different time points to investigate the functional specificity of the left VLPFC in the success of positive reappraisal and the timing at which the left VLPC was involved in positive reappraisal. Fifteen participants engaged in a baseline experiment and in TMS experiments. All participants successfully reduced their negative emotional ratings using positive reappraisal in the baseline experiment. In the TMS experiments, participants performed the same task as in the baseline experiment but single-pulse TMS was applied over the left VLPFC at 300 ms or/and 3,300 ms after stimulus onset, as well as over the vertex as a control stimulation. Valence ratings of negative stimuli increased (unpleasantness reduction) when participants reappraised negative stimuli with TMS stimulation over the left VLPFC, regardless of the timing of the stimulation at 300 ms or/and at 3,300 ms after the stimulus onset, relative to the vertex stimulation and the baseline experiment. Our study provided evidence of the functional specificity of the left VLPFC in regulation of negative emotions using positive reappraisal. The left VLPFC was believed to be involved in different stages of positive reappraisal. The prominent facilitation effect of TMS over the left VLPFC makes it possible to consider potential applications in clinical practice for mood disorders.
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Cross-modal involvement of the primary somatosensory cortex in visual working memory: A repetitive TMS study. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 175:107325. [PMID: 33059033 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent literature suggests that the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), once thought to be a low-level area only modality-specific, is also involved in higher-level, cross-modal, cognitive functions. In particular, electrophysiological studies have highlighted that the cross-modal activation of this area may also extend to visual Working Memory (WM), being part of a mnemonic network specific for the temporary storage and manipulation of visual information concerning bodies and body-related actions. However, the causal recruitment of S1 in the WM network remains speculation. In the present study, by taking advantage of repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS), we look for causal evidence that S1 is implicated in the retention of visual stimuli that are salient for this cortical area. To this purpose, in a first experiment, high-frequency (10 Hz) rTMS was delivered over S1 of the right hemisphere, and over two control sites, the right lateral occipital cortex (LOC) and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), during the maintenance phase of a high-load delayed match-to-sample task in which body-related visual stimuli (non-symbolic hand gestures) have to be retained. In a second experiment, the specificity of S1 recruitment was deepened by using a version of the delayed match-to-sample task in which visual stimuli depict geometrical shapes (non-body related stimuli). Results show that rTMS perturbation of S1 activity leads to an enhancement of participants' performance that is selective for body-related visual stimuli; instead, the stimulation of the right LOC and dlPFC does not affect the temporary storage of body-related visual stimuli. These findings suggest that S1 may be recruited in visual WM when information to store (and recall) is salient for this area, corroborating models which suggest the existence of a dedicated mnemonic system for body-related information in which also somatosensory cortices play a key role, likely thanks to their cross-modal (visuo-tactile) properties.
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Zhao D, Zhou YD, Bodner M, Ku Y. The Causal Role of the Prefrontal Cortex and Somatosensory Cortex in Tactile Working Memory. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:3468-3477. [PMID: 28968894 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we searched for causal evidence linking activity in the bilateral primary somatosensory cortex (SI), posterior parietal cortex (PPC), and prefrontal cortex (PFC) with behavioral performance in vibrotactile working memory. Participants performed a vibrotactile delayed matching-to-sample task, while single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (sp-TMS) was applied over these cortical areas at 100, 200, 300, 600, 1600, and 1900 ms after the onset of vibrotactile stimulation (200 ms duration). In our experiments, sp-TMS over the contralateral SI at the early delay (100 and 200 ms) deteriorated the accuracy of task performance, and over the ipsilateral SI at the late delay (1600 and 1900 ms) also induced such deteriorating effects. Furthermore, deteriorating effects caused by sp-TMS over the contralateral DLPFC at the same maintenance stage (1600 ms) were correlated with the effects caused by sp-TMS over the ipsilateral SI, indicating that information retained in the ipsilateral SI during the late delay may be associated with the DLPFC. Taken together, these results suggest that both the contralateral and ipsilateral SIs are involved in tactile WM, and the contralateral DLPFC bridges the contralateral SI and ipsilateral SI for goal-directed action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- The Key Lab of Brain Functional Genomics, MOE & STCSM, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Di Zhou
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China.,Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Yixuan Ku
- The Key Lab of Brain Functional Genomics, MOE & STCSM, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China
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Ma T, Sun Y, Ku Y. Effects of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation on Stimulant Craving in Users of Cocaine, Amphetamine, or Methamphetamine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1095. [PMID: 31680830 PMCID: PMC6813242 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine system plays a pivotal role in specific kinds of substance use disorders (SUD, i. e., cocaine and methamphetamine use disorders). Many studies addressed whether dopamine-involved craving could be alleviated by non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques. Nevertheless, the outcomes were highly inconsistent and the stimulating parameters were highly variable. In the current study, we ran a meta-analysis to identify an overall effect size of NIBS and try to find stimulating parameters of special note. We primarily find 2,530 unduplicated studies in PubMed, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar database involving “Cocaine”/“Amphetamine”/“Methamphetamine” binded with “TMS”/“tDCS”/“non-invasive stimulation” in either field. After visual screening, 26 studies remained. While 16 studies were further excluded due to the lack of data, invalid craving scoring or the absence of sham condition. At last, 16 units of analysis in 12 eligible studies were coded and forwarded to a random-effect analysis. The results showed a large positive main effect of stimulation (Hedge's g = 1.116, CI = [0.597, 1.634]). Further subgroup analysis found that only high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) could elicit a significant decrease in craving, while the outcome of low-frequency stimulation was relatively controversial. Moreover, univariate meta regression revealed that the number of pulses per session could impose negative moderation toward the intervention. No significant moderation effect was found in types of abuse, overall days of stimulation and other variables of stimulating protocol. In conclusion, this meta-analysis offered a persuasive evidence for the feasibility of using NIBS to remit substance addictive behavior directly based on dopamine system. We also give clear methodological guidance that researchers are expected to use high-frequency, sufficiently segmented rTMS to improve the efficacy in future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianye Ma
- The Shanghai Key Lab of Brain Functional Genomics, Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yurong Sun
- The Shanghai Key Lab of Brain Functional Genomics, Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixuan Ku
- School of Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,NYU Shanghai and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, Shanghai, China
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12
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Holmes NP, Tamè L. Locating primary somatosensory cortex in human brain stimulation studies: systematic review and meta-analytic evidence. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:152-162. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00614.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over human primary somatosensory cortex (S1), unlike over primary motor cortex (M1), does not produce an immediate, objective output. Researchers must therefore rely on one or more indirect methods to position the TMS coil over S1. The “gold standard” method of TMS coil positioning is to use individual functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (f/sMRI) alongside a stereotactic navigation system. In the absence of these facilities, however, one common method used to locate S1 is to find the scalp location that produces twitches in a hand muscle (e.g., the first dorsal interosseus, M1-FDI) and then move the coil posteriorly to target S1. There has been no systematic assessment of whether this commonly reported method of finding the hand area of S1 is optimal. To do this, we systematically reviewed 124 TMS studies targeting the S1 hand area and 95 fMRI studies involving passive finger and hand stimulation. Ninety-six TMS studies reported the scalp location assumed to correspond to S1-hand, which was on average 1.5–2 cm posterior to the functionally defined M1-hand area. Using our own scalp measurements combined with similar data from MRI and TMS studies of M1-hand, we provide the estimated scalp locations targeted in these TMS studies of the S1-hand. We also provide a summary of reported S1 coordinates for passive finger and hand stimulation in fMRI studies. We conclude that S1-hand is more lateral to M1-hand than assumed by the majority of TMS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Paul Holmes
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Luigi Tamè
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Holmes NP, Meteyard L. Subjective Discomfort of TMS Predicts Reaction Times Differences in Published Studies. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1989. [PMID: 30405482 PMCID: PMC6200894 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lotte Meteyard
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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14
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Gui P, Li J, Ku Y, Li L, Li X, Zhou X, Bodner M, Lenz FA, Dong XW, Wang L, Zhou YD. Neural Correlates of Feedback Processing in Visuo-Tactile Crossmodal Paired-Associate Learning. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:266. [PMID: 30018542 PMCID: PMC6037861 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have examined the neural correlates for crossmodal paired-associate (PA) memory and the temporal dynamics of its formation. However, the neural dynamics for feedback processing of crossmodal PA learning remain unclear. To examine this process, we recorded event-related scalp electrical potentials for PA learning of unimodal visual-visual pairs and crossmodal visual-tactile pairs when participants performed unimodal and crossmodal tasks. We examined event-related potentials (ERPs) after the onset of feedback in the tasks for three effects: feedback type (positive feedback vs. negative feedback), learning (as the learning progressed) and the task modality (crossmodal vs. unimodal). The results were as follows: (1) feedback type: the amplitude of P300 decreased with incorrect trials and the P400/N400 complex was only present in incorrect trials; (2) learning: progressive positive voltage shifts in frontal recording sites and negative voltage shifts in central and posterior recording sites were identified as learning proceeded; and (3) task modality: compared with the unimodal PA learning task, positive voltage shifts in frontal sites and negative voltage shifts in posterior sites were found in the crossmodal PA learning task. To sum up, these results shed light on cortical excitability related to feedback processing of crossmodal PA learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gui
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixuan Ku
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojin Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianzhen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mark Bodner
- MIND Research Institute, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Fred A Lenz
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Xiao-Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Di Zhou
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Wang J, Tian J, Hao R, Tian L, Liu Q. Transcranial direct current stimulation over the right DLPFC selectively modulates subprocesses in working memory. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4906. [PMID: 29868292 PMCID: PMC5978386 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Working memory, as a complex system, consists of two independent components: manipulation and maintenance process, which are defined as executive control and storage process. Previous studies mainly focused on the overall effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on working memory. However, little has been known about the segregative effects of tDCS on the sub-processes within working memory. Method Transcranial direct current stimulation, as one of the non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, is being widely used to modulate the cortical activation of local brain areas. This study modified a spatial n-back experiment with anodal and cathodal tDCS exertion on the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), aiming to investigate the effects of tDCS on the two sub-processes of working memory: manipulation (updating) and maintenance. Meanwhile, considering the separability of tDCS effects, we further reconfirmed the causal relationship between the right DLPFC and the sub-processes of working memory with different tDCS conditions. Results The present study showed that cathodal tDCS on the right DLPFC selectively improved the performance of the modified 2-back task in the difficult condition, whereas anodal tDCS significantly reduced the performance of subjects and showed an speeding-up tendency of response time. More precisely, the results of discriminability index and criterion showed that only cathodal tDCS enhanced the performance of maintenance in the difficult condition. Neither of the two tDCS conditions affected the performance of manipulation (updating). Conclusion These findings provide evidence that cathodal tDCS of the right DLPFC selectively affects maintenance capacity. Besides, cathodal tDCS also serves as an interference suppressor to reduce the irrelevant interference, thereby indirectly improving the working memory capacity. Moreover, the right DLPFC is not the unique brain regions for working memory manipulation (updating).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Wang
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jinhua Tian
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Renning Hao
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lili Tian
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Qiang Liu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
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Zhao D, Ku Y. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex bridges bilateral primary somatosensory cortices during cross-modal working memory. Behav Brain Res 2018; 350:116-121. [PMID: 29727709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Neural activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been suggested to integrate information from distinct sensory areas. However, how the DLPFC interacts with the bilateral primary somatosensory cortices (SIs) in tactile-visual cross-modal working memory has not yet been established. In the present study, we applied single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (sp-TMS) over the contralateral DLPFC and bilateral SIs of human participants at various time points, while they performed a tactile-visual delayed matching-to-sample task with a 2-second delay. sp-TMS over the contralateral DLPFC or the contralateral SI at either an sensory encoding stage [i.e. 100 ms after the onset of a vibrotactile sample stimulus (200-ms duration)] or an early maintenance stage (i.e. 300 ms after the onset), significantly impaired the accuracy of task performance; sp-TMS over the contralateral DLPFC or the ipsilateral SI at a late maintenance stage (1600 ms and 1900 ms) also significantly disrupted the performance. Furthermore, at 300 ms after the onset of the vibrotactile sample stimulus, there was a significant correlation between the deteriorating effects of sp-TMS over the contralateral SI and the contralateral DLPFC. These results imply that the DLPFC and the bilateral SIs play causal roles at distinctive stages during cross-modal working memory, while the contralateral DLPFC communicates with the contralateral SI in the early delay, and cooperates with the ipsilateral SI in the late delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- The Shanghai Key Lab of Brain Functional Genomics, Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixuan Ku
- Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Ku Y. Selective attention on representations in working memory: cognitive and neural mechanisms. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4585. [PMID: 29629245 PMCID: PMC5885971 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective attention and working memory are inter-dependent core cognitive functions. It is critical to allocate attention on selected targets during the capacity-limited working memory processes to fulfill the goal-directed behavior. The trends of research on both topics are increasing exponentially in recent years, and it is considered that selective attention and working memory share similar underlying neural mechanisms. Different types of attention orientation in working memory are introduced by distinctive cues, and the means using retrospective cues are strengthened currently as it is manipulating the representation in memory, instead of the perceptual representation. The cognitive and neural mechanisms of the retro-cue effects are further reviewed, as well as the potential molecular mechanism. The frontal-parietal network that is involved in both attention and working memory is also the neural candidate for attention orientation during working memory. Neural oscillations in the gamma and alpha/beta oscillations may respectively be employed for the feedforward and feedback information transfer between the sensory cortices and the association cortices. Dopamine and serotonin systems might interact with each other subserving the communication between memory and attention. In conclusion, representations which attention shifts towards are strengthened, while representations which attention moves away from are degraded. Studies on attention orientation during working memory indicates the flexibility of the processes of working memory, and the beneficial way that overcome the limited capacity of working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Ku
- Faculty of Education, East China Normal Unviersity, Shanghai, China.,The Key Lab of Brain Functional Genomics, MOE & STCSM, Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China
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18
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Gui P, Ku Y, Li L, Li X, Bodner M, Lenz FA, Wang L, Zhou YD. Neural correlates of visuo-tactile crossmodal paired-associate learning and memory in humans. Neuroscience 2017; 362:181-195. [PMID: 28843996 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies have indicated that a cortical sensory system is capable of processing information from different sensory modalities. However, it still remains unclear when and how a cortical system integrates and retains information across sensory modalities during learning. Here we investigated the neural dynamics underlying crossmodal associations and memory by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) when human participants performed visuo-tactile (crossmodal) and visuo-visual (unimodal) paired-associate (PA) learning tasks. In a trial of the tasks, the participants were required to explore and learn the relationship (paired or non-paired) between two successive stimuli. EEG recordings revealed dynamic ERP changes during participants' learning of paired-associations. Specifically, (1) the frontal N400 component showed learning-related changes in both unimodal and crossmodal tasks but did not show any significant difference between these two tasks, while the central P400 displayed both learning changes and task differences; (2) a late posterior negative slow wave (LPN) showed the learning effect only in the crossmodal task; (3) alpha-band oscillations appeared to be involved in crossmodal working memory. Additional behavioral experiments suggested that these ERP components were not relevant to the participants' familiarity with stimuli per se. Further, by shortening the delay length (from 1300ms to 400ms or 200 ms) between the first and second stimulus in the crossmodal task, declines in participants' task performance were observed accordingly. Taken together, these results provide insights into the cortical plasticity (induced by PA learning) of neural networks involved in crossmodal associations in working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gui
- Key laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yixuan Ku
- Key laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Lei Li
- Key laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiaojin Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Mark Bodner
- MIND Research Institute, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Fred A Lenz
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Liping Wang
- Key laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Yong-Di Zhou
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 200062, China; Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Ku Y, Zhao D, Bodner M, Zhou YD. Cooperative processing in primary somatosensory cortex and posterior parietal cortex during tactile working memory. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:1905-11. [PMID: 25980785 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, causal roles of both the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) and the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) were investigated in a tactile unimodal working memory (WM) task. Individual magnetic resonance imaging-based single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (spTMS) was applied, respectively, to the left SI (ipsilateral to tactile stimuli), right SI (contralateral to tactile stimuli) and right PPC (contralateral to tactile stimuli), while human participants were performing a tactile-tactile unimodal delayed matching-to-sample task. The time points of spTMS were 300, 600 and 900 ms after the onset of the tactile sample stimulus (duration: 200 ms). Compared with ipsilateral SI, application of spTMS over either contralateral SI or contralateral PPC at those time points significantly impaired the accuracy of task performance. Meanwhile, the deterioration in accuracy did not vary with the stimulating time points. Together, these results indicate that the tactile information is processed cooperatively by SI and PPC in the same hemisphere, starting from the early delay of the tactile unimodal WM task. This pattern of processing of tactile information is different from the pattern in tactile-visual cross-modal WM. In a tactile-visual cross-modal WM task, SI and PPC contribute to the processing sequentially, suggesting a process of sensory information transfer during the early delay between modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Ku
- The Key Lab of Brain Functional Genomics, MOE & STCSM, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3663, North Zhongshan Road, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.,Departments of Neurology, Physiology and Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Zhao
- The Key Lab of Brain Functional Genomics, MOE & STCSM, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3663, North Zhongshan Road, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | | | - Yong-Di Zhou
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China.,Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, 338 Krieger Hall, Baltimore, MA 21218, USA
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Ku Y, Bodner M, Zhou YD. Prefrontal cortex and sensory cortices during working memory: quantity and quality. Neurosci Bull 2015; 31:175-82. [PMID: 25732526 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-014-1503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity in sensory cortices and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) throughout the delay interval of working memory (WM) tasks reflect two aspects of WM-quality and quantity, respectively. The delay activity in sensory cortices is fine-tuned to sensory information and forms the neural basis of the precision of WM storage, while the delay activity in the PFC appears to represent behavioral goals and filters out irrelevant distractions, forming the neural basis of the quantity of task-relevant information in WM. The PFC and sensory cortices interact through different frequency bands of neuronal oscillation (theta, alpha, and gamma) to fulfill goal-directed behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Ku
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China,
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