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Ren Z, Yin X, Liu L, Zhang L, Shen W, Fang Z, Yu Q, Qin L, Chen L, Jia R, Wang X, Liu B. Flavonoid localization in soybean seeds: Comparative analysis of wild (Glycine soja) and cultivated (Glycine max) varieties. Food Chem 2024; 456:139883. [PMID: 38870803 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Wild soybean (Glycine soja) is known for its high flavonoid contents, yet the distribution of flavonoids in the seeds is not well understood. Herein, we utilized matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) and metabolomics methods to systematically investigate flavonoid differences in the seed coats and embryos of G. soja and G. max. The results of flavonoid profiles and total flavonoid content analyses revealed that flavonoid diversity and abundance in G. soja seed coats were significantly higher than those in G. max whereas the levels were similar in embryos. Specifically, 23 unique flavonoids were identified in the seed coats of G. soja, including procyanidins, epicatechin derivatives, and isoflavones. Using MALDI-MSI, we further delineated the distribution of the important flavonoids in the cotyledons, hypocotyls, and radicles of the two species. These findings imply that G. soja holds considerable breeding potential to enhance the nutritional and stress resistance traits of G. max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Ren
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xin Yin
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Laipan Liu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Wenjing Shen
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Zhixiang Fang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Qi Yu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Liang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruizong Jia
- Sanya Research Institution/Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in off-Season Reproduction Regions, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572011, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Biao Liu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, China.
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Production of Daidzein and Genistein from Seed and Root Extracts of Korean Wild Soybean (Glycine soja) by Thermostable β-Galactosidase from Thermoproteus uzoniensis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavone glycosides are commonly biotransformed into isoflavone aglycones due to the superior biological activities of the latter. Wild soybeans contain a higher isoflavone content than domesticated soybeans due to their high level of genetic diversity. In this study, we cloned and characterized a thermostable β-galactosidase from the extreme thermophile Thermoproteus uzoniensis for potential application in isoflavone conversion in Korean wild soybeans. The purified recombinant enzyme exhibited a maximum specific activity of 1103 μmol/min/mg at pH 5.0 and 90 °C with a half-life of 46 h and exists as a homodimer of 113 kDa. The enzyme exhibited the highest activity for p-nitrophenyl (pNP)-β-D-galactopyranoside among aryl glycosides and it hydrolyzed isoflavone glycosides in the order genistin > daidzin > ononin > glycitin. The enzyme completely hydrolyzed 2.77 mM daidzin and 3.85 mM genistin in the seed extract of wild soybean after 80 and 70 min with productivities of 1.86 and 3.30 mM/h, respectively, and 9.89 mM daidzin and 1.67 mM genistin in the root extract after 180 and 30 min, with the highest productivities of 3.30 and 3.36 mM/h, respectively, compared to other glycosidases. Our results will contribute to the industrial production of isoflavone aglycone using wild soybean and this is the first report on the enzymatic production of isoflavone aglycones from isoflavone glycosides in wild soybeans.
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Chen Q, Wang X, Yuan X, Shi J, Zhang C, Yan N, Jing C. Comparison of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compound Profiles and Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibition Properties of Cultivated Soybean ( Glycine max) and Wild Soybean ( Glycine soja). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040813. [PMID: 33924154 PMCID: PMC8074397 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb.et Zucc; WS) has been used as a traditional food in China for many years and contains significantly higher levels of isoflavones than cultivated soybean (Glycine max; CS), but the secondary metabolites, including flavonoids and the phenolic composition differences between them, remain unclear. The results showed that WS possessed significantly higher total phenolic and flavonoid content and exhibited better antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibition activities as well as excellent protective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative injury in a human endothelial cell line. Through metabolomic analysis, 642 metabolites were identified, and 238 showed differential expression, with 151 upregulated and 87 downregulated. A total of 79 flavonoid compounds were identified, 42 of which were upregulated in WS. 2'-Hydroxygenistein, garbanzol, protocatechuic aldehyde, ligustilide, and resveratrol were the most discriminated compounds in WS. The metabolic pathway analysis of differential metabolites related to the biosynthesis of flavonoids and phenolic acids were the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, flavones, and flavonols. This study substantially elucidated differences in the content of flavonoids and biological activities between WS and CS, which is useful information for the effective utilization of these two black soybean species in food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Chen
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (Q.C.); (X.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Xianxian Wang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine Scientific Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266101, China;
| | - Xiaolong Yuan
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (Q.C.); (X.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - John Shi
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada;
| | - Chengsheng Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (Q.C.); (X.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Ning Yan
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (Q.C.); (X.Y.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: (N.Y.); (C.J.); Tel.: +0532-88702115 (N.Y. & C.J.)
| | - Changliang Jing
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (Q.C.); (X.Y.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: (N.Y.); (C.J.); Tel.: +0532-88702115 (N.Y. & C.J.)
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Li MW, Wang Z, Jiang B, Kaga A, Wong FL, Zhang G, Han T, Chung G, Nguyen H, Lam HM. Impacts of genomic research on soybean improvement in East Asia. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:1655-1678. [PMID: 31646364 PMCID: PMC7214498 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
It has been commonly accepted that soybean domestication originated in East Asia. Although East Asia has the historical merit in soybean production, the USA has become the top soybean producer in the world since 1950s. Following that, Brazil and Argentina have been the major soybean producers since 1970s and 1990s, respectively. China has once been the exporter of soybean to Japan before 1990s, yet she became a net soybean importer as Japan and the Republic of Korea do. Furthermore, the soybean yield per unit area in East Asia has stagnated during the past decade. To improve soybean production and enhance food security in these East Asian countries, much investment has been made, especially in the breeding of better performing soybean germplasms. As a result, China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea have become three important centers for soybean genomic research. With new technologies, the rate and precision of the identification of important genomic loci associated with desired traits from germplasm collections or mutants have increased significantly. Genome editing on soybean is also becoming more established. The year 2019 marked a new era for crop genome editing in the commercialization of the first genome-edited plant product, which is a high-oleic-acid soybean oil. In this review, we have summarized the latest developments in soybean breeding technologies and the remarkable progress in soybean breeding-related research in China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Wah Li
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region China
| | - Zhili Wang
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region China
| | - Bingjun Jiang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Akito Kaga
- Soybean and Field Crop Applied Genomics Research Unit, Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
| | - Fuk-Ling Wong
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region China
| | - Guohong Zhang
- Institute of Dryland Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Northwest Drought Crop Cultivation of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Tianfu Han
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam 59626 Korea
| | - Henry Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region China
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Kim DH, Yang WT, Cho KM, Lee JH. Comparative analysis of isoflavone aglycones using microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis from soybean organs at different growth times and screening for their digestive enzyme inhibition and antioxidant properties. Food Chem 2020; 305:125462. [PMID: 31618694 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this research were to demonstrate the changes in isoflavone-aglycones, total phenolics, and biological properties (digestive enzyme inhibition; antioxidant) from six organs including leaves, leafstalks, roots, stems, seeds, and pods at different growth times of soybean plant. Three isoflavone-aglycones in microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis extracts were elucidated using UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS and their contents exhibited remarkable differences in leaves (245.93-2239.33 μg/g), roots (854.96-4425.34 μg/g), and seeds (ND-2339.62 μg/g). Specifically, the collected samples on 15-Oct (leaves: 2239.33; seeds: 2339.62 μg/g) and 31-Aug (roots: 4425.34 μg/g) showed the highest isoflavone-aglycones, and daidzein was observed the most abundant component, comprising approximately 70%. Moreover, the inhibitions against α-glucosidase and α-amylase displayed the predominant effects in roots (89;91%) and leaves (81;85%) of samples on 31-Aug and 15-Oct at 300 μg/ml. The antioxidant activities on ABTS, DPPH, and hydroxyl radicals increased considerably with the increases of growth times in leaves and seeds, especially, ABTS showed the highest scavenging abilities: leaves (15-Oct;83%) > roots (31-Aug;75%) > seeds (15-Oct;68%). Therefore, our results suggest that soybean leaves, roots and seeds may be considered as excellent natural sources for nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Hyun Kim
- Department of Life Resource Industry, Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Tae Yang
- Department of Life Resource Industry, Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye Man Cho
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 34111, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Hwan Lee
- Department of Life Resource Industry, Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang H, Yasmin F, Song BH. Neglected treasures in the wild - legume wild relatives in food security and human health. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 49:17-26. [PMID: 31085425 PMCID: PMC6817337 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The legume family (Fabaceae) is the third-largest flowering family with over 18 000 species worldwide that are rich in proteins, oils, and nutrients. However, the production potential of legume-derived food cannot meet increasing global demand. Wild legumes represent a large group of wild species adaptive to diverse habitats and harbor rich genetic diversity for the improvement of the agronomic, nutritional, and medicinal values of the domesticated legumes. Accumulating evidence suggests that the genetic variation retained in these under-exploited leguminous wild relatives can be used to improve crop yield, nutrient contents, and resistance/tolerance to environmental stresses via the integration of omics, genetics, and genome-editing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyou Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Farida Yasmin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Bao-Hua Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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