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Xia J, He X, Yang W, Song H, Yang J, Zhang G, Yang Z, Chen H, Liang Z, Kollie L, Abozeid A, Zhang X, Li Z, Yang D. Unveiling the distribution of chemical constituents at different body parts and maturity stages of Ganoderma lingzhi by combining metabolomics with desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI). Food Chem 2024; 436:137737. [PMID: 37857205 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lingzhi is an important medicinal fungus, which is widely used as dietary supplement and for pharmaceutical industries. However, the spatial distribution and dynamic accumulation pattern of active components such as ganoderic acids (GAs) among different parts of G. lingzhi fruiting body are still unclear. In this study, desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) with untargeted metabolomics analysis was applied to investigate the metabolites distribution within G. lingzhi fruiting body at four different maturity stages (squaring, opening, maturation and harvesting stage). A total of 132 metabolites were characterized from G. lingzhi, including 115 triterpenoids, 11 fatty acids and other component. Most of the GAs content in the cap was significantly higher than that in the stipe, with six components such as ganoderic acid B being extremely significant. GAs in the cap was mainly present in the bottom edge of the mediostratum layer, such as ganoderic A-I and ganoderic GS-1, while in the stipe, they were mainly distributed in the shell layer and the context layer, such as ganoderic A-F. Most ganoderic acids content in both the stipe and the cap of G. lingzhi was gradually decreased with the development of G. lingzhi. The GAs in the stipe was gradually transferred from the shell layer to the content layer, while the distribution of GAs among different tissues of the cap was not significantly changed. In addition, linoleic acid, 9-HODE, 9-KODE and other fatty acids were mainly accumulated in the opening and maturing stage of the caps. This study further clarifies the spatial dynamic distribution of GAs in G. lingzhi fruiting body at four different maturity stages (squaring, opening, maturation and harvesting stage), which provides a basis for the rational utilization of the medicinal parts of G. lingzhi. Furthermore, mass spectrometry imaging combined with non-target metabolome analysis provides a powerful tool for the spatial distribution of active substances in the different regions of the medicinal edible fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xia
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu He
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wan Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Song
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jihong Yang
- Zhejiang Shouxiangu Botanical Drug Institute Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- Zhejiang Shouxiangu Botanical Drug Institute Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongqi Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haimin Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China; Shaoxing Academy of Biomedicne Co., Ltd of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for the Development Technology of Medicinal and Edible Health Food, Shaoxing, China
| | - Larwubah Kollie
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ann Abozeid
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkoom, Egypt
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhenhao Li
- Zhejiang Shouxiangu Botanical Drug Institute Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Dongfeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China; Shaoxing Academy of Biomedicne Co., Ltd of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for the Development Technology of Medicinal and Edible Health Food, Shaoxing, China.
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Peng G, Xiong C, Zeng X, Jin Y, Huang W. Exploring Nutrient Profiles, Phytochemical Composition, and the Antiproliferative Activity of Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma leucocontextum: A Comprehensive Comparative Study. Foods 2024; 13:614. [PMID: 38397591 PMCID: PMC10888466 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma, often hailed as a holistic "health package", comprises an array of nutritional components and active compounds, contributing to its esteemed status in the realm of healthy foods. In this study, a comprehensive analysis was performed to elucidate the diverse nutritional profiles, bioactive components, and antiproliferative activities between two Ganoderma species: G. lucidum (GLU) and G. leucocontextum (GLE). The results showed that GLE possessed a higher level of nutritional constituents, except for dietary fiber. Fatty acid analysis revealed comparable profiles rich in unsaturated fatty acids for both species. The ethanol extract of GLU and GLE exhibited potent antioxidant capabilities and remarkable inhibition of tumor cell proliferation via apoptosis induction, with greater potency in GLE. The heightened triterpene levels in GLE potentially contribute to its augmented antitumoral effects. The exploration emphasized the significance of comprehending the varied chemical compositions of Ganoderma species, providing insights into their potential health benefits applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqin Peng
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610061, China; (G.P.)
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Chuan Xiong
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610061, China; (G.P.)
| | - Xianfu Zeng
- Chengdu Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ya Jin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Wenli Huang
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610061, China; (G.P.)
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Chafouz R, Karavergou S, Tsiftsoglou OS, Maskovic P, Lazari D. Ganoderma adspersum (Ganodermataceae): Investigation of Its Secondary Metabolites and the Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxic Potential of Its Extracts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:516. [PMID: 38203687 PMCID: PMC10779304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma is a genus of wood-degrading mushrooms with medicinal importance. Most Ganoderma species have been studied extensively for their secondary metabolites, biological activities, and ecological value. In this study, the biological activities of the extracts of G. adspersum growing wild on Morus alba trees in the region of Western Thrace (Greece) were evaluated, and the petroleum ether, dichloromethanolic, and methanolic extracts were studied further for their secondary metabolites. Six substances were isolated by chromatographic (Clumn Chromatography (C.C.), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)) and spectroscopic methods (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)), which were classified in the following categories: (a) unsaturated fatty acids: cis-oleic acid (1); (b) sterols: ergosta-7,22-dien-3-one (2), ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol (3), and ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol (4); and (c) lanostane-type triterpenoids: applanoxidic acid G (5) and applanoxidic acid A (6). Finally, the biological activities of the extracts were estimated for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic potential. The methanolic extract of G. adspersum showed the highest total antioxidant activity. The results of the antimicrobial activities indicated that all of the extracts had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 39.1 and 312.5 μg/mL. The evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of the samples showed once again that the methanolic extract was the most potent among the examined extracts, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 19.22 μg/mL (Hep2c cells), 32.9 μg/mL (RD cells), and 8.94 μg/mL (L2OB cells). Moreover, the bioactivity scores of the isolated secondary metabolites were calculated using the online computer software program Molinspiration. The compounds showed promising bioactivity scores for drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raichan Chafouz
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (R.C.); (S.K.); (O.S.T.)
| | - Sofia Karavergou
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (R.C.); (S.K.); (O.S.T.)
| | - Olga St. Tsiftsoglou
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (R.C.); (S.K.); (O.S.T.)
| | - Pavle Maskovic
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Kragujevac, Cara Dušana 34, 32000 Čačak, Serbia;
| | - Diamanto Lazari
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (R.C.); (S.K.); (O.S.T.)
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Mokhtar A, Souhila T, Nacéra B, Amina B, Alghonaim MI, Öztürk M, Alsalamah SA, Miara MD, Boufahja F, Bendif H. In Vitro Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Anticholinesterase, and Antidiabetic Activities and Chemical Composition of Salvia balansae. Molecules 2023; 28:7801. [PMID: 38067531 PMCID: PMC10708212 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Salvia balansae de Noé (S. balansae) (Lamiaceae) is known to be an important plant used in folk medicine as an herbal remedy in Algeria. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activities, enzyme inhibitory activities, and antimicrobial activities of S. balansae extracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS A methanolic extract and a petroleum ether extract from the aerial parts of the plant were assessed for their chemical composition. HPLC-MS and HPLC-DAD assessed the content of phenols, GC-MS the fatty acid composition, and ICP-MS the mineral profiles of the plant. Additionally, we evaluated the bioactivities of S. balansae extracts by the DPPH, ABTS, and CUPRAC assays, including the antioxidant potential against AChE, BChE, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase for enzyme inhibition. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the methanolic extract were determined by the disc diffusion test against several strains of bacteria and yeasts. RESULTS Our findings revealed that the aerial parts of S. balansae were rich in phytochemical components and contained large amounts of minerals. Quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD revealed the presence of 12 compounds in three major classes, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acid, and phenolic acid derivatives, with 0.61, 0.45, and 0.29 mg/g of extract, respectively. Nine phenolic constituents were quantified by HPLC-MS analysis; catechin (72.5%) was the main compound, followed by myricetin (21.7%). The fatty acid composition of the S. balansae petroleum ether extract by GC-MS analysis was quantified. Seventeen compounds, including palmitic acid, were identified as the major fatty acids. The antioxidant activity of the S. balansae extracts was measured by three different methods: the methanol extract provided better results than the petroleum ether extract, and interesting values were noted for the DPPH, ABTS, and CUPRAC assays of 242.7 ± 7.44, 124.1 ± 9.70, and 222.9 ± 6.05 µg/mL, respectively. The enzyme inhibition activity of the plant could not be determined. The antimicrobial results of the methanolic extract obtained from the disc diffusion method, followed by measurements of MIC, MBC, and MFC against several bacteria and yeasts, indicated that S. balansae exhibited noticeable antimicrobial and antifungal activities. CONCLUSIONS These results provided new data about the main phenolic compounds and biological activities of extracts of the aerial parts of S. balansae, which might be an alternative source for synthetic bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amırat Mokhtar
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Ibn-Khaldoun of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria;
| | - Tabak Souhila
- Department of Nature and Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria; (T.S.); (B.N.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Bouriah Nacéra
- Department of Nature and Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria; (T.S.); (B.N.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Benabdallah Amina
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University Chadli Bendjedid, El-Tarf 36000, Algeria;
| | - Mohammed I. Alghonaim
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (M.I.A.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Mehmet Öztürk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla 48121, Türkiye;
| | - Sulaiman A. Alsalamah
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (M.I.A.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Mohamed Djamel Miara
- Department of Nature and Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria; (T.S.); (B.N.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Fehmi Boufahja
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (M.I.A.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Hamdi Bendif
- Laboratory of Ethnobotany and Natural Substances, ENS de Kouba, Algiers 16308, Algeria;
- Faculty of Sciences, University of M’sila, P.O. Box 166, M’Sila 28000, Algeria
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Salhi S, Chentouf M, Harrak H, Rahim A, Çakir C, Çam D, Öztürk M, Hamidallah N, Cabaraux JF, El Amiri B. Assessment of physicochemical parameters, bioactive compounds, biological activities, and nutritional value of the most two commercialized pollen types of date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) in Morocco. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2023:10820132231168914. [PMID: 37063044 DOI: 10.1177/10820132231168914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The pollen of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is known for its nutritional value and implications as a health-promoting component. Due to its low cost, date palm pollen crushed with its spadix is more widely commercialized and used in Morocco than pure date palm pollen free of spadix. Thus, this study aimed to assess the physicochemical and phytochemical parameters, biological activities, and nutritional value of the two pollen types: Pure date palm pollen and date palm pollen crushed with its spadix. Various physicochemical parameters were determined, including humidity, water activity (aw), total soluble solids, ash content, and color parameters (L*, a*, b*, C*ab, and hab). Additionally, the phenolic compound profiles were analyzed, and the in vitro antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and antidiabetic activities were assessed for both pure date palm pollen and date palm pollen crushed with its spadix. Furthermore, the nutritional value was evaluated by determining protein and carbohydrate contents, and mineral and fatty acid profiles. The results have revealed that pure date palm pollen had higher humidity, aw, L*, and hab color parameters than date palm pollen crushed with its spadix, but lower total soluble solid and ash contents. The main phenolic compounds in pure date palm pollen were ellagic acid, rutin, fisetin, and quercetin, whereas date palm pollen crushed with its spadix contained mainly catechin, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and rutin. Moreover, pure date palm pollen showed greater in vitro antioxidant activity, while date palm pollen crushed with its spadix had higher enzyme inhibitory and antidiabetic activities. PDPS was the richest source of proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, and saturated fatty acids, while date palm pollen crushed with its spadix was a better source of unsaturated fatty acids, which are mainly represented by linoleic acid. In conclusion, although date palm pollen crushed with its spadix is the most widely consumed type, its nutritional value is lower than that of pure date palm pollen. Thus, pure date palm pollen could potentially serve as a better source of many bioactive compounds, making it a viable supplement for various health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Salhi
- National Institute for Agriculture Animal Production Unit, Regional Center Agricultural Research of Settat, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Rabat, Morocco
- Hassan First University of Settat, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neurosciences, Natural Resources and Environment, Settat, Morocco
| | - Mouad Chentouf
- Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Tangier, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hasnaâ Harrak
- National Institute for Agriculture Animal Production Unit, Regional Center Agricultural Research of Marrakech, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdellatif Rahim
- National Institute for Agriculture Animal Production Unit, Regional Center Agricultural Research of Settat, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Cansel Çakir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Dilaycan Çam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Öztürk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
- Food Analysis Application and Research Center, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Naima Hamidallah
- Hassan First University of Settat, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neurosciences, Natural Resources and Environment, Settat, Morocco
| | - Jean-François Cabaraux
- Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bouchra El Amiri
- National Institute for Agriculture Animal Production Unit, Regional Center Agricultural Research of Settat, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Rabat, Morocco
- African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P, Laayoune, Morocco
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Liu MT, Chen LX, Zhao J, Li SP. Ganoderma spore powder contains little triterpenoids. Chin Med 2020; 15:111. [PMID: 33062047 PMCID: PMC7552346 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ganoderma spore is a minuscule germ cell ejected from Ganoderma gills during its growth maturity period, it has been considered with high exploitable potential in health-care products manufacture. Methods After testing sporoderm-broken rate, the triterpenoids in 12 batches of broken and unbroken Ganoderma spore powder (GSP) samples were compared with Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body (GL) by high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and further verified by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC–QTOF–MS); meanwhile, the dissolution of triterpenoids after bionic extraction was also investigated by HPTLC. Results The sporoderm-broken rate of all the broken GSP samples was over 85%. The relative peak area of triterpenoids in GSP samples were lower than 50% of that in fruiting body, and the dissolution of triterpenoids in artificial gastrointestinal fluid was lower than in methanol. Conclusions This study demonstrated that there were little triterpenoids in GSP. Triterpenoids in GSP also seldom be dissolved in artificial gastrointestinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ling-Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Shao-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Microbial synthesis of functional odd-chain fatty acids: a review. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:35. [PMID: 32088779 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Odd-chain fatty acids (OCFAs) naturally occur in bacteria, higher animals, and in plants. During recent years, they have received increasing attention due to their unique pharmacological properties and usefulness for agricultural and industrial applications. Recently, OCFAs have been identified and quantified in a few organisms, and new pharmacological functions of OCFAs have been reported. Some of the publications are related to the optimization of OCFA production through fermentation and genetic engineering. The present review aims to provide a summary on the recent progress in the field of microbial-derived OCFAs. More specifically, we outline the publications of OCFAs related to (i) different sources of OCFAs; (ii) endogenous synthesis of OCFAs; (iii) production of OCFAs through fermentation; (iv) genetic engineering related to OCFA; and (v) role of OCFAs in human health and disease. Finally, some areas that require further research are discussed.
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Mao ZX, Linghu YW, Yu G, Cui XA, Jia CZ, Li XJ, Wang J, Yang QL. Fatty acid and amino acid contents of Elymus nutans Griseb. (Poaceae: Triticeae) in different regions on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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