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Custodio-Mendoza JA, Aktaş H, Zalewska M, Wyrwisz J, Kurek MA. A Review of Quantitative and Topical Analysis of Anthocyanins in Food. Molecules 2024; 29:1735. [PMID: 38675555 PMCID: PMC11051960 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins, a subclass of flavonoids known for their vibrant colors and health-promoting properties, are pivotal in the nutritional science and food industry. This review article delves into the analytical methodologies for anthocyanin detection and quantification in food matrices, comparing quantitative and topical techniques. Quantitative methods, including High-performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS), offer precise quantification and profiling of individual anthocyanins but require sample destruction, limiting their use in continuous quality control. Topical approaches, such as Near-infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) and hyperspectral imaging, provide rapid, in situ analysis without compromising sample integrity, ideal for on-site food quality assessment. The review highlights the advancements in chromatographic techniques, particularly Ultra-high-performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with modern detectors, enhancing resolution and speed in anthocyanin analysis. It also emphasizes the growing importance of topical techniques in the food industry for their efficiency and minimal sample preparation. By examining the strengths and limitations of both analytical realms, this article aims to shed light on current challenges and prospective advancements, providing insights into future research directions for improving anthocyanin analysis in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marcin A. Kurek
- Department of Technique and Food Development, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.A.C.-M.); (H.A.); (M.Z.); (J.W.)
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Monsierra L, Mansilla PS, Pérez GT. Whole Flour of Purple Maize as a Functional Ingredient of Gluten-Free Bread: Effect of In Vitro Digestion on Starch and Bioaccessibility of Bioactive Compounds. Foods 2024; 13:194. [PMID: 38254495 PMCID: PMC10813994 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The growing demand for gluten-free products requires the study of alternatives to produce nutritionally and technologically favorable foods. The aim was to evaluate the content and antioxidant capacity of gluten-free bread enriched with whole flour of purple maize (PM) and how starch and bioaccessibility of antioxidant compounds were modified during in vitro digestion. Gluten-free bread was prepared with the addition of 34%, 50%, and 70% PM, and white maize bread served as control. The content of total polyphenols, anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity through FRAP and TEAC was measured. Specific volume, crumb texture, and starch digestibility were determined in the breads. Simultaneously, in vitro digestion and dialysis by membrane were performed to evaluate the bioaccessible and potentially bioavailable fraction. Bread with 34% PM had a similar specific volume and crumb texture to the control, but higher content of polyphenols (52.91 mg AG/100 g), anthocyanins (23.13 mg c3-GE/100 g), and antioxidant capacity (3.55 and 5.12 µmol tr/g for FRAP and TEAC, respectively). The PM breads had a higher antioxidant content and capacity and higher slowly digestible and resistant starch than the control. These parameters increased as the PM proportion rose. After digestion, anthocyanins were degraded, polyphenols and antioxidant capacity decreased, but they remained potentially bioavailable, although to a lesser extent. Bread with 34% shows acceptable technological parameters, lower starch digestibility, and contribution of bioactive compounds with antioxidant capacity. This indicates that purple maize flour represents a potential ingredient to produce gluten-free bread with an improved nutritional profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisina Monsierra
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias (FCA), Departamento de Agroalimentos, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba (UNC), Ing. Agr. Felix Aldo Marrone 746, Cordoba 5000, Argentina; (L.M.); (P.S.M.)
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos Córdoba (ICYTAC), CONICET-UNC, Avenida Filloy s/n, Cordoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Pablo Sebastián Mansilla
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias (FCA), Departamento de Agroalimentos, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba (UNC), Ing. Agr. Felix Aldo Marrone 746, Cordoba 5000, Argentina; (L.M.); (P.S.M.)
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos Córdoba (ICYTAC), CONICET-UNC, Avenida Filloy s/n, Cordoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Teresa Pérez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos Córdoba (ICYTAC), CONICET-UNC, Avenida Filloy s/n, Cordoba 5000, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias (FCA), Cátedra de Química Biológica, Departamento de Fundamentación Biológica, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba (UNC), Ing. Agr. Felix Aldo Marrone 746, Cordoba 5000, Argentina
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Wang Y, Cheng J, Wei S, Jiang W, Li Y, Guo W, Dai W, Liao B. Metabolomic Study of Flavonoids in Camellia drupifera under Aluminum Stress by UPLC-MS/MS. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1432. [PMID: 37050058 PMCID: PMC10097190 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) affects the yield of forest trees in acidic soils. The oil tea plant (Camellia drupifera Lour.) has high Al tolerance, with abundant phenolic compounds in its leaves, especially flavonoid compounds. The role of these flavonoids in the Al resistance of oil tea plants is unclear. In this metabolomic study of C. drupifera under Al stress, ultra-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was utilized to identify metabolites, while principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were applied to analyze the data on the flavonoid metabolites. The leaf morphology of C. drupifera revealed significant damage by excess aluminum ions under each treatment compared with the control group. Under Al stress at 2 mmol/L (GZ2) and 4 mmol/L (GZ4), the total flavonoid content in C. drupifera leaves reached 24.37 and 35.64 mg/g, respectively, which are significantly higher than the levels measured in the control group (CK) (p < 0.01). In addition, we identified 25 upregulated and 5 downregulated metabolites in the GZ2 vs. CK comparison and 31 upregulated and 7 downregulated flavonoid metabolites in GZ4 vs. CK. The results demonstrate that different levels of Al stress had a significant influence on the metabolite profile of C. drupifera. It was found that the abundance of the 24 differential flavonoid metabolites was gradually elevated with increasing concentrations of Al stress, including catechin, epicatechin, naringenin-7-glucoside, astilbin, taxifolin, miquelianin, quercitrin, and quercimeritrin. Moreover, the most significant increase in antioxidant activity (about 30%) was observed in C. drupifera precultured in leaf extracts containing 7.5 and 15 μg/mL of active flavonoids. The qRT-PCR results showed that the expression levels of key genes involved in the synthesis of flavonoids were consistent with the accumulation trends of flavonoids under different concentrations of Al. Therefore, our results demonstrate the key role of flavonoid compounds in the oil tea plant C. drupifera in response to Al stress, which suggests that flavonoid metabolites in C. drupifera, as well as other aluminum-tolerant plants, may help with detoxifying aluminum.
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Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside Contributes to Leaf Color Change by Regulating Two bHLH Transcription Factors in Phoebe bournei. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043829. [PMID: 36835240 PMCID: PMC9960835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins produce different-colored pigments in plant organs, which provide ornamental value. Thus, this study was conducted to understand the mechanism of anthocyanin synthesis in ornamental plants. Phoebe bournei, a Chinese specialty tree, has high ornamental and economic value due to its rich leaf color and diverse metabolic products. Here, the metabolic data and gene expression of red P. bournei leaves at the three developmental stages were evaluated to elucidate the color-production mechanism in the red-leaved P. bournei species. First, metabolomic analysis identified 34 anthocyanin metabolites showing high levels of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (cya-3-O-glu) in the S1 stage, which may suggest that it is a characteristic metabolite associated with the red coloration of the leaves. Second, transcriptome analysis showed that 94 structural genes were involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, especially flavanone 3'-hydroxy-lase (PbF3'H), and were significantly correlated with the cya-3-O-glu level. Third, K-means clustering analysis and phylogenetic analyses identified PbbHLH1 and PbbHLH2, which shared the same expression pattern as most structural genes, indicating that these two PbbHLH genes may be regulators of anthocyanin biosynthesis in P. bournei. Finally, overexpression of PbbHLH1 and PbbHLH2 in Nicotiana tabacum leaves triggered anthocyanin accumulation. These findings provide a basis for cultivating P. bournei varieties that have high ornamental value.
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Wang Y, Cheng J, Jiang W, Chen S. Metabolomics study of flavonoids in Coreopsis tinctoria of different origins by UPLC-MS/MS. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14580. [PMID: 36570002 PMCID: PMC9774014 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze the flavonoids in Coreopsis tinctoria and compare the differences in flavonoids among C. tinctoria of different origins, the chemical composition of C. tinctoria capitulum was analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS), and the flavonoid metabolites were analyzed and identified based on their retention time, mass-to-charge ratio and fragment ions in the UPLC-QTOF-MS matrix. Capitulum samples of C. tinctoria were collected from three locations in the Xinjiang region at different altitudes. A total of 204 flavonoid compounds were identified, and 31 different flavonoid metabolites were then identified from flowers of C. tinctoria of different origins. Further analysis of these 31 significantly accumulated metabolites identified seven flavonoid metabolites, namely, homoplantaginin, kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, avicularin, quercetin 3-O-(6'-galloyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside and isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside, with high accumulation only in sample collected from Tashkurgan Tajik (TX) and low expression in sample collected from Yutian County (YT) and Shaya County (SY). Moreover, 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone and 4,4'-dimethoxychalcone showed high accumulation only in SY, and afzelin was specifically highly accumulated in YT. In addition, the identified flavonoid metabolites were annotated using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, and key pathways that might regulate the biosynthesis of these flavonoid compounds were analyzed. These findings provide key information for research on flavonoids and their biosynthesis in C. tinctoria and will provide a theoretical basis for studying the herbal quality and origin of C. tinctoria.
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Hu Z, Ma Y, Liu J, Fan Y, Zheng A, Gao P, Wang L, Liu D. Assessment of the Bioaccessibility of Carotenoids in Goji Berry ( Lycium barbarum L.) in Three Forms: In Vitro Digestion Model and Metabolomics Approach. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223731. [PMID: 36429323 PMCID: PMC9689010 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Goji berry (Lycium barbarum L., LBL) is a good source of carotenoids, while the bioaccessibility of various types of LBL carotenoids has not been explored. In the study, eight carotenoids, three carotenoid esters and two carotenoid glycosylated derivatives were identified by a non−targeted metabolomics approach. The dried LBL (DRI), LBL in water (WAT), and LBL in “Baijiu” (WIN) were used to recreate the three regularly chosen types of utilization, and the in vitro digestion model showed that the bioaccessibility of the carotenoids increased significantly from the oral to the gastric and intestinal phase (p < 0.05). The bioaccessibility of LBL carotenoids was the most elevated for DRI (at 28.2%), followed by WIN and WAT (at 24.9% and 20.3%, respectively). Among the three carotenoids, zeaxanthin dipalmitate showed the highest bioaccessibility (51.8−57.1%), followed by β−carotene (51.1−55.6%) and zeaxanthin (45.2−56.3%). However, the zeaxanthin from DRI exhibited significantly higher bioaccessibility (up to 58.3%) than WAT and WIN in both the gastric and intestinal phases (p < 0.05). Results of antioxidant activity tests based on DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS showed that the addition of lipids improved the bioaccessibility of the carotenoids. (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Hu
- School of Food & Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- National Key Laboratory for Market Supervision of Quality and Safety of Goji Berry & Wine, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yanan Ma
- School of Food & Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yijun Fan
- School of Statistics, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Anran Zheng
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Pengyan Gao
- School of Food & Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Liang Wang
- School of Food & Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Dunhua Liu
- School of Food & Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- National Key Laboratory for Market Supervision of Quality and Safety of Goji Berry & Wine, Yinchuan 750021, China
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13995288707
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Huang D, Xu S, Qin Y, Li Y, Ming R, Huang R, Wang J, Tan Y. Comparative transcriptomic analysis identifies KcMYB1 as a R2R3-MYB anthocyanin activator in Kadsura coccinea. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 324:111458. [PMID: 36084765 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fruit color, as an important appearance attribute, is crucial for attracting consumers. However, the underlying mechanism regulating mature fruit color formation in Kadsura coccinea remains unclear. Here, a comprehensive metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis was performed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin accumulation between two K. coccinea cultivars with different mature fruit colors-'Dahong No. 1' (red) and 'Jinhu' (yellow). Targeted metabolomic analysis revealed high anthocyanin levels, most of which were cyanidin and delphinidin derivatives, in 'Dahong No. 1' mature fruit peel. The SNP analysis indicated that the two different cultivars had similar genetic background. Moreover, comparative transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were related to flavonoid biosynthesis and metabolic process in the two K. coccinea cultivars. Gene expression profiling data showed that the structural and regulatory genes associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis were significantly upregulated in 'Dahong No. 1' mature fruit peel, which was verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Notably, the key anthocyanin activator KcMYB1 was identified, which was significantly upregulated in 'Dahong No. 1' compared with 'Jinhu'. We further confirmed that KcMYB1 actively regulated the accumulation of anthocyanin by ectopic expression in vivo. Furthermore, allelic constitution of KcMYB1 in K. coccinea were investigated. The present study can provide insights for understanding the regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanin differential accumulation in the mature fruits of K. coccinea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China.
| | - Shiqiang Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics & Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yanhong Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Ruhong Ming
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Rongshao Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Jihua Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics & Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yong Tan
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China.
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Huang N, Liu X, Pei X, Peng J, Wei H. The Quantitative Profiling of Oxylipins from Arachidonic Acid by LC-MS/MS in Feces at Birth 3 Days and 21 Days of Piglets. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080702. [PMID: 36005575 PMCID: PMC9415436 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins (also called eicosanoids) are enzymatically or nonenzymatically generated by oxidation of arachidonic acid (ARA) and are major mediators of ARA effects in the body. Previous studies demonstrated the importance of ARA in infant growth, brain development, immune response, and health. With the developments in lipidomic methodologies, it is important for exploring more ARA-deprived oxylipins to better understand the physiological functions of ARA. The concentrations of oxylipins in feces were determined from days 3 to 21 postnatally of suckling piglets in vivo. Feces were collected at two critical time points of the suckling piglets (3d and 21d after birth) and about 48 oxylipins were analyzed by using a target metabolomics approach based on Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Here, 21 oxylipins were derived from ARA, and 11 differential oxylipins (Log2|fold change| ≥ 1.0) at birth 3d and 21d were identified. Particularly, 12-HETE was more abundant in feces at birth 3 days rather than 21 days. Considering that 12-HETE was a racemic mixture of stereoisomers containing the S and R enantiomers, we further detected the concentrations of 12(S)-HETE and 12(R)-HETE between the two time points by chiral LC-MS/MS analysis. There was no significant difference in the concentrations of 12(S)-HETE and 12(R)-HETE. It was showed that ARA - derived oxylipins might be related to the physiological changes of piglets during growing. Our results provided new information for describing the physiological changes of the piglets over the suckling period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Huang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (N.H.); (X.L.); (X.P.); (J.P.)
| | - Xiangchen Liu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (N.H.); (X.L.); (X.P.); (J.P.)
| | - Xiaoqi Pei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (N.H.); (X.L.); (X.P.); (J.P.)
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (N.H.); (X.L.); (X.P.); (J.P.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (N.H.); (X.L.); (X.P.); (J.P.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
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Effects of anthocyanin-rich Kadsura coccinea extract on the physical, antioxidant, and pH-sensitive properties of biodegradable film. FOOD BIOPHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-022-09727-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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