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Nascimento JHFDO, Souza Filho BMDE, Tomaz SC, Vieira ATS, Silva Neto MMDA, Andrade ABDE, Santana DRDE, Gusmão-Cunha A. Self-inflicted burns in Brazil: systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Col Bras Cir 2024; 51:e20243665. [PMID: 38716915 PMCID: PMC11185062 DOI: 10.1590/0100-6991e-20243665-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION burns represent a pivotal component of trauma in Brazil, accounting for 2 million incidents and 2,500 deaths annually. Self-intentional burns are associated with a worse prognosis, larger burned surface area, higher infection rates, and death. The lack of studies on the issue of self-immolation raises epidemiological questions regarding Brazilian victims. This study aimed to investigate the profile of burn events associated with self-injurious behavior among Brazilian victims. METHODS this systematic review was performed according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines and evaluated the correlation between self-injurious behavior as a cause of burns in Brazilian victims and its epidemiological implications in the last 20 years (2003-2023). The MeSH terms "Burns", "Self-Injurious Behavior", "Epidemiology" and "Brazil" were queried in the PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, and Cochrane Library databases, and, after selection by inclusion/exclusion criteria, the most relevant studies were critically analyzed. RESULTS From 1,077 pre-selected studies, 92 were potentially eligible, resulting in 7 manuscripts incorporated in this review. From 3,510 burned victims assembled in the pool of selected studies, 311 cases displayed self-injurious behavior. Burned patients who attempted to burn their lives have a higher risk of death (p<0.05; RR=5.1 [3.2-8.1]) and larger burned surface area (p<0.05; MD=19.2 [10-28.2]), compared to accidental cases. Moreover, the female gender was at a higher risk of attempting self-immolation (p<0.05; RR=4.01 [2.9-5.5]). CONCLUSION our results show that self-inflicted burn cases were associated with a larger burned surface area and a higher risk of death, and the female gender was identified as a relevant risk factor in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Selton Cavalcante Tomaz
- - Universidade do Estado da Bahia (UNEB), Departamento de Ciências da Vida - Salvador - BA - Brasil
| | | | | | - André Bouzas DE Andrade
- - Universidade do Estado da Bahia (UNEB), Departamento de Ciências da Vida - Salvador - BA - Brasil
| | | | - André Gusmão-Cunha
- - Universidade do Estado da Bahia (UNEB), Departamento de Ciências da Vida - Salvador - BA - Brasil
- - Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia (FAMEB) - Salvador - BA - Brasil
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Ahmed DR. Self-immolation among Kurdish Women: Causes and solutions. Burns 2023; 49:1765-1767. [PMID: 37357061 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darya Rostam Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Science and Health, Koya University, Koya KOY45, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-immolation is one of the most brutal suicide methods and is a significant social and medical problem throughout the world. Self-immolation is more common in low-income countries than in high-income countries. AIM The aim is to evaluate the trends in self-immolation and examine its frequency in Iraq. METHODS The PRISMA guideline was used to conduct this systematic review study. We searched for publications in English, Arabic and Kurdish in PubMed and Google Scholar. A total of 105 publications were identified through the search; however, 92 were eliminated due to duplication and irrelevant content. Finally, 13 full articles were included for data extraction. The inclusion criteria were articles that investigated self-immolation. However, letters to editors and media reports on self-immolation were excluded. The retrieved studies were selected, reviewed and then quality assessed. RESULTS This study included 13 articles. According to the findings, self-immolation accounted for 26.38% of all burn admissions in the Iraqi provinces and the Kurdistan region, with 16.02% of those occurring in the middle and southern provinces of Iraq and 36.75% in the Kurdistan region. It is more common in women than in men, especially among young, married, illiterate, or poorly educated people. Sulaymaniyah had a higher percentage of self-immolation than other governorates in Iraq, accounting for 38.3% of burn admissions. Cultural and social norms, domestic violence, mental health problems, family conflicts and financial problems were identified as the most common causes of self-immolation. CONCLUSION The prevalence of self-immolation is high among the Iraqi population, compared to other countries, particularly among the Kurdish population and in Sulaymaniyah. Self-immolation is relatively common among women. There are sociocultural factors that could contribute to this problem. Families must be restricted from having easy access to kerosene, and high-risk individuals should have access to psychological consultation to reduce the risk of self-immolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Rostam Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Science and Health, Koya University, Koya, Kurdistan Region - F.R., Iraq
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Erlangsen A, Khan M, Su W, Alateeq K, Charfi F, Madsen T, Qin P, Morthorst BR, Thomsen M, Malik A, Bandara P, Fleischmann A, Saeed K. Situation Analysis of Suicide and Self-Harm in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region. Arch Suicide Res 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37837375 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2023.2262532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An estimated 41,000 lives are lost to suicide each year in World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region Office (WHO EMRO) countries. The objective of this study was to conduct a situation analysis for suicide and self-harm in the WHO EMRO region. METHODS Data on suicide were obtained from the WHO Global Health Estimates for the years 2000-2019. Information on risk groups efforts to prevent self-harm and suicide in the EMRO region were retrieved through scientific studies, grey literature, and public websites. RESULTS During 2000-2019, the age-standardized suicide rate was 6.7 per 100,000 inhabitants, albeit there are concerns regarding data quality. Self-harm and suicide remain criminal acts in more than half of the countries. Few countries have a national plan for prevention of suicide. Toxic agents, such as pesticides and black henna, are easily available and frequently used for suicide in some areas, as are firearms and self-immolation. Successful prevention measures include means restriction and psychosocial interventions after self-harm. CONCLUSION Many WHO EMRO countries remain underserved in terms of mental health care. Decriminalization of suicide and means restriction might be further promoted. Online-based tools for mental health literacy and psychosocial therapy are other options to explore.
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Yoosefi Lebni J, Dehghan AA, Feizi Kamare F, Ziapour A, Ahmadi A, Khosravi B, Mehedi N. Exploring the coping strategies of women after self-immolation: A qualitative study. Burns 2023; 49:1457-1466. [PMID: 36402616 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women confront a slew of issues following self-immolation, and it is crucial to examine how women react after self-immolation and live with their scars. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of exploring the coping strategies of Kurdish women following self-immolation using a qualitative methodology. METHODS The conventional content analysis approach was used in this qualitative investigation. Semi-structured face-to-face and phone interviews were conducted with 26 Kurdish women who had self-immolated and were chosen using purposeful sampling and snowballing for this study. To reinforce the research, Guba and Lincoln's trustworthiness criteria were fulfilled. RESULTS The data analysis yielded 2 categories, 11 subcategories, and 85 initial codes. Positive coping is one of the categories and subcategories (spirituality, rebuilding their body, psychological rehabilitation, hiding the scars, restoring self-confidence, changing the lifestyle, forming a new life) 2- Negative coping (separation from society, neglecting the body and mind, violence and aggression, staying in the past). CONCLUSION Using the capacity of religious organizations to help victims of self-immolation, providing appropriate conditions and facilities to heal the scars caused by self-immolation, and facilitating access to counseling services can provide the conditions for women to better adapt after self-immolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yoosefi Lebni
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - F Feizi Kamare
- Educational Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Ilam Branch, Ilam, Iran
| | - A Ziapour
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Health Institute, Imam-Ali hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - A Ahmadi
- Educational Technology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - B Khosravi
- Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - N Mehedi
- Department of Social Work, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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Kornhaber R, Pan R, Cleary M, Hungerford C, Malic C. Violence by Burning Against Women and Girls: An Integrative Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:1063-1077. [PMID: 34624204 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211048445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Violence against women and girls by burning is a serious and confronting form of gender-based violence. Often, perpetrators aim to disfigure their victims or cause great pain, rather than kill them. Little is known about the characteristics of females who are subjected to violence by burning. This study aimed to review the literature concerning the prevalence, demographic profile, injury event, contributing factors and health outcomes for women and girls who have experienced burn-related violence. A search across five databases (PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus and LILACS) was conducted up to April 2021 to identify original peer-review research, with a focus on violence by burning against women and girls. The review was guided by the five-stage approach to integrative reviews developed by Whittemore and Knafl (2005). Fifteen studies were identified. Victims were predominantly married, with low socio-economic status, limited education, and high emotional and financial dependency on their partners or families. Burn injuries were mostly caused by flame or acid, with significant morbidity or high mortality. Motives included family/marital issues or property/financial disputes. This review identified the limited evidence available in the peer-reviewed literature related to burn-related violence against women and girls worldwide. Findings suggest the need for further research to provide a clearer understanding of the complex issues involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kornhaber
- College of Health and Medicine, 3925University of Tasmania, Sydney, AU-NSW, Australia
- National Burns Center, 26744Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Raquel Pan
- Department of Nursing in Hospital Assistance, 74395Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Michelle Cleary
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Sciences, 6939CQUniversity, Sydney, AU-NSW, Australia
| | | | - Claudia Malic
- 6363University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Bayuo J, Wong FKY, Lin R, Su JJ, Abu-Odah H. A meta-ethnography of developing and living with post-burn scars. J Nurs Scholarsh 2023; 55:319-328. [PMID: 36161474 DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Post-burn scarring is often cosmetically unappealing and create discomfort. This makes it crucial to understand the experience of individuals living with scars which can offer insights into their recovery. This review sought to develop an in-depth understanding of living with post-burn scars. DESIGN A systematic review and meta-ethnography approach were employed. We utilized an interpretive approach to inductively generate codes. These codes were examined iteratively using a constant comparison strategy following which they were re-interpreted to formulate themes which formed the basis of undertaking a narrative synthesis. RESULTS Twenty-five studies were retained. The analytical process yielded two themes: emergence of a new identity and living with the redefined self. The experience of living with scars is entwined with the initial trauma as the scars served as a permanent reminder of the injury. Emergence of a new identity involved a process of meaning making, mourning the loss of the old self, confronting the new self, reconciling the remains of the old self with the new, rebuilding a new identity, and navigating through functional restrictions. These processes were particularly challenging for persons involved in self-immolation. Positive coping and changing one's perspective emerged as strategies to facilitate living with the redefined self. CONCLUSION Living with scars is a challenging process which is more difficult for persons whose injuries are due to self-immolation (act of burning oneself). The findings highlight a latent yet ongoing process towards subjective recovery. Clinicians need to be aware of the processes and incorporate these into rehabilitation programmes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Burn survivors need ongoing professional support to adjust to and live with the scars. Victims of self-immolation should be considered for early psychosocial support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bayuo
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | | | - Rose Lin
- School of Nursing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jing Jing Su
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Hammoda Abu-Odah
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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El Hayek S, Cherro M, El Harake N, Ghossoub E. Self-immolation in the Arab world: A systematic review. Burns 2022; 49:757-769. [PMID: 37129972 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-immolation is the act of setting fire to oneself. Recent spikes in self-immolation events have been noticed in the Arab world, specifically in the aftermath of the Arab Spring in 2011. We aimed to examine the literature assessing the characteristics and patterns of suicide by self-immolation in the Arab world. We registered our systematic review in Prospero. We searched PubMed, Medline, PsycInfo, Embase, and Scopus databases from inception until 9 July 2022, along with other sources, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We collected relevant articles tackling suicide by self-immolation in the Arab world via title and abstract screening followed by full-text screening. We then conducted a narrative synthesis of the results. Out of 326 records from databases and 17 additional records identified through other sources, 31 articles (27 quantitative and 4 qualitative) were included. The studies came from Iraq (n = 16), Tunisia (n = 6), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (n = 3), Jordan (n = 2), Libya (n = 2), Bahrain (n = 1), and Egypt (n = 1). The quantitative studies had a sample size ranging from 22 to 600 self-inflicted burn victims. Studies showed that self-immolators were mostly married women with low educational level and low socioeconomic status. Self-immolation was more likely to happen at home, usually following marital conflicts. Kerosene was the accelerant used the most. Depression was the most comorbid mental health diagnosis. Studies highlighted that self-immolation was being increasignly used as a form of protest. Self-immolation is not uncommon in the Arab world. Specific interventions directed at the population at risk are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer El Hayek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michele Cherro
- Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nadia El Harake
- Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elias Ghossoub
- Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Mohammadi M, Nedjat S, Dargahpour M, Mehri A, Majdzadeh R. Factors Associated With Self-Burning Among Women in Reproductive Age of Ilam: A Case-Control Study in a Western Part of Iran. Arch Suicide Res 2022; 26:707-715. [PMID: 33017267 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2020.1823917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Self-burning is one way that some people choose to commit suicide, and it has been seen in many nations. This problem is considered as an uncommon method in developed countries and a common method of suicide in developing countries. The present study aimed to identify the factors associated with self-burning among Iranian women in reproductive age. METHOD This case-control study was conducted among 228 (57 cases and 171 controls) women in reproductive age from the Imam Khomeini Hospital of Ilam. A self-report questionnaire was used to determine factors associated with self-burning, including job status, domestic violence, mental health status, education levels, smoking and alcohol use, forced marriage, socioeconomic status, drug history, and family history of self-burning. Data analysis was performed using simple and multiple logistic regression to control the effects of possible confounders. RESULTS There was a significant positive association between self-burning and being unemployed and a housewife. Also, the presence of self-burning was increasingly associated with high domestic violence and having history of forced marriage and decreasingly associated with post-diploma education level and a high socioeconomic level. CONCLUSION It is recommended that health and social policy makers pay attention to the social and economic aspects that cause self-burning in women to prevent this problem.
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Fakhari A, Allahverdipour H, Esmaeili ED, Chattu VK, Salehiniya H, Azizi H. Early marriage, stressful life events and risk of suicide and suicide attempt: a case-control study in Iran. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:71. [PMID: 35090417 PMCID: PMC8796480 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03700-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early Marriage (EM) and associated Stressful Life Events (SLEs) and consequences such as psychological and physical well-being issues can lead to suicide and suicide attempts (SA). The study aimed to investigate the risk of suicide and SA among early married people who experienced SLEs. METHODS A case-control study was conducted based on the registry for suicide in Malekan county in Iran during 2016-18. Cases included 154 SAs and 32 suicides. Simultaneously, 201 outpatients from the emergency department were chosen as controls. Holms and Rahe life event questionnaire was used to assess SLEs. Sub-group analysis (Mantel-Haenszel) by sex and age groups and multiple logistic regression were used to calculate adjusted Odds Ratios (ORs) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) for the association between EM and suicide risk after adjusting for the potential confounders. RESULTS The proportion (female vs male) of EM among suicides, controls, and SAs was 31.25% (18.7 vs 12.5%), 15.92% (11.9 vs 4.0%), and 13.0% (11.7 vs 1.3%), respectively. In subgroup analyses by sex, EM was associated with an increased risk of suicide in both females and males 2.64 and 2.36 times, respectively. Likewise, subgroup analysis by age groups revealed that EM increased suicide risk in subjects aged 10-15 years, while no association was found for age groups of 26-40 and > 40. After adjusting for the potential confounders, EM (OR: 3.01; 95% CI: 1.15 -7.29), financial problems (OR = 4.50; 95% CI: 1.83 -9.07), and family problems (OR = 2.60; 95% CI: 1.19-9.59), were associated with an increased risk of suicide. However, no association was found between EM, various types of SLEs, and the risk of SA. CONCLUSIONS We found EM and SLEs were correlated with suicide risk, while no evidence found that EM increased the risk of SA. Progress in reducing EM and addressing its serious consequences can occur by a stronger political commitment and by sharing the experiences and voices of the early married. Our study provided preliminary findings to guide future studies; however, methodological and longitudinal studies are needed to understand and address the effect of EM on suicidal behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Fakhari
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Allahverdipour
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Vijay Kumar Chattu
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4 Canada
- Department of Public Health, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077 India
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, 442107 India
| | - Hamid Salehiniya
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Hosein Azizi
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hemmati Maslakpak M, Ajoudani F, Lotfi M, Alinejad V. Society, family, and individual characteristics as double-edged swords in the social reintegration of Iranian female survivors from unintentional severe burns: a qualitative study of enablers and barriers. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2021; 21:339. [PMID: 34560875 PMCID: PMC8464107 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01481-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Reintegrating to society is a significant challenge during burn survivors’ rehabilitation. Aim This study aims to describe what Iranian female survivors from unintentional severe burns experience as enablers and barriers of social reintegration (SR). Methods Fourteen adult female burn survivors whose burns were unintentional participated in this qualitative study. Data were gathered through semi-structured face-to-face or telephone interviews and analyzed using inductive content analysis. Results Thirteen subcategories and six categories were emerged. Categories and subcategories of enablers content area were as follows: positive impact of society on SR (normal treatment of society, instrumental support), positive impact of family on SR (magnifying personal abilities assets, empathy and emotional support), and positive impact of personal characteristics on SR (coping with others stares, right to have a normal social life). Categories and subcategories of Barriers content area were as follows: negative impact of society on SR (being questioned in public, incorrect judgment about intent of burns, burns as a contagious disease), negative impact of family on SR (embarrassment of appearing in public with the survivor, family mistrust), and negative impact of intra-personal factors on SR (exaggeration of the post-burn changes, being over-sensitive to the others looks). From the deep interpretation of the data two overarching themes were emerged: “acceptance of the new normal by the society and the individual” and “being encompassed by misconceptions and mistreatments”.
Conclusions Society, family and the individual characteristics have a dual role to play in the success of social reintegration in Iranian female unintentional burn survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fardin Ajoudani
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Mojgan Lotfi
- Sina Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Alinejad
- Patient Safety Research Centre, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Mishkin K, Maqsood SS, Ahmed HM. Antenatal Depression Symptoms Among Pregnant Women Seeking Health Services in Erbil, Iraq. Matern Child Health J 2021; 25:1043-1049. [PMID: 33905065 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-021-03142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal depression, which includes depression in the prenatal and postpartum periods, is estimated to affect between 10 and 20% of women globally but the rate is higher in the Middle East. Research focused on maternal depression in Iraq is limited to one study focused on postpartum depression. This paper identifies the prevalence and factors associated with antenatal depression among pregnant Iraqi women. METHODS Women seeking maternal health services at primary health centers were invited to participate. Data were collected by trained midwifery students in Erbil, Iraq. Responses to the PHQ-2 PRIME-MD depression questions were used to identify depressive symptoms. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were used to analyze findings. RESULTS Of the 179 participants, 86 (48%) reported depressive symptoms. In bivariate analysis, antenatal depression was associated with gestational age (p = 0.03), first prenatal visit in the second trimester (p = 0.003), loss of appetite (p = 0.003), not having help at home (p = 0.03), and use of prenatal vitamins (p = 0.002). Gravida approached significance (p = 0.07). In adjusted analysis, women reporting loss of appetite were more likely to report depressive symptoms (OR = 3.09, 95% CI: 1.47-6.51). DISCUSSION Consistent with other research from the region, nearly half the women reported depressive symptoms. Because lack of appetite is associated with depressive symptoms, women reporting loss of appetite should be prioritized for depression screening in time-constrained settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Mishkin
- Department of Health Policy, Management, Behavior, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.
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The differences - and similarities - in self-immolation patterns around the globe. In response to: "Drivers and consequences of self-immolation in parts of Iran, Iraq and Uzbekistan: A systematic review of qualitative evidence" Cleary et al. 2021. Burns 2021; 47:1465-1466. [PMID: 33858715 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Aghakhani N, Lopez V, Parizad N, Baghaei R. "It was like nobody cared about what I said?" Iranian women committed self-immolation: a qualitative study. BMC Womens Health 2021; 21:75. [PMID: 33607973 PMCID: PMC7893762 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01221-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide-attempts have increased across the world and have become higher among females. There has been a high prevalence of self-immolation in Iran, mostly young married women admitted to the burn centers. This study aimed to explore the factors and experiences of self-immolation in Iranian married women to develop prevention strategies to prevent the personal, social, and economic impacts of suicide and suicide attempts. METHODS A qualitative descriptive approach using open-ended, in-depth, face-to-face interviews was conducted in a purposive sample of 16 married Iranian women aged 16-40 years in the burn centers in Urmia city, a place in northwest Iran. Conventional content analysis was used to analyze the data. RESULTS Three themes emerged from the data, including (1) antecedents of self-immolation, (2) suicidal ideation method, and (3) pathway to recovery. Each of these themes is supported by sub-themes. CONCLUSIONS The study highlights the demand for health professionals to support self-immolation survivors to continue their normal lives. According to survivors' needs, a comprehensive supportive program is recommended to support their pathways to recovery in all its complexities. Health professionals should also not forget that the survivors' family also will need help to overcome this trauma. A family counseling program may also be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Aghakhani
- Patient Safety Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Campus Nazlu, 11 KM Road Seru, 575611-5111 Urmia, West Azerbaijan Iran
| | - Violeta Lopez
- School of Nursing, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- School of Nursing, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Naser Parizad
- Patient Safety Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Campus Nazlu, 11 KM Road Seru, 575611-5111 Urmia, West Azerbaijan Iran
| | - Rahim Baghaei
- Patient Safety Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Campus Nazlu, 11 KM Road Seru, 575611-5111 Urmia, West Azerbaijan Iran
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Cleary M, West S, McGarry D, Kornhaber R. Self-Immolation and the Mental Health Care of Survivors. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2020; 41:655-657. [PMID: 32243206 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2019.1680240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cleary
- School of Nursing, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sancia West
- School of Nursing, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Denise McGarry
- School of Nursing, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel Kornhaber
- School of Nursing, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Letter to the editor concerning: "Drivers and consequences of self-immolation in parts of Iran, Iraq and Uzbekistan: A systematic review of qualitative evidence". Burns 2020; 46:1707. [PMID: 32307208 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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