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Giudice V, Ianniello M, De Novellis D, Pezzullo L, Petrillo N, Serio B, D'Addona M, Della Corte AM, Rizzo M, Cuffa B, Castaldi MA, Savarese P, Mori A, Castiello R, Fico A, Savarese G, Selleri C. Non-invasive prenatal test identifies circulating cell-free DNA chromosomal abnormalities derived from clonal hematopoiesis in aggressive hematological malignancies. Clin Exp Med 2024; 24:69. [PMID: 38578383 PMCID: PMC10997720 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-024-01313-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive diagnostic tool for identification of tumor-related mutations in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA). The aim of this study was to investigate feasibility, sensitivity, and specificity of non-invasive prenatal test (NIPT) for identification of chromosomal abnormalities in cfDNA from a total of 77 consecutive patients with non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), or plasma cell dyscrasia. In this case series, half of patients had at least one alteration, more frequently in chromosome 6 (23.1%), chromosome 9 (20.5%), and chromosomes 3 and 18 (16.7%), with losses of chromosome 6 and gains of chromosome 7 negatively impacting on overall survival (OS), with a 5-year OS of 26.9% and a median OS of 14.6 months, respectively (P = 0.0009 and P = 0.0004). Moreover, B-cell lymphomas had the highest NIPT positivity, especially those with aggressive lymphomas, while patients with plasma cell dyscrasia with extramedullary disease had a higher NIPT positivity compared to conventional cytogenetics analysis and a worse outcome. Therefore, we proposed a NIPT-based liquid biopsy a complementary minimally invasive tool for chromosomal abnormality detection in hematological malignancies. However, prospective studies on larger cohorts are needed to validate clinical utility of NIPT-based liquid biopsy in routinely clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Giudice
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi, Italy
| | | | - Danilo De Novellis
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Luca Pezzullo
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Bianca Serio
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno, Italy
| | - Matteo D'Addona
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Della Corte
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno, Italy
| | - Michela Rizzo
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno, Italy
| | - Bianca Cuffa
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Castaldi
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Unit, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Mori
- Ames Center s.r.l, Casalnuovo di Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Fico
- Ames Center s.r.l, Casalnuovo di Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Carmine Selleri
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno, Italy.
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi, Italy.
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2
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Zhang Y, Remillard D, Onubogu U, Karakyriakou B, Asiaban JN, Ramos AR, Bowland K, Bishop TR, Barta PA, Nance S, Durbin AD, Ott CJ, Janiszewska M, Cravatt BF, Erb MA. Collateral lethality between HDAC1 and HDAC2 exploits cancer-specific NuRD complex vulnerabilities. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:1160-1171. [PMID: 37488358 PMCID: PMC10529074 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional co-regulators have been widely pursued as targets for disrupting oncogenic gene regulatory programs. However, many proteins in this target class are universally essential for cell survival, which limits their therapeutic window. Here we unveil a genetic interaction between histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and HDAC2, wherein each paralog is synthetically lethal with hemizygous deletion of the other. This collateral synthetic lethality is caused by recurrent chromosomal deletions that occur in diverse solid and hematological malignancies, including neuroblastoma and multiple myeloma. Using genetic disruption or dTAG-mediated degradation, we show that targeting HDAC2 suppresses the growth of HDAC1-deficient neuroblastoma in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we find that targeted degradation of HDAC2 in these cells prompts the degradation of several members of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex, leading to diminished chromatin accessibility at HDAC2-NuRD-bound sites of the genome and impaired control of enhancer-associated transcription. Furthermore, we reveal that several of the degraded NuRD complex subunits are dependencies in neuroblastoma and multiple myeloma, providing motivation to develop paralog-selective HDAC1 or HDAC2 degraders that could leverage HDAC1/2 synthetic lethality to target NuRD vulnerabilities. Altogether, we identify HDAC1/2 collateral synthetic lethality as a potential therapeutic target and reveal an unexplored mechanism for targeting NuRD-associated cancer dependencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David Remillard
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ugoma Onubogu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | | | - Joshua N Asiaban
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anissa R Ramos
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kirsten Bowland
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Timothy R Bishop
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paige A Barta
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Nance
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Adam D Durbin
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Christopher J Ott
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michalina Janiszewska
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Erb
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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3
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Abstract
This article will focus on the cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders associated with EBV, with an emphasis on the upcoming changes in the revised 4th Edition of the WHO classification of tumors of the hematopoietic system, many of which deal with cutaneous disorders derived from NK-cells or T-cells. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma usually presents in the upper aerodigestive tract, but can involve the skin secondarily. EBV-associated T- and NK-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD) in the pediatric age group include the systemic diseases, chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV) and systemic EBV+ T-cell lymphoma of childhood. Hydroa vacciniforme (HV)-like LPD is a primarily cutaneous form of CAEBV and encompasses the lesions previously referred to as HV and HV-like lymphoma (HVLL). All the T/NK-cell-EBV-associated diseases occur with higher frequency in Asians, and indigenous populations from Central and South America and Mexico. Among the B-cell EBV-associated LPD two major changes have been introduced in the WHO. The previously designated EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (EBV-DLBCL) of the elderly, has been changed to EBV-DLBCL with 'not otherwise specified' as a modifier (NOS). A new addition to the WHO system is the more recently identified EBV+ mucocutaneous ulcer, which involves skin and mucosal-associated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A Gru
- Pathology & Dermatology, Hematopathology and Dermatopathology Sections, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Elaine S Jaffe
- Hematopathology, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
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4
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Couronné L, Bastard C, Gaulard P, Hermine O, Bernard O. [Molecular pathogenesis of peripheral T cell lymphoma (2): extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type, adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma and enteropathy associated T cell lymphoma]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:1023-33. [PMID: 26576610 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153111017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) belong to the group of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and particularly that of mature T /NK cells lymphoproliferative neoplasms. The 2008 WHO classification describes different PTCL entities with varying prevalence. With the exception of histologic subtype "ALK positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma", PTCL are characterized by a poor prognosis. The mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of these lymphomas are not yet fully understood, but development of genomic high-throughput analysis techniques now allows to extensively identify the molecular abnormalities present in tumor cells. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge and recent advances about the molecular events occurring at the origin or during the natural history of main entities of PTCL. The first part published in the October issue was focused on the three more frequent entities, i.e. angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. The second part presented herein will describe other subtypes less frequent and of poor prognosis : extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, and enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Couronné
- Service d'hématologie adultes, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Necker, Paris, France - Inserm UMR1163, CNRS ERL 8254, Institut Imagine, Paris, France - Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Christian Bastard
- Département de pathologie, AP-HP, Groupe hospitalier Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Créteil, France ; Université Paris-Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, France ; Inserm U955, Institut Mondor de recherche biomédicale, Créteil, France
| | - Philippe Gaulard
- Inserm U918 ; Université de Rouen ; Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Service d'hématologie adultes, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Necker, Paris, France - Inserm UMR1163, CNRS ERL 8254, Institut Imagine, Paris, France - Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Bernard
- UMR 1170 ; Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif ; Université Paris Sud 11, Orsay, France
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5
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Dias LM, Thodima V, Friedman J, Ma C, Guttapalli A, Mendiratta G, Siddiqi IN, Syrbu S, Chaganti RSK, Houldsworth J. Cross-platform assessment of genomic imbalance confirms the clinical relevance of genomic complexity and reveals loci with potential pathogenic roles in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 57:899-908. [PMID: 26294112 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1080364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Genomic copy number alterations (CNAs) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have roles in disease pathogenesis, but overall clinical relevance remains unclear. Herein, an unbiased algorithm was uniformly applied across three genome profiling datasets comprising 392 newly-diagnosed DLBCL specimens that defined 32 overlapping CNAs, involving 36 minimal common regions (MCRs). Scoring criteria were established for 50 aberrations within the MCRs while considering peak gains/losses. Application of these criteria to independent datasets revealed novel candidate genes with coordinated expression, such as CNOT2, potentially with pathogenic roles. No one single aberration significantly associated with patient outcome across datasets, but genomic complexity, defined by imbalance in more than one MCR, significantly portended adverse outcome in two of three independent datasets. Thus, the standardized scoring of CNAs currently developed can be uniformly applied across platforms, affording robust validation of genomic imbalance and complexity in DLBCL and overall clinical utility as biomarkers of patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Charles Ma
- a Cancer Genetics, Inc. , Rutherford , NJ , USA
| | | | | | - Imran N Siddiqi
- b Hematopathology Section , University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine , CA , USA
| | - Sergei Syrbu
- c Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine , University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
| | - R S K Chaganti
- d Cell Biology Program , Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York , NY , USA ;,e Department of Medicine , Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York , NY , USA
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6
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Park S, Ko YH. Epstein-Barr virus-associated T/natural killer-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. J Dermatol 2015; 41:29-39. [PMID: 24438142 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is usually asymptomatic and, in a normal host, EBV remains latent in B cells after primary infection for the remainder of life. Uncommonly, EBV can infect T or natural killer (NK) cells in a person with a defect in innate immunity, and EBV infection can cause unique systemic lymphoproliferative diseases (LPD) of childhood. Primary infection in young children can be complicated by hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or fulminant systemic T-cell LPD of childhood. Uncommonly, patients can develop chronic active EBV (CAEBV) disease-type T/NK LPD, which includes CAEBV infection of the systemic form, hydroa vacciniforme-like T-cell LPD, and mosquito-bite hypersensitivity. The clinical course of CAEBV disease-type T/NK LPD can be smoldering, persistent or progressive, depending on the balance between viral factors and host immunity. Aggressive NK-cell leukemia, hydroa vacciniforme-like T-cell lymphoma, or uncommonly extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma can develop in children and young adults with CAEBV disease-type T/NK-cell LPD. Extranodal T/NK-cell lymphoma is a disease of adults, and its incidence begins to increase in the third decade and comprises the major subtype of T/NK LPD throughout life. Aggressive NK-cell leukemia and nodal T/NK-cell lymphoma of the elderly are fulminant diseases, and immune senescence may be an important pathogenetic factor. This review describes the current progress in identifying different types of EBV-associated T/NK-cell LPD and includes a brief presentation of data from Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghui Park
- Department of Pathology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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7
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Villa N, Redaelli S, Lissoni S, Saccheri F, Sala E, Crosti F, Dalprà L, Carrino V, Pioltelli P, Isimbaldi G. Lymph node hyperplasia: clonal chromosomal and genomic rearrangements. Report of two new cases and literature review. Cancer Genet 2014; 207:12-8. [PMID: 24636528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis is not routinely performed on lymph node hyperplasia (LH). We describe clonal chromosomal rearrangements in two unrelated cases of LH. Lymph nodes of both patients showed typical morphologic features of benign follicular hyperplasia. Cytogenetic analysis revealed clonal chromosomal rearrangements in both cases. Patient 1 showed interstitial 14q and 6q mosaic deletions, whereas patient 2 showed a terminal 14q mosaic deletion. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with IGH break-apart probes identified a partial deletion of IGH in both cases, but the loss of the LSI IGH in patient 2 and loss of the LSI IGHV in patient 1 were observed on the morphologically normal chromosome 14. In the latter case, the finding of two morphologically normal chromosomes 14 with the IGHV deletion in one of the chromosomes suggested that the first mutational event was the IGH deletion and the second event was the interstitial deletion of chromosome 14 with the IGH intact. Array comparative genomic hybridization performed on both biopsies confirmed the IGH deletion at mosaic, but not the chromosomal deletion. Patient 1 was re-biopsied after 9 months and a marginal zone lymphoma was diagnosed. The finding of clonal cytogenetic abnormalities in LH highlighted the difficulties in interpretation of results and clinical follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serena Redaelli
- Department of Surgery and Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Lissoni
- Medical Genetics Lab, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Elena Sala
- Medical Genetics Lab, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Leda Dalprà
- Medical Genetics Lab, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Department of Surgery and Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Carrino
- Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Clinic, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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8
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Prognostic value of PLAGL1-specific CpG site methylation in soft-tissue sarcomas. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80741. [PMID: 24260468 PMCID: PMC3829972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are rare, complex tumors with a poor prognosis. The identification of new prognostic biomarkers is needed to improve patient management. Our aim was to determine the methylation status of the 118 CpG sites in the PLAGL1 tumor-suppressor gene P1 CpG island promoter and study the potential prognostic impact of PLAGL1 promoter methylation CpG sites in STS. Training cohorts constituted of 28 undifferentiated sarcomas (US) and 35 leiomyosarcomas (LMS) were studied. PLAGL1 mRNA expression was investigated by microarray analysis and validated by RT-qPCR. Pyrosequencing was used to analyze quantitative methylation of the PLAGL1 promoter. Associations between global promoter or specific CpG site methylation and mRNA expression were evaluated using Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient. Cox univariate and multivariate proportional hazard models were used to assess the predictive power of CpG site methylation status. Sixteen CpG sites associated with PLAGL1 mRNA expression were identified in US and 6 in LMS. Statistical analyses revealed an association between CpG107 methylation status and both overall and metastasis-free survival in US, which was confirmed in a validation cohort of 37 US. The exhaustive study of P1 PLAGL1 promoter methylation identified a specific CpG site methylation correlated with mRNA expression, which was predictive for both metastasis-free and overall survival and may constitute the first US-specific biomarker. Such a biomarker may be relevant for identifying patients likely to derive greater benefit from treatment.
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9
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Iżykowska K, Zawada M, Nowicka K, Grabarczyk P, Braun FC, Delin M, Möbs M, Beyer M, Sterry W, Schmidt CA, Przybylski GK. Identification of Multiple Complex Rearrangements Associated with Deletions in the 6q23-27 Region in Sézary Syndrome. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2617-2625. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Huang Y, de Leval L, Gaulard P. Molecular underpinning of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2013; 26:57-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) represent a heterogeneous group of more than 20 neoplastic entities derived from mature T cells and natural killer (NK) cells involved in innate and adaptive immunity. With few exceptions these malignancies, which may present as disseminated, predominantly extranodal or cutaneous, or predominantly nodal diseases, are clinically aggressive and have a dismal prognosis. Their diagnosis and classification is hampered by several difficulties, including a significant morphological and immunophenotypic overlap across different entities, and the lack of characteristic genetic alterations for most of them. Although there is increasing evidence that the cell of origin is a major determinant for the delineation of several PTCL entities, however, the cellular derivation of most entities remains poorly characterized and/or may be heterogeneous. The complexity of the biology and pathophysiology of PTCLs has been only partly deciphered. In recent years, novel insights have been gained from genome-wide profiling analyses. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the pathobiological features of peripheral NK/T-cell neoplasms, with a focus on selected disease entities manifesting as tissue infiltrates primarily in extranodal sites and lymph nodes.
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Martín P, Salas C, Provencio M, Abraira V, Bellas C. Heterogeneous expression of Src tyrosine kinases Lyn, Fyn and Syk in classical Hodgkin lymphoma: prognostic implications. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52:2162-8. [PMID: 21749309 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.594926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic significance of the expression of Lyn, Fyn and Syk in Hodgkin lymphoma and its correlation with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. With this in mind, 96 patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma were immunohistochemically evaluated for Lyn, Fyn and Syk expression in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells, and the results were correlated with the presence of EBV and patient outcomes. These three kinases were heterogeneously expressed in classical Hodgkin lymphoma cases. As there are no cut-offs established for these antibodies, they were introduced as continuous variables in the model. Statistical analysis showed that the expression of Syk and Fyn was significantly associated with shorter failure-free survival. Syk and Fyn may be useful to predict at diagnosis the treatment response of patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma. There was a significant association between EBV infection and Lyn expression (p < 0.05). Overexpression of Syk and the availability of Syk inhibitors suggest that this molecule might be a therapeutic strategy worthy of development for cases expressing this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Martín
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Braggio E, McPhail ER, Macon W, Lopes MB, Schiff D, Law M, Fink S, Sprau D, Giannini C, Dogan A, Fonseca R, O'Neill BP. Primary central nervous system lymphomas: a validation study of array-based comparative genomic hybridization in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor specimens. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:4245-53. [PMID: 21562036 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Only a limited number of genetic studies have been conducted in primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL), partly due to the rarity of the tumors and the very limited amount of available tissue. In this report, we present the first molecular characterization of copy number abnormalities (CNA) of newly diagnosed PCNSL by array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens and compare the results with matched, frozen tumor specimens. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We conducted aCGH in FFPE tissues from PCNSL. Results were compared with matched, paired, frozen tumors. RESULTS Our analysis confirmed the good to fair quality and reliability of the data generated from limited amounts of tumoral FFPE tissue. Overall, all PCNSL cases were characterized by highly complex karyotypes, with a median of 23 CNAs per patient (range, 17-47). Overall, 20 chromosomal regions were recurrently found in more than 40% of cases. Deletions of 6p21, 6q, and 9p21.3 and gain of 12q12-q24.33 were the commonest CNAs. Other minimal affected regions were defined, and novel recurrent CNAs affecting single genes were identified in 3q26.32 (TBL1XR1) and 8q12.1 (TOX). CONCLUSIONS The results obtained are encouraging. Larger archival tissue collections can now be analyzed to complement the still fragmented knowledge we have of the genetic basis of the PCNSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Braggio
- Department of Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
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14
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Gomyo H, Kajimoto K, Miyata Y, Maeda A, Mizuno I, Yamamoto K, Obayashi C, Hanioka K, Murayama T. CD56-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: possible association with extranodal involvement and bcl-6 expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15:157-61. [PMID: 20557674 DOI: 10.1179/102453309x12583347113573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Among B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, neural cell adhesion molecule/CD56 expression is exceptional. In this study, seven cases of CD56-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are described. The frequency of CD56-positive DLBCL was 7% in our hospital. Four of seven (57.1%) cases expressed both CD10 and bcl-6 suggestive of a germinal center B-cell phenotype. Six of seven (85.7%) cases expressed bcl-6. Two cases expressed aberrant T cell-associated antigens, one each of CD7 and CD8. However, none of these seven cases showed CD5 expression. No significant difference was observed between CD56-positive and CD56-negative DLBCL in terms of the five international prognostic index risk factors. However, all seven cases had at least one extranodal involvement and showed a good response to initial treatment. The predominance of extranodal involvement in our series may be associated with the adhesion-related function of CD56. A high frequency of bcl-6 expression may be associated with a more favorable clinical course and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Gomyo
- Hematology Division, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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15
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Lee S, Koh W, Kim HT, Kim CH, Lee S. Cancer-upregulated gene 2 (CUG2) overexpression induces apoptosis in SKOV-3 cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2010; 28:461-8. [PMID: 20648695 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunhee Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Valleley EMA, Cordery SF, Carr IM, MacLennan KA, Bonthron DT. Loss of expression of ZAC/PLAGL1 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is independent of promoter hypermethylation. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2010; 49:480-6. [PMID: 20175198 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ZAC/PLAGL1 is a ubiquitously expressed, imprinted tumor suppressor gene located on 6q24, a chromosomal region that is frequently deleted in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Like p53, ZAC regulates cell cycle arrest and apoptosis concomitantly, and loss of expression is implicated in tumorigenesis in a variety of different cancers. In most tissues, ZAC transcription is monoallelic and driven by the paternal allele of promoter P1, which lies within a differentially methylated CpG island (DMR). In human blood cells, ZAC transcription is driven by promoter P2, which lies within an unmethylated CpG island and produces biallelic transcripts. Previous reports of epigenetic changes of ZAC in tumors have focused on P1, showing frequent loss of expression caused by paternal allele hypermethylation or loss of heterozygosity (LOH). As ZAC expression in normal B lymphocytes is derived from P2, in DLBCL we analyzed both promoters for gene expression, LOH and abnormal methylation. Loss of P2 transcription was observed in 8 of 11 lymphomas (73%), even though the P2 CpG island remained unmethylated. Three lymphomas showed evidence of LOH (23%), and abnormal methylation of the P1 DMR was observed in an additional four (31%), despite minimal P1 activity in normal B lymphocytes. These data indicate that downregulation of ZAC occurs in DLBCL, as in other cancers. However, unlike P1, transcriptional repression of P2 is not caused by hypermethylation of its associated CpG island in tumors. The mechanistic relationship between altered ZAC expression and epigenetic changes at its promoters thus appears more complex than previously supposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M A Valleley
- Section of Genetics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
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Gene expression profiling identifies emerging oncogenic pathways operating in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. Blood 2009; 115:1226-37. [PMID: 19965620 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-05-221275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopsies and cell lines of natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (NKTCL) were subject to combined gene expression profiling and array-based comparative genomic hybridization analyses. Compared with peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified, NKTCL had greater transcript levels for NK-cell and cytotoxic molecules, especially granzyme H. Compared with normal NKcells, tumors were closer to activated than resting cells and overexpressed several genes related to vascular biology, Epstein-Barr Virus-induced genes, and PDGFRA. Notably, platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha and its phosphorylated form were confirmed at the protein level, and in vitro the MEC04 NKTCL cell line was sensitive to imatinib. Deregulation of the AKT, Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription, and nuclear factor-kappaB pathways was corroborated by nuclear expression of phosphorylated AKT, signal transducers and activators of transcription 3, and RelA in NKTCL, and several deregulated genes in these pathways mapped to regions of recurrent copy number aberrations (AKT3 [1q44], IL6R [1q21.3], CCL2 [17q12], TNFRSF21 [6p12.3]). Several features of NKTCL uncovered by this analysis suggest perturbation of angiogenic pathways. Integrative analysis also evidenced deregulation of the tumor suppressor HACE1 in the frequently deleted 6q21 region. This study highlights emerging oncogenic pathways in NKTCL and identifies novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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Fung JMW, Smith R, Brown MA, Lau SH, Xie D, Lau GK, Guan XY. Identification and characterization of a novel melanoma tumor suppressor gene on human chromosome 6q21. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:797-803. [PMID: 19188149 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE By characterizing a complex chromosome rearrangement involving 6q and 17p in melanoma cell line UACC-930, we isolated a candidate tumor suppressor gene at 6q21, named prenyl diphosphate synthase subunit 2 (PDSS2), which was interrupted by an inversion breakpoint. The purpose of this study was to determine the tumor-suppressive potential of PDSS2 in the development of melanoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To isolate the rearranged 6q in UACC-930 cells, a bacterial artificial chromosome clone (RP1-67A8) covering the breakpoint at 6q21 was digested with HindIII and each DNA fragment was used as the probe for the breakpoint in Southern blotting. The HindIII fragment probe covering the breakpoint was then used to screen an EcoRI-digested DNA library generated from UACC-930. To characterize the tumor-suppressive potential of PDSS2, PDSS2 was stably transfected into a highly tumorigenic melanoma cell line, UACC-903. The tumor-suppressive function of PDSS2 was shown by both in vitro and in vivo assays. The differential expression of PDSS2 in benign nevi and primary melanoma samples was also studied. RESULTS Down-regulation of PDSS2 was observed in 59 of 87 (67.8%) primary melanomas, which was significantly higher than that in benign nevi (7 of 66, 10.6%; P < 0.001). In addition, an overexpression of the PDSS2 in UACC-903 cells could inhibit tumor cell growth, decrease the colony-forming ability in soft agar, and totally abrogate the tumorigenicity of UACC-903 in nude mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the proposal that PDSS2 is a novel tumor suppressor gene that plays an important role in the development of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Mei-Wah Fung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Thelander EF, Ichimura K, Corcoran M, Barbany G, Nordgren A, Heyman M, Berglund M, Mungall A, Rosenquist R, Collins VP, Grandér D, Larsson C, Lagercrantz S. Characterization of 6q deletions in mature B cell lymphomas and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 49:477-87. [DOI: 10.1080/10428190701817282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chanudet E, Ye H, Ferry J, Bacon CM, Adam P, Müller-Hermelink HK, Radford J, Pileri SA, Ichimura K, Collins VP, Hamoudi RA, Nicholson AG, Wotherspoon AC, Isaacson PG, Du MQ. A20 deletion is associated with copy number gain at the TNFA/B/C locus and occurs preferentially in translocation-negative MALT lymphoma of the ocular adnexa and salivary glands. J Pathol 2009; 217:420-30. [PMID: 19006194 DOI: 10.1002/path.2466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The genetic basis of MALT lymphoma is largely unknown. Characteristic chromosomal translocations are frequently associated with gastric and pulmonary cases, but are rare at other sites. We compared the genetic profiles of 33 ocular adnexal and 25 pulmonary MALT lymphomas by 1 Mb array-comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and revealed recurrent 6q23 losses and 6p21.2-6p22.1 gains exclusive to ocular cases. High-resolution chromosome 6 tile-path array-CGH identified NF-kappaB inhibitor A20 as the target of 6q23.3 deletion and TNFA/B/C locus as a putative target of 6p21.2-22.1 gain. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that A20 deletion occurred in MALT lymphoma of the ocular adnexa (8/42=19%), salivary gland (2/24=8%), thyroid (1/9=11%) and liver (1/2), but not in the lung (26), stomach (45) and skin (13). Homozygous deletion was observed in three cases. A20 deletion and TNFA/B/C gain were significantly associated (p<0.001) and exclusively found in cases without characteristic translocation. In ocular cases, A20 deletion was associated with concurrent involvement of different adnexal tissues or extraocular sites at diagnosis (p=0.007), a higher proportion of relapse (67% versus 37%) and a shorter relapse-free survival (p=0.033). A20 deletion and gain at TNFA/B/C locus may thus play an important role in the development of translocation-negative MALT lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chanudet
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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Karakoula K, Suarez-Merino B, Ward S, Phipps KP, Harkness W, Hayward R, Thompson D, Jacques TS, Harding B, Beck J, Thomas DGT, Warr TJ. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis of pediatric ependymomas identifies novel candidate genes including TPR at 1q25 and CHIBBY at 22q12-q13. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008; 47:1005-22. [PMID: 18663750 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of chromosome 22 and gain of 1q are the most frequent genomic aberrations in ependymomas, indicating that genes mapping to these regions are critical in their pathogenesis. Using real-time quantitative PCR, we measured relative copy numbers of 10 genes mapping to 22q12.3-q13.33 and 10 genes at 1q21-32 in a series of 47 pediatric intracranial ependymomas. Loss of one or more of the genes on 22 was detected in 81% of cases, with RAC2 and C22ORF2 at 22q12-q13.1 being deleted most frequently in 38% and 32% of ependymoma samples, respectively. Combined analysis of quantitative-PCR with methylation-specific PCR and bisulphite sequencing revealed a high rate (>60% ependymoma) of transcriptional inactivation of C22ORF2, indicating its potential importance in the development of pediatric ependymomas. Increase of relative copy numbers of at least one gene on 1q were detected in 61% of cases, with TPR at 1q25 displaying relative copy number gains in 38% of cases. Patient age was identified as a significant adverse prognostic factor, as a significantly shorter overall survival time (P = 0.0056) was observed in patients <2 years of age compared with patients who were >2 years of age. Loss of RAC2 at 22q13 or amplification of TPR at 1q25 was significantly associated with shorter overall survival in these younger patients (P = 0.0492 and P = < 0.0001, respectively). This study identifies candidate target genes within 1q and 22q that are potentially important in the pathogenesis of intracranial pediatric ependymomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Karakoula
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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22
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Inhibition of DNA methyltransferase activity upregulates Fyn tyrosine kinase expression in Hut-78 T-lymphoma cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2008; 62:672-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Honma K, Tsuzuki S, Nakagawa M, Karnan S, Aizawa Y, Kim WS, Kim YD, Ko YH, Seto M. TNFAIP3 is the target gene of chromosome band 6q23.3-q24.1 loss in ocular adnexal marginal zone B cell lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008; 47:1-7. [PMID: 17886247 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomic aberrations in extra nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma vary according to their anatomical origin. This polarization is a reflection of the participation of different genes in the lymphomagenesis of marginal zone B cell lymphoma. We previously demonstrated by means of genome-wide array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) that the genomic profile of ocular adnexal marginal zone B cell lymphoma is distinct from that of pulmonary or nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma. The novel finding was a recurrent deletion of a 2.9-Mb region at chromosome band 6q23.3-q24.1, including homozygous loss, in ocular adnexal marginal zone B cell lymphoma. For a more detailed examination of the deletions of 6q23.3-24.1, we used contig bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) array CGH, containing 24 BAC clones covering the 2.9-Mb region, to analyze nine cases with 6q23.3-q24.1 loss. We narrowed the minimal common region down to a length of 586 kb with two genes and four expressed sequence tags (ESTs). All of these genes and ESTs were subjected to RT-PCR and real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Correlation between genomic loss and expression level was found only for TNFAIP3, demonstrating that TNFAIP3 is a target gene of 6q deletion in ocular adnexal marginal zone B cell lymphoma. TNFAIP3 is an inhibitor of NF-kB signaling so that loss of this gene may play an important role in lymphomagenesis and suggests that TNFAIP3 may act as a tumor suppressor gene in ocular adnexal marginal zone B cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Honma
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
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Zhang L, Rothman N, Li G, Guo W, Yang W, Hubbard AE, Hayes RB, Yin S, Lu W, Smith MT. Aberrations in chromosomes associated with lymphoma and therapy-related leukemia in benzene-exposed workers. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2007; 48:467-74. [PMID: 17584886 DOI: 10.1002/em.20306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that benzene exposure is associated with an increased incidence of leukemia and perhaps lymphoma. Chromosomal rearrangements are common in these hematopoietic diseases. Translocation t(14;18), the long-arm deletion of chromosome 6 [del(6q)], and trisomy 12 are frequently observed in lymphoma patients. Rearrangements of the MLL gene located on chromosome 11q23, such as t(4;11) and t(6;11), are common in therapy-related leukemias resulting from treatment with topoisomerase II inhibiting drugs. To examine numerical and structural changes in these chromosomes (2, 4, 6, 11, 12, 14, and 18), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was employed on metaphase spreads from workers exposed to benzene (n = 43) and matched controls (n = 44) from Shanghai, China. Aneuploidy (both monosomy and trisomy) of all seven chromosomes was increased by benzene exposure. Benzene also induced del(6q) in a dose-dependent manner (P(trend) = 0.0002). Interestingly, translocations between chromosomes 14 and 18, t(14;18), known to be associated with follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma, were increased in the highly exposed workers (P < 0.001). On the other hand, translocations between chromosome 11 and other partner chromosomes that are found in therapy-induced leukemias were not increased. These data add weight to the notion that benzene can induce t(14;18) and del(6q) found in lymphoma, but do not support the idea that benzene induces t(4;11) or t(6;11). However, they do not rule out the possibility that other rearrangements of the MLL gene at chromosome 11q23 may be induced by benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoping Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.
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Sørensen KD, Borre M, Ørntoft TF, Dyrskjøt L, Tørring N. Chromosomal deletion, promoter hypermethylation and downregulation ofFYN in prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2007; 122:509-19. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Current Awareness in Hematological Oncology. Hematol Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rinaldi A, Kwee I, Poretti G, Mensah A, Pruneri G, Capello D, Rossi D, Zucca E, Ponzoni M, Catapano C, Tibiletti MG, Paulli M, Gaidano G, Bertoni F. Comparative genome-wide profiling of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Br J Haematol 2006; 134:27-36. [PMID: 16803564 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) are a major complication of solid organ transplantation, representing a cause of severe morbidity and mortality. Apart from Epstein-Barr virus infection, knowledge of the pathogenesis of monoclonal PTLD is limited. Powerful analysis techniques, such as whole genomic DNA profiling (array comparative genomic hybridisation), can improve our understanding of PTLD pathogenesis. Whole genome profiling using the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 10 k 2.0 was performed on 20 PTLD cases and 25 cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) from immunocompetent patients as a control group. Recurrent lesions were detected among all the samples. Chromosome 18q, 7q, 3q and 12 were the most common gains in the control group. Chromosomes 5p and 11p were commonly gained in PTLD-DLBCL. The latter had frequent losses of 6q, 17p, 1p and 9p. Chromosome 12p was the most frequent target of deletions among PTLD-DLBCL cases. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) did not always match DNA loss: chromosome 10 seemed to be targeted by uniparental disomy in PTLD. Small deletions and gains, involving both known (BCL2 and PAX5) and unknown genes (ZDHHC14), were identified. These data suggest that PTLD share, at a lower frequency, common genetic aberrations with DLBCL from immunocompetent patients. The demonstration of 9p13 amplification emphasises the importance of PAX5 in PTLD. The combination of DNA copy number and LOH assessment lead to the hypothesis that uniparental disomy may be a potential mechanism in B-cell lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rinaldi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Lymphoma Unit, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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