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Ruth AL, Rehman U, Stewart P, Moore LE, Yucel R, Taylor Wilson R. Maternal and Paternal Household Pesticide Exposure During Pregnancy and Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Occup Environ Med 2023; 65:595-604. [PMID: 37015736 PMCID: PMC10464523 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether risk estimates for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia change when restricting model comparison groups to "nonpesticide exposure" (NPE10) households. METHODS Cases ( n = 1810) 15 years or younger were identified through Children's Cancer Group institutions between 1989 and 1993 and age-/sex-matched to controls ( n = 1951). Household pesticide use during pregnancy/month prior was collected via telephone. NPE10 comparison group reporting no parental exposure to 10 pesticide classes was identified. RESULTS Adjusted odds ratios increased from 15% to 49% when limiting the comparison to NPE10. Maternal termite insecticide exposure was associated with greatest risk (adjusted odds ratio, 4.21; 95% confidence interval, 2.00-8.88). There was minimal evidence of interaction by child sex or occupational pesticide exposure, and no monotonic dose-response pattern with frequency of use (times per year). CONCLUSIONS Elevated risks are consistent with published pooled-/meta-analyses and DNA damage. The consistency and magnitude of these associations warrant product labeling, exposure reduction interventions, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Ruth
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.R., U.R., R.Y., R.T.W.); Stewart Exposure Assessments, LLC, Arlington, Virginia (P.S.); and Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland (L.E.M.)
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Hernandez I, Eckel SP, Chavez T, Johnson M, Lerner D, Grubbs B, Toledo-Corral CM, Farzan SF, Habre R, Dunton GF, Breton CV, Bastain TM. Household pesticide exposures and infant gross motor development in the MADRES cohort. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2022; 36:220-229. [PMID: 34964501 PMCID: PMC8881403 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of motor skills in infancy is a vital neurodevelopmental milestone. Although previous studies have explored the neurotoxic effects of agricultural pesticides on infants' motor development, limited research has examined early postnatal household pesticide use on infants' motor development, particularly among urban communities. OBJECTIVE This study examined the association between early postnatal household pesticide use and infants' gross and fine motor development at 6 months of age. METHODS Questionnaires were administered via telephone to 296 mother-infant dyads in the Maternal and Developmental Risks from Environmental and Social Stressors (MADRES) pregnancy cohort. Early life household pesticide use was assessed via questionnaire administered when infants turned 3 months old and gross and fine motor development was assessed by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3) at 6 months old. Infant gross motor scores were reverse coded so that higher scores indicated lower gross motor performance. Negative binomial regressions were performed to assess the relationship between household pesticide use and infant gross motor development. RESULTS Infants were predominantly Hispanic (78.7%) and full term (gestational age at birth: 39.0 ± 1.9 weeks), with 22.3% of maternal participants reporting household use of rodent and insect pesticides. Adjusting for recruitment site, maternal age, ethnicity, household income, education, infant corrected age, infant sex, and home type, infants with maternal-reported household use of rodent and insect pesticides had 1.30 times higher expected gross motor scores (95% confiidence interval 1.05, 1.61) than infants with no reported use of household pesticides, with higher scores indicating reduced gross motor performance. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest household use of rodent and insect pesticides may harm infants' gross motor development in early childhood. Future research should evaluate the impact of specific household chemicals in infant biospecimens and their associations with infant motor development to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ixel Hernandez
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandrah P. Eckel
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Chavez
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark Johnson
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Brendan Grubbs
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Claudia M. Toledo-Corral
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Health Sciences, California State University Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Shohreh F. Farzan
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rima Habre
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Genevieve F. Dunton
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carrie V. Breton
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Theresa M. Bastain
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Danjou AMN, Pérol O, Coste A, Faure E, Béranger R, Boyle H, Belladame E, Grassot L, Dubuis M, Spinosi J, Bouaoun L, Fléchon A, Bujan L, Drouineaud V, Eustache F, Berthaut I, Perrin J, Brugnon F, Charbotel B, Schüz J, Fervers B. Domestic use of pesticides during early periods of development and risk of testicular germ cell tumors in adulthood: a French nationwide case-control study. Environ Health 2021; 20:111. [PMID: 34706722 PMCID: PMC8554827 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCT) are the most frequent cancers in young men in developed countries and their incidence rate has doubled worldwide over the past 40 years. Early life exposures to pesticides are suspected to increase TGCT risk. Our research aimed at estimating adult TGCT risk associated with parental domestic use of pesticides during early periods of child development. METHODS We conducted a case-control study of 304 TGCT cases, aged 18-45 years old, recruited in 20 French university hospitals, and 274 controls frequency-matched on hospital and birth year. Participants' mothers provided information on their domestic use of pesticides from 1 year before start of pregnancy to 1 year after their son's birth, for gardening activities, treatment of indoor plants, pets, wood and mold, and pest control. Odds ratios (OR) for TGCT (overall and by histological subtype) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS Prevalence of reported domestic use of pesticides was 77.3% for insecticides, 15.9% for fungicides and 12.1% for herbicides. While no association was found for any use of insecticides (OR = 1.27, CI = 0.80-2.01) or herbicides (OR = 1.15, CI = 0.67-2.00), elevated risks of TGCT overall (OR = 1.73, CI = 1.04-2.87) and non-seminoma subtype (OR = 2.44, CI = 1.26-4.74) were observed for any use of fungicides. When specific purposes were examined, using fungicides and/or insecticides for woodwork (OR = 2.35, CI = 1.06-5.20) and using insecticides on cats and dogs (OR = 1.95, CI = 1.12-3.40) were associated with increased risk of non-seminoma subtype. We found no association for seminoma subtype. CONCLUSIONS Although recall bias may partially explain the elevated ORs, our study provides some evidence of a positive association between domestic use of pesticides during early periods of development, particularly fungicides and risk of adult TGCT and non-seminoma. Given the common domestic use of pesticides in France, further research on TGCT risk is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie M. N. Danjou
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, Cedex 08 France
| | - Olivia Pérol
- Département Prévention, Cancer et Environnement, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- INSERM UMR1296 Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment, Lyon, France
| | - Astrid Coste
- Département Prévention, Cancer et Environnement, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- INSERM UMR1296 Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment, Lyon, France
| | - Elodie Faure
- Département Prévention, Cancer et Environnement, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Équipe “Exposome et Hérédité”, CESP, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Rémi Béranger
- IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR S 1085, INSERM, EHESP, CHU Rennes, Rennes University, Rennes, France
| | - Helen Boyle
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Elodie Belladame
- Département Prévention, Cancer et Environnement, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Lény Grassot
- Département Prévention, Cancer et Environnement, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Matthieu Dubuis
- Département Prévention, Cancer et Environnement, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Johan Spinosi
- Direction Santé Travail, équipe associée à L’UMRESTTE (UMR T 9405 Université Lyon 1, IFSTTAR), Santé publique France, Lyon, France
| | - Liacine Bouaoun
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, Cedex 08 France
| | - Aude Fléchon
- Département Prévention, Cancer et Environnement, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Louis Bujan
- DEFE (Développement Embryonnaire, Fertilité, Environnement) INSERM 1202 Universités Montpellier et Toulouse 3, CECOS Hôpital Paule de Viguier, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Fédération Française des CECOS, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Drouineaud
- Fédération Française des CECOS, Paris, France
- CECOS Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Florence Eustache
- Fédération Française des CECOS, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d’Histologie, Biologie de la Reproduction, CECOS Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Berthaut
- Fédération Française des CECOS, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d’Histologie, Biologie de la Reproduction, CECOS Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
- APHP Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Perrin
- Fédération Française des CECOS, Paris, France
- CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Avignon University, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Centre Clinico-Biologique d’AMP-CECOS, AP-HM La Conception University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Brugnon
- Fédération Française des CECOS, Paris, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Estaing, AMP, CECOS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- IMOST, INSERM U1240, Faculté Médecine Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Barbara Charbotel
- Département Prévention, Cancer et Environnement, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- UMRESTTE, UMR T 9405, IFSTTAR, Lyon 1 University, Lyon University, Eiffel University, Lyon, France
| | - Joachim Schüz
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, Cedex 08 France
| | - Béatrice Fervers
- Département Prévention, Cancer et Environnement, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- INSERM UMR1296 Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment, Lyon, France
| | - For the TESTIS study group
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, Cedex 08 France
- Département Prévention, Cancer et Environnement, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- INSERM UMR1296 Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment, Lyon, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Équipe “Exposome et Hérédité”, CESP, 94805 Villejuif, France
- IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR S 1085, INSERM, EHESP, CHU Rennes, Rennes University, Rennes, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Direction Santé Travail, équipe associée à L’UMRESTTE (UMR T 9405 Université Lyon 1, IFSTTAR), Santé publique France, Lyon, France
- DEFE (Développement Embryonnaire, Fertilité, Environnement) INSERM 1202 Universités Montpellier et Toulouse 3, CECOS Hôpital Paule de Viguier, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Fédération Française des CECOS, Paris, France
- CECOS Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d’Histologie, Biologie de la Reproduction, CECOS Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
- APHP Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Avignon University, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Centre Clinico-Biologique d’AMP-CECOS, AP-HM La Conception University Hospital, Marseille, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Estaing, AMP, CECOS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- IMOST, INSERM U1240, Faculté Médecine Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- UMRESTTE, UMR T 9405, IFSTTAR, Lyon 1 University, Lyon University, Eiffel University, Lyon, France
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Fauzi NIM, Fen YW, Omar NAS, Hashim HS. Recent Advances on Detection of Insecticides Using Optical Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:3856. [PMID: 34204853 PMCID: PMC8199770 DOI: 10.3390/s21113856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insecticides are enormously important to industry requirements and market demands in agriculture. Despite their usefulness, these insecticides can pose a dangerous risk to the safety of food, environment and all living things through various mechanisms of action. Concern about the environmental impact of repeated use of insecticides has prompted many researchers to develop rapid, economical, uncomplicated and user-friendly analytical method for the detection of insecticides. In this regards, optical sensors are considered as favorable methods for insecticides analysis because of their special features including rapid detection time, low cost, easy to use and high selectivity and sensitivity. In this review, current progresses of incorporation between recognition elements and optical sensors for insecticide detection are discussed and evaluated well, by categorizing it based on insecticide chemical classes, including the range of detection and limit of detection. Additionally, this review aims to provide powerful insights to researchers for the future development of optical sensors in the detection of insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Illya Muhamad Fauzi
- Functional Devices Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.I.M.F.); (N.A.S.O.)
| | - Yap Wing Fen
- Functional Devices Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.I.M.F.); (N.A.S.O.)
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Nur Alia Sheh Omar
- Functional Devices Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.I.M.F.); (N.A.S.O.)
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Hazwani Suhaila Hashim
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Household exposure to pesticides and risk of leukemia in children and adolescents: Updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:49-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pesticides and Child's Health in France. Curr Environ Health Rep 2018; 5:522-530. [PMID: 30267227 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-018-0216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The use of pesticides is predominant in agriculture, inducing environmental contamination, and has been extended to the domestic sphere. In France, > 500 pesticides were authorized for use in 2009; given their various toxicological properties, there are legitimate concerns about the possible consequences for child health. This review summarizes the recent French studies of good quality dealing with pesticides and child health. RECENT FINDINGS Three cohorts (mother-child, retrospective) and two case-control studies have been conducted in the last decade. Using various instruments for exposure assessment including biomarkers, they have suggested alterations of subclinical health parameters at birth, increased risk of otitis at age 2, and increased risk of several types of childhood cancer. However, there were no adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes at 6 years of age following prenatal exposure to pesticides. Both agricultural and domestic pesticides might be involved in such adverse health outcomes. Similar studies are lacking in Europe. Studies on fungicides and child health are scarce.
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Maternal Exposure to Pesticides, Paternal Occupation in the Army/Police Force, and CYP2D6*4 Polymorphism in the Etiology of Childhood Acute Leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2018; 40:e207-e214. [PMID: 29432309 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000001105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have suggested that parental occupations, pesticide use, environmental factors, and genetic polymorphism are involved in the etiology of childhood acute leukemia (CAL). In total, 116 cases of CAL and 162 controls were recruited and submitted to blood drawing to assess the presence of genetic polymorphisms. Parental occupations, pesticides exposure, and other potential determinants were investigated. Increased risk for CAL was associated with prenatal maternal use of insecticides/rodenticides (odds ratio [OR]=1.87; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.04-3.33), with subjects living <100 m from pesticide-treated fields (OR=3.21; 95% CI, 1.37-7.53) and with a paternal occupation as traffic warden/policeman (OR=4.02; 95% CI, 1.63-9.87). Associations were found between CAL and genetic polymorphism of CYP2D6*4 for homozygous alleles (mutant type/mutant type: OR=6.39; 95% CI, 1.17-34.66). In conclusion, despite the small sample size, maternal prenatal exposure to pesticides, paternal occupation as a traffic warden/police officer, and CYP2D6*4 polymorphism could play a role in the etiology of CAL.
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Vidart d'Egurbide Bagazgoïtia N, Bailey HD, Orsi L, Lacour B, Guerrini-Rousseau L, Bertozzi AI, Leblond P, Faure-Conter C, Pellier I, Freycon C, Doz F, Puget S, Ducassou S, Clavel J. Maternal residential pesticide use during pregnancy and risk of malignant childhood brain tumors: A pooled analysis of the ESCALE and ESTELLE studies (SFCE). Int J Cancer 2017; 142:489-497. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Vidart d'Egurbide Bagazgoïtia
- INSERM, Université Paris-Descartes, Université Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, CRESS-EPICEA Epidémiologie des cancers de l'enfant et de l'adolescent; Paris France
| | - Helen D. Bailey
- INSERM, Université Paris-Descartes, Université Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, CRESS-EPICEA Epidémiologie des cancers de l'enfant et de l'adolescent; Paris France
| | - Laurent Orsi
- INSERM, Université Paris-Descartes, Université Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, CRESS-EPICEA Epidémiologie des cancers de l'enfant et de l'adolescent; Paris France
| | - Brigitte Lacour
- INSERM, Université Paris-Descartes, Université Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, CRESS-EPICEA Epidémiologie des cancers de l'enfant et de l'adolescent; Paris France
- RNCE - National Registry of Childhood Cancers, Inserm, Villejuif and CHU de Nancy; France
| | - Léa Guerrini-Rousseau
- Gustave Roussy, Département de cancérologie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent; Villejuif France
| | | | - Pierre Leblond
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Oscar Lambret Comprehensive Cancer Center; Lille France
| | - Cécile Faure-Conter
- Institut d'hématologie et d'oncologie pédiatrique, IHOPe, Centre Léon Bérard; Lyon France
| | | | - Claire Freycon
- Clinique de pédiatrie, Hôpital Couple Enfant, CHU Grenoble-Alpes; Grenoble France
| | - François Doz
- Département de Pédiatrie-Adolescents et Jeunes Adultes; Institut Curie, et Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
| | - Stéphanie Puget
- Service de neurochirurgie pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris France
| | - Stéphane Ducassou
- Service d'onco-hématologie pédiatrique, Hôpital Pellegrin Tripode; Bordeaux France
| | - Jacqueline Clavel
- INSERM, Université Paris-Descartes, Université Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, CRESS-EPICEA Epidémiologie des cancers de l'enfant et de l'adolescent; Paris France
- RNCE - National Registry of Childhood Cancers, Inserm, Villejuif and CHU de Nancy; France
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Van Maele-Fabry G, Gamet-Payrastre L, Lison D. Residential exposure to pesticides as risk factor for childhood and young adult brain tumors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017. [PMID: 28623811 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests a positive association between exposure to non-agricultural pesticides and childhood brain tumors (CBT). OBJECTIVE (1) To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies on the association between residential/household/domestic exposure to pesticides and childhood brain tumors. (2) To clarify variables that could impact the results. METHODS Publications in English were identified from a MEDLINE search through 28 February 2017 and from the reference list of identified publications. Risk estimates were extracted from 18 case-control studies published between 1979 and 2016 and study quality assessments were performed. Summary odds ratios (mOR) were calculated according to fixed and random-effect meta-analysis models. Separate analyses were conducted after stratification for study quality, critical exposure period, exposure location, specific exposures, pesticide category, application methods, type of pest treated, type of CBT, child's age at diagnosis and geographic location. RESULTS Statistically significant associations were observed with CBT after combining all studies (mOR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.13-1.40) without evidence of inconsistency between study results or publication bias. Specifically, increased risks were observed for several groupings and more particularly for gliomas and exposure involving insecticides. Statistical significance was also reached for high quality studies, for all exposure periods, for indoor exposure and, more particularly, during the prenatal period for all stratifications involving insecticides (except for outdoor use), for pet treatments, for flea/tick treatment, for studies from USA/Canada and studies from Europe (borderline) as well as for data from studies including children of up to 10years at diagnosis and of up to 15years. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support an association between residential exposure to pesticides and childhood brain tumors. Although causality cannot be established, these results add to the evidence leading to recommend limiting residential use of pesticides and to support public health policies serving this objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Van Maele-Fabry
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Avenue E. Mounier 53.02, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Laurence Gamet-Payrastre
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173 Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Lison
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Avenue E. Mounier 53.02, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, epidemiologic studies have not strongly supported an association between pesticide exposure and breast cancer. However, few previous studies had the ability to assess specific time periods of exposure. Studies that relied on adult serum levels of metabolites of organochlorine pesticides may not accurately reflect exposure during developmental periods. Furthermore, exposure assessment often occurred after diagnosis and key tumor characteristics, such as hormone receptor status, have rarely been available to evaluate tumor subtype-specific associations. We examined the association between pesticide exposure during childhood and adolescence and breast cancer risk in the prospective Sister Study cohort (N = 50,884 women) to assess this relation by tumor subtype. METHODS During an average 5-year follow-up, 2,134 incident invasive and in situ breast cancer diagnoses were identified. Residential and farm exposure to pesticides were self-reported at study enrollment during standardized interviews. Multivariable hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for breast cancer risk were calculated with Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS HRs were near null for the association between childhood/adolescent pesticide exposure and breast cancer risk overall or among ER+/PR+ invasive tumors. However, among women who were ages 0-18 before the ban of dichlordiphenyltrichloroethane in the US, exposure to fogger trucks or planes was associated with a hazard ratio = 1.3 for premenopausal breast cancer (95% confidence interval: 0.92, 1.7). CONCLUSION These findings do not support an overall association between childhood and adolescent pesticide exposure and breast cancer risk. However, modest increases in breast cancer risk were associated with acute events in a subgroup of young women.
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Schmidt RJ, Schroeder DI, Crary-Dooley FK, Barkoski JM, Tancredi DJ, Walker CK, Ozonoff S, Hertz-Picciotto I, LaSalle JM. Self-reported pregnancy exposures and placental DNA methylation in the MARBLES prospective autism sibling study. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2016; 2:dvw024. [PMID: 28781890 PMCID: PMC5538262 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvw024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Human placenta is a fetal-derived tissue that offers a unique sample of epigenetic and environmental exposures present in utero. In the MARBLES prospective pregnancy study of high-risk younger siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), pregnancy and environmental factors collected by maternal interviews were examined as predictors of placental DNA methylation, including partially methylated domains (PMDs), an embryonic feature of the placental methylome. DNA methylation data from MethylC-seq analysis of 47 placentas of children clinically diagnosed at 3 years with ASD or typical development using standardized assessments were examined in relation to: child's gestational age, birth-weight, and diagnosis; maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, smoking, education, parity, height, prenatal vitamin and folate intake; home ownership; pesticides professionally applied to lawns or gardens or inside homes, pet flea/tick pouches, collars, or soaps/shampoos used in the 3 months prior to or during pregnancy. Sequencing run, order, and coverage, and child race and sex were considered as potential confounders. Akaike information criterion was used to select the most parsimonious among candidate models. Final prediction models used sandwich estimators to produce homoscadisticity-robust estimates of the 95% confidence interval (CI) and P-values controlled the false discovery rate at 5%. The strongest, most robust associations were between pesticides professionally applied outside the home and higher average methylation over PMDs [0.45 (95% CI 0.17, 0.72), P = 0.03] and a reduced proportion of the genome in PMDs [-0.42 (95% CI - 0.67 to -0.17), P = 0.03]. Pesticide exposures could alter placental DNA methylation more than other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Schmidt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
- MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Diane I. Schroeder
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Genome Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Florence K. Crary-Dooley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Genome Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Cheryl K. Walker
- MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sally Ozonoff
- MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
- MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Janine M. LaSalle
- MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Genome Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
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12
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Whitehead TP, Metayer C, Wiemels JL, Singer AW, Miller MD. Childhood Leukemia and Primary Prevention. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2016; 46:317-352. [PMID: 27968954 PMCID: PMC5161115 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia is the most common pediatric cancer, affecting 3800 children per year in the United States. Its annual incidence has increased over the last decades, especially among Latinos. Although most children diagnosed with leukemia are now cured, many suffer long-term complications, and primary prevention efforts are urgently needed. The early onset of leukemia-usually before 5 years of age-and the presence at birth of "pre-leukemic" genetic signatures indicate that pre- and postnatal events are critical to the development of the disease. In contrast to most pediatric cancers, there is a growing body of literature-in the United States and internationally-that has implicated several environmental, infectious, and dietary risk factors in the etiology of childhood leukemia, mainly for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the most common subtype. For example, exposures to pesticides, tobacco smoke, solvents, and traffic emissions have consistently demonstrated positive associations with the risk of developing childhood leukemia. In contrast, intake of vitamins and folate supplementation during the preconception period or pregnancy, breastfeeding, and exposure to routine childhood infections have been shown to reduce the risk of childhood leukemia. Some children may be especially vulnerable to these risk factors, as demonstrated by a disproportionate burden of childhood leukemia in the Latino population of California. The evidence supporting the associations between childhood leukemia and its risk factors-including pooled analyses from around the world and systematic reviews-is strong; however, the dissemination of this knowledge to clinicians has been limited. To protect children's health, it is prudent to initiate programs designed to alter exposure to well-established leukemia risk factors rather than to suspend judgment until no uncertainty remains. Primary prevention programs for childhood leukemia would also result in the significant co-benefits of reductions in other adverse health outcomes that are common in children, such as detriments to neurocognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd P Whitehead
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA; Center for Integrative Research on Childhood Leukemia and the Environment, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
| | - Catherine Metayer
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA; Center for Integrative Research on Childhood Leukemia and the Environment, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Joseph L Wiemels
- Center for Integrative Research on Childhood Leukemia and the Environment, University of California, Berkeley, CA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Amanda W Singer
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Mark D Miller
- Center for Integrative Research on Childhood Leukemia and the Environment, University of California, Berkeley, CA; Western States Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, University of California, San Francisco, CA
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13
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Bailey HD, Infante-Rivard C, Metayer C, Clavel J, Lightfoot T, Kaatsch P, Roman E, Magnani C, Spector LG, Petridou E, Milne E, Dockerty JD, Miligi L, Armstrong BK, Rudant J, Fritschi L, Simpson J, Zhang L, Rondelli R, Baka M, Orsi L, Moschovi M, Kang AY, Schüz J. Home pesticide exposures and risk of childhood leukemia: Findings from the childhood leukemia international consortium. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:2644-63. [PMID: 26061779 PMCID: PMC4572913 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Some previous studies have suggested that home pesticide exposure before birth and during a child's early years may increase the risk of childhood leukemia. To further investigate this, we pooled individual level data from 12 case-control studies in the Childhood Leukemia International Consortium. Exposure data were harmonized into compatible formats. Pooled analyses were undertaken using multivariable unconditional logistic regression. The odds ratio (ORs) for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) associated with any pesticide exposure shortly before conception, during pregnancy and after birth were 1.39 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25, 1.55) (using 2,785 cases and 3,635 controls), 1.43 (95% CI: 1.32, 1.54) (5,055 cases and 7,370 controls) and 1.36 (95% CI: 1.23, 1.51) (4,162 cases and 5,179 controls), respectively. Corresponding ORs for risk of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were 1.49 (95% CI: 1.02, 2.16) (173 cases and 1,789 controls), 1.55 (95% CI: 1.21, 1.99) (344 cases and 4,666 controls) and 1.08 (95% CI: 0.76, 1.53) (198 cases and 2,655 controls), respectively. There was little difference by type of pesticide used. The relative similarity in ORs between leukemia types, time periods and pesticide types may be explained by similar exposure patterns and effects across the time periods in ALL and AML, participants' exposure to multiple pesticides, or recall bias. Although some recall bias is likely, until a better study design can be found to investigate the associations between home pesticide use and childhood leukemia in an equally large sample, it would appear prudent to limit the use of home pesticides before and during pregnancy, and during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen D Bailey
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Section of Environment and Radiation, Lyon, France
| | - Claire Infante-Rivard
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Canada
| | - Catherine Metayer
- University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, United States
| | - Jacqueline Clavel
- Inserm U1153, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), Epidemiology of childhood and adolescent cancers team (EPICEA), Villejuif, France
- Paris-Descartes University, UMRS-1153, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), Paris, France
- RNHE - National Registry of Childhood cancers, Villejuif, France
| | - Tracy Lightfoot
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Kaatsch
- German Childhood Cancer Registry (GCCR) at the Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Eve Roman
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Corrado Magnani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale – Universita` del Piemonte Orientale, AOU Maggiore della Carita` e CPO – Piemonte, Novara, Italy
| | - Logan G Spector
- Division of Epidemiology Clinical Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
- Department of Pediatrics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Eleni Petridou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Elizabeth Milne
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - John D Dockerty
- Dean's Department and Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lucia Miligi
- ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Florence, Italy
| | - Bruce K Armstrong
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sax Institute, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Jérémie Rudant
- Inserm U1153, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), Epidemiology of childhood and adolescent cancers team (EPICEA), Villejuif, France
- Paris-Descartes University, UMRS-1153, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), Paris, France
- RNHE - National Registry of Childhood cancers, Villejuif, France
| | - Lin Fritschi
- Curtin University, School of Public Health, Perth, Australia
| | - Jill Simpson
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Luoping Zhang
- University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, United States
| | - Roberto Rondelli
- Paediatric Haematology -Oncology, Lalla Seràgnoli, Policlinico Sant’Orsola Malpighi Bologna Italy
| | - Margarita Baka
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, ‘‘Pan.&Agl. Kyriakou’’ Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Laurent Orsi
- Inserm U1153, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), Epidemiology of childhood and adolescent cancers team (EPICEA), Villejuif, France
- Paris-Descartes University, UMRS-1153, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - Maria Moschovi
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, ‘‘Aghia Sophia’’ General Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alice Y Kang
- University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, United States
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Section of Environment and Radiation, Lyon, France
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14
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Deziel NC, Colt JS, Kent EE, Gunier RB, Reynolds P, Booth B, Metayer C, Ward MH. Associations between self-reported pest treatments and pesticide concentrations in carpet dust. Environ Health 2015; 14:27. [PMID: 25889489 PMCID: PMC4374193 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-015-0015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent meta-analyses demonstrate an association between self-reported residential pesticide use and childhood leukemia risk. Self-reports may suffer from recall bias and provide information only on broad pesticide categories. We compared parental self-reported home and garden pest treatments to pesticides measured in carpet dust. METHODS Parents of 277 children with leukemia and 306 controls in Northern and Central California (2001-2007) were asked about insect and weed treatments during the previous year. Carpet dust samples were analyzed for 47 pesticides. We present results for the 7 insecticides (carbaryl, propoxur, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, permethrin), 5 herbicides (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid [2,4-D], chlorthal, dicamba, mecoprop, simazine), and 1 synergist (piperonyl butoxide) that were present in home and garden products during the study period and were detected in ≥25% of carpet dust samples. We constructed linear regression models for the relative change in pesticide concentrations associated with self-reported treatment of pest types in cases and controls separately and combined, adjusting for demographics, housing characteristics, and nearby agricultural pesticide applications. RESULTS Several self-reported treatments were associated with pesticide concentrations in dust. For example, households with flea/tick treatments had 2.3 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.4, 3.7) times higher permethrin concentrations than households not reporting this treatment. Households reporting treatment for ants/cockroaches had 2.5 (95% CI: 1.5, 4.2) times higher cypermethrin levels than households not reporting this treatment. Weed treatment by a household member was associated with 1.9 (1.4, 2.6), 2.2 (1.6, 3.1), and 2.8 (2.1, 3.7) times higher dust concentrations of dicamba, mecoprop, and 2,4-D, respectively. Weed treatments by professional applicators were null/inversely associated with herbicide concentrations in dust. Associations were generally similar between cases and controls and were consistent with pesticide active ingredients in these products during the study time period. CONCLUSIONS Consistency between self-reported pest treatments, concentrations in dust, and pesticides in products lends credibility to the exposure assessment methods and suggests that differential recall by case-control status is minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Deziel
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 60 College St., New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Joanne S Colt
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Erin E Kent
- Outcomes Research Branch, Applied Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Robert B Gunier
- School of Public Health, University of California, 50 University Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Peggy Reynolds
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Ave., Fremont, CA, 94538, USA.
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Benjamin Booth
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Catherine Metayer
- School of Public Health, University of California, 50 University Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Mary H Ward
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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15
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El-Zaemey S, Heyworth J, Glass DC, Peters S, Fritschi L. Household and occupational exposure to pesticides and risk of breast cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2014; 24:91-102. [PMID: 23767826 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2013.800958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The association between breast cancer in women and the use of household or occupational pesticides was examined in a population-based case-control study. This study was conducted in Western Australia in 2009-2011 and included 1,789 controls and 1,205 cases. Information on household pesticide exposure was collected from questionnaires. For occupational pesticide exposure, job-specific modules (JSMs) were used. To evaluate potential recall bias, we stratified the analysis by belief about whether pesticides contribute to breast cancer. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Women's exposures to pesticides in households and workplaces were not related to increased risk of breast cancer (OR = 1.10; CI: 0.86-1.37) and (OR = 0.77; CI: 0.45-1.32), respectively. The prevalence of occupational exposure to pesticides among women in our study was low. In the stratified analyses, the odd ratios associated with household pesticide use were similar among participants who believed pesticides increased breast cancer risk and those who did not. The results of our study did not show associations between breast cancer and household or occupational exposure to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia El-Zaemey
- a School of Population Health , The University of Western , 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley , 6009 , Australia
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16
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Slusky DA, Does M, Metayer C, Mezei G, Selvin S, Buffler PA. Potential role of selection bias in the association between childhood leukemia and residential magnetic fields exposure: a population-based assessment. Cancer Epidemiol 2014; 38:307-13. [PMID: 24679435 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Data from the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study (NCCLS) were used to assess whether selection bias may explain the association between residential magnetic fields (assessed by wire codes) and childhood leukemia as previously observed in case-control studies. METHODS Wiring codes were calculated for participating cases, n=310; and non-participating cases, n=66; as well as for three control groups: first-choice participating, n=174; first-choice non-participating, n=252; and replacement (non-first choice participating controls), n=220. RESULTS Participating controls tended to be of higher socioeconomic status than non-participating controls, and lower socioeconomic status was related to higher wire-codes. The odds ratio (OR) for developing childhood leukemia associated with high wire-codes was 1.18 (95% CI: 0.85, 1.64) when all cases were compared to all first-choice controls (participating and non-participating). The OR for developing childhood leukemia in the high current category was 1.43 (95% CI: 0.91, 2.26) when participating cases were compared to first-choice participating controls, but no associations were observed when participating cases were compared to non-participating controls (OR=1.06, 95% CI: 0.71, 1.57) or to replacement controls (OR=1.06, 95% CI: 0.71, 1.60). CONCLUSIONS The observed risk estimates vary by type of control group, and no statistically significant association between wire codes and childhood leukemia is observed in the California population participating in the NCCLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danna A Slusky
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States.
| | - Monique Does
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Catherine Metayer
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Gabor Mezei
- Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Steve Selvin
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Patricia A Buffler
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
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