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Awdeh A, Turcotte M, Perkins TJ. Identifying transcription factors with cell-type specific DNA binding signatures. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:957. [PMID: 39402535 PMCID: PMC11472444 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 10/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcription factors (TFs) bind to different parts of the genome in different types of cells, but it is usually assumed that the inherent DNA-binding preferences of a TF are invariant to cell type. Yet, there are several known examples of TFs that switch their DNA-binding preferences in different cell types, and yet more examples of other mechanisms, such as steric hindrance or cooperative binding, that may result in a "DNA signature" of differential binding. RESULTS To survey this phenomenon systematically, we developed a deep learning method we call SigTFB (Signatures of TF Binding) to detect and quantify cell-type specificity in a TF's known genomic binding sites. We used ENCODE ChIP-seq data to conduct a wide scale investigation of 169 distinct TFs in up to 14 distinct cell types. SigTFB detected statistically significant DNA binding signatures in approximately two-thirds of TFs, far more than might have been expected from the relatively sparse evidence in prior literature. We found that the presence or absence of a cell-type specific DNA binding signature is distinct from, and indeed largely uncorrelated to, the degree of overlap between ChIP-seq peaks in different cell types, and tended to arise by two mechanisms: using established motifs in different frequencies, and by selective inclusion of motifs for distint TFs. CONCLUSIONS While recent results have highlighted cell state features such as chromatin accessibility and gene expression in predicting TF binding, our results emphasize that, for some TFs, the DNA sequences of the binding sites contain substantial cell-type specific motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseel Awdeh
- School of Electrical Engineering and Compute Science, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward Ave., Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ontario, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, K1H 8L6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcel Turcotte
- School of Electrical Engineering and Compute Science, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward Ave., Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theodore J Perkins
- School of Electrical Engineering and Compute Science, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward Ave., Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ontario, Canada.
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, K1H 8L6, Ontario, Canada.
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Pastori V, Zambanini G, Citterio E, Weiss T, Nakamura Y, Cantù C, Ronchi AE. Transcriptional repression of the oncofetal LIN28B gene by the transcription factor SOX6. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10287. [PMID: 38704454 PMCID: PMC11069503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The identification of regulatory networks contributing to fetal/adult gene expression switches is a major challenge in developmental biology and key to understand the aberrant proliferation of cancer cells, which often reactivate fetal oncogenes. One key example is represented by the developmental gene LIN28B, whose aberrant reactivation in adult tissues promotes tumor initiation and progression. Despite the prominent role of LIN28B in development and cancer, the mechanisms of its transcriptional regulation are largely unknown. Here, by using quantitative RT-PCR and single cell RNA sequencing data, we show that in erythropoiesis the expression of the transcription factor SOX6 matched a sharp decline of LIN28B mRNA during human embryo/fetal to adult globin switching. SOX6 overexpression repressed LIN28B not only in a panel of fetal-like erythroid cells (K562, HEL and HUDEP1; ≈92% p < 0.0001, 54% p = 0.0009 and ≈60% p < 0.0001 reduction, respectively), but also in hepatoblastoma HepG2 and neuroblastoma SH-SY5H cells (≈99% p < 0.0001 and ≈59% p < 0.0001 reduction, respectively). SOX6-mediated repression caused downregulation of the LIN28B/Let-7 targets, including MYC and IGF2BP1, and rapidly blocks cell proliferation. Mechanistically, Lin28B repression is accompanied by SOX6 physical binding within its locus, suggesting a direct mechanism of LIN28B downregulation that might contribute to the fetal/adult erythropoietic transition and restrict cancer proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pastori
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Zambanini
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Genetik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Citterio
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Tamina Weiss
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Claudio Cantù
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Antonella Ellena Ronchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
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3
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Zheng H, Liu M, Shi S, Huang H, Yang X, Luo Z, Song Y, Xu Q, Li T, Xue L, Lu F, Wang J. MAP4K4 and WT1 mediate SOX6-induced cellular senescence by synergistically activating the ATF2-TGFβ2-Smad2/3 signaling pathway in cervical cancer. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:1327-1346. [PMID: 38383842 PMCID: PMC11076992 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
SRY-box transcription factor 6 (SOX6) is a member of the SOX gene family and inhibits the proliferation of cervical cancer cells by inducing cell cycle arrest. However, the final cell fate and significance of these cell-cycle-arrested cervical cancer cells induced by SOX6 remains unclear. Here, we report that SOX6 inhibits the proliferation of cervical cancer cells by inducing cellular senescence, which is mainly mediated by promoting transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGFB2) gene expression and subsequently activating the TGFβ2-Smad2/3-p53-p21WAF1/CIP1-Rb pathway. SOX6 promotes TGFB2 gene expression through the MAP4K4-MAPK (JNK/ERK/p38)-ATF2 and WT1-ATF2 pathways, which is dependent on its high-mobility group (HMG) domain. In addition, the SOX6-induced senescent cervical cancer cells are resistant to cisplatin treatment. ABT-263 (navitoclax) and ABT-199 (venetoclax), two classic senolytics, can specifically eliminate the SOX6-induced senescent cervical cancer cells, and thus significantly improve the chemosensitivity of cisplatin-resistant cervical cancer cells. This study uncovers that the MAP4K4/WT1-ATF2-TGFβ2 axis mediates SOX6-induced cellular senescence, which is a promising therapeutic target in improving the chemosensitivity of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical ImmunologyPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Mingchen Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Shu Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Hongxin Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Xingwen Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical ImmunologyPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ziheng Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical ImmunologyPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yarong Song
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical ImmunologyPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Lixiang Xue
- Department of Radiation OncologyCancer Center of Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Fengmin Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical ImmunologyPeking UniversityBeijingChina
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4
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Bahmad HF, Thiravialingam A, Sriganeshan K, Gonzalez J, Alvarez V, Ocejo S, Abreu AR, Avellan R, Arzola AH, Hachem S, Poppiti R. Clinical Significance of SOX10 Expression in Human Pathology. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:10131-10158. [PMID: 38132479 PMCID: PMC10742133 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45120633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryonic development of neural crest cells and subsequent tissue differentiation are intricately regulated by specific transcription factors. Among these, SOX10, a member of the SOX gene family, stands out. Located on chromosome 22q13, the SOX10 gene encodes a transcription factor crucial for the differentiation, migration, and maintenance of tissues derived from neural crest cells. It plays a pivotal role in developing various tissues, including the central and peripheral nervous systems, melanocytes, chondrocytes, and odontoblasts. Mutations in SOX10 have been associated with congenital disorders such as Waardenburg-Shah Syndrome, PCWH syndrome, and Kallman syndrome, underscoring its clinical significance. Furthermore, SOX10 is implicated in neural and neuroectodermal tumors, such as melanoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), and schwannomas, influencing processes like proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In mesenchymal tumors, SOX10 expression serves as a valuable marker for distinguishing between different tumor types. Additionally, SOX10 has been identified in various epithelial neoplasms, including breast, ovarian, salivary gland, nasopharyngeal, and bladder cancers, presenting itself as a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker. However, despite these associations, further research is imperative to elucidate its precise role in these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham F. Bahmad
- The Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA;
| | - Aran Thiravialingam
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Karthik Sriganeshan
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Jeffrey Gonzalez
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Veronica Alvarez
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Stephanie Ocejo
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Alvaro R. Abreu
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Rima Avellan
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Alejandro H. Arzola
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Sana Hachem
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, Lebanon;
| | - Robert Poppiti
- The Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA;
- Department of Pathology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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5
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Li Y, Jiang D, Zhang Q, Liu E, Shao H. Clinical implications and genetical insights of SOX6 expression in acute myeloid leukemia. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022:10.1007/s00432-022-04349-8. [PMID: 36117190 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcription factor SOX6 belongs to Sry-related high-mobility-group box (SOX) family, has been reported to be downregulated and acts as a tumor-suppressor gene in various solid tumors, but in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is incompletely understood. METHODS The SOX6 expression was analyzed between AML patients and normal controls from public data and our research cohort. Correlations between SOX6 expression and clinical, genetic features together with survival were further analyzed. RESULTS In both public and our present datasets, we demonstrated that SOX6 expression is notably downregulated in AML patients compared with normal controls. Moreover, the expression level of SOX6 was dynamic, along with the disease status. SOX6 was significantly decreased in relapsed/refractory AML compared with complete remission AML. Clinically, SOX6 underexpression was significantly correlated with bone marrow blasts, and WBC counts. Furthermore, decreased expression of SOX6 was more common in core binding factor AML (CBF-AML), rarely found in complex karyotype AML (CK-AML), and correlated with FLT3 mutations. By survival analyses, low-expression of SOX6 was associated with shorter overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) among cytogenetic normal AML (CN-AML) patients. Moreover, both univariate and multivariate analyses showed that low SOX6 expression was an independent unfavorable prognostic biomarker for CN-AML. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that SOX6 underexpression, as a frequent event in AML, was associated with genetic abnormalities and prognosis in AML. SOX6 might be a valuable biomarker for risk stratification, predicting prognosis and relapse of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Duanfeng Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Enyi Liu
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Haigang Shao
- Department of Hematology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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6
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de Krijger M, Hageman IL, Li Yim AYF, Verhoeff J, Garcia Vallejo JJ, van Hamersveld PHP, Levin E, Hakvoort TBM, Wildenberg ME, Henneman P, Ponsioen CY, de Jonge WJ. Epigenetic Signatures Discriminate Patients With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Ulcerative Colitis From Patients With Ulcerative Colitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:840935. [PMID: 35371111 PMCID: PMC8965896 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic inflammatory liver disease affecting the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts, and is strongly associated with ulcerative colitis (UC). In this study, we explored the peripheral blood DNA methylome and its immune cell composition in patients with PSC-UC, UC, and healthy controls (HC) with the aim to develop a predictive assay in distinguishing patients with PSC-UC from those with UC alone. Methods The peripheral blood DNA methylome of male patients with PSC and concomitant UC, UC and HCs was profiled using the Illumina HumanMethylation Infinium EPIC BeadChip (850K) array. Differentially methylated CpG position (DMP) and region (DMR) analyses were performed alongside gradient boosting classification analyses to discern PSC-UC from UC patients. As observed differences in the DNA methylome could be the result of differences in cellular populations, we additionally employed mass cytometry (CyTOF) to characterize the immune cell compositions. Results Genome wide methylation analysis did not reveal large differences between PSC-UC and UC patients nor HCs. Nonetheless, using gradient boosting we were capable of discerning PSC-UC from UC with an area under the receiver operator curve (AUROC) of 0.80. Four CpG sites annotated to the NINJ2 gene were found to strongly contribute to the predictive performance. While CyTOF analyses corroborated the largely similar blood cell composition among patients with PSC-UC, UC and HC, a higher abundance of myeloid cells was observed in UC compared to PSC-UC patients. Conclusion DNA methylation enables discerning PSC-UC from UC patients, with a potential for biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon de Krijger
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ishtu L Hageman
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andrew Y F Li Yim
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Genome Diagnostics Laboratory, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan Verhoeff
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Free University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Juan J Garcia Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Free University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Patricia H P van Hamersveld
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Evgeni Levin
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Horaizon BV, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Theodorus B M Hakvoort
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manon E Wildenberg
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter Henneman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Genome Diagnostics Laboratory, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cyriel Y Ponsioen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, University Clinic of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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7
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Advance of SOX Transcription Factors in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: From Role, Tumor Immune Relevance to Targeted Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051165. [PMID: 35267473 PMCID: PMC8909699 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest human health burdens worldwide. However, the molecular mechanism of HCC development is still not fully understood. Sex determining region Y-related high-mobility group box (SOX) transcription factors not only play pivotal roles in cell fate decisions during development but also participate in the initiation and progression of cancer. Given the significance of SOX factors in cancer and their ‘undruggable’ properties, we summarize the role and molecular mechanism of SOX family members in HCC and the regulatory effect of SOX factors in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of various cancers. For the first time, we analyze the association between the levels of SOX factors and that of immune components in HCC, providing clues to the pivotal role of SOX factors in the TIME of HCC. We also discuss the opportunities and challenges of targeting SOX factors for cancer. Abstract Sex determining region Y (SRY)-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (SOX) factors belong to an evolutionarily conserved family of transcription factors that play essential roles in cell fate decisions involving numerous developmental processes. In recent years, the significance of SOX factors in the initiation and progression of cancers has been gradually revealed, and they act as potential therapeutic targets for cancer. However, the research involving SOX factors is still preliminary, given that their effects in some leading-edge fields such as tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) remain obscure. More importantly, as a class of ‘undruggable’ molecules, targeting SOX factors still face considerable challenges in achieving clinical translation. Here, we mainly focus on the roles and regulatory mechanisms of SOX family members in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the fatal human health burdens worldwide. We then detail the role of SOX members in remodeling TIME and analyze the association between SOX members and immune components in HCC for the first time. In addition, we emphasize several alternative strategies involved in the translational advances of SOX members in cancer. Finally, we discuss the alternative strategies of targeting SOX family for cancer and propose the opportunities and challenges they face based on the current accumulated studies and our understanding.
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8
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Huang H, Han Q, Zheng H, Liu M, Shi S, Zhang T, Yang X, Li Z, Xu Q, Guo H, Lu F, Wang J. MAP4K4 mediates the SOX6-induced autophagy and reduces the chemosensitivity of cervical cancer. Cell Death Dis 2021; 13:13. [PMID: 34930918 PMCID: PMC8688448 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04474-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There are nearly 40% of cervical cancer patients showing poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy that can be induced by autophagy, however, the underlying mechanism has not yet been fully clarified. We previously found that Sex-determining region of Y-related high-mobility-group box 6 (SOX6), a tumor suppressor gene or oncogene in several cancers, could induce autophagy in cervical cancer. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the mechanism of SOX6-induced autophagy and its potential significance in the platinum-based chemotherapy of cervical cancer. Firstly, we found that SOX6 could promote autophagy in cervical cancer cells depending on its HMG domain. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase-4 (MAP4K4) gene was identified as the direct target gene of SOX6, which was transcriptionally upregulated by binding the HMG domain of SOX6 protein to its double-binding sites within MAP4K4 gene promoter. MAP4K4 mediated the SOX6-induced autophagy through inhibiting PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway and activating MAPK/ERK pathway. Further, the sensitivity of cervical cancer cells to cisplatin chemotherapy could be reduced by the SOX6-induced autophagy in vitro and in vivo, while such a phenomenon could be turned over by autophagy-specific inhibitor and MAP4K4 inhibitor, respectively. Moreover, cisplatin itself could promote the expression of endogenous SOX6 and subsequently the MAP4K4-mediated autophagy in cervical cancer cells, which might in turn reduce the sensitivity of these cells to cisplatin treatment. These findings uncovered the underlying mechanism and potential significance of SOX6-induced autophagy, and shed new light on the usage of MAP4K4 inhibitor or autophagy-specific inhibitor for sensitizing cervical cancer cells to the platinum-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Huang
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qin Han
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Han Zheng
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Mingchen Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shu Shi
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xingwen Yang
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhongqing Li
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Fengmin Lu
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
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9
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Naso JR, Cheung S, Ionescu DN, Churg A. Utility of SOX6 and DAB2 for the Diagnosis of Malignant Mesothelioma. Am J Surg Pathol 2021; 45:1245-1251. [PMID: 33782226 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The separation of malignant mesothelioma from non-small cell lung carcinomas can be a difficult problem. Sex-determining region Y box 6 (SOX6) and disabled homolog 2 (DAB2) have recently been proposed as sensitive/specific markers of mesothelial lineage, but have not yet been independently tested for utility in mesothelioma diagnosis. Using tissue microarrays containing mesotheliomas (epithelioid: n=40, sarcomatoid: n=23) and non-small cell lung carcinomas (adenocarcinoma: n=52, squamous cell carcinoma: n=57, large cell carcinoma: n=12) we evaluated the performance of SOX6 and DAB2 by themselves, in conjunction with other established mesothelioma markers (calretinin, WT1, D2-40, CK5/6, HEG1) and combined with 3 broad-spectrum established carcinoma markers: claudin-4, MOC31, and BerEP4. For epithelioid mesothelioma, SOX6 and DAB2 had sensitivities of 85% and 98%, respectively. For sarcomatoid mesothelioma, SOX6 had a sensitivity of 13% and DAB2 could not be assessed due to background stromal staining. For SOX6 alone, specificity for mesothelioma versus adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma was 94%, 79%, and 92%, respectively, while for DAB2 specificity was 77%, 86%, and 67%. Combinations of SOX6 and established mesothelioma markers produced sensitivities of 95% or greater. A combination of SOX6 positive/claudin-4 negative staining was 95% to 100% specific for mesothelioma versus carcinoma with a sensitivity of 85%. SOX6 is a promising marker for the diagnosis of mesothelioma and potentially could be combined with other mesothelial markers or a broad-spectrum carcinoma marker to reach an accurate diagnosis with relatively few immunostains, The relatively low specificity and difficulty of interpreting DAB2 staining limits its utility for mesothelioma diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Naso
- Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia
| | - Simon Cheung
- Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital
| | - Diana N Ionescu
- Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew Churg
- Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia
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10
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Abstract
This review provides epidemiological and translational evidence for milk and dairy intake as critical risk factors in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Large epidemiological studies in the United States and Europe identified total dairy, milk and butter intake with the exception of yogurt as independent risk factors of HCC. Enhanced activity of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a hallmark of HCC promoted by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). mTORC1 is also activated by milk protein-induced synthesis of hepatic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), abundant constituents of milk proteins. Over the last decades, annual milk protein-derived BCAA intake increased 3 to 5 times in Western countries. In synergy with HBV- and HCV-induced secretion of hepatocyte-derived exosomes enriched in microRNA-21 (miR-21) and miR-155, exosomes of pasteurized milk as well deliver these oncogenic miRs to the human liver. Thus, milk exosomes operate in a comparable fashion to HBV- or HCV- induced exosomes. Milk-derived miRs synergistically enhance IGF-1-AKT-mTORC1 signaling and promote mTORC1-dependent translation, a meaningful mechanism during the postnatal growth phase, but a long-term adverse effect promoting the development of HCC. Both, dietary BCAA abundance combined with oncogenic milk exosome exposure persistently overstimulate hepatic mTORC1. Chronic alcohol consumption as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), two HCC-related conditions, increase BCAA plasma levels. In HCC, mTORC1 is further hyperactivated due to RAB1 mutations as well as impaired hepatic BCAA catabolism, a metabolic hallmark of T2DM. The potential HCC-preventive effect of yogurt may be caused by lactobacilli-mediated degradation of BCAAs, inhibition of branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase via production of intestinal medium-chain fatty acids as well as degradation of milk exosomes including their oncogenic miRs. A restriction of total animal protein intake realized by a vegetable-based diet is recommended for the prevention of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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11
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Cao X, Zhang J, Apaer S, Yao G, Li T. microRNA-19a-3p and microRNA-376c-3p Promote Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression Through SOX6-Mediated Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:89-102. [PMID: 33469348 PMCID: PMC7812052 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s278538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent researches have suggested that microRNA (miR)-19a-3p and miR-376c-3p might function as initiators in diverse cancers. Based on which, in this current study, we aimed to probe into the combined effects and mechanisms of miR-19a-3p and miR-376c-3p in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Methods Tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues from 21 cases of HCC patients, HCC cell lines, and human normal liver cell lines were used in this study. RT-qPCR and Western blot were implemented to detect the expression of miR-19a-3p, miR-376c-3p, SOX6, and Wnt/β-catenin pathway-associated factors in HCC tissues and cells. The direct relationships between miR-19a-3p or miR-376c-3p and SOX6 were confirmed by luciferase activity assay. HCC cells were treated with miR-19a-3p inhibitor, miR-376c-3p inhibitor, or oe-SOX-6 to figure out their functions in HCC malignancy. The in vivo assays were conducted for the confirmation of in vitro results. Results In both HCC tissues and cells, miR-19a-3p and miR-376c-3p were highly expressed, and SOX6 was poorly expressed. Depleted miR-19a-3p or miR-376c-3p was found to result in retarded HCC development. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase activity assay revealed that SOX6 was the common target gene of miR-19a-3p and miR-376c-3p. Overexpressed SOX6 was demonstrated to block the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, thereby slowing down HCC progression. The in vivo assays showed that suppressed miR-19a-3p or miR-376c-3p and elevated SOX6 could reduce the tumor volume and weight of nude mice. Conclusion This study suggests that miR-19a-3p/miR-376c-3p activates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway via targeting SOX6, contributing to promoted biological functions of HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Cao
- Department of Liver Transplantation & Laparoscopic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Shadike Apaer
- Department of Liver Transplantation & Laparoscopic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Yao
- Department of Liver Transplantation & Laparoscopic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Liver Transplantation & Laparoscopic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, People's Republic of China
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12
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Chen Y, Song Y, Mi Y, Jin H, Cao J, Li H, Han L, Huang T, Zhang X, Ren S, Ma Q, Zou Z. microRNA-499a promotes the progression and chemoresistance of cervical cancer cells by targeting SOX6. Apoptosis 2021; 25:205-216. [PMID: 31938895 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has indicated that microRNAs are involved in multiple processes of cancer development. Previous studies have demonstrated that microRNA-499a (miR-499a) plays both oncogenic and tumor suppressive roles in several types of malignancies, and genetic variants in miR-499a are associated with the risk of cervical cancer. However, the biological roles of miR-499a in cervical cancer have not been investigated. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess miR-499a expression in cervical cancer cells. Mimics or inhibitor of miR-499a was transfected into cervical cancer cells to upregulate or downregulate miR-499a expression. The effects of miR-499a expression change on cervical cancer cells proliferation, colony formation, tumorigenesis, chemosensitivity, transwell migration and invasion were assessed. The potential targets of miR-499a were predicted using online database tools and validated using real-time PCR, Western blot and luciferase reporter experiments. miR-499a was significantly upregulated in cervical cancer cells. Moreover, overexpression of miR-499a significantly enhanced the proliferation, cell cycle progression, colony formation, apoptosis resistance, migration and invasion of cervical cancer cells, while inhibiting miR-499a showed the opposite effects. Further exploration demonstrated that Sex-determining region Y box 6 was the direct target of miR-499a. miR-499a-induced SOX6 downregulation mediated the oncogenic effects of miR-499a in cervical cancer. Inhibiting miR-499a could enhance the anticancer effects of cisplatin in the xenograft mouse model of cervical cancer. Our findings for the first time suggest that miRNA-499a may play an important role in the development of cervical cancer and could serve as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Chen
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe Road East, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Yucen Song
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe Road East, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yanjun Mi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huan Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe Road East, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Haolong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China
| | - Liping Han
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Ting Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Shumin Ren
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe Road East, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Qian Ma
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe Road East, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhengzhi Zou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China.
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13
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Feng M, Fang F, Fang T, Jiao H, You S, Wang X, Zhao W. Sox13 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis by transcriptionally activating Twist1. J Transl Med 2020; 100:1400-1410. [PMID: 32461589 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-0445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 13 (Sox13), a member of group D of the SRY-related high mobility group (HMG) box (Sox) family, is a critical regulator of embryonic development and cartilage formation. Few studies have investigated the role of Sox13 in tumorigenesis. The present study reveals the clinical significance and biological function of Sox13 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). First, the expression of Sox13 in HCC samples was evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blotting, and its association with clinicopathological features and prognosis was determined. We found that Sox13 expression was higher in tumor tissue than in paired nontumor tissue. The upregulation of Sox13 was associated with poor differentiation, metastasis, recurrence and poor overall, and tumor-free survival of HCC patients. The function of Sox13 on HCC cell migration and invasion was then assessed by Transwell assay, and the results demonstrated that Sox13 promoted HCC cell invasion, migration, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Notably, the invasion, migration, and EMT of HCC cells induced by Sox13 overexpression could be abolished by Twist1 depletion, and Sox13 was positively correlated with Twist1 at both the mRNA and protein levels. Mechanistically, we revealed that Sox13 activated Twist1 transcription and consequently upregulated Twist1 expression. Furthermore, Sox13 formed a heterodimer with Sox5, and this heterodimer functionally cooperated to enhance the transcriptional activity of Twist1. Our findings suggest that Sox13 serves as an oncogene in HCC, and might be a novel prognostic and therapeutic candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Feng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Building 6, No. 209, South Hubin Road, 361004, Xiamen, China
| | - Fei Fang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Building 6, No. 209, South Hubin Road, 361004, Xiamen, China
| | - Ting Fang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Building 6, No. 209, South Hubin Road, 361004, Xiamen, China
| | - Hui Jiao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Building 6, No. 209, South Hubin Road, 361004, Xiamen, China
| | - Song You
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Building 6, No. 209, South Hubin Road, 361004, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Building 6, No. 209, South Hubin Road, 361004, Xiamen, China.
| | - Wenxiu Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Building 6, No. 209, South Hubin Road, 361004, Xiamen, China.
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14
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SOX6 is a Novel Immunohistochemical Marker for Differential Diagnosis of Epithelioid Mesothelioma From Lung Adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2020; 44:1259-1265. [PMID: 32496433 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The differential diagnosis of epithelioid mesothelioma from lung adenocarcinoma using immunohistochemistry is improving. However, immunohistochemical markers with high sensitivity and specificity have yet to be identified. In this study, we investigated the utility of sex-determining region Y box 6 (SOX6) as a novel immunohistochemical marker, identified by analyzing previous gene expression data. Immunohistochemically, SOX6 expression was present in 53 of 54 (98%) cases of epithelioid mesothelioma, compared with its expression in only 5 of 69 (7%) cases of lung adenocarcinoma. The sensitivity and specificity of SOX6 expression for differentiating epithelioid mesothelioma and lung adenocarcinoma were 98% and 93%, respectively. SOX6 expression showed similar sensitivity and far better specificity than those of calretinin or podoplanin (D2-40). In addition, SOX6 expression was more sensitive than Wilms' tumor 1 expression. The combination of SOX6 with other markers showed comparable or better sensitivity and specificity relative to other combinations. In particular, the sensitivity of positivity for both SOX6 and calretinin (96%) and the specificity of positivity for both SOX6 and Wilms' tumor 1 (93%) were higher than those of the other combinations. In conclusion, SOX6 is a novel candidate immunohistochemical marker for differentiating epithelioid mesothelioma from lung adenocarcinoma.
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15
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Ashrafizadeh M, Taeb S, Hushmandi K, Orouei S, Shahinozzaman M, Zabolian A, Moghadam ER, Raei M, Zarrabi A, Khan H, Najafi M. Cancer and SOX proteins: New insight into their role in ovarian cancer progression/inhibition. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105159. [PMID: 32818654 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors are potential targets in disease therapy, particularly in cancer. This is due to the fact that transcription factors regulate a variety of cellular events, and their modulation has opened a new window in cancer therapy. Sex-determining region Y (SRY)-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (SOX) proteins are potential transcription factors that are involved in developmental processes such as embryogenesis. It has been reported that abnormal expression of SOX proteins is associated with development of different cancers, particularly ovarian cancer (OC). In the present review, our aim is to provide a mechanistic review of involvement of SOX members in OC. SOX members may suppress and/or promote aggressiveness and proliferation of OC cells. Clinical studies have also confirmed the potential of transcription factors as diagnostic and prognostic factors in OC. Notably, studies have demonstrated the relationship between SOX members and other molecular pathways such as ST6Ga1-I, PI3K, ERK and so on, leading to more complexity. Furthermore, SOX members can be affected by upstream mediators such as microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and so on. It is worth mentioning that the expression of each member of SOX proteins is corelated with different stages of OC. Furthermore, their expression determines the response of OC cells to chemotherapy. These topics are discussed in this review to shed some light on role of SOX transcription factors in OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahram Taeb
- Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Orouei
- MSc. Student, Department of Genetics, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Md Shahinozzaman
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahmani Moghadam
- Department of Anatomical sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Raei
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey; Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces (EFSUN), Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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16
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Chen L, Xie Y, Ma X, Zhang Y, Li X, Zhang F, Gao Y, Fan Y, Gu L, Wang L, Zhang X, Fu B. SOX6 represses tumor growth of clear cell renal cell carcinoma by HMG domain-dependent regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:1159-1173. [PMID: 32794610 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Sex-determining region Y box (SOXs) are expressed in various cells and control cell fate and differentiation in a multitude of physiologic processes. SOX6, a main representative of SOXs, is involved in the regulation of carcinogenesis in various human malignancies. However, the role of SOX6 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains unclear. In this study, SOX6 expression in ccRCC and its clinical significance were investigated. In vitro and in vivo assays were used to explore the tumor-related function and the underlying molecular mechanism of SOX6 in ccRCC. We confirmed that SOX6 was frequently downregulated in ccRCC tissues and cell lines. Besides, downregulation of SOX6 was significantly associated with larger tumor sizes, advanced tumor stage, higher Fuhrman grades, and its expression could act as an independent prognostic factor for ccRCC (hazards ratio = 0.590, P = .026). Gain/loss-of-function experiments demonstrated that SOX6 could remarkably inhibit tumor cell growth and foci formation in vitro and xenograft tumorigenesis in vivo, respectively. Mechanistically, SOX6 could influence cell cycle by regulating the G1/the S phase transition and had an inhibitory effect on Wnt/β-catenin signaling as well as its target genes, c-Myc and cyclin D1. Interesting, the tumor-suppressive function of SOX6 was proved to be dependent on its specific high-mobility-group (HMG) domain. In general, our findings indicated that SOX6 was a novel tumor suppressor and prognostic biomarker in ccRCC. SOX6 could inhibit tumor growth by negatively regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in an HMG domain-dependent manner in ccRCC, which might provide a novel therapeutic approach for ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Chen
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yongpeng Xie
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xintao Li
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Fan
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liangyou Gu
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Fu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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17
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Zhou C, Hu C, Wang B, Fan S, Jin W. Curcumin Suppresses Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion Through Modulating miR-21-5p/ SOX6 Axis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2020:cbr.2020.3734. [PMID: 32757994 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2020.3734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Curcumin is the major component of turmeric, which has an anticancer property in multiple cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanisms are still largely unclear. This research aims to assess the pharmacological function of curcumin and explore the potential microRNA (miRNA)-mRNA regulatory mechanism in curcumin-mediated HCC progression. Materials and Methods: Hep3B and Huh-7 cells were used for in vitro experiments. Cells were exposed to various doses of curcumin, and transfection was conducted using Lipofectamine 2000. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were examined using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide or transwell assay. The abundances of miR-21-5p and gender-determining region Y-related high-mobility group box 6 (SOX6) were examined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction or Western blot. The relationship between miR-21-5p and SOX6 was analyzed through luciferase reporter analysis. Results: Curcumin repressed HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. miR-21-5p level was decreased in curcumin-treated cells, and miR-21-5p overexpression reversed curcumin-mediated inhibition of HCC progression. SOX6 was targeted through miR-21-5p, and SOX6 restoration attenuated miR-21-5p-induced promotion of HCC progression. Moreover, curcumin exposure increased SOX6 expression through regulating miR-21-5p, and knockdown of SOX6 overturned curcumin-modulated suppression of HCC progression. Conclusions: Curcumin repressed proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cells by regulating miR-21-5p and SOX6, indicating the promisingly pharmacological effect of curcumin in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sunfu Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wangxun Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Tolchin D, Yeager JP, Prasad P, Dorrani N, Russi AS, Martinez-Agosto JA, Haseeb A, Angelozzi M, Santen GWE, Ruivenkamp C, Mercimek-Andrews S, Depienne C, Kuechler A, Mikat B, Ludecke HJ, Bilan F, Le Guyader G, Gilbert-Dussardier B, Keren B, Heide S, Haye D, Van Esch H, Keldermans L, Ortiz D, Lancaster E, Krantz ID, Krock BL, Pechter KB, Arkader A, Medne L, DeChene ET, Calpena E, Melistaccio G, Wilkie AOM, Suri M, Foulds N, Begtrup A, Henderson LB, Forster C, Reed P, McDonald MT, McConkie-Rosell A, Thevenon J, Le Tanno P, Coutton C, Tsai ACH, Stewart S, Maver A, Gorazd R, Pichon O, Nizon M, Cogné B, Isidor B, Martin-Coignard D, Stoeva R, Lefebvre V, Le Caignec C. De Novo SOX6 Variants Cause a Neurodevelopmental Syndrome Associated with ADHD, Craniosynostosis, and Osteochondromas. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 106:830-845. [PMID: 32442410 PMCID: PMC7273536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX6 belongs to a family of 20 SRY-related HMG-box-containing (SOX) genes that encode transcription factors controlling cell fate and differentiation in many developmental and adult processes. For SOX6, these processes include, but are not limited to, neurogenesis and skeletogenesis. Variants in half of the SOX genes have been shown to cause severe developmental and adult syndromes, referred to as SOXopathies. We here provide evidence that SOX6 variants also cause a SOXopathy. Using clinical and genetic data, we identify 19 individuals harboring various types of SOX6 alterations and exhibiting developmental delay and/or intellectual disability; the individuals are from 17 unrelated families. Additional, inconstant features include attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, mild facial dysmorphism, craniosynostosis, and multiple osteochondromas. All variants are heterozygous. Fourteen are de novo, one is inherited from a mosaic father, and four offspring from two families have a paternally inherited variant. Intragenic microdeletions, balanced structural rearrangements, frameshifts, and nonsense variants are predicted to inactivate the SOX6 variant allele. Four missense variants occur in residues and protein regions highly conserved evolutionarily. These variants are not detected in the gnomAD control cohort, and the amino acid substitutions are predicted to be damaging. Two of these variants are located in the HMG domain and abolish SOX6 transcriptional activity in vitro. No clear genotype-phenotype correlations are found. Taken together, these findings concur that SOX6 haploinsufficiency leads to a neurodevelopmental SOXopathy that often includes ADHD and abnormal skeletal and other features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara Tolchin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jessica P Yeager
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Priya Prasad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Naghmeh Dorrani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alvaro Serrano Russi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Julian A Martinez-Agosto
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Abdul Haseeb
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marco Angelozzi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - G W E Santen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 LC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia Ruivenkamp
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 LC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Saadet Mercimek-Andrews
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Christel Depienne
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Alma Kuechler
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Barbara Mikat
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Ludecke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; Institute für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Frederic Bilan
- Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive Disorders (EA-3808 NEUVACOD), Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France; Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Gwenael Le Guyader
- Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive Disorders (EA-3808 NEUVACOD), Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France; Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Brigitte Gilbert-Dussardier
- Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive Disorders (EA-3808 NEUVACOD), Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France; Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Boris Keren
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Solveig Heide
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Damien Haye
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice Hôpital de l'Archet 2,151 route Saint Antoine de la Ginestière, 062002 Nice, France
| | - Hilde Van Esch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Keldermans
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Damara Ortiz
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Emily Lancaster
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Ian D Krantz
- Roberts Individualized Medical Genetics Center, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bryan L Krock
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kieran B Pechter
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexandre Arkader
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Livija Medne
- Roberts Individualized Medical Genetics Center, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth T DeChene
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eduardo Calpena
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Giada Melistaccio
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Mohnish Suri
- Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Nicola Foulds
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Services, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 5YA, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Marie T McDonald
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Allyn McConkie-Rosell
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Julien Thevenon
- Service de Génétique, Génomique, et Procréation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France; INSERM 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38706 Grenoble, France
| | - Pauline Le Tanno
- Service de Génétique, Génomique, et Procréation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France; INSERM 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38706 Grenoble, France
| | - Charles Coutton
- Service de Génétique, Génomique, et Procréation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France; INSERM 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38706 Grenoble, France
| | - Anne C H Tsai
- Section of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sarah Stewart
- Section of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ales Maver
- Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rudolf Gorazd
- Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Olivier Pichon
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Mathilde Nizon
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, 44000 Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, L'Institut du Thorax, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Benjamin Cogné
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, 44000 Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, L'Institut du Thorax, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, 44000 Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, L'Institut du Thorax, 44000 Nantes, France
| | | | - Radka Stoeva
- Service de Cytogénétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Le Mans, 72037 Le Mans, France
| | - Véronique Lefebvre
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Cédric Le Caignec
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, 44000 Nantes, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Toulouse, Service de Génétique Médicale, 31000 Toulouse, France.
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Oncogenic hijacking of a developmental transcription factor evokes vulnerability toward oxidative stress in Ewing sarcoma. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2423. [PMID: 32415069 PMCID: PMC7228971 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (EwS) is an aggressive childhood cancer likely originating from mesenchymal stem cells or osteo-chondrogenic progenitors. It is characterized by fusion oncoproteins involving EWSR1 and variable members of the ETS-family of transcription factors (in 85% FLI1). EWSR1-FLI1 can induce target genes by using GGAA-microsatellites as enhancers. Here, we show that EWSR1-FLI1 hijacks the developmental transcription factor SOX6 – a physiological driver of proliferation of osteo-chondrogenic progenitors – by binding to an intronic GGAA-microsatellite, which promotes EwS growth in vitro and in vivo. Through integration of transcriptome-profiling, published drug-screening data, and functional in vitro and in vivo experiments including 3D and PDX models, we discover that constitutively high SOX6 expression promotes elevated levels of oxidative stress that create a therapeutic vulnerability toward the oxidative stress-inducing drug Elesclomol. Collectively, our results exemplify how aberrant activation of a developmental transcription factor by a dominant oncogene can promote malignancy, but provide opportunities for targeted therapy. Ewing sarcoma is characterized by the fusion of EWSR1 and FLI1. Here, the authors show that EWSR1-FLI1 increases the activity of the developmental transcription factor SOX6, which promotes tumor growth but also increases sensitivity to oxidative stress.
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Lv L, Zhou M, Zhang J, Liu F, Qi L, Zhang S, Bi Y, Yu Y. SOX6 suppresses the development of lung adenocarcinoma by regulating expression of p53, p21 CIPI , cyclin D1 and β-catenin. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 10:135-146. [PMID: 31729835 PMCID: PMC6943225 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sry‐related high‐mobility group box6 (SOX6) has been implicated in the development of cancer, but its role in lung cancer is incompletely understood. Here, we report that SOX6 expression is frequently down‐regulated in lung adenocarcinoma tissues. Moreover, SOX6 can inhibit the proliferation and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma cells, which may occur through cell cycle arrest at G1/S due to up‐regulation of p53 and p21CIPI and down‐regulation of cyclin D1 and β‐catenin. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that the expression of SOX6 is significantly associated with patient disease‐related survival and is an independent prognostic factor for lung adenocarcinoma. These data suggest that SOX6 may act as a suppressor of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Lv
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Fang Liu
- The Sixth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, China
| | - Li Qi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- The Sixth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, China
| | - Yi Bi
- Hemodialysis Department, Heilongjiang Provincial Electric Power Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Yu
- The Sixth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, China
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21
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Kumar P, Mistri TK. Transcription factors in SOX family: Potent regulators for cancer initiation and development in the human body. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 67:105-113. [PMID: 31288067 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) have a key role in controlling the gene regulatory network that sustains explicit cell states in humans. However, an uncontrolled regulation of these genes potentially results in a wide range of diseases, including cancer. Genes of the SOX family are indeed crucial as deregulation of SOX family TFs can potentially lead to changes in cell fate as well as irregular cell growth. SOX TFs are a conserved group of transcriptional regulators that mediate DNA binding through a highly conserved high-mobility group (HMG) domain. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that cell fate and differentiation in major developmental processes are controlled by SOX TFs. Besides; numerous reports indicate that both up- and down-regulation of SOX TFs may induce cancer progression. In this review, we discuss the involvement of key TFs of SOX family in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasann Kumar
- The Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144411, India; The Department of Agronomy, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Mistri
- The Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144411, India; The Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144411, India.
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22
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Long S, Long S, He H, Chen G. MicroRNA-765 is pregulated in multiple myeloma and serves an oncogenic role by directly targeting SOX6. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:4741-4747. [PMID: 31105792 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs) are closely associated with multiple myeloma (MM) pathogenesis and progression. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the biological functions of miRNAs in MM may be helpful for the identification of promising therapeutic techniques for patients with MM. miRNA-765 (miR-765) has been reported to be dysregulated in many types of human cancer. However, the expression pattern, specific roles and underlying mechanisms of miR-765 in MM remain largely unknown. In the present study, plasma miR-765 significantly increased in patients with MM and cell lines. The downregulation of miR-765 in MM cells attenuated proliferation and promoted apoptosis. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that SRY-Box 6 (SOX6) was a putative target of miR-765. This was experimentally verified using a luciferase reporter assay, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analysis. Furthermore, plasma SOX6 was downregulated in patients with MM and the downregulation of SOX6 was inversely correlated with that of miR-765 expression. Furthermore, SOX6 knockdown markedly abrogated the effects of miR-765 underexpression on cell proliferation and apoptosis in MM. The current study demonstrated that miR-765 serves an oncogenic role in MM progression by directly targeting SOX6, suggesting that miR-765 may be a potential therapeutic target for MM prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Long
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343000, P.R. China
| | - Shengping Long
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343000, P.R. China
| | - Honglei He
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343000, P.R. China
| | - Guoan Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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The role of SOX family members in solid tumours and metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 67:122-153. [PMID: 30914279 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a heavy burden for humans across the world with high morbidity and mortality. Transcription factors including sex determining region Y (SRY)-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (SOX) proteins are thought to be involved in the regulation of specific biological processes. The deregulation of gene expression programs can lead to cancer development. Here, we review the role of the SOX family in breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, thyroid cancer, brain tumours, gastrointestinal and lung tumours as well as the entailing therapeutic implications. The SOX family consists of more than 20 members that mediate DNA binding by the HMG domain and have regulatory functions in development, cell-fate decision, and differentiation. SOX2, SOX4, SOX5, SOX8, SOX9, and SOX18 are up-regulated in different cancer types and have been found to be associated with poor prognosis, while the up-regulation of SOX11 and SOX30 appears to be favourable for the outcome in other cancer types. SOX2, SOX4, SOX5 and other SOX members are involved in tumorigenesis, e.g. SOX2 is markedly up-regulated in chemotherapy resistant cells. The SoxF family (SOX7, SOX17, SOX18) plays an important role in angio- and lymphangiogenesis, with SOX18 seemingly being an attractive target for anti-angiogenic therapy and the treatment of metastatic disease in cancer. In summary, SOX transcription factors play an important role in cancer progression, including tumorigenesis, changes in the tumour microenvironment, and metastasis. Certain SOX proteins are potential molecular markers for cancer prognosis and putative potential therapeutic targets, but further investigations are required to understand their physiological functions.
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SOX6 blocks the proliferation of BCR-ABL1 + and JAK2V617F + leukemic cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3388. [PMID: 30833651 PMCID: PMC6399316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39926-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX6 is a HMG-box transcription factor expressed in a wide range of tissues. Recent data show that SOX6 expression is altered in different cancers, in the majority of cases being downregulated. To date, no data are available about SOX6 role in hematological malignancies. Here we demonstrate that SOX6 overexpressing BCR-ABL1+ B-ALL cells are unable to promote leukemia in a mouse model. Starting from this observation, we extended our study to a panel of human leukemic cells carrying genetic lesions distinctive of different types of leukemias and myeloproliferative disorders (the BCR-ABL1 translocation and the JAK2V617F amino acid substitution) to dissect the cellular events induced by SOX6. The inhibition of proliferation is the invariant outcome of SOX6 overexpression but it is achieved via two different cellular responses: terminal differentiation in erythroid-biased cells, irrespectively of their mutation, and apoptosis in megakaryocytic-primed and lymphoid cells. Within this context, cells carrying the highest copy number of the JAK2V617F allele better counteract the SOX6-imposed growth arrest. The interrogation of the GEPIA (Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis) human dataset reveals that SOX6 is downregulated in a cohort of AML patients, uncovering a wide anti-proliferative role of SOX6 in a variety of mutant backgrounds.
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25
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Li Z, Wang Y. miR-96 targets SOX6 and promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 96:365-371. [PMID: 28892647 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2017-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research suggested that microRNA 96 (miR-96) might function as an oncogene in several types of cancers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to probe into the mechanism of miR-96 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. HCC tissues and non-tumorous tissues, HCC cell lines, and healthy cell lines were all involved in this study. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were used to detect miR-96 and SOX6 mRNA and protein expressions. The direct regulation of miR96 on SOX6 was confirmed by luciferase reporter assays. Cell proliferation and growth were determined by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl–2-thiazolyl)–2,5-diphenyl–2-H-tetrazolium bromide) assay and colony formation assay. Wound healing and transwell assay were employed for migration and invasion analyses. Finally, SPSS 21.0 and GraphPad 7.0 were applied for statistical analyses. In HCC tissues, miR-96 was highly expressed while SOX6 was lowly expressed. The overexpression of miR-96 reversely inhibited the expression of SOX6, contributing to the promotion of the biological functions of HCC cells. miR-96 could promote cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in HCC by targeting SOX6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, China
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26
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Wang Z, Li J, Li K, Xu J. SOX6 is downregulated in osteosarcoma and suppresses the migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition via TWIST1 regulation. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:6803-6811. [PMID: 29512775 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor SOX6 (SOX6) has been reported to serve essential roles in numerous types of cancers. However, the expression and functions of SOX6 in osteosarcoma (OS) have not been analyzed. In the present study, the patterns of SOX6 expression in OS cell lines and tissues were investigated by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The results of the present study revealed that SOX6 was notably downregulated in OS tissues and cell lines. Subsequently, gain‑ and loss‑of‑function studies demonstrated that SOX6 inhibited OS cell migration and invasion. In addition, SOX6 may have suppressed epithelial‑mesenchymal transition via twist‑related protein 1 (TWIST1) modulation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), quantitative ChIP and dual luciferase activity assays were used to confirm the binding of SOX6 to the promoter region of TWIST1. Additionally, colony formation assays and Cell Counting Kit‑8 assays demonstrated that SOX6 suppressed cell proliferation. The findings of the present study indicated that SOX6 serves as a tumor suppressor in OS and may be a potential therapeutic target for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Changyi People's Hospital, Changyi, Shandong 261300, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Changyi People's Hospital, Changyi, Shandong 261300, P.R. China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Changyi People's Hospital, Changyi, Shandong 261300, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Xu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Changyi People's Hospital, Changyi, Shandong 261300, P.R. China
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27
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Yu Y, Wang Z, Sun D, Zhou X, Wei X, Hou W, Ding Y, Ma Y, Hou Y. miR-671 promotes prostate cancer cell proliferation by targeting tumor suppressor SOX6. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 823:65-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Juarez-Flores A, José MV. Multivariate Entropy Characterizes the Gene Expression and Protein-Protein Networks in Four Types of Cancer. ENTROPY 2018; 20:e20030154. [PMID: 33265245 PMCID: PMC7844632 DOI: 10.3390/e20030154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is an important urgency to detect cancer at early stages to treat it, to improve the patients’ lifespans, and even to cure it. In this work, we determined the entropic contributions of genes in cancer networks. We detected sudden changes in entropy values in melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, and squamous lung cell carcinoma associated to transitions from healthy controls to cancer. We also identified the most relevant genes involved in carcinogenic process of the four types of cancer with the help of entropic changes in local networks. Their corresponding proteins could be used as potential targets for treatments and as biomarkers of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Juarez-Flores
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Theoretical Biology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco V. José
- Theoretical Biology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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29
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Jiang W, Yuan Q, Jiang Y, Huang L, Chen C, Hu G, Wan R, Wang X, Yang L. Identification of Sox6 as a regulator of pancreatic cancer development. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:1864-1872. [PMID: 29369542 PMCID: PMC5824410 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is an aggressive malignancy associated with a poor prognosis and low responsiveness to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Most patients with PC have metastatic disease at diagnosis, which partly accounts for the high mortality from this disease. Here, we explored the role of the transcription factor sex‐determining region Y‐box (Sox) 6 in the invasiveness of PC cells. We showed that Sox6 is down‐regulated in patients with PC in association with metastatic disease. Sox6 overexpression suppressed PC cell proliferation and migration in vitro and tumour growth and liver metastasis in vivo. Sox6 inhibited epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), and Akt signalling. Sox6 was shown to interact with the promoter of Twist1, a helix–loop–helix transcription factor involved in the induction of EMT, and to modulate the expression of Twist1 by recruiting histone deacetylase 1 to the promoter of the Twist1 gene. Twist1 overexpression reversed the effect of Sox6 on inhibiting EMT, confirming that the effect of Sox6 on suppressing tumour invasiveness is mediated by the modulation of Twist1 expression. These results suggest a novel mechanism underlying the aggressive behaviour of PC cells and identify potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital/First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, School of Medicine, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiongying Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanye Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Central Hospital of Putuo District, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital/First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, School of Medicine, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Congying Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital/First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, School of Medicine, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoyong Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital/First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, School of Medicine, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital/First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, School of Medicine, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingpeng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital/First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, School of Medicine, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital/First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, School of Medicine, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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30
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Li Y, Xiao M, Guo F. The role of Sox6 and Netrin-1 in ovarian cancer cell growth, invasiveness, and angiogenesis. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317705508. [PMID: 28475012 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317705508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX6 plays important roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell fate determination. It has been confirmed that SOX6 is a tumor suppressor and downregulated in various cancers, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and chronic myeloid leukemia. Netrin-1 is highly expressed in various human cancers and acts as an anti-apoptotic and proangiogenic factor to drive tumorigenesis. The role of SOX6 and netrin-1 in regulating the growth of ovarian tumor cells still remains unclear. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to determine the SOX6 messenger RNA and protein levels, respectively, in ovarian cancer cells and tumor tissues. Stable transfection of SOX6 was conducted to overexpress SOX6 in PA-1 and SW626 cells. Cell viability was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Invasion of ovarian cancer cells and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells were confirmed by Transwell assays. To overexpress netrin-1, ovarian cancer cells with SOX6 restoration was transduced with netrin-1 lentiviral particles. PA-1 xenografts in a nude mice model were used to conduct in vivo evaluation of the role of SOX6 and its relationship with netrin-1 in tumor growth and angiogenesis. In this study, we found significantly reduced SOX6 levels in PA-1, SW626, SK-OV-3, and CaoV-3 ovarian cancer cell lines and human tumor tissues in comparison with normal human ovarian epithelial cells or matched non-tumor tissues. SOX6 overexpression by stable transfection dramatically inhibited proliferation and invasion of PA-1 and SW626 cells. Also, conditioned medium from PA-1 and SW626 cells with SOX6 restoration exhibited reduced ability to induce human umbilical vein endothelial cells migration and tube formation compared with conditioned medium from the cells with transfection control. Furthermore, an inverse relationship between SOX6 and netrin-1 expression was observed in PA-1 and SW626 cells. Overexpression of netrin-1 in ovarian cancer cells with forced SOX6 expression remarkably abrogated the inhibitory effect of SOX6 on proliferation, invasion of the cells, and tumor xenograft growth and vascularity in vivo. Human umbilical vein endothelial cell migration and tube formation were enhanced in the conditioned medium from the ovarian cancer cells transduced with netrin-1 lentivirus particles. Our observations revealed that SOX6 is a tumor suppressor in ovarian cancer cells, and SOX6 exerts an inhibitory effect on the proliferation, invasion, and tumor cell-induced angiogenesis of ovarian cancer cells, whereas nerin-1 plays an opposite role and its expression is inversely correlated with SOX6. Moreover, our findings suggest a new role of SOX6 and netrin-1 for understanding the progression of ovarian cancer and have the potential for the development of new diagnosis and treatment strategies for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Gynecology, The Second People’s Hospital of Liaocheng City, Linqing, P.R. China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second People’s Hospital of Liaocheng City, Linqing, P.R. China
| | - Fangchun Guo
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, The People’s Hospital of Linzi District, Zibo, P.R. China
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31
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Moradi A, Ghasemi F, Anvari K, Hassanian SM, Simab SA, Ebrahimi S, Hesari A, Forghanifard MM, Boroushaki MT, ShahidSales S, Avan A. The cross-regulation between SOX15 and Wnt signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3221-3225. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moradi
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch; Islamic Azad University; Damghan Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- Department of Biotechnology; Faculty of Medicine; Arak University of Medical Sciences; Arak Iran
| | - Kazem Anvari
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Saeideh Ahmadi Simab
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Safieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Amirreza Hesari
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch; Islamic Azad University; Damghan Iran
- Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Taher Boroushaki
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants; Faculty of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Soodabeh ShahidSales
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
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Han Y, Xu H, Cheng J, Zhang Y, Gao C, Fan T, Peng B, Li B, Liu L, Cheng Z. Downregulation of long non-coding RNA H19 promotes P19CL6 cells proliferation and inhibits apoptosis during late-stage cardiac differentiation via miR-19b-modulated Sox6. Cell Biosci 2016; 6:58. [PMID: 27895893 PMCID: PMC5120414 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-016-0123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Regulating cardiac differentiation to maintain normal heart development and function is very important. At present, biological functions of H19 in cardiac differentiation is not completely clear. Methods To explore the functional effect of H19 during cardiac differentiation. Expression levels of early cardiac-specific markers Nkx-2.5 and GATA4, cardiac contractile protein genes α-MHC and MLC-2v were determined by qRT-PCR and western lot. The levels of lncRNA H19 and miR-19b were detected by qRT-PCR. We further predicted the binding sequence of H19 and miR-19b by online softwares starBase v2.0 and TargetScan. The biological functions of H19 and Sox6 were evaluated by CCK-8 kit, cell cycle and apoptosis assay and caspase-3 activity. Results The expression levels of α-MHC, MLC-2v and H19 were upregulated, and miR-19b was downregulated significantly in mouse P19CL6 cells at the late stage of cardiac differentiation. Biological function analysis showed that knockdown of H19 promoted cell proliferation and inhibits cell apoptosis. H19 suppressed miR-19b expression and miR-19b targeted Sox6, which inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis in P19CL6 cells during late-stage cardiac differentiation. Importantly, Sox6 overexpression could reverse the positive effects of H19 knockdown on P19CL6 cells. Conclusion Downregulation of H19 promoted cell proliferation and inhibited cell apoptosis during late-stage cardiac differentiation by regulating the negative role of miR-19b in Sox6 expression, which suggested that the manipulation of H19 expression could serve as a potential strategy for heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- Children's Heart Center, Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003 China
| | - Hongdang Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Province People's Hospital, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003 China
| | - Jiangtao Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Province People's Hospital, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003 China
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- Children's Heart Center, Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003 China
| | - Chuanyu Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Province People's Hospital, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003 China
| | - Taibing Fan
- Children's Heart Center, Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003 China
| | - Bangtian Peng
- Children's Heart Center, Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003 China
| | - Bin Li
- Children's Heart Center, Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003 China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Ultrasonography, Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003 China
| | - Zhaoyun Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003 China
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Li YC, Li CF, Chen LB, Li DD, Yang L, Jin JP, Zhang B. MicroRNA-766 targeting regulation of SOX6 expression promoted cell proliferation of human colorectal cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:2981-8. [PMID: 26543373 PMCID: PMC4622090 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s89459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of cancer-cell biological processes. Previous studies have shown that miR-766 plays an important role in a variety of biological processes in various human cancers. However, the underlying mechanism of miR-766 in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells remains unclear. In this study, we investigated miR-766’s role in CRC cell proliferation. Polymerase chain reaction results showed that miR-766 expression was significantly upregulated in CRC tissues and cells. Ectopic expression of miR-766 promoted cell growth and anchorage-independent growth in CRC cells. Bioinformatic analysis predicted SOX6, a potential target of miR-766, acting as a tumor suppressor. Luciferase reporter assay results demonstrated that miR-766 directly bound to the 3′-untranslated region of SOX6. Overexpression of miR-766 suppressed SOX6 expression, resulting in the downregulation of p21 and upregulation of cyclin D1. In a further experiment, SOX6-silenced SW480 cells transfected with miR-766 promoted cell growth, suggesting that downregulation of SOX6 was required for miR-766-induced CRC cell proliferation. Taken together, these results suggested that miR-766 represents an onco-miRNA and participates in the development of CRC by modulating SOX6 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chao Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Feng Li
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Bo Chen
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Dan Li
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Peng Jin
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Wang J, Ding S, Duan Z, Xie Q, Zhang T, Zhang X, Wang Y, Chen X, Zhuang H, Lu F. Role of p14ARF-HDM2-p53 axis in SOX6-mediated tumor suppression. Oncogene 2015; 35:1692-702. [PMID: 26119940 PMCID: PMC4820682 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sex-determining region Y box 6 (SOX6) has been described as a tumor-suppressor gene in several cancers. Our previous work has suggested that SOX6 upregulated p21Waf1/Cip1(p21) expression in a p53-dependent manner; however, the underlying mechanism has remained elusive. In this study, we confirmed that SOX6 can suppress cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo by stabilizing p53 protein and subsequently upregulating p21. Co-immunoprecipitation and immunocytofluorescence assays demonstrated that SOX6 can promote formation of the p14ARF-HDM2-p53 ternary complex by promoting translocation of p14ARF (p14 alternate reading frame tumor suppressor) to the nucleoplasm, thereby inhibiting HDM2-mediated p53 nuclear export and degradation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with PCR assay proved that SOX6 can bind to a potential binding site in the regulatory region of the c-Myc gene. Furthermore, we confirmed that SOX6 can downregulate the expression of c-Myc, as well as its direct target gene nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1), and that the SOX6-induced downregulation of NPM1 is linked to translocation of p14ARF to the nucleoplasm. Finally, we showed that the highly conserved high-mobility group (HMG) domain of SOX6 is required for SOX6-mediated p53 stabilization and tumor inhibitory activity. Collectively, these results reveal a new mechanism of SOX6-mediated tumor suppression involving p21 upregulation via the p14ARF-HDM2-p53 axis in an HMG domain-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - S Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Z Duan
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Q Xie
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - T Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - X Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - H Zhuang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - F Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Li H, Zheng D, Zhang B, Liu L, Ou J, Chen W, Xiong S, Gu Y, Yang J. Mir-208 promotes cell proliferation by repressing SOX6 expression in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Transl Med 2014; 12:196. [PMID: 25023649 PMCID: PMC4107867 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the major histological type of esophageal cancer in developing countries. The prognosis and survival rate of ESCC are very poor. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of cancer cell biological processes. To better understanding the molecular mechanisms by which they regulate the behavior of cancer cells is needed. Methods The expression of miR-208 was examined in ESCC cell lines and tumor tissues by real-time PCR. Proliferation capability of ESCC cells upon regulation of miR-208 expression was detected by MTT assay, colony formation assay, anchorage-independent growth ability assay and flow cytometry analysis. The target of miR-208 was determined by western blotting analysis, luciferase reporter assay and real-time PCR. Results miR-208 was upregulated in ESCC cell lines and tissues. Overexpression of miR-208 in ESCC cells increased cell proliferation, tumorigenicity and cell cycle progression, whereas inhibition of miR-208 reduced cells proliferation, tumorigenicity and cell cycle progression. Additionally, SOX6 was identified as a direct target of miR-208. Ectopic expression of miR-208 led to downregulation of SOX6 protein, which resulted in the downregulation of p21, upregulation of cyclin D1 and phosphorylation of Rb. Conclusions These results suggest that miR-208 represents a potential onco-miR and participates in ESCC carcinogenesis by suppressing SOX6 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yong Gu
- Department of Medical Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P,R, China.
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Scaggiante B, Kazemi M, Pozzato G, Dapas B, Farra R, Grassi M, Zanconati F, Grassi G. Novel hepatocellular carcinoma molecules with prognostic and therapeutic potentials. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:1268-1288. [PMID: 24574801 PMCID: PMC3921509 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i5.1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the predominant form of primary liver cancer, is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-related death. The difficulty to diagnose early cancer stages, the aggressive behaviors of HCC, and the poor effectiveness of therapeutic treatments, represent the reasons for the quite similar deaths per year and incidence number. Considering the fact that the diagnosis of HCC typically occurs in the advanced stages of the disease when the therapeutic options have only modest efficacy, the possibility to identify early diagnostic markers could be of significant benefit. So far, a large number of biomarkers have been associated to HCC progression and aggressiveness, but many of them turned out not to be of practical utility. This is the reason why active investigations are ongoing in this field. Given the huge amount of published works aimed at the identification of HCC biomarkers, in this review we mainly focused on the data published in the last year, with particular attention to the role of (1) molecular and biochemical cellular markers; (2) micro-interfering RNAs; (3) epigenetic variations; and (4) tumor stroma. It is worth mentioning that a significant number of the HCC markers described in the present review may be utilized also as targets for novel therapeutic approaches, indicating the tight relation between diagnosis and therapy. In conclusion, we believe that integrated researches among the different lines of investigation indicated above should represent the winning strategies to identify effective HCC markers and therapeutic targets.
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