1
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Paulus J, Sewald N. Small molecule- and peptide-drug conjugates addressing integrins: A story of targeted cancer treatment. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3561. [PMID: 38382900 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Targeted cancer treatment should avoid side effects and damage to healthy cells commonly encountered during traditional chemotherapy. By combining small molecule or peptidic ligands as homing devices with cytotoxic drugs connected by a cleavable or non-cleavable linker in peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) or small molecule-drug conjugates (SMDCs), cancer cells and tumours can be selectively targeted. The development of highly affine, selective peptides and small molecules in recent years has allowed PDCs and SMDCs to increasingly compete with antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Integrins represent an excellent target for conjugates because they are overexpressed by most cancer cells and because of the broad knowledge about native binding partners as well as the multitude of small-molecule and peptidic ligands that have been developed over the last 30 years. In particular, integrin αVβ3 has been addressed using a variety of different PDCs and SMDCs over the last two decades, following various strategies. This review summarises and describes integrin-addressing PDCs and SMDCs while highlighting points of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Paulus
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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2
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Qu J, Xia Z, Liu Y, Li M, Xie Y. Targeting Antheraea pernyi silk fibroin modified dual-gene coexpressing vector enhances gene transport and promotes lung tumor suppression. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130074. [PMID: 38342259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Poor systemic administration capability, a natural tendency to target CAR-positive cells, nonspecific shedding to normal organs, and poor viral persistence in tumor tissues are major hindrances to the therapeutic benefit of adenovirus (Ad) gene vectors in the clinical setting. Antheraea pernyi silk fibroin (ASF) grafted with targeted peptides was used to coat ING4-IL-24 dual-gene coexpressing adenovirus for targeted gene therapy of lung carcinoma. The dual-gene vector with a diameter of 390 nm could target and infect H460 lung tumor cells, internalize into cells, express the ING4 and IL-24 genes at a high level, effectively inhibit the proliferation of lung tumor cells, and induce their apoptosis. The in vivo treatment of H460 human lung carcinoma xenograft tumors showed that the dual-gene coexpressing vector suppressed the proliferation of lung tumor cells by downregulating the expression of Ki67 and Bcl-2, promoted apoptosis by upregulating the expression of C Caspase-3 and Bax, and blocked tumor angiogenesis by downregulating the expression of VEGF and CD31, thus exerting a multichannel tumor inhibition effect. Surface modification of Ad with targeted cationic silk fibroin is an effective way to solve the natural tendencies and in vivo instability of adenovirus vectors, and such vectors have potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qu
- School of Textile Garment and Design, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou 215500, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Key Laboratory of Textile Industry for Silk Products in Medical and Health Use, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Zhenran Xia
- School of Textile Garment and Design, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou 215500, China
| | - Yu Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Key Laboratory of Textile Industry for Silk Products in Medical and Health Use, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mingzhong Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Key Laboratory of Textile Industry for Silk Products in Medical and Health Use, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yufeng Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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3
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Puvvula PK, Moon AM. Discovery and characterization of anti-cancer peptides from a random peptide library. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293072. [PMID: 38349913 PMCID: PMC10863893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
We performed a forward genetic screen to discover peptides that specifically target breast cancer cells using a Penetratin tagged, random 15mer peptide library. We identified a group of novel peptides that specifically inhibited the proliferation and survival of breast cancer cells without affecting normal primary mammary epithelial cells or fibroblasts. The intrinsic apoptotic pathway is activated by these peptides in the face of abnormal expression of numerous cell cycle regulatory genes. Associated alterations in histone marks, nuclear structure, and levels of critical RNA binding proteins vary in a peptide specific manner. This study demonstrates a novel method for the discovery of new potential therapeutic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar Puvvula
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anne M. Moon
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Hess Center for Science and Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
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4
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Advances of research of Fc-fusion protein that activate NK cells for tumor immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108783. [PMID: 35561479 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of bioengineering technology has introduced Fc-fusion proteins, representing a novel kind of recombinant protein, as promising biopharmaceutical products in tumor therapy. Numerous related anti-tumor Fc-fusion proteins have been investigated and are in different stages of development. Fc-fusion proteins are constructed by fusing the Fc-region of the antibody with functional proteins or peptides. They retain the bioactivity of the latter and partial properties of the former. This structural and functional advantage makes Fc-fusion proteins an effective tool in tumor immunotherapy, especially for the recruitment and activation of natural killer (NK) cells, which play a critical role in tumor immunotherapy. Even though tumor cells have developed mechanisms to circumvent the cytotoxic effect of NK cells or induce defective NK cells, Fc-fusion proteins have been proven to effectively activate NK cells to kill tumor cells in different ways, such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), activate NK cells in different ways in order to promote killing of tumor cells. In this review, we focus on NK cell-based immunity for cancers and current research progress of the Fc-fusion proteins for anti-tumor therapy by activating NK cells.
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Zhou J, Li Y, Huang W, Shi W, Qian H. Source and exploration of the peptides used to construct peptide-drug conjugates. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113712. [PMID: 34303870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) are a class of novel molecules widely designed and synthesized for delivering payload drugs. The peptide part plays a vital role in the whole molecule, because they determine the ability of the molecules to penetrate the membrane and target to the specific targets. Here, we introduce the source of different kinds of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and cell-targeting peptides (CTPs) that have been used or could be used in constructing PDCs as well as their latest application in delivering drugs. What's more, the approaches of developing CPPs and CTPs and the techniques to discover novel peptides are focused on and summarized in the review. This review aims to help relevant researchers fast understand the research status of peptides in PDCs and carry forward the process of novel peptides discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhou
- Centre of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Centre of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Centre of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Wei Shi
- Centre of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Hai Qian
- Centre of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
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6
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Urquiza M, Guevara V, Diaz-Sana E, Mora F. The Role of αvβ6 Integrin Binding Molecules in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200528124936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptidic and non-peptidic αvβ6 integrin-binding molecules have been used in
the clinic for detection and treatment of tumors expressing αvβ6 integrin, because this protein
is expressed in malignant epithelial cells of the oral cavity, pancreas, breast, ovary,
colon and stomach carcinomas but it is not expressed in healthy adult tissue except during
wound healing and inflammation. This review focuses on the landscape of αvβ6 integrinbinding
molecules and their use in cancer treatment and detection, and discusses recent
designs for tumor detection, treatment, and immunotherapy. In the last ten years, several
reviews abamp;#945;vβ6 integrin-binding molecules and their role in cancer detection and treatment.
Firstly, this review describes the role of the αvβ6 integrin in normal tissues, how the expression
of this protein is correlated with cancer severity and its role in cancer development. Taking into account
the potential of αvβ6 integrin-binding molecules in detection and treatment of specific tumors, special
attention is given to several high-affinity αvβ6 integrin-binding peptides used for tumor imaging; particularly,
the αvβ6-binding peptide NAVPNLRGDLQVLAQKVART [A20FMDV2], derived from the foot and mouth
disease virus. This peptide labeled with either 18F, 111In or with 68Ga has been used for PET imaging of αvβ6
integrin-positive tumors. Moreover, αvβ6 integrin-binding peptides have been used for photoacoustic and fluorescence
imaging and could potentially be used in clinical application in cancer diagnosis and intraoperative
imaging of αvβ6-integrin positive tumors. Additionally, non-peptidic αvβ6-binding molecules have been designed
and used in the clinic for the detection and treatment of αvβ6-expressing tumors. Anti-αvβ6 integrin antibodies
are another useful tool for selective identification and treatment of αvβ6 (+) tumors. The utility of
these αvβ6 integrin-binding molecules as a tool for tumor detection and treatment is discussed, considering
specificity, sensitivity and serum stability. Another use of the αvβ6 integrin-binding peptides is to modify the
Ad5 cell tropism for inducing oncolytic activity of αvβ6-integrin positive tumor cells by expressing
A20FMDV2 peptide within the fiber knob protein (Ad5NULL-A20). The newly designed oncolytic
Ad5NULL-A20 virotherapy is promising for local and systemic targeting of αvβ6-overexpressing cancers. Finally,
new evidence has emerged, indicating that chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) containing the αvβ6 integrin-
binding peptide on top of CD28+CD3 endodomain displays a potent therapeutic activity in a diverse
repertoire of solid tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Urquiza
- Grupo de Investigacion en Hormonas (GIH), Department of Chemistry, National University of Columbia, Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogota, zip code 111321, Colombia
| | - Valentina Guevara
- Grupo de Investigacion en Hormonas (GIH), Department of Chemistry, National University of Columbia, Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogota, zip code 111321, Colombia
| | - Erika Diaz-Sana
- Grupo de Investigacion en Hormonas (GIH), Department of Chemistry, National University of Columbia, Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogota, zip code 111321, Colombia
| | - Felipe Mora
- Grupo de Investigacion en Hormonas (GIH), Department of Chemistry, National University of Columbia, Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogota, zip code 111321, Colombia
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Bacon K, Lavoie A, Rao BM, Daniele M, Menegatti S. Past, Present, and Future of Affinity-based Cell Separation Technologies. Acta Biomater 2020; 112:29-51. [PMID: 32442784 PMCID: PMC10364325 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progress in cell purification technology is critical to increase the availability of viable cells for therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications. A variety of techniques are now available for cell separation, ranging from non-affinity methods such as density gradient centrifugation, dielectrophoresis, and filtration, to affinity methods such as chromatography, two-phase partitioning, and magnetic-/fluorescence-assisted cell sorting. For clinical and analytical procedures that require highly purified cells, the choice of cell purification method is crucial, since every method offers a different balance between yield, purity, and bioactivity of the cell product. For most applications, the requisite purity is only achievable through affinity methods, owing to the high target specificity that they grant. In this review, we discuss past and current methods for developing cell-targeting affinity ligands and their application in cell purification, along with the benefits and challenges associated with different purification formats. We further present new technologies, like stimuli-responsive ligands and parallelized microfluidic devices, towards improving the viability and throughput of cell products for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Our comparative analysis provides guidance in the multifarious landscape of cell separation techniques and highlights new technologies that are poised to play a key role in the future of cell purification in clinical settings and the biotech industry. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Technologies for cell purification have served science, medicine, and industrial biotechnology and biomanufacturing for decades. This review presents a comprehensive survey of this field by highlighting the scope and relevance of all known methods for cell isolation, old and new alike. The first section covers the main classes of target cells and compares traditional non-affinity and affinity-based purification techniques, focusing on established ligands and chromatographic formats. The second section presents an excursus of affinity-based pseudo-chromatographic and non-chromatographic technologies, especially focusing on magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Finally, the third section presents an overview of new technologies and emerging trends, highlighting how the progress in chemical, material, and microfluidic sciences has opened new exciting avenues towards high-throughput and high-purity cell isolation processes. This review is designed to guide scientists and engineers in their choice of suitable cell purification techniques for research or bioprocessing needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Bacon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA
| | - Ashton Lavoie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA
| | - Balaji M Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA; Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7928, USA
| | - Michael Daniele
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University - University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA; Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7928, USA.
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8
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Acharya B, Meka RR, Venkatesha SH, Lees JR, Teesalu T, Moudgil KD. A novel CNS-homing peptide for targeting neuroinflammatory lesions in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 51:101530. [PMID: 32035108 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Using phage peptide library screening, we identified peptide-encoding phages that selectively home to the inflamed central nervous system (CNS) of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of human multiple sclerosis (MS). A phage peptide display library encoding cyclic 9-amino-acid random peptides was first screened ex-vivo for binding to the CNS tissue of EAE mice, followed by in vivo screening in the diseased mice. Phage insert sequences that were present at a higher frequency in the CNS of EAE mice than in the normal (control) mice were identified by DNA sequencing. One of the phages selected in this manner, denoted as MS-1, was shown to selectively recognize CNS tissue in EAE mice. Individually cloned phages with this insert preferentially homed to EAE CNS after an intravenous injection. Similarly, systemically-administered fluorescence-labeled synthetic MS-1 peptide showed selective accumulation in the spinal cord of EAE mice. We suggest that peptide MS-1 might be useful for targeted drug delivery to CNS in EAE/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodhraj Acharya
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rakeshchandra R Meka
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shivaprasad H Venkatesha
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jason R Lees
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tambet Teesalu
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu (UT), Estonia; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kamal D Moudgil
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA. https://webmail.umaryland.edu/src/compose.php?send_to=kmoud001%40umaryland.edu
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9
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Magnetic nanocarriers: Emerging tool for the effective targeted treatment of lung cancer. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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10
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Alipour M, Baneshi M, Hosseinkhani S, Mahmoudi R, Jabari Arabzadeh A, Akrami M, Mehrzad J, Bardania H. Recent progress in biomedical applications of RGD-based ligand: From precise cancer theranostics to biomaterial engineering: A systematic review. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 108:839-850. [PMID: 31854488 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide family is known as the most prominent ligand for extracellular domain of integrin receptors. Specific expression of these receptors in various tissue of human body and tight association of their expression profile with various pathophysiological conditions made these receptors a suitable targeting candidate for several disease diagnosis and treatment as well as regeneration of various organs. For these reasons, various forms of RGD-based integrins ligands have been greatly used in biomedical studies. Here, we summarized the last decade application progress of RGD for cancer theranostics, control of inflammation, thrombosis inhibition and critically discussed the effect of RGD peptides structure and sequence on the efficacy of gene/drug delivery systems in preclinical studies. Furthermore, we will show recent advances in application of RGD functionalized biomaterials for various tissue regenerations including cornea repair, artificial neovascularization and bone tissue regeneration. Finally, we analyzed clinically translatability of RGD peptides, considering examples of integrin ligands in clinical trials. In conclusion, prospects on using RGD peptide for precise drug delivery and biomaterial engineering are well discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Alipour
- Department of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences (JUMS), Jahrom, Iran
- Department of Nano Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Baneshi
- Department of Chemistry, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Saman Hosseinkhani
- Department of Nano Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mahmoudi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Ali Jabari Arabzadeh
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Akrami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalil Mehrzad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Bardania
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
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11
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Sheervalilou R, Shahraki O, Hasanifard L, Shirvaliloo M, Mehranfar S, Lotfi H, Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi Y, Bahmanpour Z, Zadeh SS, Nazarlou Z, Kangarlou H, Ghaznavi H, Zarghami N. Electrochemical Nano-biosensors as Novel Approach for the Detection of Lung Cancer-related MicroRNAs. Curr Mol Med 2019; 20:13-35. [DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666191001114941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In both men and women around the world, lung cancer accounts as the
principal cause of cancer-related death after breast cancer. Therefore, early detection of
the disease is a cardinal step in improving prognosis and survival of patients. Today, the
newly-defined microRNAs regulate about 30 to 60 percent of the gene expression.
Changes in microRNA Profiles are linked to numerous health conditions, making them
sophisticated biomarkers for timely, if not early, detection of cancer. Though evaluation
of microRNAs in real samples has proved to be rather challenging, which is largely
attributable to the unique characteristics of these molecules. Short length, sequence
similarity, and low concentration stand among the factors that define microRNAs.
Recently, diagnostic technologies with a focus on wide-scale point of care have recently
garnered attention as great candidates for early diagnosis of cancer. Electrochemical
nano-biosensors have recently garnered much attention as a molecular method,
showing great potential in terms of sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility, and last but
not least, adaptability to point-of-care testing. Application of nanoscale materials in
electrochemical devices as promising as it is, brings multiplexing potential for conducting
simultaneous evaluations on multiple cancer biomarkers. Thanks to their enthralling
properties, these materials can be used to improve the efficiency of cancer diagnostics,
offer more accurate predictions of prognosis, and monitor response to therapy in a more
efficacious way. This article presents a concise overview of recent advances in the
expeditiously evolving area of electrochemical biosensors for microRNA detection in
lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omolbanin Shahraki
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Leili Hasanifard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Milad Shirvaliloo
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sahar Mehranfar
- Department of Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hajie Lotfi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Younes Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Zahra Bahmanpour
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sadaf Sarraf Zadeh
- Neurosciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ziba Nazarlou
- Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Haleh Kangarlou
- Department of Physics, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Habib Ghaznavi
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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12
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Reda A, Hosseiny S, El-Sherbiny IM. Next-generation nanotheranostics targeting cancer stem cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2487-2514. [PMID: 31490100 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is depicted as the most aggressive malignancy and is one the major causes of death worldwide. It originates from immortal tumor-initiating cells called 'cancer stem cells' (CSCs). This devastating subpopulation exhibit potent self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation characteristics. Dynamic DNA repair mechanisms can sustain the immortality phenotype of cancer to evade all treatment strategies. To date, current conventional chemo- and radio-therapeutic strategies adopted against cancer fail in tackling CSCs. However, new advances in nanotechnology have paved the way for creating next-generation nanotheranostics as multifunctional smart 'all-in-one' nanoparticles. These particles integrate diagnostic, therapeutic and targeting agents into one single biocompatible and biodegradable carrier, opening up new avenues for breakthroughs in early detection, diagnosis and treatment of cancer through efficient targeting of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Reda
- Nanomedicine Division, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science & Technology, 12578, Giza, Egypt.,Molecular & Cellular Biology division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Salma Hosseiny
- Nanomedicine Division, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science & Technology, 12578, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sherbiny
- Nanomedicine Division, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science & Technology, 12578, Giza, Egypt
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13
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Phage Display Libraries: From Binders to Targeted Drug Delivery and Human Therapeutics. Mol Biotechnol 2019; 61:286-303. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-019-00156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Liu X, Yang X, Sun W, Wu Q, Song Y, Yuan L, Yang G. Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exosome Enrichment: A Proof-of-Concept Study for Exosome-Based Targeting Peptide Screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 3:e1800275. [PMID: 32627374 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Selection of a peptide that binds preferentially to targeted cells or tissues is a prerequisite for targeted therapy. Although in vivo phage display is a high-throughput method, it is restricted in identifying target ligands specific for different vascular beds. In this study, the exosomes are repurposed for targeting peptide screening. Briefly, the signal peptide region of Lamp2b (a membrane protein on the exosomes) in the N-terminus is engineered to fuse with 10 aa long random peptides, while the C-terminus of Lamp2b is fused with the MS2 coating protein (MCP). Then, the whole Lamp2b-MCP open reading frame (ORF) is further engineered to harbor a 3'UTR sequence consisting of MS2. The resultant exosomes from engineered Lamp2b-MCP expressing cells display the 10 aa peptides on the outside while containing the genetic information inside. By proof-of-principle experiments, the exosomes with different peptides could preferentially distribute to different tissues besides the spleen and liver. Furthermore, detailed target sequences for different tissues are enriched by rounds of selection. In summary, the established novel targeted peptide screening strategy, namely, "exosome display," has broad applicability, especially for displaying and screening targeted peptides for the cells outside the capillary with condense barriers, like the neurons in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Liu
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture Department of Implant Dentistry, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xuekang Yang
- Department of Burn Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wenqi Sun
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinshi Road NO. 569th, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Qi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yingliang Song
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture Department of Implant Dentistry, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Lijun Yuan
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinshi Road NO. 569th, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Guodong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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15
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Tripathi PP, Arami H, Banga I, Gupta J, Gandhi S. Cell penetrating peptides in preclinical and clinical cancer diagnosis and therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 9:37252-37267. [PMID: 30647857 PMCID: PMC6324683 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivery of imaging reagents and drugs to tumors is essential for cancer diagnosis and therapy. In addition to therapeutic and diagnostic functionalities, peptides have potential benefits such as biocompatibility, ease to synthesize, smaller size, by-passing off-target side effects, and achieving the beneficial effects with lower-administered dosages. A particular type of peptide known as cell penetrating peptides (CPP) have been predominantly studied during last twenty years as they are not only capable to translocate themselves across membranes but also allow carrier drugs to translocate across plasma membrane, by different mechanisms depending on the CPP. This is of great potential importance in drug delivery systems, as the ability to pass across membranes is crucial to many drug delivery systems. In spite of significant progress in design and application of CPP, more investigations are required to further improve their delivery to tumors, with reduced side-effect and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we emphasis on current advancements in preclinical and clinical trials based on using CPP for more efficient delivery of anti-cancer drugs and imaging reagents to cancer tissues and individual cells associated with them. We discuss the evolution of the CPPs-based strategies for targeted delivery, their current status and strengths, along with summarizing the role of CPPs in targeted drug delivery. We also discuss some recently reported diagnostic applications of engineered protease-responsive substrates and activable imaging complexes. We highlight the recent clinical trial data by providing a road map for better design of the CPPs for future preclinical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Prakash Tripathi
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), Kolkata, India.,IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Kolkata, India
| | - Hamed Arami
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), The James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ivneet Banga
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Jalaj Gupta
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sonu Gandhi
- DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (DBT-NIAB), Hyderabad, India
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16
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Newman MR, Benoit DSW. In Vivo Translation of Peptide-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems Discovered by Phage Display. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2161-2169. [PMID: 29889510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic compounds with narrow therapeutic windows and significant systemic side effects benefit from targeted drug delivery strategies. Peptide-protein interactions are often exploited for targeting, with phage display a primary method to identify high-affinity peptide ligands that bind cell surface and matrix bound receptors preferentially expressed in target tissues. After isolating and sequencing high-binding phages, peptides are easily synthesized and chemically modified for incorporation into drug delivery systems, including peptide-drug conjugates, polymers, and nanoparticles. This review describes the phage display methodology to identify targeting peptide sequences, strategies to functionalize drug carriers with phage-derived peptides, specific examples of drug carriers with in vivo translation, and limitations and future applications of phage display to drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen R Newman
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , New York 14642 , United States
| | - Danielle S W Benoit
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , New York 14642 , United States
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17
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Qi GB, Gao YJ, Wang L, Wang H. Self-Assembled Peptide-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Imaging and Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1703444. [PMID: 29460400 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Peptide-based materials are one of the most important biomaterials, with diverse structures and functionalities. Over the past few decades, a self-assembly strategy is introduced to construct peptide-based nanomaterials, which can form well-controlled superstructures with high stability and multivalent effect. More recently, peptide-based functional biomaterials are widely utilized in clinical applications. However, there is no comprehensive review article that summarizes this growing area, from fundamental research to clinic translation. In this review, the recent progress of peptide-based materials, from molecular building block peptides and self-assembly driving forces, to biomedical and clinical applications is systematically summarized. Ex situ and in situ constructed nanomaterials based on functional peptides are presented. The advantages of intelligent in situ construction of peptide-based nanomaterials in vivo are emphasized, including construction strategy, nanostructure modulation, and biomedical effects. This review highlights the importance of self-assembled peptide nanostructures for nanomedicine and can facilitate further knowledge and understanding of these nanosystems toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Bin Qi
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yu-Juan Gao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lei Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hao Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
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18
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Conibear AC, Hager S, Mayr J, Klose MHM, Keppler BK, Kowol CR, Heffeter P, Becker CFW. Multifunctional α vβ 6 Integrin-Specific Peptide-Pt(IV) Conjugates for Cancer Cell Targeting. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2429-2439. [PMID: 28796473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the specificity of cancer therapy, and thereby decreasing damage to normal cells, requires targeting to cancer-cell specific features. The αvβ6 integrin is a receptor involved in cell adhesion and is frequently up-regulated in cancer cells compared to normal cells. We have selected a peptide ligand reported to bind specifically to the β6 integrin and have synthesized a suite of multispecific molecules to explore the potential for targeting of cancer cells. A combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis and chemoselective ligations was used to synthesize multifunctional molecules composed of integrin-targeting peptides, cytotoxic platinum(IV) prodrugs, and fluorescent or affinity probes joined with flexible linkers. The modular synthesis approach facilitates the construction of peptide-drug conjugates with various valencies and properties in a convergent manner. The binding and specificity of the multifunctional peptide conjugates were investigated using a cell line transfected with the β6 integrin and fluorescence microscopy. This versatile and highly controlled approach to synthesizing labeled peptide-drug conjugates has the potential to target potent cytotoxic drugs specifically to cancer cells, reducing the doses required for effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Conibear
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna , Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Hager
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University of Vienna , Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Mayr
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry , Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias H M Klose
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry , Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry , Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian R Kowol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry , Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University of Vienna , Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian F W Becker
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna , Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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19
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Abstract
Novel affinity agents with high specificity are needed to make progress in disease diagnosis and therapy. Over the last several years, peptides have been considered to have fundamental benefits over other affinity agents, such as antibodies, due to their fast blood clearance, low immunogenicity, rapid tissue penetration, and reproducible chemical synthesis. These features make peptides ideal affinity agents for applications in disease diagnostics and therapeutics for a wide variety of afflictions. Virus-derived peptide techniques provide a rapid, robust, and high-throughput way to identify organism-targeting peptides with high affinity and selectivity. Here, we will review viral peptide display techniques, how these techniques have been utilized to select new organism-targeting peptides, and their numerous biomedical applications with an emphasis on targeted imaging, diagnosis, and therapeutic techniques. In the future, these virus-derived peptides may be used as common diagnosis and therapeutics tools in local clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingying Yang
- Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kegan Sunderland
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
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20
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Abstract
Molecular imaging allows for the visualization of changes at the cellular level in diseases such as cancer. A successful molecular imaging agent must rely on disease-selective targets and ligands that specifically interact with those targets. Unfortunately, the translation of novel target-specific ligands into the clinic has been frustratingly slow with limitations including the complex design and screening approaches for ligand identification, as well as their subsequent optimization into useful imaging agents. This review focuses on combinatorial library approaches towards addressing these two challenges, with particular focus on phage display and one-bead one-compound (OBOC) libraries. Both of these peptide-based techniques have proven successful in identifying new ligands for cancer-specific targets and some of the success stories will be highlighted. New developments in screening methodology and sequencing technology have pushed the bounds of phage display and OBOC even further, allowing for even faster and more robust discovery of novel ligands. The combination of multiple high-throughput technologies will not only allow for more accurate identification, but also faster affinity maturation, while overall streamlining the process of translating novel ligands into clinical imaging agents.
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21
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Liu R, Li X, Xiao W, Lam KS. Tumor-targeting peptides from combinatorial libraries. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 110-111:13-37. [PMID: 27210583 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major and leading causes of death worldwide. Two of the greatest challenges in fighting cancer are early detection and effective treatments with no or minimum side effects. Widespread use of targeted therapies and molecular imaging in clinics requires high affinity, tumor-specific agents as effective targeting vehicles to deliver therapeutics and imaging probes to the primary or metastatic tumor sites. Combinatorial libraries such as phage-display and one-bead one-compound (OBOC) peptide libraries are powerful approaches in discovering tumor-targeting peptides. This review gives an overview of different combinatorial library technologies that have been used for the discovery of tumor-targeting peptides. Examples of tumor-targeting peptides identified from each combinatorial library method will be discussed. Published tumor-targeting peptide ligands and their applications will also be summarized by the combinatorial library methods and their corresponding binding receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Xiaocen Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Wenwu Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Kit S Lam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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22
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Conibear AC, Farbiarz K, Mayer RL, Matveenko M, Kählig H, Becker CFW. Arginine side-chain modification that occurs during copper-catalysed azide-alkyne click reactions resembles an advanced glycation end product. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:6205-11. [PMID: 27282129 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00932h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroascorbate is a by-product of copper-catalysed azide-alkyne click (CuAAC) reactions and also forms advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in tissues undergoing oxidative stress. Here we isolate and characterize an arginine-dehydroascorbate adduct formed during CuAAC reactions, investigate strategies for preventing its formation, and propose its biological relevance as an AGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Conibear
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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23
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Merrill JR, Krajewski K, Yuan H, Frank JE, Lalush DS, Patterson C, Veleva AN. Synthesis and comparative evaluation of novel 64Cu-labeled high affinity cell-specific peptides for positron emission tomography imaging of tumor vasculature. Biomaterials 2016; 84:241-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Gillespie JW, Wei L, Petrenko VA. Selection of Lung Cancer-Specific Landscape Phage for Targeted Drug Delivery. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2016; 19:412-22. [PMID: 27095536 PMCID: PMC5066567 DOI: 10.2174/1386207319666160420141024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell-specific diagnostic or therapeutic tools are commonly believed to significantly increase the success rate of cancer diagnosis and targeted therapies. To extend the repertoire of available cancer cell-specific phage fusion proteins and study their efficacy as navigating moieties, we used two landscape phage display libraries f8/8 and f8/9 displaying an 8- or 9-mer random peptide fusion to identify a panel of novel peptide families that are specific to Calu-3 cells. Using a phage capture assay, we showed that two of the selected phage clones, ANGRPSMT and VNGRAEAP (phage and their recombinant proteins are named by the sequence of the fusion peptide), are selective for the Calu-3 cell line in comparison to phenotypically normal lung epithelial cells and distribute into unique subcellular fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valery A Petrenko
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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25
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Jiang Y, Yang N, Zhang H, Sun B, Hou C, Ji C, Zheng J, Liu Y, Zuo P. Enhanced in vivo antitumor efficacy of dual-functional peptide-modified docetaxel nanoparticles through tumor targeting and Hsp90 inhibition. J Control Release 2016; 221:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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26
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Generation of new peptide-Fc fusion proteins that mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against different types of cancer cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2015; 2:15043. [PMID: 26605373 PMCID: PMC4632835 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2015.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), a key effector function for the clinical effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies, is triggered by the engagement of the antibody Fc domain with the Fcγ receptors expressed by innate immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages. Here, we fused cancer cell-binding peptides to the Fc domain of human IgG1 to engineer novel peptide-Fc fusion proteins with ADCC activity. The designed fusion proteins were expressed in human embryonic kidney 293T cells, followed by purification and characterization by western blots. One of the engineered variants (WN-Fc), bound with high affinity to a wide range of solid tumor cell lines (e.g., colon, lung, prostate, skin, ovarian, and mammary tumors). Treatment of cancer cells with the engineered peptide-Fc fusions in the presence of effector NK cells potentially enhanced cytotoxicity, degranulation, and interferon-γ production by NK cells when compared to cells treated with the Fc control. The presence of competing peptides inhibited NK cell activation. Furthermore, a bispecific peptide-Fc fusion protein activated NK cells against HER-1- and/or HER-2-expressing cancer cells. Collectively, the engineered peptide-Fc fusions constitute a new promising strategy to recruit and activate NK cells against tumor cells, a primary goal of cancer immunotherapy.
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27
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Hsiao JK, Wu HC, Liu HM, Yu A, Lin CT. A multifunctional peptide for targeted imaging and chemotherapy for nasopharyngeal and breast cancers. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1425-34. [PMID: 25881740 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The L-peptide plays a role as a universal ligand binding specifically to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and other cancers but not normal cells. It was used to link iron oxide nanoparticles, and injected intravenously to SCID mice bearing NPC and breast cancer xenografts for MR analysis, and showed significant change of MR signal intensity in the xenograft regions. Using this conjugate as a ligand to localize the L-peptide targeted protein in the cancer surgical specimens, a clear reaction product was identified in the tumor cells of both cancer types. If the L-peptide-linked-liposomal doxorubicin was used to treat the SCID mice bearing other NPC or breast cancer xenograft, a high efficacy of chemotherapy with minimal adverse effect was observed. In conclusion, the L-peptide has a considerable potential for clinical usage for targeted imaging, peptide histochemical localization of targeted protein, and targeted chemotherapy for different cancer types. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Targeted chemotherapy to cancer cells will enable maximum drug delivery but minimal systemic side effects. In this article, the authors identified a protein, L-peptide, on tumor cells. They also subsequently confirmed the specificity of this protein in animal experiments using iron oxide nanoparticles. The discovery of this marker could lead to future development of better chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Kai Hsiao
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hang-Chung Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hon-Man Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alice Yu
- Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Tarng Lin
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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28
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Hausner SH, Bauer N, Hu LY, Knight LM, Sutcliffe JL. The Effect of Bi-Terminal PEGylation of an Integrin αvβ₆-Targeted ¹⁸F Peptide on Pharmacokinetics and Tumor Uptake. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:784-90. [PMID: 25814519 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.150680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Radiotracers based on the peptide A20FMDV2 selectively target the cell surface receptor integrin αvβ6. This integrin has been identified as a prognostic indicator correlating with the severity of disease for several challenging malignancies. In previous studies of A20FMDV2 peptides labeled with 4-(18)F-fluorobenzoic acid ((18)F-FBA), we have shown that the introduction of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) improves pharmacokinetics, including increased uptake in αvβ6-expressing tumors. The present study evaluated the effect of site-specific C-terminal or dual (N- and C-terminal) PEGylation, yielding (18)F-FBA-A20FMDV2-PEG28 (4) and (18)F-FBA-PEG28-A20FMDV2-PEG28 (5), on αvβ6-targeted tumor uptake and pharmacokinetics. The results are compared with (18)F-FBA -labeled A20FMDV2 radiotracers (1- 3) bearing either no PEG or different PEG units at the N terminus. METHODS The radiotracers were prepared and radiolabeled on solid phase. Using 3 cell lines, DX3puroβ6 (αvβ6+), DX3puro (αvβ6-), and BxPC-3 (αvβ6+), we evaluated the radiotracers in vitro (serum stability; cell binding and internalization) and in vivo in mouse models bearing paired DX3puroβ6-DX3puro and, for 5, BxPC-3 xenografts. RESULTS The size and location of the PEG units significantly affected αvβ6 targeting and pharmacokinetics. Although the C-terminally PEGylated 4 showed some improvements over the un-PEGylated (18)F-FBA-A20FMDV2 (1), it was the bi-terminally PEGylated 5 that displayed the more favorable combination of high αvβ6 affinity, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic profile. In vitro, 5 bound to αvβ6-expressing DX3puroβ6 and BxPC-3 cells with 60.5% ± 3.3% and 48.8% ± 8.3%, respectively, with a significant fraction of internalization (37.2% ± 4.0% and 37.6% ± 4.1% of total radioactivity, respectively). By comparison, in the DX3puro control 5: showed only 3.0% ± 0.5% binding and 0.9% ± 0.2% internalization. In vivo, 5: maintained high, αvβ6-directed binding in the paired DX3puroβ6-DX3puro model (1 h: DX3puroβ6, 2.3 ± 0.2 percentage injected dose per gram [%ID/g]; DX3puroβ6/DX3puro ratio, 6.5:1; 4 h: 10.7:1). In the pancreatic BxPC-3 model, uptake was 4.7 ± 0.9 %ID/g (1 h) despite small tumor sizes (20-80 mg). CONCLUSION The bi-PEGylated radiotracer 5 showed a greatly improved pharmacokinetic profile, beyond what was predicted from individual N- or C-terminal PEGylation. It appears that the 2 PEG units acted synergistically to result in an improved metabolic profile including high αvβ6+ tumor uptake and retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven H Hausner
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Nadine Bauer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Lina Y Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Leah M Knight
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Julie L Sutcliffe
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
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29
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Gao D, Gao L, Zhang C, Liu H, Jia B, Zhu Z, Wang F, Liu Z. A near-infrared phthalocyanine dye-labeled agent for integrin αvβ6-targeted theranostics of pancreatic cancer. Biomaterials 2015; 53:229-38. [PMID: 25890722 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Integrin αvβ6 is widely upregulated in variant malignant cancers but is undetectable in normal organs, making it a promising target for cancer diagnostic imaging and therapy. Using streptavidin-biotin chemistry, we synthesized an integrin αvβ6-targeted near-infrared phthalocyanine dye-labeled agent, termed Dye-SA-B-HK, and investigated whether it could be used for cancer imaging, optical imaging-guided surgery, and phototherapy in pancreatic cancer mouse models. Dye-SA-B-HK specifically bound to integrin αvβ6 in vitro and in vivo with high receptor binding affinity. Using small-animal optical imaging, we detected subcutaneous and orthotopic BxPC-3 human pancreatic cancer xenografts in vivo. Upon optical image-guidance, the orthotopically growing pancreatic cancer lesions could be successfully removed by surgery. Using light irradiation, Dye-SA-B-HK manifested remarkable antitumor effects both in vitro and in vivo. (18)F-FDG positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and ex vivo fluorescence staining validated the observed decrease in proliferation of treated tumors by Dye-DA-B-HK phototherapy. Tissue microarray results revealed overexpression of integrin αvβ6 in over 95% cases of human pancreatic cancer, indicating that theranostic application of Dye-DA-B-HK has clear translational potential. Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that integrin αvβ6-specific Dye-SA-B-HK is a promising theranostic agent for the management of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Gao
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Liquan Gao
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chenran Zhang
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bing Jia
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100857, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Interdisciplinary Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhaofei Liu
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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Toporkiewicz M, Meissner J, Matusewicz L, Czogalla A, Sikorski AF. Toward a magic or imaginary bullet? Ligands for drug targeting to cancer cells: principles, hopes, and challenges. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:1399-414. [PMID: 25733832 PMCID: PMC4337502 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s74514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many problems directly correlated with the systemic administration of drugs and how they reach their target site. Targeting promises to be a hopeful strategy as an improved means of drug delivery, with reduced toxicity and minimal adverse side effects. Targeting exploits the high affinity of cell-surface-targeted ligands, either directly or as carriers for a drug, for specific retention and uptake by the targeted diseased cells. One of the most important parameters which should be taken into consideration in the selection of an appropriate ligand for targeting is the binding affinity (K D). In this review we focus on the importance of binding affinities of monoclonal antibodies, antibody derivatives, peptides, aptamers, DARPins, and small targeting molecules in the process of selection of the most suitable ligand for targeting of nanoparticles. In order to provide a critical comparison between these various options, we have also assessed each technology format across a range of parameters such as molecular size, immunogenicity, costs of production, clinical profiles, and examples of the level of selectivity and toxicity of each. Wherever possible, we have also assessed how incorporating such a targeted approach compares with, or is superior to, original treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Toporkiewicz
- Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Justyna Meissner
- Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Lucyna Matusewicz
- Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksander Czogalla
- Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksander F Sikorski
- Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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Bedi D, Gillespie JW, Petrenko VA. Selection of pancreatic cancer cell-binding landscape phages and their use in development of anticancer nanomedicines. Protein Eng Des Sel 2014; 27:235-43. [PMID: 24899628 PMCID: PMC4064708 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzu020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is hypothesized that the use of targeted drug delivery systems can significantly improve the therapeutic index of small molecule chemotherapies by enhancing accumulation of the drugs at the site of disease. Phage display offers a high-throughput approach for selection of the targeting ligands. We have successfully isolated phage fusion proteins selective and specific for PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells. Doxorubicin liposomes (Lipodox) modified with tumor-specific phage fusion proteins enhanced doxorubicin uptake specifically in PANC-1 cells as compared with unmodified Lipodox and also compared with normal breast epithelial cells. Phage protein-targeted Lipodox substantially increased the concentration of doxorubicin in the nuclei of PANC-1 cells in spite of P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux. The in vitro cytotoxic activity obtained with pancreatic cell-targeted Lipodox was greater than that of unmodified Lipodox. We present a novel and straightforward method for preparing pancreatic tumor-targeted nanomedicines by anchoring pancreatic cancer-specific phage proteins within the liposome bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Bedi
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA Current address: College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA
| | - James W Gillespie
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Valery A Petrenko
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
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Liu Z, Liu H, Ma T, Sun X, Shi J, Jia B, Sun Y, Zhan J, Zhang H, Zhu Z, Wang F. Integrin αvβ6–Targeted SPECT Imaging for Pancreatic Cancer Detection. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:989-94. [PMID: 24711651 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.132969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Identification and characterization of a suite of tumor targeting peptides for non-small cell lung cancer. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4480. [PMID: 24670678 PMCID: PMC3967199 DOI: 10.1038/srep04480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor targeting ligands are emerging components in cancer therapies. Widespread use of targeted therapies and molecular imaging is dependent on increasing the number of high affinity, tumor-specific ligands. Towards this goal, we biopanned three phage-displayed peptide libraries on a series of well-defined human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, isolating 11 novel peptides. The peptides show distinct binding profiles across 40 NSCLC cell lines and do not bind normal bronchial epithelial cell lines. Binding of specific peptides correlates with onco-genotypes and activation of particular pathways, such as EGFR signaling, suggesting the peptides may serve as surrogate markers. Multimerization of the peptides results in cell binding affinities between 0.0071–40 nM. The peptides home to tumors in vivo and bind to patient tumor samples. This is the first comprehensive biopanning for isolation of high affinity peptidic ligands for a single cancer type and expands the diversity of NSCLC targeting ligands.
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Identifying plant cell-surface receptors: combining ‘classical’ techniques with novel methods. Biochem Soc Trans 2014; 42:395-400. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20130251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell–cell communication during development and reproduction in plants depends largely on a few phytohormones and many diverse classes of polymorphic secreted peptides. The peptide ligands are bound at the cell surface of target cells by their membranous interaction partners representing, in most cases, either receptor-like kinases or ion channels. Although knowledge of both the extracellular ligand and its corresponding receptor(s) is necessary to describe the downstream signalling pathway(s), to date only a few ligand–receptor pairs have been identified. Several methods, such as affinity purification and yeast two-hybrid screens, have been used very successfully to elucidate interactions between soluble proteins, but most of these methods cannot be applied to membranous proteins. Experimental obstacles such as low concentration and poor solubility of membrane receptors, as well as instable transient interactions, often hamper the use of these ‘classical’ approaches. However, over the last few years, a lot of progress has been made to overcome these problems by combining classical techniques with new methodologies. In the present article, we review the most promising recent methods in identifying cell-surface receptor interactions, with an emphasis on success stories outside the field of plant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Powell Gray
- Department of Internal Medicine and The Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-8807, United States
| | - Kathlynn C. Brown
- Department of Internal Medicine and The Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-8807, United States
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Bai L, Du Y, Peng J, Liu Y, Wang Y, Yang Y, Wang C. Peptide-based isolation of circulating tumor cells by magnetic nanoparticles. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:4080-4088. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00456f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new CTC isolation method with high efficiency by using EpCAM recognition peptide functionalized magnetic nanoparticles was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linling Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies
- Peking University
| | - Yimeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxi Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Translational Medicine Center
- Laboratory of Oncology
- Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100071, P.R. China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Yanlian Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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Marelli UK, Rechenmacher F, Sobahi TRA, Mas-Moruno C, Kessler H. Tumor Targeting via Integrin Ligands. Front Oncol 2013; 3:222. [PMID: 24010121 PMCID: PMC3757457 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective and targeted delivery of drugs to tumors is a major challenge for an effective cancer therapy and also to overcome the side-effects associated with current treatments. Overexpression of various receptors on tumor cells is a characteristic structural and biochemical aspect of tumors and distinguishes them from physiologically normal cells. This abnormal feature is therefore suitable for selectively directing anticancer molecules to tumors by using ligands that can preferentially recognize such receptors. Several subtypes of integrin receptors that are crucial for cell adhesion, cell signaling, cell viability, and motility have been shown to have an upregulated expression on cancer cells. Thus, ligands that recognize specific integrin subtypes represent excellent candidates to be conjugated to drugs or drug carrier systems and be targeted to tumors. In this regard, integrins recognizing the RGD cell adhesive sequence have been extensively targeted for tumor-specific drug delivery. Here we review key recent examples on the presentation of RGD-based integrin ligands by means of distinct drug-delivery systems, and discuss the prospects of such therapies to specifically target tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udaya Kiran Marelli
- Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Department Chemie, Technische Universität München , Garching , Germany
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Gray BP, McGuire MJ, Brown KC. A liposomal drug platform overrides peptide ligand targeting to a cancer biomarker, irrespective of ligand affinity or density. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72938. [PMID: 24009717 PMCID: PMC3751880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
One method for improving cancer treatment is the use of nanoparticle drugs functionalized with targeting ligands that recognize receptors expressed selectively by tumor cells. In theory such targeting ligands should specifically deliver the nanoparticle drug to the tumor, increasing drug concentration in the tumor and delivering the drug to its site of action within the tumor tissue. However, the leaky vasculature of tumors combined with a poor lymphatic system allows the passive accumulation, and subsequent retention, of nanosized materials in tumors. Furthermore, a large nanoparticle size may impede tumor penetration. As such, the role of active targeting in nanoparticle delivery is controversial, and it is difficult to predict how a targeted nanoparticle drug will behave in vivo. Here we report in vivo studies for αvβ6-specific H2009.1 peptide targeted liposomal doxorubicin, which increased liposomal delivery and toxicity to lung cancer cells in vitro. We systematically varied ligand affinity, ligand density, ligand stability, liposome dosage, and tumor models to assess the role of active targeting of liposomes to αvβ6. In direct contrast to the in vitro results, we demonstrate no difference in in vivo targeting or efficacy for H2009.1 tetrameric peptide liposomal doxorubicin, compared to control peptide and no peptide liposomes. Examining liposome accumulation and distribution within the tumor demonstrates that the liposome, and not the H2009.1 peptide, drives tumor accumulation, and that both targeted H2009.1 and untargeted liposomes remain in perivascular regions, with little tumor penetration. Thus H2009.1 targeted liposomes fail to improve drug efficacy because the liposome drug platform prevents the H2009.1 peptide from both actively targeting the tumor and binding to tumor cells throughout the tumor tissue. Therefore, using a high affinity and high specificity ligand targeting an over-expressed tumor biomarker does not guarantee enhanced efficacy of a liposomal drug. These results highlight the complexity of in vivo targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Powell Gray
- Department of Internal Medicine and The Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael J. McGuire
- Department of Internal Medicine and The Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kathlynn C. Brown
- Department of Internal Medicine and The Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Reis CF, Carneiro AP, Vieira CU, Fujimura PT, Morari EC, Silva SJD, Goulart LR, Ward LS. An antibody-like peptide that recognizes malignancy among thyroid nodules. Cancer Lett 2013; 335:306-13. [PMID: 23462224 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for biomarkers to identify malignant thyroid nodules from indeterminate follicular lesions. We have used a subtractive proteomic strategy to identify novel biomarkers by selecting ligands to goiter tissue from a 12-mer random peptide phage-displayed library using the BRASIL method (Biopanning and Rapid Analysis of Selective Interactive Ligands). After three rounds of selection, two highly reactive clones to the papillary thyroid tumor cell line NPA were further evaluated, and their specific binding to tumor proteins was confirmed using phage-ELISA. The antibody-like peptide CaT12 was tumor-specific, which was further tested by immunohistochemistry against TMAs (tissue microarrays) comprised of 775 human benign and malignant tissues, including 232 thyroid nodular lesions: 15 normal thyroid tissues, 53 nodular goiters (NG), 54 follicular adenomas (FA); 69 papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC); and 41 follicular carcinomas (FC). CaT12 was able to identify PTC among thyroid nodular lesions with 91.2% sensitivity and 85.1% specificity, despite its non-specificity for thyroid tissues. Additionally, the CaT12 peptide helped characterize follicular lesions distinguishing the follicular variant of PTC (FVPTC) from FA with 91.9% accuracy; FVPTC from NG with 83.1% accuracy; FVPTC from the classic PTC with 57.7% accuracy; and FVPTC from FC with 88.7% accuracy. In conclusion, our strategy to select differentially expressed ligands to thyroid tissue was highly effective and resulted in a useful antibody-like biomarker that recognizes malignancy among thyroid nodules and may help distinguish follicular patterned lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Fernandes Reis
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Gray BP, Li S, Brown KC. From phage display to nanoparticle delivery: functionalizing liposomes with multivalent peptides improves targeting to a cancer biomarker. Bioconjug Chem 2013. [PMID: 23186007 DOI: 10.1021/bc300498d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phage display is commonly used to isolate peptides that bind to a desired cell type. While chemical synthesis of selected peptides often results in ligands with low affinity, a multivalent tetrameric presentation of the peptides dramatically improves affinity. One of the primary uses of these peptides is conjugation to nanoparticle-based therapeutics for specific delivery to target cell types. We set out to optimize the path from phage display peptide selection to peptide presentation on a nanoparticle surface for targeted delivery. Here, we examine the effects of peptide valency, density, and affinity on nanoparticle delivery and therapeutic efficacy, using the α(v)β(6)-specific H2009.1 peptide as a model phage-selected peptide and liposomal doxorubicin as a model therapeutic nanoparticle. Liposomes displaying the higher affinity multivalent H2009.1 tetrameric peptide demonstrate 5-10-fold higher drug delivery than liposomes displaying the lower affinity monomeric H2009.1 peptide, even when the same number of peptide subunits are displayed on the liposome. Importantly, a 6-fold greater toxicity is observed toward α(v)β(6)-expressing cells for liposomes displaying tetrameric verses monomeric H2009.1 peptides. Additionally, liposomal targeting and toxicity increase with increasing concentrations of H2009.1 tetrameric peptide on the liposome surface. Thus, both the multivalent peptide and the multivalent liposome scaffold work together to increase targeting to α(v)β(6)-expressing cells. This multilayered approach to developing high affinity targeted nanoparticles may improve the utility of moderate affinity peptides. As tetramerization is known to increase affinity for a variety of phage-selected peptides, it is anticipated that the tetrameric scaffold may act as a general method for taking peptides from phage display to nanoparticle display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Powell Gray
- Department of Internal Medicine and The Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8807, USA
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Nicolas J, Mura S, Brambilla D, Mackiewicz N, Couvreur P. Design, functionalization strategies and biomedical applications of targeted biodegradable/biocompatible polymer-based nanocarriers for drug delivery. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:1147-235. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35265f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 977] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Joshi BP, Liu Z, Elahi SF, Appelman H, Wang TD. Near-infrared-labeled peptide multimer functions as phage mimic for high affinity, specific targeting of colonic adenomas in vivo (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 76:1197-206.e1-5. [PMID: 23022051 PMCID: PMC3502727 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluorescent-labeled peptides are being developed to improve the endoscopic detection of colonic dysplasia. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate a near-infrared peptide multimer that functions as a phage mimic for in vivo detection of colonic adenomas. DESIGN A peptide multimer was synthesized by using trilysine as a dendritic wedge to mimic the presentation of peptides on phage, and all peptides, including the multimer, were fluorescent-labeled with Cy5.5. SETTING Small-animal imaging facility. ANIMAL SUBJECTS: Genetically engineered CPC;Apc mice that spontaneously develop colonic adenomas. INTERVENTION Near-infrared-labeled AKPGYLS peptide multimer was administered topically into the distal colons of the mice, and endoscopic images of adenomas were captured. Fluorescence intensities were quantified by target-to-background (T/B) ratios, and adenoma dimensions were measured with calipers after imaging. Validation of specific peptide binding was performed on cryosectioned specimens and cells by using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Fluorescence T/B ratios from colonic adenomas and adjacent normal-appearing mucosa. RESULTS AKP-multimer, monomer, trilysine core, and Cy5.5 resulted in mean (± SD) T/B ratios of 3.85 ± 0.25, 2.21 ± 0.13, 1.56 ± 0.12, and 1.19 ± 0.11, respectively, P < .01 on in vivo imaging. Peptide multimer showed higher contrast and greater specificity for dysplastic crypts as compared with other probes. Peptide multimer demonstrated significantly greater binding to HT29 cells on flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy in comparison to monomer and trilysine core. A binding affinity of 6.4 nm/L and time constant of 0.1136 minutes(-1) (8.8 minutes) was measured for multimer. LIMITATIONS Only distal colonic adenomas were imaged. CONCLUSION Peptide multimers combine strengths of multiple individual peptides to enhance binding interactions and demonstrate significantly higher specificity and affinity for tumor targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P. Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Zhongyao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Sakib F. Elahi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | | | - Thomas D. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Koivistoinen A, Ilonen IIK, Punakivi K, Räsänen JV, Helin H, Sihvo EI, Bergman M, Salo JA. A novel peptide (Thx) homing to non-small cell lung cancer identified by ex vivo phage display. Clin Transl Oncol 2012; 15:492-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-012-0959-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang JJ, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Liao KX, Lin F, Wu CT, Cai GF, Yao XQ. Screening peptides binding specifically to colorectal cancer cells from a phage random peptide library. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:377-81. [PMID: 22502705 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.1.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to screen for polypeptides binding specifically to LoVo human colorectal cancer cells using a phage-displayed peptide library as a targeting vector for colorectal cancer therapy. Human normal colorectal mucous epithelial cells were applied as absorber cells for subtraction biopanning with a c7c phage display peptide library. Positive phage clones were identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence detection; amino acid sequences were deduced by DNA sequencing. After 3 rounds of screening, 5 of 20 phage clones screened positive, showing specific binding to LoVo cells and a conserved RPM motif. Specific peptides against colorectal cancer cells could be obtained from a phage display peptide library and may be used as potential vectors for targeting therapy for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jiang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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Hughes AK, Cichacz Z, Scheck A, Coons SW, Johnston SA, Stafford P. Immunosignaturing can detect products from molecular markers in brain cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40201. [PMID: 22815729 PMCID: PMC3397978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosignaturing shows promise as a general approach to diagnosis. It has been shown to detect immunological signs of infection early during the course of disease and to distinguish Alzheimer’s disease from healthy controls. Here we test whether immunosignatures correspond to clinical classifications of disease using samples from people with brain tumors. Blood samples from patients undergoing craniotomies for therapeutically naïve brain tumors with diagnoses of astrocytoma (23 samples), Glioblastoma multiforme (22 samples), mixed oligodendroglioma/astrocytoma (16 samples), oligodendroglioma (18 samples), and 34 otherwise healthy controls were tested by immunosignature. Because samples were taken prior to adjuvant therapy, they are unlikely to be perturbed by non-cancer related affects. The immunosignaturing platform distinguished not only brain cancer from controls, but also pathologically important features about the tumor including type, grade, and the presence or absence of O6-methyl-guanine-DNA methyltransferase methylation promoter (MGMT), an important biomarker that predicts response to temozolomide in Glioblastoma multiformae patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa K. Hughes
- Biodesign Institute, Center for Innovations in Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Zbigniew Cichacz
- Biodesign Institute, Center for Innovations in Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Adrienne Scheck
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Stephen W. Coons
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Stephen Albert Johnston
- Biodesign Institute, Center for Innovations in Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Phillip Stafford
- Biodesign Institute, Center for Innovations in Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhang XX, Eden HS, Chen X. Peptides in cancer nanomedicine: drug carriers, targeting ligands and protease substrates. J Control Release 2012; 159:2-13. [PMID: 22056916 PMCID: PMC3288222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Peptides are attracting increasing attention as therapeutic agents, as the technologies for peptide development and manufacture continue to mature. Concurrently, with booming research in nanotechnology for biomedical applications, peptides have been studied as an important class of components in nanomedicine, and they have been used either alone or in combination with nanomaterials of every reported composition. Peptides possess many advantages, such as smallness, ease of synthesis and modification, and good biocompatibility. Their functions in cancer nanomedicine, discussed in this review, include serving as drug carriers, as targeting ligands, and as protease-responsive substrates for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiang Zhang
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Li S, Gray BP, McGuire MJ, Brown KC. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a peptide-paclitaxel conjugate which targets the integrin αvβ₆. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:5480-9. [PMID: 21868241 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The integrin α(v)β(6) is an emergent biomarker for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as well as other carcinomas. We previously developed a tetrameric peptide, referred to as H2009.1, which binds α(v)β(6) and displays minimal affinity for other RGD-binding integrins. Here we report the use of this peptide to actively deliver paclitaxel to α(v)β(6)-positive cells. We synthesized a water soluble paclitaxel-H2009.1 peptide conjugate in which the 2'-position of paclitaxel is attached to the tetrameric peptide via an ester linkage. The conjugate maintains its specificity for α(v)β(6)-expressing NSCLC cells, resulting in selective cytotoxicity. Treatment of α(v)β(6)-positive cells with the conjugate results in cell cycle arrest followed by induction of apoptosis in the same manner as free paclitaxel. However, initiation of apoptosis and the resultant cell death is delayed compared to free drug. The conjugate demonstrates anti-tumor activity in a H2009 xenograft model of NSCLC with efficacy comparable to treatment with free paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunzi Li
- Department of Internal Medicine and The Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8852, USA
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Gupta N, Belcher PE, Johnston SA, Diehnelt CW. Engineering a Synthetic Ligand for Tumor Necrosis Factor–Alpha. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1473-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bc200091c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Gupta
- Center for Innovations in Medicine, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Paul E. Belcher
- Center for Innovations in Medicine, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Stephen Albert Johnston
- Center for Innovations in Medicine, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Chris W. Diehnelt
- Center for Innovations in Medicine, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Marr A, Markert A, Altmann A, Askoxylakis V, Haberkorn U. Biotechnology techniques for the development of new tumor specific peptides. Methods 2011; 55:215-22. [PMID: 21640826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides, proteins and antibodies are promising candidates as carriers for radionuclides in endoradiotherapy. This novel class of pharmaceuticals offers a great potential for the targeted therapy of cancer. The fact that some receptors are overexpressed in several tumor types and can be targeted by small peptides, proteins or antibodies conjugated to radionuclides has been used in the past for the development of peptide endoradiotherapeutic agents such as (90)Y-DOTATOC or radioimmunotherapy of lymphomas with Zevalin. These procedures have been shown to be powerful options for the treatment of cancer patients. Design of new peptide libraries and scaffolds combined with biopanning techniques like phage and ribosome display may lead to the discovery of new specific ligands for target structures overexpressed in malignant tumors. Display methods are high throughput systems which select for high affinity binders. These methods allow the screening of a vast amount of potential binding motifs which may be exposed to either cells overexpressing the target structures or in a cell-free system to the protein itself. Labelling these binders with radionuclides creates new potential tracers for application in diagnosis and endoradiotherapy. This review highlights the advantages and problems of phage and ribosome display for the identification and evaluation of new tumor specific peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabell Marr
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, INF 260, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Zhang L, Yin G, Yan D, Wei Y, Ma C, Huang Z, Liao X, Yao Y, Chen X, Hao B. In vitro screening of ovarian tumor specific peptides from a phage display peptide library. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:1729-35. [PMID: 21544611 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To develop more biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy of ovarian cancer, a 12-mer phage display library was used to isolate peptides that bound specifically to the human ovarian tumor cell line SK-OV-3. After five rounds of in vitro screening, the recovery rate of phages showed a 69-fold increase over the first round of washings and a group of phage clones capable of binding to SK-OV-3 cells were obtained. A phage clone named Z1 with high affinity and specificity to SK-OV-3 cells was identified in vitro. More importantly, the synthetic biotin-labeled peptide, ZP1 (=SVSVGMKPSPRP), which corresponded to the sequence of the inserted fragment of Z1, demonstrated a high specificity to SK-OV-3 cells especially when compared to other cell lines (A2780 and 3T3). ZP1 might therefore be a biomarker for targeting drug delivery in ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South 1st Section, 1st Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People's Republic of China
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