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Curnow B, Rich AF, Ireland J, Correa DC, Dunn J, Jenkins D, Carslake H, Ressel L. Histological evidence of superficial inflammation is associated with lower recurrence of equine sarcoids following surgical removal: A follow-up study of 106 tumours in 64 horses. Vet J 2023; 292:105953. [PMID: 36775186 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.105953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the equine sarcoid is the most common skin neoplasm in domesticated horses, histopathological characteristics have not previously been evaluated for association with recurrence. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to investigate clinical and histopathological features of excised equine sarcoids and to evaluate their association with recurrence at the original surgical site and at new sites. Clinical records and excisional biopsies from 106 equine sarcoids from 64 horses referred to Leahurst Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool, between March 2010 and February 2015 were retrieved. Biopsies were re-evaluated histologically. Clinical data were obtained from hospital records, and owner-reported follow-up data were obtained by telephone questionnaire. Associations between clinical and histopathological features of sarcoids and their recurrence at the surgical site were determined using uni- and multivariable mixed effects logistic regression. Recurrence of sarcoids at the surgical site occurred in 30 horses (46.9%). Sarcoids developed at a distant site in 21 horses (32.8%). In the final mixed effects logistic regression model, only superficial inflammation was associated with reduced odds of recurrence at the surgical site (adjusted odds ratio, 0.32; 95% confidence intervals, 0.10-0.96; P = 0.04). This suggests that the inflammatory process may play a role in protecting horses against the recurrence of sarcoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Curnow
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - A F Rich
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J Ireland
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - D Cubillos Correa
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J Dunn
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - D Jenkins
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - H Carslake
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - L Ressel
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
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Expression of Cell-Cycle Regulatory Proteins pRb, Cyclin D1, and p53 Is Not Associated with Recurrence Rates of Equine Sarcoids. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090474. [PMID: 36136690 PMCID: PMC9504470 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoids are among the most common tumors diagnosed in equids; their association with bovine papillomaviruses (BPV) infection has been widely reported, but the mechanism of carcinogenesis has not been fully elucidated. To verify whether BPV infection causes dysregulation of the pRb-Cyclin D1-p16CDKN2A-p53 pathway as reported for human papillomavirus (HPV), the study employed immunohistochemistry to test 55 equine sarcoid biopsies for the expression of pRb, Cyclin D1, and p53 cell cycle regulatory proteins and to evaluate the proliferative rate through Ki67. High Cyclin D1 and pRb expression were observed in 51% and 80% of cases, respectively, while low expression was observed in 49% and 20% of cases, respectively. Significantly higher Ki67 proliferation indexes were observed in fibroblastic, nodular, and mixed sarcoids compared to the occult and verrucous. High proliferation was significantly associated with high Cyclin D1 expression. In contrast with previous studies, p53 positivity was not observed in the cases examined in this study. Moreover, follow-up analysis revealed that fibroblastic, mixed sarcoids were associated with significantly higher local recurrence rates while the verrucous subtype was associated with higher rates of new sarcoid development at distant sites.
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Ogłuszka M, Starzyński RR, Pierzchała M, Otrocka-Domagała I, Raś A. Equine Sarcoids-Causes, Molecular Changes, and Clinicopathologic Features: A Review. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:472-482. [PMID: 33461443 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820985114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Equine sarcoid is the most common skin tumor of horses. Clinically, it occurs as a locally invasive, fibroblastic, wart-like lesion of equine skin, which has 6 clinical classes: occult, verrucose, nodular, fibroblastic, mixed, and malignant. Sarcoids may be single but multiple lesions are more frequent. The typical histological feature is increased density of dermal fibroblasts which form interlacing bundles and whorls within the dermis. Lesions are mostly persistent, resist therapy, and tend to recur following treatment. In general, sarcoids are not fatal but their location, size, and progression to the more aggressive form may lead to the withdrawal of a horse from use and serious infringement of their welfare leading to the loss of valuable animals. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 1 and less commonly type 2 contribute to the development of equine sarcoid. The viral genome and proteins are detected in a high percentage of cases. Furthermore, viral oncoprotein activity leads to changes in the fibroblastic tissue similar to changes seen in other types of tumors. Equine sarcoids are characterized by a loss of tumor suppressor activity and changes allowing abnormal formation of the affected tissue, as well as y immune defense abnormalities that weaken the host's immune response. This impaired immune response to BPV infection appears to be crucial for the development of lesions that do not spontaneously regress, as occurs in BPV-infected cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Ogłuszka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the 49559Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Rafał Radosław Starzyński
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the 49559Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Mariusz Pierzchała
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the 49559Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Raś
- 49674University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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Semik-Gurgul E. Molecular approaches to equine sarcoids. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:221-230. [PMID: 32654178 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoids are the most commonly diagnosed skin tumours in equines. Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) are the primary causative agent of sarcoids. There has been intensive research to discover the molecular mechanisms that may contribute to the aetiopathogenesis of this disease and tumour suppressors and proto-oncogenes known to play a role in human neoplastic conditions have been investigated in equine sarcoids. Current approaches include the identification of gene expression profiles, characterising sarcoid and normal skin tissues, and an assessment of epigenetic alterations such as microRNA differential expression and DNA methylation status. This review focuses on selected groups of genes that contribute to the molecular mechanisms of sarcoid formation. These genes have the potential to complement current clinical examinations of equine sarcoid disease in diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutic response and screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Semik-Gurgul
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
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Bogedale K, Jagannathan V, Gerber V, Unger L. Differentially expressed microRNAs, including a large microRNA cluster on chromosome 24, are associated with equine sarcoid and squamous cell carcinoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:155-164. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Bogedale
- Department of Clinical Veterinary MedicineSwiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope Bern Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public HealthInstitute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Department of Clinical Veterinary MedicineSwiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope Bern Switzerland
| | - Lucia Unger
- Department of Clinical Veterinary MedicineSwiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope Bern Switzerland
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Malignant transformation of canine oral papillomavirus (CPV1)-associated papillomas in dogs: An emerging concern? PAPILLOMAVIRUS RESEARCH 2018; 6:83-89. [PMID: 30414951 PMCID: PMC6260289 DOI: 10.1016/j.pvr.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Canine oral papillomavirus (CPV1, also known as COPV), the most common cause of non-neoplastic papillomas, has not been shown to cause squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Furthermore, malignant transformation of benign papillomas to SCC has only been reported in a single group of dogs with severe combined immunodeficiency infected with CPV2. Here, we report a series of 7 dogs with benign CPV1-associated papillomas with histologic evidence of CPV1 causing malignant transformation to carcinoma in situ and ultimately SCC. Expression of p53 and p16 proteins in CPV1-infected cells within the benign papillomas and lesions that progressed into SCC also supported an association between papillomavirus and malignant transformation. Moreover, our retrospective analysis indicated that while there have been increased numbers of viral papillomas with malignant transformation, the number of annually diagnosed canine viral papillomas has remained constant over the past decade in our laboratory. We speculate that either an altered host immunity from increased usage of immunosuppressive drugs or changing environmental factors, e.g. increase exposure to UV radiation, may cause an increased oncogenic potential of this “low-risk” virus. This study aims to raise awareness of the malignant potential of CPV1 and to encourage further investigations into the cause of this suspected change in its oncogenic potential.
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Martano M, Power K, Restucci B, Pagano I, Altamura G, Borzacchiello G, Maiolino P. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in equine sarcoid. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:266. [PMID: 30176852 PMCID: PMC6122557 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1576-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcoids are the mostcommon skin tumors in horses, characterized by rare regression, invasiveness and high recurrence following surgical intervention and Delta Papillomaviruses are widely recognized as the causative agents of the disease. In order to gain new insights into equine sarcoid development, we have evaluated, in 25 equine sarcoids, by immunohistochemistry and western blotting analysis, the expression levels of VEGF, Ki67 and bcl-2. Moreover, we have measured microvessel density and specific vessel parameters. RESULTS All sarcoid samples showed a strong and finely granular cytoplasmatic staining for VEGF in the majority (90%) of keratinocytes, sarcoid fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Numerous small blood vessels, immunostained with Von Willebrand factor, often appeared irregular in shape and without a distinct lumen, with mean values of microvessel area and perimeter lower than normal. Moreover, in all sarcoid samples, Ki67 immunoreactivity was moderately positive in 5-10% of dermal sarcoid fibroblasts, while Bcl2 immunoreactivity was detected in 52% of the sarcoid samples, with a weak staining in 20-50% of dermal sarcoid fibroblasts. Biochemical analysis was consistent with immunohistochemical results. CONCLUSIONS This study has provided evidence that in equine sarcoid: VEGF was strongly expressed; the increased number of vessels was not associated with their complete maturation, probably leading to a hypoxic condition, which could increase VEGF synthesis; the levels of sarcoid fibroblasts proliferation were very low. Concluding, VEGF may have a role in equine sarcoid development, not only through the increase of angiogenesis, but also through the control of sarcoid fibroblast activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Martano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Karen Power
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Brunella Restucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pagano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Altamura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Maiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
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Semik E, Gurgul A, Ząbek T, Ropka-Molik K, Koch C, Mählmann K, Bugno-Poniewierska M. Transcriptome analysis of equine sarcoids. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:1370-1381. [PMID: 27779365 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Equine sarcoids are the most commonly detected skin tumours in Equidae. In the present research, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed which aimed at looking inside a tumour biology and identification of the expression profile as a potential source of cancer specific genes useful as biomarkers. We have used Horse Gene Expression Microarray data from matched equine sarcoids and tumour-distant skin samples. In total, 901 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between lesional and healthy skin samples have been identified (fold change ≥ 2; P < 0.05). The large subset of DEGs, with decreased expression, was associated with a suppression of malignant transformation, whereas several overexpressed genes were involved in the processes associated with growth and progression of a tumour or immune system activity. Our results, as a first to date, showed comprehensive transcriptome analysis of skin tumour in horses and pinpointed significant pathways and genes related with oncogenesis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Semik
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Biology of Animals, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - A Gurgul
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Biology of Animals, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - T Ząbek
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Biology of Animals, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - K Ropka-Molik
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Biology of Animals, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - C Koch
- ISME - Equine Clinic Bern, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - K Mählmann
- Equine Clinic, General Surgery and Radiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Bugno-Poniewierska
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Biology of Animals, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
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Jung JH, Yun M, Choo EJ, Kim SH, Jeong MS, Jung DB, Lee H, Kim EO, Kato N, Kim B, Srivastava SK, Kaihatsu K, Kim SH. A derivative of epigallocatechin-3-gallate induces apoptosis via SHP-1-mediated suppression of BCR-ABL and STAT3 signalling in chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3565-78. [PMID: 25825203 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a component of green tea known to have chemo-preventative effects on several cancers. However, EGCG has limited clinical application, which necessitates the development of a more effective EGCG prodrug as an anticancer agent. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Derivatives of EGCG were evaluated for their stability and anti-tumour activity in human chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) K562 and KBM5 cells. KEY RESULTS EGCG-mono-palmitate (EGCG-MP) showed most prolonged stability compared with other EGCG derivatives. EGCG-MP exerted greater cytotoxicity and apoptosis in K562 and KBM5 cells than the other EGCG derivatives. EGCG-MP induced Src-homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) leading decreased oncogenic protein BCR-ABL and STAT3 phosphorylation in CML cells, compared with treatment with EGCG. Furthermore, EGCG-MP reduced phosphorylation of STAT3 and survival genes in K562 cells, compared with EGCG. Conversely, depletion of SHP-1 or application of the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate blocked the ability of EGCG-MP to suppress phosphorylation of BCR-ABL and STAT3, and the expression of survival genes downstream of STAT3. In addition, EGCG-MP treatment more effectively suppressed tumour growth in BALB/c athymic nude mice compared with untreated controls or EGCG treatment. Immunohistochemistry revealed increased caspase 3 and SHP-1 activity and decreased phosphorylation of BCR-ABL in the EGCG-MP-treated group relative to that in the EGCG-treated group. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS EGCG-MP induced SHP-1-mediated inhibition of BCR-ABL and STAT3 signalling in vitro and in vivo more effectively than EGCG. This derivative may be a potent chemotherapeutic agent for CML treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Jung
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Miyong Yun
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jeong Choo
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myoung-Seok Jeong
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Deok-Beom Jung
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyemin Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ok Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nobuo Kato
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Bonglee Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sanjay K Srivastava
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Kunihiro Kaihatsu
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Bocaneti F, Altamura G, Corteggio A, Velescu E, Borzacchiello G. Expression of bcl-2 and p53 in bovine cutaneous fibropapillomas. Infect Agent Cancer 2015; 10:2. [PMID: 25601891 PMCID: PMC4298047 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-10-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine cutaneous fibropapillomas are benign hyperproliferative lesions induced by Bovine Papillomaviruses (BPVs). Bcl-2 is an important anti-apoptotic protein which is expressed in several cancer types. In contrary, p53 is a tumour suppressor protein that mediates cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and senescence in response to cellular stresses. FINDINGS Here, we investigated immunohistochemically and biochemically, the expression of bcl-2 and p53 in a subset of BPV positive fibropapillomas and bovine normal skin. Normal skin samples showed a weak signal for both proteins in the cytoplasm of the basal cells. Nine out of twelve (75%) tumour samples stained positive for bcl-2 throughout basal and parabasal layers, with most of cells showing strong cytoplasmic immunoreactivity. Nine out of twelve (75%) fibropapillomas were found to be positive for p53 expression, showing a strong cytoplasmic and perinuclear staining of p53 protein mainly in the basal and parabasal layers. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal an altered bcl-2 and p53 immunoreactivity in bovine cutaneous fibropapillomas, suggesting involvement of these two proteins in the cutaneous neoplastic transformation through an impaired apoptotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentina Bocaneti
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Ion Ionescu de la, Brad, Iasi, Romania
| | - Gennaro Altamura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Annunziata Corteggio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Elena Velescu
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Ion Ionescu de la, Brad, Iasi, Romania
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
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Papillomavirus associated diseases of the horse. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:159-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Sarcoid-derived fibroblasts: links between genomic instability, energy metabolism and senescence. Biochimie 2013; 97:163-72. [PMID: 24148276 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV-1) is a well recognized etiopathogenetic factor in a cancer-like state in horses, namely equine sarcoid disease. Nevertheless, little is known about BPV-1-mediated cell transforming effects. It was shown that BPV-1 triggers genomic instability through DNA hypomethylation and oxidative stress. In the present study, we further characterized BPV-1-positive fibroblasts derived from sarcoid tumors. The focus was on cancer-like features of sarcoid-derived fibroblasts, including cell cycle perturbation, comprehensive DNA damage analysis, end-replication problem, energy metabolism and oncogene-induced premature senescence. The S phase of the cell cycle, polyploidy events, DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and DNA single strand breaks (SSBs) were increased in BPV-1-positive cells compared to control fibroblasts. BPV-1-mediated oxidative stress may contribute to telomere dysfunction in sarcoid-derived fibroblasts. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and concurrent elevation in intracellular ATP production may be a consequence of changes in energy-supplying pathways in BPV-1-positive cells which is also typical for cancer cells. Shifts in energy metabolism may support rapid proliferation in cells infected by BPV-1. Nevertheless, sarcoid-derived fibroblasts representing a heterogeneous cell fraction vary in some aspects of metabolic phenotype due to a dual role of BPV-1 in cell transformation and oncogene-induced premature senescence. This was shown with increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity. Taken together, metabolic phenotypes in sarcoid-derived fibroblasts are plastic, which are similar to greater plasticity of cancer tissues than normal tissues.
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Finlay M, Yuan Z, Morgan IM, Campo MS, Nasir L. Equine sarcoids: Bovine Papillomavirus type 1 transformed fibroblasts are sensitive to cisplatin and UVB induced apoptosis and show aberrant expression of p53. Vet Res 2012; 43:81. [PMID: 23210796 PMCID: PMC3557224 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus type 1 infects not only cattle but also equids and is a causative factor in the pathogenesis of commonly occurring equine sarcoid tumours. Whilst treatment of sarcoids is notoriously difficult, cisplatin has been shown to be one of the most effective treatment strategies for sarcoids. In this study we show that in equine fibroblasts, BPV-1 sensitises cells to cisplatin-induced and UVB-induced apoptosis, a known cofactor for papillomavirus associated disease, however BPV-1 transformed fibroblasts show increased clonogenic survival, which may potentially limit the therapeutic effects of repeated cisplatin treatment. Furthermore we show that BPV-1 increases p53 expression in sarcoid cell lines and p53 expression can be either nuclear or cytoplasmic. The mechanism and clinical significance of increase/abnormal p53 expression remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Finlay
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, Scotland, G61 1QH, United Kingdom.
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14
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Altamura G, Strazzullo M, Corteggio A, Francioso R, Roperto F, D'Esposito M, Borzacchiello G. O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in equine sarcoids: molecular and epigenetic analysis. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:218. [PMID: 23140380 PMCID: PMC3512464 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) types 1 and 2 are the only known papillomaviruses able to jump the species. In fact, BPVs 1/2 induce neoplasia in their natural bovine host but infection is also associated to neoplastic skin lesions in equids termed sarcoids. The equine sarcoid is considered to be the most common equine cutaneous tumour worldwide for which no effective therapy is available. Very little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying tumourigenesis, although genes contributing to sarcoid development have been identified. Several studies associate the development of cancer to the loss of function of a number of oncosuppressor genes. In this study the putative role of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltrasferase (MGMT) was investigated for sarcoids. The expression of the oncosuppressor protein was assessed in normal and sarcoid cells and tissues. In addition, the DNA methylation profile was analysed to assess the role of epigenetic mechanism in regulation of MGMT expression. Results A group of 15 equine sarcoids and two primary sarcoid cell lines (fibroblasts) were analyzed for the expression of MGMT protein by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and Western blotting techniques. The sarcoid cell line EqSO4b and the tumour samples showed a reduction or absence of MGMT expression. To investigate the causes of deregulated MGMT expression, ten samples were analyzed for the DNA methylation profile of the CpG island associated to the MGMT promoter. The analysis of 73 CpGs encompassing the region of interest showed in 1 out of 10 (10%) sarcoids a pronouncedly altered methylation profile when compared to the control epidermal sample. Similarily the EqSO4b cell line showed an altered MGMT methylation pattern in comparison to normal fibroblasts. Conclusion As previously demonstrated for the oncosuppressor gene FHIT, analysis of MGMT expression in sarcoid tissues and a sarcoid-derived fibroblast cell line further suggests that oncosuppressor silencing may be also involved in BPV-induced equine tumours. Abnormal DNA methylation seems to be one of the possible molecular mechanisms involved in the alteration of MGMT expression. Further studies are required to address other basic molecular mechanisms involved in reduced MGMT expression. This study underlines the possible role of DNA methylation in oncosuppressor inactivation in equine sarcoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Altamura
- Department of Pathology and Animal health, University of Naples Federico II, Via Veterinaria, 1-80137, Napoli, Italy
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15
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Potocki L, Lewinska A, Klukowska-Rötzler J, Bugno-Poniewierska M, Koch C, Mählmann K, Janda J, Wnuk M. DNA hypomethylation and oxidative stress-mediated increase in genomic instability in equine sarcoid-derived fibroblasts. Biochimie 2012; 94:2013-24. [PMID: 22659572 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that equine sarcoid disease, the most common skin associated neoplasm in equids, is induced by bovine papillomavirus (BPV-1). Although BPV-1 DNA has been found in almost all examined sarcoids so far, its detailed impact on the horse's host cell metabolism is largely unknown. We used equine fibroblast cell lines originating from sarcoid biopsies to study BPV-1-associated changes on DNA methylation status and oxidative stress parameters. Sarcoid-derived fibroblasts manifested increased proliferation in vitro, transcriptional rDNA activity (NORs expression) and DNA hypomethylation compared to control cells. Cells isolated from equine sarcoids suffered from oxidative stress: the expression of antioxidant enzymes was decreased and the superoxide production was increased. Moreover, increased ploidy, oxidative DNA damage and micronuclei formation was monitored in sarcoid cells. We postulate that both altered DNA methylation status and redox milieu may affect genomic stability in BPV-1-infected cells and in turn contribute to sarcoid pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Potocki
- Department of Genetics, University of Rzeszow, Rejtana 16C, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
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16
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Yuan Z, Gault EA, Campo MS, Nasir L. Upregulation of equine matrix metalloproteinase 1 by bovine papillomavirus type 1 is through the transcription factor activator protein-1. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2608-2619. [PMID: 21775582 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.033431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine sarcoids represent the most common skin tumours in equids worldwide, characterized by extensive invasion and infiltration of lymphatics, rare regression and high recurrence after surgical intervention. Bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) activity is necessary for the transformation phenotype of equine fibroblasts. Among the many changes induced by BPV-1, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) upregulation contributes to the invasiveness of equine fibroblasts. However, it is not yet known how BPV-1 proteins regulate equine MMP-1 expression. To elucidate this mechanism, the equine MMP-1 promoter was cloned and analysed. A putative activator protein-1 (AP-1)-binding site was demonstrated to be crucial for upregulated MMP-1 promoter activity by BPV-1. BPV-1 E6 and E7 proteins increased MMP-1 promoter activity, and inhibition of BPV-1 gene expression by small interfering RNA significantly reduced the promoter activity. c-Jun and Fra-1, two components of the AP-1 transcription factor complex, were overexpressed and activated by BPV-1 in equine fibroblasts. Finally, BPV-1 E5, E6 and E7 proteins increased MMP-1 mRNA and protein expression. In conclusion, the expression of MMP-1 can be enhanced by BPV-1 oncoproteins E6 and E7 through the AP-1 transcription factor and by E5 via an indirect mechanism. These findings shed light on the mechanism of BPV-1-mediated equine fibroblast infiltration and indicate that both BPV-1 oncoproteins and AP-1 could be potential targets for equine sarcoid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhengQiang Yuan
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Gault
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - M Saveria Campo
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Lubna Nasir
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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17
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Yuan Z, Gault EA, Campo MS, Nasir L. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is crucial for bovine papillomavirus type-1 transformation of equine fibroblasts. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1778-1786. [PMID: 21471309 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.031526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine sarcoids represent the most common skin tumours in equids worldwide, characterized by extensive invasion and infiltration of lymphatics, rare regression and high recurrence after surgical intervention. Bovine papillomavirus type-1 (BPV-1) and less commonly BPV-2 are the causative agents of the diseases. It has been demonstrated that BPV-1 viral gene expression is necessary for maintaining the transformation phenotype. However, the underlying mechanism for BPV-1 transformation remains largely unknown, and the cellular factors involved in transformation are not fully understood. Previously mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway has been shown to be important for cellular transformation. This study investigated the role of p38 MAPK (p38) in the transformation of equine fibroblasts by BPV-1. Elevated expression of phosphorylated p38 was observed in BPV-1 expressing fibroblasts due to the expression of BPV-1 E5 and E6. The phosphorylation of the MK2 kinase, a substrate of p38, was also enhanced. Inhibition of p38 activity by its selective inhibitor SB203580 changed cell morphology, reduced the proliferation of sarcoid fibroblasts and inhibited cellular invasiveness, indicating the indispensable role of p38 in BPV-1 transformation of equine fibroblasts. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of equine sarcoids and suggest that p38 could be a potential target for equine sarcoid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhengQiang Yuan
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Gault
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - M Saveria Campo
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Lubna Nasir
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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18
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BRANDT S, SCHOSTER A, TOBER R, KAINZBAUER C, BURGSTALLER JP, HARALAMBUS R, STEINBORN R, HINTERHOFER C, STANEK C. Consistent detection of bovine papillomavirus in lesions, intact skin and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of horses affected by hoof canker. Equine Vet J 2011; 43:202-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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HARALAMBUS R, BURGSTALLER J, KLUKOWSKA-RÖTZLER J, STEINBORN R, BUCHINGER S, GERBER V, BRANDT S. Intralesional bovine papillomavirus DNA loads reflect severity of equine sarcoid disease. Equine Vet J 2010; 42:327-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Bovine papillomavirus type 1 E2 and E7 proteins down-regulate Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in equine fibroblasts. Virus Res 2010; 149:124-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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21
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Nasir L, Campo MS. Bovine papillomaviruses: their role in the aetiology of cutaneous tumours of bovids and equids. Vet Dermatol 2008; 19:243-54. [PMID: 18927950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is perhaps the most extensively studied animal papillomavirus. In cattle BPVs induce benign tumours of cutaneous or mucosal epithelia, called papillomas or warts. Cattle papillomas are benign tumours and generally regress without eliciting any serious clinical problems in the host, but occasionally persist and provide the focus for malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma, as in the case of cancer of the urinary bladder and cancer of the upper alimentary canal. BPV is the only papillomavirus that jumps species: the virus also infects equids, and gives rise to fibroblastic tumours called sarcoids. Sarcoids very rarely regress, more often they persist and can be locally aggressive. These tumours are the most common dermatological tumour of equids worldwide. The purpose of this review is to discuss the biology of BPV, the biology of bovine tumours and equine sarcoids, and present the current understanding of BPV in tumour pathogenesis in its natural host, cattle, and in its heterologous host, equids. Finally, the use of anti-BPV vaccines as a therapy for equine sarcoids will be discussed. Only limited information on the clinical or pathological aspects of either bovine or equine tumours will be provided as this subject has been extensively addressed previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Nasir
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH.
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22
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Expression of Platelet-derived Growth Factor-β Receptor and Bovine Papillomavirus E5 and E7 Oncoproteins in Equine Sarcoid. J Comp Pathol 2008; 139:231-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Brandt S, Haralambus R, Schoster A, Kirnbauer R, Stanek C. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells represent a reservoir of bovine papillomavirus DNA in sarcoid-affected equines. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:1390-1395. [PMID: 18474554 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83568-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine papillomaviruses of types 1 and 2 (BPV-1 and -2) chiefly contribute to equine sarcoid pathogenesis. However, the mode of virus transmission and the presence of latent infections are largely unknown. This study established a PCR protocol allowing detection of <or=10 copies of the BPV-1/-2 genes E5 and L1. Subsequent screening of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) DNA derived from horses with and without BPV-1/2-induced skin lesions demonstrated the exclusive presence of E5, but not L1, in PBMCs of BPV-1/2-infected equines. To validate this result, a blind PCR was performed from enciphered PBMC DNA derived from 66 horses, revealing E5 in the PBMCs of three individuals with confirmed sarcoids, whereas the remaining 63 sarcoid-free animals were negative for this gene. L1 could not be detected in any PBMC DNA, suggesting either deletion or interruption of this gene in PBMCs of BPV-1/-2-infected equines. These results support the hypothesis that PBMCs may serve as host cells for BPV-1/-2 DNA and contribute to virus latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Brandt
- Equine Centre, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rhea Haralambus
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.,Equine Centre, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Reinhard Kirnbauer
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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24
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Transcriptional changes induced by bovine papillomavirus type 1 in equine fibroblasts. J Virol 2008; 82:6481-91. [PMID: 18434409 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00429-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) and, less commonly, BPV-2 are associated with the pathogenesis of common equine skin tumors termed sarcoids. In an attempt to understand the mechanisms by which BPV-1 induces sarcoids, we used gene expression profiling as a screening tool to identify candidate genes implicated in disease pathogenesis. Gene expression profiles of equine fibroblasts transformed by BPV-1 experimentally or from explanted tumors were compared with those of control equine fibroblasts to identify genes associated with expression of BPV-1. Analysis of the microarray data identified 81 probe sets that were significantly (P < 0.01) differentially expressed between the BPV-1-transformed and control cell lines. Expression of several deregulated genes, including MMP-1, CXCL5, FRA-1, NKG7, TLR4, and the gene encoding the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) protein, was confirmed using other BPV-1-transformed cell lines. Furthermore, expression of these genes was examined using a panel of 10 sarcoids. Increased expression of MMP-1, CXCL5, FRA-1, and NKG7 was detected in a subset of tumors, and TLR4 and MHC I showed robust down-regulation in all tumors. Deregulated expression was confirmed at the protein level for MMP-1 and MHC-I. The present report identifies genes modulated by BPV-1 transformation and will help identify the molecular mechanisms involved in disease pathogenesis.
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25
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Brandt S, Haralambus R, Shafti-Keramat S, Steinborn R, Stanek C, Kirnbauer R. A subset of equine sarcoids harbours BPV-1 DNA in a complex with L1 major capsid protein. Virology 2008; 375:433-41. [PMID: 18395238 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus type 1 or 2 (BPV-1, BPV-2) are accepted causal factors in equine sarcoid pathogenesis. Whereas viral genomes are consistently found and expressed within lesions, intact virions have never been detected, thus permissiveness of sarcoids for BPV-1 replication remains unclear. To reassess this issue, an immunocapture PCR (IC/PCR) was established using L1-specific antibodies to capture L1-DNA complexes followed by amplification of the viral genome. Following validation of the assay, 13 sarcoid-bearing horses were evaluated by IC/PCR. Samples were derived from 21 tumours, 4 perilesional/intact skin biopsies, and 1 serum. Tissue extracts from sarcoid-free equines served as controls. IC/PCR scored positive in 14/24 (58.3%) specimens obtained from sarcoid-patients, but negative for controls. Quantitative IC/PCR demonstrated <125 immunoprecipitable viral genomes/50 microl extract for the majority of specimens. Moreover, full-length BPV-1 genomes were detected in a complex with L1 proteins. These complexes may correspond to virion precursors or intact virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brandt
- Equine Biotechnology Unit (EBU), Equine Centre, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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26
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Mattil-Fritz S, Scharner D, Piuko K, Thönes N, Gissmann L, Müller H, Müller M. Immunotherapy of equine sarcoid: dose-escalation trial for the use of chimeric papillomavirus-like particles. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:138-147. [PMID: 18089737 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine sarcoids are fibrosarcoma-like skin tumours with a prevalence of approximately 1-2 %. Strong evidence exists for a causative role of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 1 or type 2 in the development of sarcoids. No effective treatment of equine sarcoid is available and after surgical excision relapse of the tumours is very frequent. We developed chimeric virus-like particles (CVLPs) of BPV 1 L1-E7 for the immunotherapy of equine sarcoid. In a phase I clinical trial 12 horses suffering from equine sarcoid with an average number of more than 22 tumours per animal were vaccinated in a dose-escalation setting. The animals were followed-up for 63 days, eight of the twelve horses were followed-up for more than a year and side-effects, humoral immune responses and tumour appearance were recorded. BPV DNA was detected in tumours of 11 cases. CVLPs were well tolerated in all dose groups, a robust anti-L1 antibody response was induced in all but one of the horses. Anti-E7 antibodies were detected in five of the 12 animals at low titres. Two animals showed a clear improvement of the clinical status after treatment, i.e. the number of the tumours per horse was reduced. In another horse regression of five sarcoids was observed; three of them relapsed during the study. Two animals showed tumour regression as well as growth of new sarcoids. In two horses the clinical status remained unchanged, in another two horses growth of existing tumours or growth of additional tumours was observed. The remaining three animals showed simultaneously regression and growth of existing tumours. Neither the humoral immune responses nor the observed effects on the tumours was correlated with the dose group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Mattil-Fritz
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Doreen Scharner
- Universität Leipzig, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Chirurgische Tierklinik, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konrad Piuko
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadja Thönes
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Gissmann
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Müller
- Universität Leipzig, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Institut für Virologie Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Müller
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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27
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Yuan ZQ, Gault EA, Gobeil P, Nixon C, Campo MS, Nasir L. Establishment and characterization of equine fibroblast cell lines transformed in vivo and in vitro by BPV-1: model systems for equine sarcoids. Virology 2008; 373:352-61. [PMID: 18191170 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is now widely recognized that BPV-1 and less commonly BPV-2 are the causative agents of equine sarcoids. Here we present the generation of equine cell lines harboring BPV-1 genomes and expressing viral genes. These lines have been either explanted from sarcoid biopsies or generated in vitro by transfection of primary fibroblasts with BPV-1 DNA. Previously detected BPV-1 genome variations in equine sarcoids are also found in sarcoid cell lines, and only variant BPV-1 genomes can transform equine cells. These equine cell lines are morphologically transformed, proliferate faster than parental cells, have an extended life span and can grow independently of substrate. These characteristics are more marked the higher the level of viral E5, E6 and E7 gene expression. These findings confirm that the virus has an active role in the induction of sarcoids and the lines will be invaluable for further studies on the role of BPV-1 in sarcoid pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Yuan
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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28
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Bogaert L, Van Poucke M, De Baere C, Dewulf J, Peelman L, Ducatelle R, Gasthuys F, Martens A. Bovine papillomavirus load and mRNA expression, cell proliferation and p53 expression in four clinical types of equine sarcoid. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:2155-2161. [PMID: 17622617 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine sarcoids, the most common skin tumours in horses, are induced by bovine papillomavirus (BPV). Their clinical appearance varies from small stable patches to aggressively growing masses. Differences in BPV load and mRNA expression and Ki67 and p53 immunostaining among four clinical types (fibroblastic, occult, nodular and verrucous sarcoids) were evaluated to test the hypothesis that the clinical behaviour of equine sarcoids correlates with BPV activity. Viral load and expression of the BPV E2, E5, E6 and E7 genes were determined using quantitative real-time PCR. The proliferative fraction (PF) of the tumours was determined by Ki67 immunostaining and expression of p53 was analysed by immunohistochemistry. Nodular sarcoids showed a significantly higher viral load than the other types. A significant overall difference among the four types was observed for E2, E5, E6 and E7 mRNA expression. Nodular sarcoids showed the highest expression level for each BPV gene examined, followed by verrucous, fibroblastic and occult tumours. Viral DNA and mRNA outcomes correlated with each other, indicating a similar transcription pattern in each type of sarcoid. The PF was significantly higher in the superficial layers of verrucous and fibroblastic sarcoids compared with occult and nodular types. No significant difference was observed for the PF in the deep layers and for p53 expression. These results clearly demonstrate the omnipresence and active transcription of BPV in equine sarcoids. However, the hypothesis that the clinical behaviour of an equine sarcoid can be explained on the basis of differences in BPV activity could not be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bogaert
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Van Poucke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - C De Baere
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J Dewulf
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Herd Health, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Peelman
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - R Ducatelle
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Gasthuys
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Martens
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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29
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Yuan Z, Gallagher A, Gault EA, Campo MS, Nasir L. Bovine papillomavirus infection in equine sarcoids and in bovine bladder cancers. Vet J 2006; 174:599-604. [PMID: 17150387 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 2 is involved in carcinogenesis of the urinary bladder in cattle, while BPV-1 is commonly associated with equine sarcoid tumours. In both cases the early viral proteins are expressed, but virion is not produced. Given the similarities in BPV biology between the tumours in cattle and horses, bovine bladder cancers and equine sarcoids were compared with respect to physical status, load of viral DNA and variability of the E5 open reading frame (ORF). Rolling circle amplification demonstrated that BPV-1 and BPV-2 genomes exist as double stranded, episomal, circular forms in the two tumours. Realtime quantitative PCR revealed that equine sarcoids contained higher viral DNA loads compared to bovine bladder cancers. The BPV-1 E5 ORF showed sequence variation but BPV-2 ORF did not. The presence of BPV-1 E5 variations or their absence in the BPV-2 E5 ORF does not appear to have an effect on viral DNA load in either tumour type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqiang Yuan
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
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