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Song F, Zhang Z, Liu W, Xu T, Hu X, Wang Q, Zhang W, Ge L, Zhang C, Hu Q, Qin H, Zhang S, Ren X, Fan W, Zhang Y, Huang P. Peptide Transporter 1-Mediated Dipeptide Transport Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis by Activating MAP4K4/G3BP2 Signaling Axis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306671. [PMID: 38639383 PMCID: PMC11200092 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the leading cause of mortality in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To meet the rapid malignant growth and transformation, tumor cells dramatically increase the consumption of nutrients, such as amino acids. Peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1), a key transporter for small peptides, has been found to be an effective and energy-saving intracellular source of amino acids that are required for the growth of tumor cells. Here, the role of PEPT1 in HCC metastasis and its underlying mechanisms is explored. PEPT1 is upregulated in HCC cells and tissues, and high PEPT1 expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with HCC. PEPT1 overexpression dramatically promoted HCC cell migration, invasion, and lung metastasis, whereas its knockdown abolished these effects both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic analysis revealed that high PEPT1 expression increased cellular dipeptides in HCC cells that are responsible for activating the MAP4K4/G3BP2 signaling pathway, ultimately facilitating the phosphorylation of G3BP2 at Thr227 and enhancing HCC metastasis. Taken together, these findings suggest that PEPT1 acts as an oncogene in promoting HCC metastasis through dipeptide-induced MAP4K4/G3BP2 signaling and that the PEPT1/MAP4K4/G3BP2 axis can serve as a promising therapeutic target for metastatic HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifeng Song
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital)Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou310014China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for malignant tumorHangzhou310014China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital)Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310009China
| | - Tong Xu
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital)Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou310014China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for malignant tumorHangzhou310014China
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital)Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014China
| | - Qiyue Wang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital)Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014China
| | - Wanli Zhang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital)Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014China
| | - Luqi Ge
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital)Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014China
| | - Chengwu Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Minimally Invasion SurgeryZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital)Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014China
| | - Qing Hu
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital)Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014China
| | - Hui Qin
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital)Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014China
| | - Song Zhang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital)Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou310014China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for malignant tumorHangzhou310014China
| | - Xinxin Ren
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital)Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014China
| | - Weijiao Fan
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital)Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital)Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou310014China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for malignant tumorHangzhou310014China
| | - Ping Huang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital)Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou310014China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for malignant tumorHangzhou310014China
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2
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Wu P, Guo Y. Susceptibility Loci in SLC15A1, UGT1A3, and CWC27 Genes Associated with Bladder Cancer in the Northeast Chinese Population. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:2988159. [PMID: 36124064 PMCID: PMC9482523 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2988159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BCa) is an increasingly severe clinical and public health issue. Therefore, we aim to investigate BCa susceptibility loci in the Chinese population. In this study, 487 BCa patients and 563 controls were recruited from the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University from July 2015 to September 2020. A total of ten single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in solute carrier family 15 member 1 (SLC15A1), CWC27 spliceosome associated cyclophilin (CWC27), or UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A3 (UGT1A3) genes were genotyped. The associations between the candidate SNPs and BCa were analyzed using genotype and haplotype analysis. The results demonstrated that Rs4646227 of SLC15A1 has a significant association with BCa. The patients with CG (OR =2.513, p < 0.05) and GG (OR =2.859, p < 0.05) genotypes had an increasing risk of BCa compared with the CC genotype. For the CWC27 gene, genotypic frequency analysis revealed that the GT or TT genotype of rs2042329 and the CT or TT genotype of rs1870437 were more frequent in BCa patients than those in the control group, indicating that these genotypes were associated with a higher risk of BCa (all p < 0.05). Haplotypes of SLC15A1, UGT1A3, and CWC27 genes found that the C-C-C haplotype of SLC15A1 was associated with a lower risk of BCa while the C-G-C haplotype was associated with a higher risk. For the UGT1A3 gene, a moderate protective effect was observed with the most frequent T-T-C haplotype, and for the CWC27 gene, most of the haplotypes showed no association with BCa, except the G-G-C-T haplotype (order of SNPs: rs2042329-rs7735338-rs1870437-rs2278351, OR =0.81, p =0.038). In sum, this study indicated that rs2042329 and rs1870437 in the CWC27 gene and rs4646227 in the SLC15A1 gene are independent indicators for BCa risk in Chinese people. Further large-scale studies are required to validate these findings. Also, this study provided the theoretical basis for developing new therapeutic drug targeting of BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peihong Wu
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yaoxing Guo
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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3
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Wang S, Zhang Z, Miao L, Li Y. Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: Current Status and Challenges. Front Oncol 2022; 12:788770. [PMID: 35433432 PMCID: PMC9009440 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.788770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a re-emerging therapy with the ability to selectively kill tumor cells. After the boron delivery agents enter the tumor tissue and enrich the tumor cells, the thermal neutrons trigger the fission of the boron atoms, leading to the release of boron atoms and then leading to the release of the α particles (4He) and recoil lithium particles (7Li), along with the production of large amounts of energy in the narrow region. With the advantages of targeted therapy and low toxicity, BNCT has become a unique method in the field of radiotherapy. Since the beginning of the last century, BNCT has been emerging worldwide and gradually developed into a technology for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme, head and neck cancer, malignant melanoma, and other cancers. At present, how to develop and innovate more efficient boron delivery agents and establish a more accurate boron-dose measurement system have become the problem faced by the development of BNCT. We discuss the use of boron delivery agents over the past several decades and the corresponding clinical trials and preclinical outcomes. Furthermore, the discussion brings recommendations on the future of boron delivery agents and this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhengchao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lele Miao
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yumin Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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4
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Wang X, Chen Y, Wang Y, Wang B, Zhang J, Jian X. Expression, Regulation, and Role of an Oligopeptide Transporter: PEPT1 in Tumors. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:1596-1605. [PMID: 35546503 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210707170214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
PEPT1 is a vital member of the proton-dependent oligopeptide transporters
family (POTs). Many studies have confirmed that PEPT1 plays a critical role in the absorption
of dipeptides, tripeptides, and pseudopeptides in the intestinal tract. In recent
years, several studies have found that PEPT1 is highly expressed in malignant tumor tissues
and cells. The abnormal expression of PEPT1 in tumors may be closely related to the
progress of tumors, and hence, could be considered as a potential molecular biomarker for
the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in malignant tumors. Furthermore, PEPT1 can be
used to mediate the targeted delivery of anti-tumor drugs. Herein, the expression, regulation,
and role of PEPT1 in tumors in recent years have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Institute
of Digestive Disease, Tianjin 300052, China
- Tianjin Baodi Hospital/Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin
Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yiming Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Institute
of Digestive Disease, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yongjuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Institute
of Digestive Disease, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Institute
of Digestive Disease, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xu Jian
- Central Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University
General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
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Schniers BK, Rajasekaran D, Korac K, Sniegowski T, Ganapathy V, Bhutia YD. PEPT1 is essential for the growth of pancreatic cancer cells: a viable drug target. Biochem J 2021; 478:3757-3774. [PMID: 34569600 PMCID: PMC8589330 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PEPT1 is a proton-coupled peptide transporter that is up-regulated in PDAC cell lines and PDXs, with little expression in the normal pancreas. However, the relevance of this up-regulation to cancer progression and the mechanism of up-regulation have not been investigated. Herein, we show that PEPT1 is not just up-regulated in a large panel of PDAC cell lines and PDXs but is also functional and transport-competent. PEPT2, another proton-coupled peptide transporter, is also overexpressed in PDAC cell lines and PDXs, but is not functional due to its intracellular localization. Using glibenclamide as a pharmacological inhibitor of PEPT1, we demonstrate in cell lines in vitro and mouse xenografts in vivo that inhibition of PEPT1 reduces the proliferation of the cancer cells. These findings are supported by genetic knockdown of PEPT1 with shRNA, wherein the absence of the transporter significantly attenuates the growth of cancer cells, both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that PEPT1 is critical for the survival of cancer cells. We also establish that the tumor-derived lactic acid (Warburg effect) in the tumor microenvironment supports the transport function of PEPT1 in the maintenance of amino acid nutrition in cancer cells by inducing MMPs and DPPIV to generate peptide substrates for PEPT1 and by generating a H+ gradient across the plasma membrane to energize PEPT1. Taken collectively, these studies demonstrate a functional link between PEPT1 and extracellular protein breakdown in the tumor microenvironment as a key determinant of pancreatic cancer growth, thus identifying PEPT1 as a potential therapeutic target for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley K. Schniers
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, U.S.A
| | - Devaraja Rajasekaran
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, U.S.A
| | - Ksenija Korac
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, U.S.A
| | - Tyler Sniegowski
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, U.S.A
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, U.S.A
| | - Yangzom D. Bhutia
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, U.S.A
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6
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Huang H, Wang J, Chen S, He H, Shang Y, Guo X, Lou G, Ji J, Guo M, Chen H, Yu S. SLC15A4 Serves as a Novel Prognostic Biomarker and Target for Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:666607. [PMID: 34168674 PMCID: PMC8217884 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.666607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SLC15A family members are known as electrogenic transporters that take up peptides into cells through the proton-motive force. Accumulating evidence indicates that aberrant expression of SLC15A family members may play crucial roles in tumorigenesis and tumor progression in various cancers, as they participate in tumor metabolism. However, the exact prognostic role of each member of the SLC15A family in human lung cancer has not yet been elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the SLC15A family members in lung cancer through accumulated data from TCGA and other available online databases by integrated bioinformatics analysis to reveal the prognostic value, potential clinical application and underlying molecular mechanisms of SLC15A family members in lung cancer. RESULTS Although all family members exhibited an association with the clinical outcomes of patients with NSCLC, we found that none of them could be used for squamous cell carcinoma of the lung and that SLC15A2 and SLC15A4 could serve as biomarkers for lung adenocarcinoma. In addition, we further investigated SLC15A4-related genes and regulatory networks, revealing its core molecular pathways in lung adenocarcinoma. Moreover, the IHC staining pattern of SLC15A4 in lung adenocarcinoma may help clinicians predict clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION SLC15A4 could be used as a survival prediction biomarker for lung adenocarcinoma due to its potential role in cell division regulation. However, more studies including large patient cohorts are required to validate the clinical utility of SLC15A4 in lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Department of Operating Room, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shibin Chen
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - HongJiang He
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Shang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaorong Guo
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ge Lou
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingjing Ji
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mian Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shan Yu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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7
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Intestinal membrane transporter-mediated approaches to improve oral drug delivery. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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8
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Labib PL, Yaghini E, Davidson BR, MacRobert AJ, Pereira SP. 5-Aminolevulinic acid for fluorescence-guided surgery in pancreatic cancer: Cellular transport and fluorescence quantification studies. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:100886. [PMID: 33059124 PMCID: PMC7566921 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a potential contrast agent for fluorescence-guided surgery in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, factors influencing ALA uptake in PDAC have not been adequately assessed. We investigated ALA-induced porphyrin fluorescence in PDAC cell lines CFPAC-1 and PANC-1 and pancreatic ductal cell line H6c7 following incubation with 0.25-1.0 mM ALA for 4-48 h. Fluorescence was assessed qualitatively by microscopy and quantitatively by plate reader and flow cytometry. Haem biosynthesis enzymes and transporters were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). CFPAC-1 cells exhibited intense fluorescence under microscopy at low concentrations whereas PANC-1 cells and pancreatic ductal cell line H6c7 showed much lower fluorescence. Quantitative fluorescence studies demonstrated fluorescence saturation in the two PDAC cell lines at 0.5 mM ALA, whereas H6c7 cells showed increasing fluorescence with increasing ALA. Based on the PDAC:H6c7 fluorescence ratio studies, lower ALA concentrations provide better contrast between PDAC and benign pancreatic cells. Studies with qPCR showed upregulation of ALA influx transporter PEPT1 in CFPAC-1, whereas PANC-1 upregulated the efflux transporter ABCG2. We conclude that PEPT1 and ABCG2 expression may be key contributory factors for variability in ALA-induced fluorescence in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Labib
- UCL Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
| | - E Yaghini
- UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
| | - B R Davidson
- UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
| | - A J MacRobert
- UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
| | - S P Pereira
- UCL Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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9
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Uptake Transporters of the SLC21, SLC22A, and SLC15A Families in Anticancer Therapy-Modulators of Cellular Entry or Pharmacokinetics? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082263. [PMID: 32806706 PMCID: PMC7464370 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Solute carrier transporters comprise a large family of uptake transporters involved in the transmembrane transport of a wide array of endogenous substrates such as hormones, nutrients, and metabolites as well as of clinically important drugs. Several cancer therapeutics, ranging from chemotherapeutics such as topoisomerase inhibitors, DNA-intercalating drugs, and microtubule binders to targeted therapeutics such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors are substrates of solute carrier (SLC) transporters. Given that SLC transporters are expressed both in organs pivotal to drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination and in tumors, these transporters constitute determinants of cellular drug accumulation influencing intracellular drug concentration required for efficacy of the cancer treatment in tumor cells. In this review, we explore the current understanding of members of three SLC families, namely SLC21 (organic anion transporting polypeptides, OATPs), SLC22A (organic cation transporters, OCTs; organic cation/carnitine transporters, OCTNs; and organic anion transporters OATs), and SLC15A (peptide transporters, PEPTs) in the etiology of cancer, in transport of chemotherapeutic drugs, and their influence on efficacy or toxicity of pharmacotherapy. We further explore the idea to exploit the function of SLC transporters to enhance cancer cell accumulation of chemotherapeutics, which would be expected to reduce toxic side effects in healthy tissue and to improve efficacy.
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10
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Luo WJ, Song P, He ZM, Cao SP, Tang JZ, Xu WQ, Xiong D, Qu FF, Zhao DF, Liu Z, Li JZ, Yin YL. JAK2 Mediates the Regulation of Pept1 Expression by Leptin in the Grass Carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella) Intestine. Front Physiol 2020; 11:79. [PMID: 32116786 PMCID: PMC7033393 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligopeptide transporter 1 (Pept1) is located on the brush border membrane of the intestinal epithelium and plays an important role in dipeptide and tripeptide absorption from protein digestion. In this study, we cloned and characterized the cDNA sequence of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) from Ctenopharyngodon idella. The expression patterns of JAK2 in various tissues and developmental stages were characterized by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The mRNA expression levels of JAK2 and Pept1 regulated by leptin in the intestine were also analyzed in vitro and in vivo. The cDNA sequence of JAK2 is 3378 bp in length, and the mRNA of JAK2 was broadly expressed in all tissues and embryonic stages of C. idella analyzed. In addition, we found that leptin regulated expression of JAK2 and Pept1 in the intestine; Pept1 expression was down-regulated by the JAK2 inhibitor AG490 in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, luciferase experiments showed that overexpression of the JAK2 gene significantly upregulated the activity of the Pept1 5′ regulatory sequence in C. idella. In conclusion, these results may help in elucidating the regulatory effect of the leptin-mediated JAK2 pathway on intestinal Pept1 expression in C. idella and the molecular mechanism of peptide transport by the intestinal transporter Pept1 in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Luo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Peng Song
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi-Min He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Shen-Ping Cao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian-Zhou Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen-Qian Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Ding Xiong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Fu-Fa Qu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Da-Fang Zhao
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Li
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu-Long Yin
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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12
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Miyabe J, Ohgaki R, Saito K, Wei L, Quan L, Jin C, Liu X, Okuda S, Nagamori S, Ohki H, Yoshino K, Inohara H, Kanai Y. Boron delivery for boron neutron capture therapy targeting a cancer-upregulated oligopeptide transporter. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 139:215-222. [PMID: 30833090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a radiotherapy utilizing the neutron capture and nuclear fission reaction of 10B taken up into tumor cells. The most commonly used boron agent in BNCT, p-borono-l-phenylalanine (BPA), is accumulated in tumors by amino acid transporters upregulated in tumor cells. Here, by using dipeptides of BPA and tyrosine (BPA-Tyr and Tyr-BPA), we propose a novel strategy of selective boron delivery into tumor cells via oligopeptide transporter PEPT1 upregulated in various cancers. Kinetic analyses indicated that BPA-Tyr and Tyr-BPA are transported by oligopeptide transporters, PEPT1 and PEPT2. The intrinsic oligopeptide transport activity in tumor cells clearly correlated with PEPT1 protein expression level but not with PEPT2, suggesting that PEPT1 is the predominant oligopeptide transporter at least in tumor cell lines. Furthermore, using BPA-Tyr and Tyr-BPA, boron was successfully delivered into PEPT1-expressing pancreatic cancer AsPC-1 cells via a PEPT1-mediated mechanism. Intravenous administration of BPA-Tyr into the mice bearing AsPC-1 xenograft tumors resulted in significant boron accumulation in the tumors. It is proposed that the oligopeptide transporters, especially PEPT1, are promising candidates for molecular targets of boron delivery in BNCT. The BPA-containing dipeptides would have a potential for the development of novel boron carriers targeting PEPT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Miyabe
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Ohgaki
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keijiro Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Lili Quan
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chunhuan Jin
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Xingming Liu
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Suguru Okuda
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shushi Nagamori
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yoshino
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hidenori Inohara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Boscutti G, Nardon C, Marchiò L, Crisma M, Biondi B, Dalzoppo D, Dalla Via L, Formaggio F, Casini A, Fregona D. Anticancer Gold(III) Peptidomimetics: From Synthesis to in vitro and ex vivo Biological Evaluations. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1131-1145. [PMID: 29570944 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Five new AuIII -peptidodithiocarbamato complexes of the type [AuIII Br2 (dtc-AA1 -AA2 -OR] (in which AA1 =N-methylglycine (Sar), l/d-Pro; AA2 =l/d-Ala, α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib); R=OtBu, triethylene glycol methyl ether), differing with regard to the amino acid sequence and/or the chiral amino acid configuration, were designed to enhance tumor selectivity and bioavailability. The gold(III)-based moiety was functionalized to exploit the targeting properties of the peptidomimetic ligand toward two peptide transporters (namely PEPT1 and PEPT2), which are upregulated in several tumor cells. The compounds were synthesized and fully characterized, mainly by means of elemental analysis, one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, FT-IR, and UV/Vis spectrophotometry. The crystal structures of three compounds were also solved by X-ray diffraction. In vitro cytotoxicity studies using a panel of human tumor cell lines (A549 [non-small-cell lung carcinoma], MCF-7 [breast cancer], A2780 [ovarian carcinoma], H1975 [non-small-cell lung carcinoma], H460 [large-cell lung carcinoma], and A431 [human epidermoid carcinoma]) showed the dtc-Pro-Aib-OtBu derivative to be very effective, with GI50 values much lower than those of cisplatin. This complex was thus selected for evaluating stability under physiological conditions and possible interactions with serum albumin, as well in PARP-1 enzyme inhibition assays and preliminary ex vivo toxicity experiments on healthy rat tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Boscutti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Nardon
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Luciano Marchiò
- SCVSA Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43121, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Crisma
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara Biondi
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniele Dalzoppo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Lisa Dalla Via
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.,Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Angela Casini
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, CF10 3AT, Cardiff, UK.,Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 GV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dolores Fregona
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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14
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Wang CY, Liu S, Xie XN, Tan ZR. Regulation profile of the intestinal peptide transporter 1 (PepT1). DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:3511-3517. [PMID: 29263649 PMCID: PMC5726373 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s151725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) was first identified in 1994. It plays a crucial role in the absorption of small peptides including not only >400 different dipeptides and 8,000 tripeptides digested from dietary proteins but also a repertoire of structurally related compounds and drugs. Owing to its critical role in the bioavailability of peptide-like drugs, such as the anti-cancer agents and anti-virus drug, PepT1 is increasingly becoming a striking prodrug-designing target. Therefore, the understanding of PepT1 gene regulation is of great importance both for dietary adaptation and for clinical drug treatment. After decades of research, it has been recognized that PepT1 could be regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels by numerous factors. Therefore, the present review intends to summarize the progress made in the regulation of PepT1 and provide insights into the PepT1's potential in clinical aspects of nutritional and drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yang Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nv Xie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Rong Tan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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15
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Gong Y, Zhang J, Wu X, Wang T, Zhao J, Yao Z, Zhang Q, Liu X, Jian X. Specific expression of proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter 1 in primary hepatocarcinoma-a novel strategy for tumor-targeted therapy. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:4158-4166. [PMID: 28943923 PMCID: PMC5592876 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter 1 (PEPT1) is a membrane protein which expressed predominantly in intestine and recognized as the target of dietary nutrients (di/tripeptide) or peptidomimetic drug for delivery. The information on the existence of PEPT1 in carcinomas were limited. Our study aimed to investigate the expression profile and transport activity of PEPT1 both in human hepatocarcinoma tissues and cell lines. Western blotting and an immunofluorescence assay revealed the high level of PEPT1 protein expression in hepatocarcinoma Bel-7402, SMMC-7721, HepG2, HEP3B, SK-HEP-1 cell lines. Quantitative real time PCR showed the mRNA expression of PEPT1 in Bel-7402, SMMC-7721, HepG2, HEP3B, SK-HEP-1 cells. High level PEPT1 expression in hepatocarcinoma patient samples were observed by Immunohistology and showed a significant correlation between protein level and pathological grade. Functional activities were also studied using D-Ala-Lys-AMCA (a substrate of peptide transporter) in above five hepatocarcinoma cell lines. The uptake tests performed by fluorescent microscopy suggested that PEPT1 can transport both D-Ala-Lys-AMCA into the hepatocarcinoma cells and the uptake can be competitively inhibited by three PEPT1 substrates (Gly-sar, Gly-gln and Glyglygly). In conclusion, our findings provided the novel information on the expression and function of PEPT1 in human hepatocarcinoma and expanded the potential values for tumor specific drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Central Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Yao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xu Jian
- Central Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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16
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Viennois E, Ingersoll SA, Ayyadurai S, Zhao Y, Wang L, Zhang M, Han MK, Garg P, Xiao B, Merlin D. Critical role of PepT1 in promoting colitis-associated cancer and therapeutic benefits of the anti-inflammatory PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV in a murine model. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:340-357. [PMID: 27458604 PMCID: PMC4957955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The human intestinal peptide transporter 1, hPepT1, is expressed in the small intestine at low levels in the healthy colon and upregulated during inflammatory bowel disease. hPepT1 plays a role in mouse colitis and human studies have demonstrated that chronic intestinal inflammation leads to colorectal cancer (colitis-associated cancer; CAC). Hence, we assessed here the role of PepT1 in CAC. METHODS Mice with hPepT1 overexpression in intestinal epithelial cells (TG) or PepT1 (PepT1-KO) deletion were used and CAC was induced by AOM/DSS. RESULTS TG mice had larger tumor sizes, increased tumor burdens, and increased intestinal inflammation compared to WT mice. Conversely, tumor number and size and intestinal inflammation were significantly decreased in PepT1-KO mice. Proliferating crypt cells were increased in TG mice and decreased in PepT1-KO mice. Analysis of human colonic biopsies revealed an increased expression of PepT1 in patients with colorectal cancer, suggesting that PepT1 might be targeted for the treatment of CAC. The use of an anti-inflammatory tripeptide KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) transported by PepT1 was able to prevent carcinogenesis in WT mice. When administered to PepT1-KO mice, KPV did not trigger any of the inhibitory effect on tumorigenesis observed in WT mice. CONCLUSIONS The observations that pepT1 was highly expressed in human colorectal tumor and that its overexpression and deletion in mice increased and decreased colitis associated tumorigenesis, respectively, suggest that PepT1 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of colitis associated tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Viennois
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Emilie Viennois, PhD, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 757, Atlanta, Georgia 30303. fax: (404) 413-3580.Institute for Biomedical SciencesGeorgia State University100 Piedmont AvenuePSC 757AtlantaGeorgia 30303
| | - Sarah A. Ingersoll
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Saravanan Ayyadurai
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Moon K. Han
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Pallavi Garg
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bo Xiao
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Didier Merlin
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
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17
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USP18 Sensitivity of Peptide Transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129365. [PMID: 26046984 PMCID: PMC4457862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
USP18 (Ubiquitin-like specific protease 18) is an enzyme cleaving ubiquitin from target proteins. USP18 plays a pivotal role in antiviral and antibacterial immune responses. On the other hand, ubiquitination participates in the regulation of several ion channels and transporters. USP18 sensitivity of transporters has, however, never been reported. The present study thus explored, whether USP18 modifies the activity of the peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2, and whether the peptide transporters are sensitive to the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2. To this end, cRNA encoding PEPT1 or PEPT2 was injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes without or with additional injection of cRNA encoding USP18. Electrogenic peptide (glycine-glycine) transport was determined by dual electrode voltage clamp. As a result, in Xenopus laevis oocytes injected with cRNA encoding PEPT1 or PEPT2, but not in oocytes injected with water or with USP18 alone, application of the dipeptide gly-gly (2 mM) was followed by the appearance of an inward current (Igly-gly). Coexpression of USP18 significantly increased Igly-gly in both PEPT1 and PEPT2 expressing oocytes. Kinetic analysis revealed that coexpression of USP18 increased maximal Igly-gly. Conversely, overexpression of the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2 decreased Igly-gly. Coexpression of USP30 similarly increased Igly-gly in PEPT1 expressing oocytes. In conclusion, USP18 sensitive cellular functions include activity of the peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2.
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18
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Warsi J, Elvira B, Bissinger R, Shumilina E, Hosseinzadeh Z, Lang F. Downregulation of peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2 by oxidative stress responsive kinase OSR1. Kidney Blood Press Res 2014; 39:591-9. [PMID: 25531100 DOI: 10.1159/000368469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS OSR1 (oxidative-stress-responsive kinase 1) participates in the regulation of renal tubular ion transport, cell volume and blood pressure. Whether OSR1 contributes to the regulation of organic solute transport remained; however, elusive. The present study thus explored the OSR1 sensitivity of the peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2. METHODS cRNA encoding PEPT1 or PEPT2 were injected into Xenopus oocytes without or with additional injection of cRNA encoding wild-type OSR1, WNK1 insensitive inactive (T185A)OSR1, constitutively active (T185E)OSR1, and catalytically inactive (D164A)OSR1. Electrogenic peptide (glycine-glycine) transport was determined by dual electrode voltage clamp, the abundance of hemagglutinin-tagged PEPT2 (PEPT2-HA) by chemiluminescence. RESULTS In Xenopus oocytes injected with cRNA encoding PEPT1 or PEPT2, but not in oocytes injected with water, the dipeptide gly-gly (2 mM) generated an appreciable inward current (I(gly-gly)). Coexpression of OSR1 significantly decreased Igly-gly in both PEPT1 and PEPT2 expressing oocytes. The effect of OSR1 coexpression on Igly-gly in PEPT1 expressing oocytes was mimicked by coexpression of (T185E)OSR1, but not of (D164A)OSR1 or (T185A)OSR1. Kinetic analysis revealed that coexpression of OSR1 decreased maximal Igly-gly. OSR1 further decreased the PEPT2-HA protein abundance in the cell membrane. CONCLUSION OSR1 has the capacity to downregulate the peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2 by decreasing the carrier protein abundance in the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshed Warsi
- Department of Physiology I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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19
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Warsi J, Dong L, Elvira B, Salker MS, Shumilina E, Hosseinzadeh Z, Lang F. SPAK dependent regulation of peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2. Kidney Blood Press Res 2014; 39:388-98. [PMID: 25376088 DOI: 10.1159/000368451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS SPAK (STE20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) is a powerful regulator of renal tubular ion transport and blood pressure. Moreover, SPAK contributes to the regulation of cell volume. Little is known, however, about a role of SPAK in the regulation or organic solutes. The present study thus addressed the influence of SPAK on the peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2. METHODS To this end, cRNA encoding PEPT1 or PEPT2 were injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes without or with additional injection of cRNA encoding wild-type, SPAK, WNK1 insensitive inactive (T233A)SPAK, constitutively active (T233E)SPAK, and catalytically inactive (D212A)SPAK. Electrogenic peptide (glycine-glycine) transport was determined by dual electrode voltage clamp and PEPT2 protein abundance in the cell membrane by chemiluminescence. Intestinal electrogenic peptide transport was estimated from peptide induced current in Ussing chamber experiments of jejunal segments isolated from gene targeted mice expressing SPAK resistant to WNK-dependent activation (spak(tg/tg)) and respective wild-type mice (spak(+/+)). RESULTS In PEPT1 and in PEPT2 expressing oocytes, but not in oocytes injected with water, the dipeptide gly-gly (2 mM) generated an inward current, which was significantly decreased following coexpression of SPAK. The effect of SPAK on PEPT1 was mimicked by (T233E)SPAK, but not by (D212A)SPAK or (T233A)SPAK. SPAK decreased maximal peptide induced current of PEPT1. Moreover, SPAK decreased carrier protein abundance in the cell membrane of PEPT2 expressing oocytes. In intestinal segments gly-gly generated a current, which was significantly higher in spak(tg/tg) than in spak(+/+) mice. CONCLUSION SPAK is a powerful regulator of peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshed Warsi
- Department of Physiology I, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 70276 Tübingen, Germany
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20
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Nardon C, Schmitt SM, Yang H, Zuo J, Fregona D, Dou QP. Gold(III)-dithiocarbamato peptidomimetics in the forefront of the targeted anticancer therapy: preclinical studies against human breast neoplasia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84248. [PMID: 24392119 PMCID: PMC3879379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the serendipitous discovery of cisplatin, platinum-based drugs have become well-established antitumor agents, despite the fact that their clinical use is limited by many severe side-effects. In order to both improve the chemotherapeutic index and broaden the therapeutic spectrum of current drugs, our most recent anti-neoplastic agents, Au(III) complexes, were designed as carrier-mediated delivery systems exploiting peptide transporters, which are up-regulated in some cancers. Among all, we focused on two compounds and tested them on human MDA-MB-231 (resistant to cisplatin) breast cancer cell cultures and xenografts, discovering the proteasome as a major target both in vitro and in vivo. 53% inhibition of breast tumor growth in mice was observed after 27 days of treatment at 1.0 mg kg−1 d−1, compared to control. Remarkably, if only the most responsive mice are taken into account, 85% growth inhibition, with some animals showing tumor shrinkage, was observed after 13 days. These results led us to file an international patent, recognizing this class of gold(III) peptidomimetics as suitable candidates for entering phase I clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Nardon
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sara M. Schmitt
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Huanjie Yang
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Jian Zuo
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Dolores Fregona
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail: (DF); (QPD)
| | - Q. Ping Dou
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DF); (QPD)
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Warsi J, Hosseinzadeh Z, Dong L, Pakladok T, Umbach AT, Bhavsar SK, Shumilina E, Lang F. Effect of Janus Kinase 3 on the Peptide Transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2. J Membr Biol 2013; 246:885-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-013-9582-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Tai W, Chen Z, Cheng K. Expression profile and functional activity of peptide transporters in prostate cancer cells. Mol Pharm 2012; 10:477-87. [PMID: 22950754 DOI: 10.1021/mp300364k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Peptide transporters are expressed predominantly in intestinal and renal epithelial cells. The functional expression of peptide transporters is also identified in other types of tissues, such as glia cells, macrophages, and the epithelia of the bile duct, the lungs, and the mammary glands. However, their presence and role are poorly understood in carcinomas. We explored the expression profile and functional activity of peptide transporters in the prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP, PC-3, and DU145. Quantitative real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were used to evaluate the expression profile of peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1), peptide transporter 2 (PEPT2), peptide histidine transporter 1 (PHT1), and peptide histidine transporter 2 (PHT2) in these cells. LNCaP expresses high levels of PEPT2 and PHT1, while PC-3 demonstrates strong expression of PEPT1 and PHT1. DU145 shows only weak expression of PEPT1 and PHT1. Functional activities were studied in these cell lines using radiolabeled glycylsarcosine ([(3)H]Gly-Sar) and l-histidine ([(3)H]-l-histidine). The uptake of [(3)H]Gly-Sar and [(3)H]-l-histidine was time- and pH-dependent. A kinetic study showed that the uptake of Gly-Sar and l-histidine is saturable over the tested concentration range. The binding affinity (K(m)) and the maximal velocity (V(max)) exhibited in the three cell lines were consistent with the expression profiles we observed in qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. A competitive inhibition study revealed that peptide transporters in prostate cancer cells exhibited broad substrate specificity with a preference for hydrophobic dipeptides, such as Leu-Leu. Fluorescence microscopy study revealed that the fluorescent dipeptide probe d-Ala-Lys-AMCA (a substrate of peptide transporters) specifically accumulated in the cytoplasm of LNCaP and PC-3, but not DU145 cells. Inhibiting the peptide transporter activity by Gly-Sar suppressed the growth of LNCaP and PC-3 cells. Our study indicated that PC-3 cells can be established as a new cell culture model for PEPT1 study, and LNCaP can be used as a model for PEPT2 study. Moreover, our results suggested that peptide transporters are overexpressed in prostate cancer cells and can be adopted as a promising target for tumor-specific drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Tai
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, United States
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23
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Ingersoll SA, Ayyadurai S, Charania MA, Laroui H, Yan Y, Merlin D. The role and pathophysiological relevance of membrane transporter PepT1 in intestinal inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G484-92. [PMID: 22194420 PMCID: PMC3311434 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00477.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation is characterized by epithelial disruption, leading to loss of barrier function and the recruitment of immune cells, including neutrophils. Although the mechanisms are not yet completely understood, interactions between environmental and immunological factors are thought to be critical in the initiation and progression of intestinal inflammation. In recent years, it has become apparent that the di/tripeptide transporter PepT1 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of such inflammation. In healthy individuals, PepT1 is primarily expressed in the small intestine and transports di/tripeptides for metabolic purposes. However, during chronic inflammation such as that associated with inflammatory bowel disease, PepT1 expression is upregulated in the colon, wherein the protein is normally expressed either minimally or not at all. Several recent studies have shown that PepT1 binds to and transports various bacterial di/tripeptides into colon cells, leading to activation of downstream proinflammatory responses via peptide interactions with innate immune receptors. In the present review, we examine the relationship between colonic PepT1-mediated peptide transport in the colon and activation of innate immune responses during disease. It is important to understand the mechanisms of PepT1 action during chronic intestinal inflammation to develop future therapies addressing inappropriate immune activation in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Ingersoll
- Center for Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, 30302-5090, USA.
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24
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Nakanishi T, Tamai I. Solute Carrier Transporters as Targets for Drug Delivery and Pharmacological Intervention for Chemotherapy. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:3731-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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25
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Anderson CMH, Thwaites DT. Hijacking solute carriers for proton-coupled drug transport. Physiology (Bethesda) 2011; 25:364-77. [PMID: 21186281 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00027.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological role of mammalian solute carrier (SLC) proteins is to mediate transmembrane movement of electrolytes, nutrients, micronutrients, vitamins, and endogenous metabolites from one cellular compartment to another. Many transporters in the small intestine, kidney, and solid tumors are H(+)-coupled, driven by local H(+)-electrochemical gradients, and transport numerous drugs. These transporters include PepT1 and PepT2 (SLC15A1/2), PCFT (SLC46A1), PAT1 (SLC36A1), OAT10 (SLC22A13), OATP2B1 (SLCO2B1), MCT1 (SLC16A1), and MATE1 and MATE2-K (SLC47A1/2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona M H Anderson
- Epithelial Research Group, Institute for Cell & Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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26
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Mitsuoka K, Kato Y, Miyoshi S, Murakami Y, Hiraiwa M, Kubo Y, Nishimura S, Tsuji A. Inhibition of oligopeptide transporter suppress growth of human pancreatic cancer cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 40:202-8. [PMID: 20307658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Oligopeptide transporters are abundantly expressed in various types of cancer cells. We here synthesized two novel dipeptides, l-phenylalanyl sarcosine (Phe-Sar) and 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-l-phenylalanyl sarcosine (Bip(OMe)-Sar), and examined their effect on the growth of human pancreatic cancer AsPC-1 cells, which are known to highly express oligopeptide transporter PEPT1/SLC15A1. Growth of AsPC-1 cells was inhibited by these two peptides and a typical PEPT1/SLC15A1 substrate Gly-Sar. Growth inhibition by Gly-Sar, Phe-Sar and Bip(OMe)-Sar was concentration-dependent with half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 50, 0.91 and 0.55mM, respectively. These peptides also inhibited PEPT1-mediated [(3)H]Gly-Sar uptake with half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 2.6, 0.81 and 0.27mM, respectively. Thus, the rank order of the tumor cell growth inhibition by these three peptides was the same as that of PEPT1-inhibitory activity. Growth of AsPC-1 cells was also inhibited by 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH), which is a typical inhibitor of amino acid transporter system L. The growth inhibition by BCH and Gly-Sar was additive, suggesting that these compounds act at distinct loci. Oligopeptide transporters thus appear to be a promising target for inhibition of pancreatic cancer progression. These results also proposed the idea that oligopeptide transporter is required for growth of AsPC-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Mitsuoka
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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27
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Rubio-Aliaga I, Daniel H. Peptide transporters and their roles in physiological processes and drug disposition. Xenobiotica 2008; 38:1022-42. [PMID: 18668438 DOI: 10.1080/00498250701875254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
1. The peptide transporters belong to the peptide transporter (PTR) family and serve as integral membrane proteins for the cellular uptake of di- and tripeptides in the organism. By their ability also to transport peptidomimetics and other substrates with therapeutic activities or precursors of pharmacologically active agents, they are of considerable importance in pharmacology. 2. PEPT1 is the low-affinity, high-capacity transporter and is mainly expressed in the small intestine, whereas PEPT2 is the high-affinity, low-capacity transporter and has a broader distribution in the organism. 3. Targeted mouse models have revealed PEPT2 to be the dominant transporter for the reabsorption of di- and tripeptides and its pharmacological substrates in the organism, and for the removal of these substrates from the cerebrospinal fluid. Moreover, the peptide transporters undergo physiological and pharmacological regulation and, of great interest, are present in disease states where PEPT1 exhibits ectopic expression in colonic inflammation. 4. The paper reviews the structural characteristics of the peptide transporters, the structural requirements for substrates, the distribution of the peptide transporters in the organism, and finally their regulation in the organism in healthy and pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rubio-Aliaga
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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28
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Mitsuoka K, Miyoshi S, Kato Y, Murakami Y, Utsumi R, Kubo Y, Noda A, Nakamura Y, Nishimura S, Tsuji A. Cancer detection using a PET tracer, 11C-glycylsarcosine, targeted to H+/peptide transporter. J Nucl Med 2008; 49:615-22. [PMID: 18344442 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.107.048231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED H+/peptide transporter, PEPT1, is functionally expressed in some human cancer cell lines and might be a candidate molecular target for detection of cancers in vivo using PET. The aim of the present study was to establish a novel tumor-imaging technology using a PET tracer targeted to H+/peptide transporter(s). We also compared the tracer with 18F-FDG, focusing on the specificity of their accumulation between tumor and inflammatory tissues. METHODS A dipeptide PET tracer, 11C-glycylsarcosine (11C-Gly-Sar), was injected intravenously into athymic mice transplanted with human pancreatic, prostate, and gastric cancer cells. The distribution patterns of 11C-Gly-Sar and 18F-FDG in the tumor-bearing mice, and in mice with inflammatory tissue, were assessed by imaging with a positron planar imaging system (PPIS). Tissue distributions of tracer radioactivity were also measured. The expression levels of PEPT1 and PEPT2 (PEPTs) proteins in tumor xenografts and inflammatory tissue were examined by immunohistochemical analysis. The messenger RNA expression levels of PEPTs in 58 available cancer cell lines were quantified by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS All 3 tumor xenografts were well visualized with the PPIS after injection of 11C-Gly-Sar. Expression of PEPTs in those xenografts was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis. Tumor-to-blood concentration ratios of 11C-Gly-Sar increased in a time-dependent manner and were much higher than unity. Most of the radioactivity found in the tumor tissue was recovered as the intact tracer. These results indicated that 11C-Gly-Sar was taken up by the PEPTs in tumor xenografts. It is noteworthy that 11C-Gly-Sar was minimally present in inflammatory tissues that expressed no PEPT1 or PEPT2 protein, whereas 18F-FDG was highly accumulated, with the values of the selectivity index being >25.1 and 0.72 for 11C-Gly-Sar and 18F-FDG, respectively. The mRNAs of PEPT1 and PEPT2 were expressed in 27.6% and 93.1%, respectively, of the cancer cell lines examined in the present study. CONCLUSION The present study indicates that 11C-Gly-Sar is a promising tumor-imaging agent and is superior to 18F-FDG for distinguishing between tumors and inflammatory tissue. Because PEPTs were ubiquitously expressed in various types of tumor cells examined, 11C-Gly-Sar could be useful for the detection of many types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Mitsuoka
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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29
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Terada T, Inui KI. Gene expression and regulation of drug transporters in the intestine and kidney. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 73:440-9. [PMID: 17137557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal absorption and renal secretion of ionic drugs are controlled by a number of drug transporters expressed at the brush-border and basolateral membranes of epithelial cells. Over the last several years, considerable progress has been made regarding the molecular identification and functional characterization of drug transporters. Under some physiological and pathophysiological conditions, the expression and transport activity of drug transporters are changed, affecting the pharmacokinetics of substrate drugs. The regulation of transport activity in response to endogenous and exogenous signals can occur at various levels such as transcription, mRNA stability, translation, and posttranslational modification. Transcriptional regulation is of particular interest, because changes in transport activity are dynamically regulated by increases or decreases in levels of mRNA expression. The tissue-specific expression of drug transporters is also under transcriptional control, and recent studies using clinical samples from human tissues have revealed the expression profiles of drug transporters in the human body. The purpose of this research updates is to review the recent progress in the study of the gene expression and regulation of intestinal and renal drug transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Terada
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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