1
|
Kong Y, Feng N, Liang Y, Zhou C, Jiao W, Wang J, Zhou M, Wu Q. Molecular Mechanism of Lotus Seedpod Oligomeric Procyanidins Inhibiting the Absorption of Oligopeptide-Advanced Glycation End Products. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:12311-12324. [PMID: 37531597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Research on advanced glycation end product (AGEs) inhibition has generally focused on food processing, but many protein-AGEs will still be taken. Oligopeptide (OLP)-AGEs, as the main form after digestion, will damage human health once absorbed. Here, we investigated the ability of lotus seedpod oligomeric procyanidins (LSOPC) to inhibit the absorption of the OLP-AGEs and elucidated the underlying mechanism. Our results showed that the inhibition rate of LSOPC on the absorption of OLP-AGEs was about 50 ± 5.38%. 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg/mL could upregulate the expression of ZO-1 and downregulate the expression of PepT1 and clathrin. Molecular docking showed that LSOPC could compete with the binding of OLP-AGEs to PepT1 and AP-2, thus inhibiting the absorption of OLP-AGEs. Furthermore, the interaction of LSOPC with the OLP-AGEs reduced the surface hydrophobicity of OLP-AGEs. It altered the secondary structure of the OLP-AGEs, thus weakening the affinity of the OLP-AGEs to the transporter protein to inhibit the absorption of OLP-AGEs. Together, our data revealed potential mechanisms by which LSOPC inhibit the absorption of OLP-AGEs and opened up new perspectives on the application of LSOPC in reducing the increasing health risks posed by OLP-AGEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingfei Kong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Nianjie Feng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yinggang Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Weiting Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Mengzhou Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, Hubei, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mijiti M, Mori R, Nakashima Y, Banno A, Ye Y, Takeuchi A, Matsuba S, Kiriyama K, Sutoh K, Nagaoka S. Protamine-derived peptide RPR (Arg-Pro-Arg) ameliorates oleic acid-induced lipogenesis via the PepT1 pathway in HepG2 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:197-207. [PMID: 36521839 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The protamine-derived peptide arginine-proline-arginine (RPR) can ameliorate lifestyle-related diseases such as obesity and hypercholesterolemia. Thus, we hypothesized that the hypolipidemic activity of RPR could attenuate events leading to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Addition of 2 m m oleic acid (OA) to the culture medium induced fatty liver conditions in HepG2 cells. The OA + RPR group showed significantly decreased cellular or medium triglyceride (TG) level compared with the OA group. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) or sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) protein level was significantly lower in the OA + RPR group than in the OA group. In the R + P + R amino acid mixture-treated group, the TG level was not significantly different from that in the OA-treated group. The OA + RP- or OA + PR-treated groups showed significantly decreased cellular TG level compared with the OA group. Moreover, the effect of RPR disappeared when the peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) was knocked down with a siRNA. Collectively, our results demonstrated that RPR effectively ameliorated hepatic steatosis in HepG2 cells via the PepT1 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maihemuti Mijiti
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Mori
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuga Nakashima
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Arata Banno
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuyang Ye
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Asahi Takeuchi
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shoya Matsuba
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kiriyama
- Fordays Co., Ltd., Fordays Nutritional Research Center, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Sutoh
- Fordays Co., Ltd., Fordays Nutritional Research Center, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagaoka
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kirupananthan D, Bertolo RF, Brunton JA. Lysine Dipeptide Enhances Gut Structure and Whole-Body Protein Synthesis in Neonatal Piglets with Intestinal Atrophy. J Nutr 2022; 152:1843-1850. [PMID: 35481706 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenteral nutrition (PN) is often a necessity for preterm infants; however, prolonged PN leads to gut atrophy, weakened gut barrier function, and a higher risk of intestinal infections. Peptide transporter-1 (PepT1) is a di- or tripeptide transporter in the gut and, unlike other nutrient transporters, its activity is preserved with the onset of intestinal atrophy from PN. As such, enteral amino acids in the form of dipeptides may be more bioavailable than free amino acids when atrophy is present. OBJECTIVES In Yucatan miniature piglets with PN-induced intestinal atrophy, we sought to determine the structural and functional effects of enteral refeeding with lysine as a dipeptide, compared to free L-lysine. METHODS Piglets aged 7-8 days were PN-fed for 4 days to induce intestinal atrophy, then were refed with enteral diets with equimolar lysine supplied as lysyl-lysine (Lys-Lys; n = 7), free lysine (n = 7), or Lys-Lys with glycyl-sarcosine (n = 6; to determine whether competitive inhibition of Lys-Lys uptake would abolish PepT1-mediated effects). The diets provided lysine at 75% of the requirement and were gastrically delivered for a total of 18 hours. Whole-body and tissue-specific protein synthesis, as well as indices for gut structure and barrier function, were measured. RESULTS The villus height, mucosal weight, and free lysine concentration were higher in the Lys-Lys group compared to the other 2 groups (P < 0.05). Lysyl-lysine led to greater whole-body protein synthesis compared to free lysine (P < 0.05). Mucosal myeloperoxidase activity was lower in the Lys-Lys group (P < 0.05), suggesting less inflammation. The inclusion of glycyl-sarcosine with Lys-Lys abolished the dipeptide effects on whole-body and tissue-specific protein synthesis (P < 0.05), suggesting that improved lysine availability was mediated by PepT1. CONCLUSIONS Improved intestinal structure and whole-body protein synthesis suggests that feeding strategies designed to exploit PepT1 may help to avoid adverse effects when enteral nutrition is reintroduced into the compromised guts of neonatal piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert F Bertolo
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Janet A Brunton
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu H, Xu Y, Cai M, You L, Liu J, Dong X, Yin X, Ni J, Qu C. Design of an L-Valine-Modified Nanomicelle-Based Drug Delivery System for Overcoming Ocular Surface Barriers. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1277. [PMID: 35745853 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of ocular surface disease (OSD) is increasing, with a trend towards younger ages. However, it is difficult for drugs to reach the deep layers of the cornea due to ocular surface barriers, and bioavailability is less than 5%. In this study, DSPE-PEG2000 was modified with L-valine (L-Val), and an HS15/DSPE-PEG2000-L-Val nanomicelle delivery system containing baicalin (BC) (BC@HS15/DSPE-PEG2000-L-Val) was constructed using thin-film hydration, with a high encapsulation rate, small particle size and no irritation to the ocular surface. Retention experiments on the ocular surface of rabbits and an in vivo corneal permeation test showed that, compared with the control, nanomicelles not only prolonged retention time but also enhanced the ability to deliver drugs to the deep layers of the cornea. The results of a protein inhibition and protein expression assay showed that nanomicelles could increase uptake in human corneal epithelial cells (HCEC) through energy-dependent endocytosis mediated by clathrin, caveolin and the carrier pathway mediated by PepT1 by inhibiting the overexpression of claudin-1 and ZO-1 and suppressing the expression of PepT1-induced by drug stimulation. These results indicate that BC@HS15/DSPE-PEG2000-L-Val is suitable for drug delivery to the deep layers of the ocular surface, providing a potential approach for the development of ocular drug delivery systems.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhong C, Tong DQ, Zhang YR, Wang XQ, Yan HC, Tan HZ, Gao CQ. DL-methionine and DL-methionyl- DL-methionine increase intestinal development and activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity in domestic pigeons (Columba livia). Poult Sci 2022; 101:101644. [PMID: 34986451 PMCID: PMC8743218 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was undertaken to investigate the effects of parental dietary DL-methionine (DL-Met) and DL-methionyl-DL-methionine (DL-Met-Met) supplementation on the intestinal development of young squabs. A total of 108 pairs of breeding pigeons and 432 one-day-old squabs were randomly divided into 3 groups: the control group (CON) was fed a basal diet (CP = 15%) and the experimental groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.3% DL-Met or DL-Met-Met. Each pair of breeding pigeons nourished 4 young squabs, and 8 squabs from each treatment were randomly sampled at the end of the experiment. The results indicated that DL-Met and DL-Met-Met supplementation improved the intestinal morphology and structure in the squabs, as reflected by the increased relative intestinal weight of each small intestinal segment, villus height, and villus to crypt ratio. In addition, DL-Met and DL-Met-Met supplementation significantly increased the protein expression of cell proliferation markers (Ki67 and PCNA) and tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Claudin-1) in the jejunum and strengthened the fluorescence signal intensity of Ki67, PCNA and Villin. Moreover, the expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway-related proteins (Frizzled 7 [FZD7], p-GSK-3β, Active β-catenin, β-catenin, TCF4, c-Myc, and Cyclin D1), and intestinal peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) in the jejunum was considerably higher in the treatment group than in the CON group (P < 0.05), with the DL-Met-Met group having the highest expression. Consistently, the molecular docking results predicted the possibility that DL-Met or DL-Met-Met binds to the membrane receptor FZD7, which mediates Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Collectively, the improvement of the intestinal development in squabs after parental dietary 0.3% DL-Met and DL-Met-Met supplementation could be through activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and DL-Met-Met is superior to DL-Met. Our findings may provide basic data for further optimizing the feeding formula of breeding pigeons and improving the growth and development of squabs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhong
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Di-Qing Tong
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Ya-Ru Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xiu-Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Hui-Chao Yan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Hui-Ze Tan
- Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu, Guangdong, China
| | - Chun-Qi Gao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hou P, Wang C, Zhou M, Liu H. Properties and regulation of Gly-Sar uptake and transport in bovine intestinal epithelial cells. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:24-32. [PMID: 33834547 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal absorption of peptides is vital for the overall health and productivity of dairy cows. This study investigated the regulation, uptake and transport of dipeptides in bovine intestinal epithelial cells (BIECs). We also evaluated the effects of time, pH, concentration of the dipeptides, temperature, presence of diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC)-an inhibitor of PepT1, and other dipeptides (Met-Met, Lys-Lys or Met-Lys), on the uptake and transport of Gly-Sar-FITC, which was a common fluorophore-labelled dipeptide. Under controlled experiments, BIECs were treated with 25 μM LY294002 (a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor) and 25 μM Perifosine (a protein kinase B (AKT) inhibitor). The subsequent expression of PepT1 in the BIECs was assessed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. It was found that the uptake and transport of Gly-Sar-FITC were significant high at 37℃ than that at 4℃. The optimal pH for transport and uptake of Gly-Sar-FITC was 6.0-6.5, whereas the two properties decreased significantly in the presence of DEPC, Met-Met, Lys-Lys and Met-Lys (p < 0.05). The apical-to-basolateral transport was also found to be significantly higher than the reverse transport (p < 0.05). PI3K and AKT inhibitors were found to significantly suppress the expression of PepT1, thus impairing uptake and transport of Gly-Sar-FITC. Findings of this study thus suggest that the uptake and transport of Gly-Sar-FITC in BIECs are mediated by PepT1, and the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway regulates the absorption of small peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Hou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Honda Y, Takagi W, Wong MKS, Ogawa N, Tokunaga K, Kofuji K, Hyodo S. Morphological and functional development of the spiral intestine in cloudy catshark ( Scyliorhinus torazame). J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb225557. [PMID: 32527960 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.225557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cartilaginous fish have a comparatively short intestine known as the spiral intestine that consists of a helical spiral of intestinal mucosa. However, morphological and functional development of the spiral intestine has not been fully described. Unlike teleosts, cartilaginous fish are characterized by an extremely long developmental period in ovo or in utero; for example, in the oviparous cloudy catshark (Scyliorhinus torazame), the developing fish remains inside the egg capsule for up to 6 months, suggesting that the embryonic intestine may become functional prior to hatching. In the present study, we describe the morphological and functional development of the spiral intestine in the developing catshark embryo. Spiral formation of embryonic intestine was completed at the middle of stage 31, prior to 'pre-hatching', which is a developmental event characterized by the opening of the egg case at the end of the first third of development. Within 48 h of the pre-hatching event, egg yolk began to flow from the external yolk sac into the embryonic intestine via the yolk stalk. At the same time, there was a rapid increase in mRNA expression of the peptide transporter pept1 and neutral amino acid transporter slc6a19 Secondary folds in the intestinal mucosa and microvilli on the apical membrane appeared after pre-hatching, further supporting the onset of nutrient absorption in the developing intestine at this time. We demonstrate the acquisition of intestinal nutrient absorption at the pre-hatching stage of an oviparous elasmobranch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Honda
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Wataru Takagi
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Marty K S Wong
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ogawa
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Kotaro Tokunaga
- Ibaraki Prefectural Oarai Aquarium, Oarai, Ibaraki 311-1301, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kofuji
- Ibaraki Prefectural Oarai Aquarium, Oarai, Ibaraki 311-1301, Japan
| | - Susumu Hyodo
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Con P, Nitzan T, Cnaani A. Corrigendum: Salinity-Dependent Shift in the Localization of Three Peptide Transporters along the Intestine of the Mozambique Tilapia ( Oreochromis mossambicus). Front Physiol 2020; 11:62. [PMID: 32116772 PMCID: PMC7017804 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pazit Con
- Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon Letziyon, Israel.,Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tali Nitzan
- Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon Letziyon, Israel
| | - Avner Cnaani
- Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon Letziyon, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Here, we present a protocol for the functional characterization of the H+-coupled human peptide transporter PepT1 and sufficient notes to transfer the protocol to the Na+-coupled sugar transporter SGLT1, the organic cation transporter OCT2, the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger NCX, and the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAT3.The assay was developed for the commercially available SURFE2R N1 instrument (Nanion Technologies GmbH) which applies solid supported membrane (SSM)-based electrophysiology. This technique is widely used for the functional characterization of membrane transporters with more than 100 different transporters characterized so far. The technique is cost-effective, easy to use, and capable of high-throughput measurements.SSM-based electrophysiology utilizes SSM-coated gold sensors to physically adsorb membrane vesicles containing the protein of interest. A fast solution exchange provides the substrate and activates transport. For the measurement of PepT1 activity, we applied a peptide concentration jump to activate H+/peptide symport. Proton influx charges the sensor. A capacitive current is measured reflecting the transport activity of PepT1 . Multiple measurements on the same sensor allow for comparison of transport activity under different conditions. Here, we determine EC50 for PepT1-mediated glycylglycine transport and perform an inhibition experiment using the specific peptide inhibitor Lys[Z(NO2)]-Val.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ma GG, Shi B, Zhang XP, Qiu Y, Tu GW, Luo Z. The pathways and mechanisms of muramyl dipeptide transcellular transport mediated by PepT1 in enterogenous infection. Ann Transl Med 2019; 7:473. [PMID: 31700909 PMCID: PMC6803211 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcellular transport of muramyl dipeptide (MDP) mediated by peptide transporter (PepT1) involves the translocation into intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) stage and the transport out of IEC stage. However, its mechanism has not been fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the pathways and mechanisms of MDP transcellular transport in enterogenous infection. METHODS Firstly, experimental rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operation (sham group), MDP perfusion (MDP group), and PepT1 competitive inhibition (MDP + Gly-Gly group). Then, the overall survival (OS) and intestinal weight were measured in MDP and MDP + Gly-Gly group. HE staining was performed to observe the pathological changes of the small intestine. The levels of IL-6, IL-1b, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and nitric oxide (NO) in rat serum and small intestine were determined by ELISA. To further verify the pathways and mechanisms of MDP transcellular transport from IEC in intestinal inflammatory damage, the NFκB inhibitor, PDTC, was used to treated lamina propria macrophages in small intestinal mucosa in sham, MDP, and MDP + Gly-Gly groups. Finally, the expression of CD80/86 and the antigen presentation of dendritic cells (DCs) were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS MDP infusion was able to induce death, weight loss, and intestinal pathological injury in rats. Competitive binding of Gly-Gly to PepT1 effectively inhibited these effects induced by MDP. As well, competitive of PepT1 by Gly-Gly inhibited inflammation-related cytokines induced by MDP in rat serum and small intestine. Furthermore, we also found that MDP transported by PepT1 contributes to activation of macrophages and antigen presentation of DCs. CONCLUSIONS PepT1-NFκB signal is pivotal for activation of intestinal inflammatory response and MDP transcellular transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Guang Ma
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Xue-Peng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guo-Wei Tu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhe Luo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen 361015, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Con P, Nitzan T, Slosman T, Harpaz S, Cnaani A. Peptide Transporters in the Primary Gastrointestinal Tract of Pre-Feeding Mozambique Tilapia Larva. Front Physiol 2019; 10:808. [PMID: 31333482 PMCID: PMC6624445 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish larvae differ greatly from the adult form in their morphology and organ functionality. The functionality of the gastrointestinal tract depends on the expression of various pumps, transporters, and channels responsible for feed digestion and nutrients absorption. During the larval period, the gastrointestinal tract develops from a simple closed tube, into its complex form with differentiated segments, crypts and villi, as found in the adult. In this study, we characterized the expression of three peptide transporters (PepT1a, PepT1b, and PepT2) in the gastrointestinal tract of Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae along 12 days of development, from pre-hatching to the completion of yolk sac absorption. Gene expression analysis revealed differential and complimentary time-dependent expression of the PepT1 variants and PepT2 along the larval development period. Immunofluorescence analysis showed differential protein localization of the three peptide transporters (PepTs) along the gastrointestinal tract, in a similar pattern to the adult. In addition, PepT1a was localized in mucosal cells in the larvae esophagus, in much higher abundance than in the adults. The results of this study demonstrate specialization of intestinal sections and absorbance potential of the enterocytes prior to the onset of active exogenous feeding, thus pointing to an uncharacterized function and role of the gastrointestinal tract and its transporters during the larval period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pazit Con
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel.,Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tali Nitzan
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Tatiana Slosman
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Sheenan Harpaz
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Avner Cnaani
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Introduction Polymeric micelles (PMs) hold promise for improving solubility and oral absorption of poorly soluble drugs. Unfortunately, the oral absorption of PMs is also limited by intestinal epithelium. To improve the oral delivery efficiency of micelles, transporter-mediated micelles could enhance the transport efficiency across the epithelial barrier, and they have attracted more attention. Methods Peptide transporter 1 (PepT1)-mediated micelles (Val-PMs/Phe-PMs) were designed by grafting valine (or phenylalanine) onto the surface of curcumin (Cur)-loaded-D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate micelles (TP-PMs). The oral absorption mechanism and oral bioavailability were further investigated in vitro and in vivo. Results The cellular study showed that Val-PMs/Phe-PMs had a high PepT1 affinity, resulting in a higher drug uptake and transcellular transport than TP-PMs. In rats, Val-PMs/Phe-PMs exhibited higher intestinal accumulation in the apical side of the intestinal epithelium than TP-PMs, promoting drug diffusion across epithelial barrier. The oral bioavailability of Cur was significantly improved by Val-PMs/Phe-PMs, which was about 10.50- and 3.40-fold greater than that of Cur-Sol and TP-PMs, respectively. Conclusion PepT-1-mediated micelles, using PepT1 as a target on intestinal epithelium, have unique functions with intestine and prove promising for oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China,
| | - Lifang Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China,
| | - Ying Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China,
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China,
| | - Pengfei Tu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Foley DW, Pathak RB, Phillips TR, Wilson GL, Bailey PD, Pieri M, Senan A, Meredith D. Thiodipeptides targeting the intestinal oligopeptide transporter as a general approach to improving oral drug delivery. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 156:180-189. [PMID: 30006163 PMCID: PMC6107785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The broad substrate capacity of the intestinal oligopeptide transporter, PepT1, has made it a key target of research into drug delivery. Whilst the substrate capacity of this transporter is broad, studies have largely been limited to small peptides and peptide-like drugs. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that a diverse range of drugs can be targeted towards transport by PepT1 using a hydrolysis resistant carrier. Eleven prodrugs were synthesized by conjugating modified dipeptides containing a thioamide bond to the approved drugs ibuprofen, gabapentin, propofol, aspirin, acyclovir, nabumetone, atenolol, zanamivir, baclofen and mycophenolate. Except for the aspirin and acyclovir prodrugs, which were unstable in the assay conditions and were not further studied, the prodrugs were tested for affinity and transport by PepT1 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes: binding affinities ranged from approximately 0.1 to 2 mM. Compounds which showed robust transport in an oocyte trans-stimulation assay were then tested for transcellular transport in Caco-2 cell monolayers: all five tested prodrugs showed significant PepT1-mediated transcellular uptake. Finally, the ibuprofen and propofol prodrugs were tested for absorption in rats: following oral dosing the intact prodrugs and free ibuprofen were measured in the plasma. This provides proof-of-concept for the idea of targeting poorly bioavailable drugs towards PepT1 transport as a general means of improving oral permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David W Foley
- EPSAM Research Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Ravindra B Pathak
- EPSAM Research Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Theresa R Phillips
- EPSAM Research Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Gayle L Wilson
- EPSAM Research Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Patrick D Bailey
- EPSAM Research Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Myrtani Pieri
- Department of Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; Department of Life and Health Sciences, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Avenue, CY-2417, P.O.Box 24005, CY-1700, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Anish Senan
- Department of Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - David Meredith
- Department of Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lo Cascio P, Calabrò C, Bertuccio C, Iaria C, Marino F, Denaro MG. Immunohistochemical Characterization of PepT1 and Ghrelin in Gastrointestinal Tract of Zebrafish: Effects of Spirulina Vegetarian Diet on the Neuroendocrine System Cells After Alimentary Stress. Front Physiol 2018; 9:614. [PMID: 29881359 PMCID: PMC5976732 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal function in vertebrates is influenced by stressors, such as fasting and refeeding, different types of diet and hormonal factors. The aim of this paper was to analyze the effect of a Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) diet, a microalga known for its nutraceutical properties, on the gastrointestinal tract of zebrafish (Danio rerio) regarding expression of oligopeptide transporter 1 (PepT1) and ghrelin (GHR). Food deprivation and refeeding was investigated to elucidate expression of PepT1 and GHR at a gastrointestinal level and the zebrafish compensatory mechanism. PepT1 is responsible for absorbing di- and tripeptides through a brush border membrane of intestinal mucosa. GHR is a brain-gut peptide in fish and mammals, stimulating growth hormone secretion and regulating appetite. Samples were taken after 2 and 5 days of specimen fasting, and 2 and 5 days of refeeding with Sera Spirulina tabs, in which the major constituent is Spirulina sp. (50.2% protein). Morphological and immunohistochemical analysis of PepT1 and GHR were carried out. Control specimen intestinal tract showed normal morphology of the digestive tract. Fasting caused fold structural changes and intestinal lumen constriction. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a PepT1 level reduction after fasting and an increase after refeeding, reaching very high levels after 5 days, compared to controls. GHR levels increased after food deprivation and gradually decreased after refeeding. Increased expression of PepT1 in refeeding fish suggests a compensatory physiological mechanism, as does the increase in GHR levels in fasting fish followed by a reduction after refeeding. A compensatory mechanism may be induced by fasting and refeeding and by a higher protein Spirulina diet. The microalga, for its nutraceutical properties, is an excellent candidate for animal breeding and human diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Lo Cascio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Concetta Calabrò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Clara Bertuccio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmelo Iaria
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Fabio Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria G Denaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang H, Wong EA. Spatial transcriptional profile of PepT1 mRNA in the yolk sac and small intestine in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 96:2871-2876. [PMID: 28482069 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The yolk sac and small intestine are 2 important organs responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients in chickens during the embryonic and posthatch periods, respectively. The peptide transporter PepT1 is expressed in both the yolk sac and small intestine and plays an important role in the transport of amino acids as short peptides. The objective of this study was to profile the spatial transcriptional patterns of PepT1 mRNA in the yolk sac and small intestine from embryonic and posthatch broilers. The distribution of PepT1 mRNA was investigated by in situ hybridization at embryonic (e) d 11, 13, 15, 17, 19 and day of hatch (doh) in the yolk sac and at e19, doh, and d 1, d 4, and d 7 posthatch in the small intestine. PepT1 mRNA was expressed in the endodermal cells of the yolk sac. PepT1 mRNA was barely detectable at e11, increased from e11 to e13, e15, and e17, and then gradually decreased from e19 to doh. In the small intestine, there was a rapid increase in expression of PepT1 mRNA in the enterocytes from e19 to doh, with expression relatively constant from d 1 to d 7. In addition, there was a differential increase in the heights of the villi in different parts of the small intestine from d 1 to 7, which may partially explain the temporal increase in PepT1 mRNA detected by qPCR. The villi in the duodenum showed the earliest increase in villus height and ultimately resulted in the highest villi at d 7. These results demonstrate that there are temporal changes in PepT1 mRNA expression in the yolk sac and the small intestine, which correspond with their expected role in nutrient uptake during the embryonic and posthatch periods.
Collapse
|
16
|
Gleeson JP, Frías JM, Ryan SM, Brayden DJ. Sodium caprate enables the blood pressure-lowering effect of Ile-Pro-Pro and Leu-Lys-Pro in spontaneously hypertensive rats by indirectly overcoming PepT1 inhibition. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 128:179-187. [PMID: 29684535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The tripeptides, Ile-Pro-Pro (IPP) and Leu-Lys-Pro (LKP), inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) resulting in lowered blood pressure. Our hypothesis was that the medium chain fatty acid permeation enhancer, sodium caprate (C10), may prevent the decrease in permeability of the tripeptides when PepT1 is inhibited by glycyl-sarcosine (Gly-Sar), a situation that may occur in the presence of food hydrolysates. Using Caco-2 monolayers and isolated rat jejunal tissue, the apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) of [3H]-IPP and [3H]-LKP were assessed in the presence of Gly-Sar with and without C10. Gly-Sar decreased the Papp of both tripeptides across monolayers and isolated jejunal tissue, but C10 restored it. C10 likely increased the paracellular permeability of the tripeptides, as indicated by immunofluorescence changes in tight junction proteins in Caco-2 monolayers accompanied by a concentration-dependent decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). [3H]-IPP and [3H]-LKP were orally-gavaged to normal rats with Gly-Sar, C10, or with a mixture. Plasma levels of both peptides were reduced by Gly-Sar to less than half that of the levels detected in its absence, but were restored when C10 was co-administered. In spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), unlabelled IPP and LKP lowered blood pressure when delivered either by i.v. or oral routes. Oral gavage of Gly-Sar reduced the hypotensive action of peptides in SHRs, but the effect was restored in the presence of C10. In conclusion, there was a reduction in the hypotensive effects of IPP and LKP in SHRs when intestinal PepT1 was inhibited by Gly-Sar, but C10 may circumvent this by enhancing paracellular permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P Gleeson
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA(1)
| | - Jesús M Frías
- Environmental Science and Health Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Sinéad M Ryan
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David J Brayden
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chourasia TK, D'Cotta H, Baroiller JF, Slosman T, Cnaani A. Effects of the acclimation to high salinity on intestinal ion and peptide transporters in two tilapia species that differ in their salinity tolerance. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 218:16-23. [PMID: 29366921 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tilapiine species, widely distributed across habitats with diverse water salinities, are important to aquaculture as well as a laboratory model. The effects of water salinity on two tilapia species, that differ in their salinity tolerance, was evaluated. Oreochromis niloticus reared in brackish-water, showed a significant decrease in growth and feed efficiency, whereas O. mossambicus reared in seawater did not show any significant changes. The expression and activity of Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA), V-type H+-ATPase (VHA) and carbonic anhydrase (CA), as well as expression levels of genes encoding two HCO3- and three peptide transporters (nbc1, slc26a6, slc15a1a, slc15a1b and slc15a2) were measured in three intestinal sections of these two species, grown in freshwater and brackish/sea-water. Overall, the spatial distribution along the intestine of the genes examined in this study was similar between the two species, with the exception of tcaIV. The salinity response, on the other hand, varied greatly between these species. In O. mossambicus, there was a salinity-dependent increased expression of most of the examined genes (except slc26a6 and slc15a2), while in O. niloticus the expression of most genes did not change, or even decreased (tcaIV, nbc1 and slc15a1b). This study highlighted differences in the intestinal response to salinity acclimation between closely- related species that differ in their salinity tolerance. O. mossambicus, which has a high salinity tolerance, showed expression patterns and responses similar to marine species, and differed from the low-salinity-tolerance O. niloticus, which showed a response that differed from the accepted models, that are based on marine and diadromous fishes.
Collapse
|
18
|
Xu Q, Liu Z, Liu H, Zhao F, Huang X, Wu Y, Liu J. Functional characterization of oligopeptide transporter 1 of dairy cows. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:7. [PMID: 29387385 PMCID: PMC5778758 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is well known that peptides play a vital role in the nutrition and health of dairy cows. Bovine oligopeptide transporter 1 (bPepT1) is involved in the peptide transport process in the gastrointestinal tracts of dairy cows. However, little information is known in the characteristics of bPepT1. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize bPepT1 functionally using a mammalian cell expression system. The uptake of radiolabeled dipeptide glycyl-sarcosine ([3H]-Gly-Sar) into the bPepT1-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells was measured at various pH and substrate concentrations and with or without 15 other small peptides that contained Met or Lys. Results Western blot results showed that the abundance of bPepT1 protein in the jejunum and ileum are the highest in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows. The uptake of [3H]-Gly-Sar by bPepT1-Chinese hamster ovary cells was dependent on time, pH, and substrate concentration, with a low Km value of 0.94 ± 0.06 mmol/L and a maximum velocity of 20.80 ± 1.74 nmol/(mg protein • 5 min). Most of the di- and tripeptides were the substrates of bPepT1, based on substrate-competitive studies. However, bPepT1 has a higher affinity to the peptides with shorter chains, greater hydrophobicity, and negative or neutral charges. Conclusions These results demonstrated for the first time the functional characteristics of bPepT1, and they provide a new insight and better understanding into its vital role in absorbing a wide range of peptides from the digestive tract of dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingbiao Xu
- 1Institute of Dairy Science, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 People's Republic of China.,2College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixuan Liu
- 1Institute of Dairy Science, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- 1Institute of Dairy Science, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Fengqi Zhao
- 1Institute of Dairy Science, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 People's Republic of China.,3Laboratory of Lactation and Metabolic Physiology, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
| | - Xinbei Huang
- 1Institute of Dairy Science, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Yueming Wu
- 1Institute of Dairy Science, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- 1Institute of Dairy Science, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang M, Xu J, Wang T, Wan X, Zhang F, Wang L, Zhu X, Gao P, Shu G, Jiang Q, Wang S. The Dipeptide Pro-Gly Promotes IGF-1 Expression and Secretion in HepG2 and Female Mice via PepT1-JAK2/STAT5 Pathway. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:424. [PMID: 30140255 PMCID: PMC6094964 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that IGF-1 secretion is influenced by dietary protein or amino acid. However, whether the dipeptides elicit regulatory effects on IGF-1 secretion remains largely unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of the dipeptide Pro-Gly on IGF-1 expression and secretion in HepG2 cells and mice, and explore the underlying mechanisms. The in vitro results indicated that Pro-Gly, but not Pro plus Gly, promoted the expression and secretion of IGF-1 in HepG2. Meanwhile, the expression of the peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) was elevated by Pro-Gly, whereas knockdown of PepT1 with siRNA eliminated the increase of IGF-1 expression induced by Pro-Gly. In addition, Pro-Gly activated JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway in a PepT1-dependent manner. Furthermore, Pro-Gly enhanced the interaction between JAK2 and STAT5, and the translocation of phospho-STAT5 to nuclei. Moreover, inhibition of JAK2/STAT5 blocked the promotive effect of Pro-Gly on IGF-1 expression and secretion. In agreement with the in vitro results, the in vivo findings demonstrated that Pro-Gly, but not Pro plus Gly, stimulated the expression and secretion of IGF-1 and activated JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway in the liver of mice injected with Pro-Gly or Pro+Gly acutely or chronically. Besides, acute injection of JAK2/STAT5 inhibitor abolished the elevation of IGF-1 expression and secretion induced by Pro-Gly in mice. Collectively, these findings suggested that the dipeptide Pro-Gly promoted IGF-1 expression and secretion in HepG2 cells and mice by activating JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway through PepT1. These data provided new insights to the regulation of IGF-1 expression and secretion by the dipeptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingren Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qingyan Jiang
| | - Songbo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Songbo Wang
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
The intestinal peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) was first identified in 1994. It plays a crucial role in the absorption of small peptides including not only >400 different dipeptides and 8,000 tripeptides digested from dietary proteins but also a repertoire of structurally related compounds and drugs. Owing to its critical role in the bioavailability of peptide-like drugs, such as the anti-cancer agents and anti-virus drug, PepT1 is increasingly becoming a striking prodrug-designing target. Therefore, the understanding of PepT1 gene regulation is of great importance both for dietary adaptation and for clinical drug treatment. After decades of research, it has been recognized that PepT1 could be regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels by numerous factors. Therefore, the present review intends to summarize the progress made in the regulation of PepT1 and provide insights into the PepT1's potential in clinical aspects of nutritional and drug therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yang Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nv Xie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Rong Tan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Qiao LS, Chen YK, Luo GG, Lu F, Liu SJ, Li GY, Zhang YL. [Synergistic mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine based on target combination of PepT1 and PPARα]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2017; 42:2146-2151. [PMID: 28822161 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.2017.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Synergistic effect is main pharmacological mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). The research method based on the key targets combination is an important method to explore the synergistic effect of TCM. Peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) is an essential target for drug uptake into the bloodstream, accounting for about 50% of the total transporter protein content from the small intestine. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α(PPARα) is the lipid-lowering target of fibrates, which have a good hypolipidemic effect by activating PPARα. It has been reported that PPARα could activate the gene expression of PepT1s, and PPARα agonists can promote the uptake of PepT1 substrates, indicating their synergistic effect. In this paper, PepT1 substrates and PPARα agonists from TCM were discovered, and their synergistic mechanism was also been discussed based on the target combination of PepT1 and PPARα. The support vector machine(SVM) model of PepT1 substrates was first constructed and utilized to predict potential TCM components. Meanwhile, merged pharmacophore and docking model of PPARα agonists was used to screen the potential active ingredients from TCM. According to the analysis results of two groups, the TCM combination of Panax notoginseng and Ganoderma lucidum, as well as TCM combination of P. notoginseng and Salvia miltiorrhiza were identified to have the synergistic mechanism based on target combination of PepT1 and PPARα. In this study, synergistic mechanism of TCM was analyzed for absorption and hypolipidemic effect based on target combination, which provides a new way to explore the synergetic mechanism of TCM related to pharmacokinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Sheng Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Foundation and New Drug Research, School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yan-Kun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Foundation and New Drug Research, School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Gang-Gang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Foundation and New Drug Research, School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Fang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Foundation and New Drug Research, School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Si-Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Foundation and New Drug Research, School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Gong-Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Foundation and New Drug Research, School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yan-Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Foundation and New Drug Research, School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hanh VT, Shen W, Tanaka M, Siltari A, Korpela R, Matsui T. Effect of Aging on the Absorption of Small Peptides in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:5935-5943. [PMID: 28594555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of aging on the absorption of small peptides in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Three kinds of dipeptides, glycyl-sarcosine (Gly-Sar), Trp-His, and captopril (a dipeptidomimetic drug), a Gly-Sar-Sar tripeptide, a Gly-Sar-Sar-Sar tetrapeptide, and a Gly-Sar-Sar-Sar-Sar pentapeptide were administered at doses of 10 mg/kg each to 8- and 40-week-old SHRs. The peptides were all detected in their intact forms in the blood. There was a significantly promoted absorption of di/tripeptides in aged SHRs compared with young SHRs. In contrast, the absorption of tetra/pentapeptides was not affected by aging. PepT1 expression in the mid-jejunum was significantly increased in 40-week-old SHRs compared with 8-week-old SHRs, whereas aging did not alter the expression of claudin-1, a tight junction related protein. Thus, the present results suggest that SHR aging may enhance the absorption of di/tripeptides through the enhanced PepT1 transport route, although oligopeptides may be absorbed in an age-independent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thi Hanh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University , Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Weilin Shen
- Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University , Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Tanaka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University , Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Aino Siltari
- Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riita Korpela
- Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Toshiro Matsui
- Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University , Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Johansson S, Rosenbaum DP, Palm J, Stefansson B, Knutsson M, Lisbon EA, Hilgendorf C. Tenapanor administration and the activity of the H + -coupled transporter PepT1 in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 83:2008-2014. [PMID: 28432691 PMCID: PMC5582369 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Tenapanor (RDX5791/AZD1722), an inhibitor of gastrointestinal Na+ /H+ exchanger NHE3, is being evaluated for the treatment of patients with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome and the treatment of hyperphosphataemia in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis. By reducing intestinal H+ secretion, inhibition of NHE3 by tenapanor could indirectly affect H+ -coupled transporter activity, leading to drug-drug interactions. We investigated the effect of tenapanor on the activity of the H+ -coupled peptide transporter PepT1 via assessment of the pharmacokinetics of cefadroxil - a compound transported by PepT1 - in healthy volunteers. METHODS In this open-label, two-period crossover, phase 1 study (NCT02140281), 28 volunteers received in random order: a single dose of cefadroxil 500 mg for 1 day; and tenapanor 15 mg twice daily over 4 days followed by single doses of both cefadroxil 500 mg and tenapanor 15 mg on day 5. There was a 4-day washout between treatment periods. RESULTS Cefadroxil exposure was similar when administered alone or in combination with tenapanor {geometric least-squares mean ratios [(cefadroxil + tenapanor)/cefadroxil] (90% confidence interval): area under the concentration-time curve 93.3 (90.6-96.0)%; maximum concentration in plasma 95.9 (89.8-103)%}. Tenapanor treatment caused a softening of stool consistency and an increase in stool frequency, consistent with its expected pharmacodynamic effect. No safety concerns were identified and tenapanor was not detected in plasma. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that tenapanor 15 mg twice daily does not have a clinically relevant impact on the activity of the H+ -coupled transporter PepT1 in humans. This may guide future research on drug-drug interactions involving NHE3 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Johansson
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Palm
- Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Bergur Stefansson
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Diseases, Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Mikael Knutsson
- Biometrics & Information Sciences, Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Constanze Hilgendorf
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gleeson JP, Brayden DJ, Ryan SM. Evaluation of PepT1 transport of food-derived antihypertensive peptides, Ile-Pro-Pro and Leu-Lys-Pro using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo transport models. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 115:276-284. [PMID: 28315445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ile-Pro-Pro (IPP) and Leu-Lys-Pro (LKP) are food-derived antihypertensive peptides which inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and may have potential to attenuate hypertension. There is debate over their mechanism of uptake across small intestinal epithelia, but paracellular and PepT1 carrier-mediated uptake are thought to be important routes. The aim of this study was to determine their routes of intestinal permeability using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo intestinal models. The presence of an apical side pH of 6.5 (mimicking the intestinal acidic microclimate) and of Gly-Sar (a high affinity competitive inhibitor and substrate for PepT1) were tested on the transepithelial apical to basolateral (A to B) transport of [3H]-IPP and [3H]-LKP across filter-grown Caco-2 monolayers in vitro and rat jejunal mucosae ex vivo. A buffer pH of 6.5 on the apical side enabled Gly-Sar to reduce the apparent permeability (Papp) of [3H]-IPP and [3H]-LKP, but this inhibition was not evident at an apical buffer pH of 7.4. Gly-Sar reduced the Papp across isolated jejunal mucosae and the area under the curve (AUC) in intra-jejunal instillations when the apical/luminal buffer pH was either 7.4 or 6.5. However, the jejunal surface acidic pH was maintained in rat jejunal tissue even when the apical side buffer pH was 7.4 due to the presence of the microclimate which is not present in monolayers. PepT1 expression was confirmed by immunofluorescence on monolayers and brush border of rat jejunal tissue. This data suggest that IPP and LKP are highly permeable and cross small intestinal epithelia in part by the PepT1 transporter, with an additional contribution from the paracellular route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P Gleeson
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David J Brayden
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sinéad M Ryan
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Song X, Sun Y, Zhao C, He Z. The effect of cephalexin in influencing the pharmacokinetics of a novel drug - 5'-valyl-cytarabine hydrochloride. Asian J Pharm Sci 2017; 12:143-8. [PMID: 32104323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the pharmacokinetics of 5′-valyl-cytarabine hydrochloride (OPC) when co-administered with cephalexin, which are both the substrates of PepT1. The drugs were administered orally by gavage. Blood samples were collected from the orbital plexus of the rats after oral administration of drug solutions. A new high-performance liquid chromatographic method was validated and used for determination of the two drugs. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using DAS 2.1.1 software with noncompartmental analysis. After oral administration of OPC and co-administration of OPC and cephalexin, there were significant differences in the main pharmacokinetic parameters. The main pharmacokinetic parameters for the OPC group and the co-administrative group were as follows: AUC0-10 (18,168.7 ± 2561.4) ng⋅h/ml and (13,448.5 ± 2544.73) ng⋅h/ml, AUC0-∞ (18,683.1 ± 3066.5) ng⋅h/ml and (13,721.1 ± 2683.0) ng⋅h/ml, Cmax (6654.8 ± 481.3) ng/ml and (4765.1 ± 928.9) ng/ml, respectively. The results showed that the bioavailability of OPC could be reduced when co-administered with cephalexin, suggesting that the efficacy of a novel drug might be reduced when it came to combination use of β-lactam antibiotics.
Collapse
|
26
|
Con P, Nitzan T, Cnaani A. Salinity-Dependent Shift in the Localization of Three Peptide Transporters along the Intestine of the Mozambique Tilapia ( Oreochromis mossambicus). Front Physiol 2017; 8:8. [PMID: 28167916 PMCID: PMC5253378 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide transporter (PepT) systems are well-known for their importance to protein absorption in all vertebrate species. These symporters use H+ gradient at the apical membrane of the intestinal epithelial cells to mediate the absorption of small peptides. In fish, the intestine is a multifunctional organ, involved in osmoregulation, acid-base regulation, and nutrient absorption. Therefore, we expected environmental stimuli to affect peptide absorption. We examined the effect of three environmental factors; salinity, pH and feeding, on the expression, activity and localization of three PepT transporters (PepT1a, PepT1b, PepT2) along the intestine of the Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) analysis demonstrated that the two PepT1 variants are typical to the proximal intestinal section while PepT2 is typical to the distal intestinal sections. Immunofluorescence analysis with custom-made antibodies supported the qPCR results, localized both transporters on the apical membrane of enterocytes and provided the first evidence for the participation of PepT2 in nutrient absorption. This first description of segment-specific expression and localization points to a complementary role of the different peptide transporters, corresponding to the changes in nutrient availability along the intestine. Both gene expression and absorption activity assays showed that an increase in water salinity shifted the localization of the PepT genes transcription and activity down along the intestinal tract. Additionally, an unexpected pH effect was found on the absorption of small peptides, with increased activity at higher pH levels. This work emphasizes the relationships between different functions of the fish intestine and how they are affected by environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pazit Con
- Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal ScienceRishon Letziyon, Israel; Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot, Israel
| | - Tali Nitzan
- Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science Rishon Letziyon, Israel
| | - Avner Cnaani
- Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science Rishon Letziyon, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu J, Shi B, Shi K, Ma G, Zhang H, Lou X, Liu H, Wan S, Liang D. Ghrelin upregulates PepT1 activity in the small intestine epithelium of rats with sepsis. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 86:669-676. [PMID: 28038428 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis causes nutritional substrate malabsorption; hence, preventing gut barrier problems and improving the nutritional status in sepsis is a compelling issue. AIMS We tested whether ghrelin administration affects peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) activity in the intestinal epithelium of rats with sepsis. METHODS Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham-operated, sepsis, and ghrelin-treated groups. The cecum of sham-operated rats was separated after laparotomy without ligation and perforation. Sepsis group rats underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Mucosal specimens were used for immunohistochemstry, real-time PCR, and western blotting to detect PepT1 distribution, and mRNA and protein expression levels, respectively. TNF-α, IL-1β, and ghrelin levels were estimated in serum and intestinal mucosal tissue by ELISA. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure PepT1 uptake by the epithelial cells. Moreover, survival, body weight, and food intake of the rats were recorded during the 7-day treatment period. RESULTS All rats in the sham-operated group survived, and 80% of rats in the sepsis group died within 7d of CLP. Treatment with ghrelin attenuated the CLP-induced body weight loss, intestine mucosa damage, and the survival rate was better. In addition, ghrelin attenuated increases in TNF-α and IL-1β production. The expressions of PepT1 mRNA and protein were higher in ghrelin-treated group rats than in sepsis rats. Moreover, the uptake function of PepT1 was better in ghrelin-treated group rats. CONCLUSION Ghrelin treatment can reduce the inflammatory response and greatly upregulate the physiological function of PepT1 in intestinal epithelial cells of rats with sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingquan Liu
- Intensive Care Unit, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, NO. 158, Shangtang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Bin Shi
- Intensive Care Unit, Yanpu Hospital, Tongji University, NO. 450, Tengyue Road, Shanghai 200090, China.
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, The 2nd People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Guoguang Ma
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NO. 746, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Hongze Zhang
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NO. 746, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Xiaoli Lou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NO. 746, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Hongxiang Liu
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NO. 746, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Shengxia Wan
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NO. 746, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Dongyu Liang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NO. 746, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 201600, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mandal A, Pal D, Mitra AK. Circumvention of P-gp and MRP2 mediated efflux of lopinavir by a histidine based dipeptide prodrug. Int J Pharm 2016; 512:49-60. [PMID: 27543355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was aimed to develop a novel Histidine-Leucine-Lopinavir (His-Leu-LPV) dipeptide prodrug and evaluate its potential for circumvention of P-gp and MRP2-mediated efflux of lopinavir (LPV) indicated for HIV-1 infection. METHODS His-Leu-LPV was synthesized following esterification of hydroxyl group of LPV and was identified by (1)H NMR and LCMS/MS techniques. Aqueous solubility, stability and cell cytotoxicity of prodrug was determined. Uptake and permeability studies were carried out using P-gp (MDCK-MDR1) and MRP2 (MDCK-MRP2) transfected cell lines. To further delineate prodrug uptake, prodrug interaction with influx transporters (PepT1 and PHT1) was determined. Enzymatic hydrolysis and reconversion of His-Leu-LPV to LPV was examined using Caco-2 cell homogenates. RESULTS Aqueous solubility generated by the prodrug was markedly higher relative to unmodified LPV. Importantly, His-Leu-LPV displayed significantly lower affinity towards P-gp and MRP2 as evident from higher uptake and transport rates. [3H]-GlySar and [3H]-l-His uptake receded to approximately 30% in the presence of His-Leu-LPV supporting the PepT1/PHT1 mediated uptake process. A steady regeneration of LPV and Leu-LPV in Caco-2 cell homogenates indicated His-Leu-LPV undergoes both esterase and peptidase-mediated hydrolysis. CONCLUSION Histidine based dipeptide prodrug approach can be an alternative strategy to improve LPV absorption across poorly permeable intestinal barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhirup Mandal
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Dhananjay Pal
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Ashim K Mitra
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hart HR, Evans AN, Gelsleichter J, Ahearn GA. Molecular identification and functional characteristics of peptide transporters in the bonnethead shark (Sphyrna tiburo). J Comp Physiol B 2016; 186:855-66. [PMID: 27188191 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-0999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Elasmobranchs are considered to be top marine predators, and in general play important roles in the transfer of energy within marine ecosystems. Despite this, little is known regarding the physiological processes of digestion and nutrient absorption in these fishes. One topic that is particularly understudied is the process of nutrient uptake across the elasmobranch gastrointestinal tract. Given their carnivorous diet, the present study sought to expand knowledge on dietary nutrient uptake in elasmobranchs by focusing on the uptake of products of protein digestion. To accomplish this, a full-length cDNA encoding peptide transporter 1 (PepT1), a protein previously identified within the brush border membrane of vertebrates that is responsible for the translocation of peptides released during digestion by luminal and membrane-bound proteases, was isolated from the bonnethead shark (Sphyrna tiburo). A cDNA encoding the related peptide transporter PepT2 was also isolated from S. tiburo using the same methodology. The presence of PepT1 was then localized in multiple components of the bonnethead digestive tract (esophagus, stomach, duodenum, intestine, rectum, and pancreas) using immunohistochemistry. Vesicle studies were used to identify the apparent affinity of PepT1 and to quantify the rate of dipeptide uptake by its H(+)-dependent cotransporter properties. The results of this study provide insight into the properties of peptide uptake within the bonnethead gut, and can facilitate future work on physiological regulation of protein metabolism and absorption including how these processes may vary in elasmobranchs that exhibit different feeding strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Hart
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Dr., Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Andrew N Evans
- Department of Coastal Sciences, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS, 39564, USA
| | - James Gelsleichter
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Dr., Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Gregory A Ahearn
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Dr., Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ito K, Yamaguchi M, Noma T, Yamaji T, Itoh H, Oda M. Whey protein hydrolysates enhance water absorption in the perfused small intestine of anesthetized rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1587-93. [PMID: 27055721 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1166931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of whey protein hydrolysates (WPH) on the water absorption rate in the small intestine using a rat small intestine perfusion model. The rate was significantly higher with 5 g/L WPH than with 5 g/L soy protein hydrolysates or physiological saline (p < 0.05). WPH dose-dependently increased the water absorption rate in the range of 1.25-10.0 g/L. WPH showed a significantly higher rate than an amino acid mixture whose composition was equal to that of WPH (p < 0.05). The addition of 4-aminomethylbenzoic acid, an inhibitor of PepT1, significantly suppressed WPH's enhancement of water absorption (p < 0.05). The rate of water absorption was significantly correlated with that of peptides/amino acids absorption in WPH (r = 0.82, p < 0.01). These data suggest that WPH have a high water absorption-promoting effect, to which PepT1 contributes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ito
- a Food Science Research Laboratories, R&D Division , Meiji Co., Ltd. , Odawara , Japan
| | - Makoto Yamaguchi
- a Food Science Research Laboratories, R&D Division , Meiji Co., Ltd. , Odawara , Japan
| | - Teruyuki Noma
- a Food Science Research Laboratories, R&D Division , Meiji Co., Ltd. , Odawara , Japan
| | - Taketo Yamaji
- a Food Science Research Laboratories, R&D Division , Meiji Co., Ltd. , Odawara , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Itoh
- a Food Science Research Laboratories, R&D Division , Meiji Co., Ltd. , Odawara , Japan
| | - Munehiro Oda
- b College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University , Fujisawa , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Viennois E, Ingersoll SA, Ayyadurai S, Zhao Y, Wang L, Zhang M, Han MK, Garg P, Xiao B, Merlin D. Critical role of PepT1 in promoting colitis-associated cancer and therapeutic benefits of the anti-inflammatory PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV in a murine model. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:340-357. [PMID: 27458604 PMCID: PMC4957955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The human intestinal peptide transporter 1, hPepT1, is expressed in the small intestine at low levels in the healthy colon and upregulated during inflammatory bowel disease. hPepT1 plays a role in mouse colitis and human studies have demonstrated that chronic intestinal inflammation leads to colorectal cancer (colitis-associated cancer; CAC). Hence, we assessed here the role of PepT1 in CAC. METHODS Mice with hPepT1 overexpression in intestinal epithelial cells (TG) or PepT1 (PepT1-KO) deletion were used and CAC was induced by AOM/DSS. RESULTS TG mice had larger tumor sizes, increased tumor burdens, and increased intestinal inflammation compared to WT mice. Conversely, tumor number and size and intestinal inflammation were significantly decreased in PepT1-KO mice. Proliferating crypt cells were increased in TG mice and decreased in PepT1-KO mice. Analysis of human colonic biopsies revealed an increased expression of PepT1 in patients with colorectal cancer, suggesting that PepT1 might be targeted for the treatment of CAC. The use of an anti-inflammatory tripeptide KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) transported by PepT1 was able to prevent carcinogenesis in WT mice. When administered to PepT1-KO mice, KPV did not trigger any of the inhibitory effect on tumorigenesis observed in WT mice. CONCLUSIONS The observations that pepT1 was highly expressed in human colorectal tumor and that its overexpression and deletion in mice increased and decreased colitis associated tumorigenesis, respectively, suggest that PepT1 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of colitis associated tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Viennois
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Emilie Viennois, PhD, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 757, Atlanta, Georgia 30303. fax: (404) 413-3580.Institute for Biomedical SciencesGeorgia State University100 Piedmont AvenuePSC 757AtlantaGeorgia 30303
| | - Sarah A. Ingersoll
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Saravanan Ayyadurai
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Moon K. Han
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Pallavi Garg
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bo Xiao
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Didier Merlin
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|