1
|
Pociupany M, Snoeck R, Dierickx D, Andrei G. Treatment of Epstein-Barr Virus infection in immunocompromised patients. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116270. [PMID: 38734316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), is a ubiquitous γ-Herpesvirus that infects over 95% of the human population and can establish a life-long infection without causing any clinical symptoms in healthy individuals by residing in memory B-cells. Primary infection occurs in childhood and is mostly asymptomatic, however in some young adults it can result in infectious mononucleosis (IM). In immunocompromised individuals however, EBV infection has been associated with many different malignancies. Since EBV can infect both epithelial and B-cells and very rarely NK cells and T-cells, it is associated with both epithelial cancers like nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and gastric carcinoma (GC), with lymphomas including Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) or Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PTLD) and rarely with NK/T-cell lymphomas. Currently there are no approved antivirals active in PTLD nor in any other malignancy. Moreover, lytic phase disease almost never requires antiviral treatment. Although many novel therapies against EBV have been described, the management and/or prevention of EBV primary infections or reactivations remains difficult. In this review, we discuss EBV infection, therapies targeting EBV in both lytic and latent state with novel therapeutics developed that show anti-EBV activity as well as EBV-associated malignancies both, epithelial and lymphoproliferative malignancies and emerging therapies targeting the EBV-infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Pociupany
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daan Dierickx
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Hematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu M, Hau PM, Li L, Tsang CM, Yang Y, Taghbalout A, Chung GTY, Hui SY, Tang WC, Jillette N, Zhu JJ, Lee HHY, Kong EL, Chan MSA, Chan JYK, Ma BBY, Chen MR, Lee C, To KF, Cheng AW, Lo KW. Synthetic BZLF1-targeted transcriptional activator for efficient lytic induction therapy against EBV-associated epithelial cancers. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3729. [PMID: 38702330 PMCID: PMC11068728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The unique virus-cell interaction in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignancies implies targeting the viral latent-lytic switch is a promising therapeutic strategy. However, the lack of specific and efficient therapeutic agents to induce lytic cycle in these cancers is a major challenge facing clinical implementation. We develop a synthetic transcriptional activator that specifically activates endogenous BZLF1 and efficiently induces lytic reactivation in EBV-positive cancer cells. A lipid nanoparticle encapsulating nucleoside-modified mRNA which encodes a BZLF1-specific transcriptional activator (mTZ3-LNP) is synthesized for EBV-targeted therapy. Compared with conventional chemical inducers, mTZ3-LNP more efficiently activates EBV lytic gene expression in EBV-associated epithelial cancers. Here we show the potency and safety of treatment with mTZ3-LNP to suppress tumor growth in EBV-positive cancer models. The combination of mTZ3-LNP and ganciclovir yields highly selective cytotoxic effects of mRNA-based lytic induction therapy against EBV-positive tumor cells, indicating the potential of mRNA nanomedicine in the treatment of EBV-associated epithelial cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Wu
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pok Man Hau
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Linxian Li
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yike Yang
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aziz Taghbalout
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Grace Tin-Yun Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shin Yee Hui
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing Chung Tang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Jacqueline Jufen Zhu
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Horace Hok Yeung Lee
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ee Ling Kong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Melissa Sue Ann Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jason Ying Kuen Chan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Brigette Buig Yue Ma
- Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Charlie Lee Precision Immuno-oncology program, Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mei-Ru Chen
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
| | - Charles Lee
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Albert Wu Cheng
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA.
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
- The Jackson Laboratory Cancer Center, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA.
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kong IY, Giulino-Roth L. Targeting latent viral infection in EBV-associated lymphomas. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1342455. [PMID: 38464537 PMCID: PMC10920267 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1342455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) contributes to the development of a significant subset of human lymphomas. As a herpes virus, EBV can transition between a lytic state which is required to establish infection and a latent state where a limited number of viral antigens are expressed which allows infected cells to escape immune surveillance. Three broad latency programs have been described which are defined by the expression of viral proteins RNA, with latency I being the most restrictive expressing only EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and EBV-encoded small RNAs (EBERs) and latency III expressing the full panel of latent viral genes including the latent membrane proteins 1 and 2 (LMP1/2), and EBNA 2, 3, and leader protein (LP) which induce a robust T-cell response. The therapeutic use of EBV-specific T-cells has advanced the treatment of EBV-associated lymphoma, however this approach is only effective against EBV-associated lymphomas that express the latency II or III program. Latency I tumors such as Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and a subset of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) evade the host immune response to EBV and are resistant to EBV-specific T-cell therapies. Thus, strategies for inducing a switch from the latency I to the latency II or III program in EBV+ tumors are being investigated as mechanisms to sensitize tumors to T-cell mediated killing. Here, we review what is known about the establishment and regulation of latency in EBV infected B-cells, the role of EBV-specific T-cells in lymphoma, and strategies to convert latency I tumors to latency II/III.
Collapse
|
4
|
Haverkos B, Alpdogan O, Baiocchi R, Brammer JE, Feldman TA, Capra M, Brem EA, Nair S, Scheinberg P, Pereira J, Shune L, Joffe E, Young P, Spruill S, Katkov A, McRae R, Royston I, Faller DV, Rojkjaer L, Porcu P. Targeted therapy with nanatinostat and valganciclovir in recurrent EBV-positive lymphoid malignancies: a phase 1b/2 study. Blood Adv 2023; 7:6339-6350. [PMID: 37530631 PMCID: PMC10587711 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023010330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphomas are not infrequently associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and EBV positivity is linked to worse outcomes in several subtypes. Nanatinostat is a class-I selective oral histone deacetylase inhibitor that induces the expression of lytic EBV BGLF4 protein kinase in EBV+ tumor cells, activating ganciclovir via phosphorylation, resulting in tumor cell apoptosis. This phase 1b/2 study investigated the combination of nanatinostat with valganciclovir in patients aged ≥18 years with EBV+ lymphomas relapsed/refractory to ≥1 prior systemic therapy with no viable curative treatment options. In the phase 1b part, 25 patients were enrolled into 5 dose escalation cohorts to determine the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) for phase 2 expansion. Phase 2 patients (n = 30) received RP2D (nanatinostat 20 mg daily, 4 days per week with valganciclovir 900 mg orally daily) for 28-day cycles. The primary end points were safety, RP2D determination (phase 1b), and overall response rate (ORR; phase 2). Overall, 55 patients were enrolled (B-non-Hodgkin lymphoma [B-NHL], [n = 10]; angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma-NHL, [n = 21]; classical Hodgkin lymphoma, [n = 11]; and immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders, [n = 13]). The ORR was 40% in 43 evaluable patients (complete response rate [CRR], 19% [n = 8]) with a median duration of response of 10.4 months. For angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma-NHL (n = 15; all refractory to the last prior therapy), the ORR/CRR ratio was 60%/27%. The most common adverse events were nausea (38% any grade) and cytopenia (grade 3/4 neutropenia [29%], thrombocytopenia [20%], and anemia [20%]). This novel oral regimen provided encouraging efficacy across several EBV+ lymphoma subtypes and warrants further evaluation; a confirmatory phase 2 study (NCT05011058) is underway. This phase 1b/2 study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT03397706.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Onder Alpdogan
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoetic Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert Baiocchi
- The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Tatyana A. Feldman
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ
| | - Marcelo Capra
- Centro Integrado de Hematologia e Oncologia - Hospital Mãe de Deus, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth A. Brem
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Deptartment of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA
| | - Santosh Nair
- Mid Florida Hematology and Oncology Center, Orange City, FL
| | - Phillip Scheinberg
- Division of Hematology, Hospital A Beneficência Portuguesa, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pereira
- Division of Hematology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leyla Shune
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Erel Joffe
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pierluigi Porcu
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoetic Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Manuel Lopes de Sousa H, Patrícia Costa Ribeiro J, Basílio Timóteo M. Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Cancer: Old Entity with New Relevance. Infect Dis (Lond) 2021. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.93649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) represents a major public health issue worldwide, being the fifth most common cancer and one of the leading causes of death by cancer. In 2014, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) established that tumors positive for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are considered a specific subtype of GC (EBVaGC). Several meta-analyses have shown that EBVaGC represents almost 10% of all gastric cancer worldwide, with small differences in the geographic distribution. This tumor subtype has a high potential of being clinically relevant and studies have shown that it has specific features, a better prognosis, and increased overall survival. In this review, we summarize some of the most frequent aspects of EBVaGC, including the specific features of this GC subtype, data regarding the potential steps of EBVaGC carcinogenesis, and perspectives on treatment opportunities.
Collapse
|
6
|
Li CW, Jheng BR, Chen BS. Investigating genetic-and-epigenetic networks, and the cellular mechanisms occurring in Epstein-Barr virus-infected human B lymphocytes via big data mining and genome-wide two-sided NGS data identification. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202537. [PMID: 30133498 PMCID: PMC6105016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also known as human herpesvirus 4, is prevalent in all human populations. EBV mainly infects human B lymphocytes and epithelial cells, and is therefore associated with their various malignancies. To unravel the cellular mechanisms during the infection, we constructed interspecies networks to investigate the molecular cross-talk mechanisms between human B cells and EBV at the first (0-24 hours) and second (8-72 hours) stages of EBV infection. We first constructed a candidate genome-wide interspecies genetic-and-epigenetic network (the candidate GIGEN) by big database mining. We then pruned false positives in the candidate GIGEN to obtain the real GIGENs at the first and second infection stages in the lytic phase by their corresponding next-generation sequencing data through dynamic interaction models, the system identification approach, and the system order detection method. The real GIGENs are very complex and comprise protein-protein interaction networks, gene/microRNA (miRNA)/long non-coding RNA regulation networks, and host-virus cross-talk networks. To understand the molecular cross-talk mechanisms underlying EBV infection, we extracted the core GIGENs including host-virus core networks and host-virus core pathways from the real GIGENs using the principal network projection method. According to the results, we found that the activities of epigenetics-associated human proteins or genes were initially inhibited by viral proteins and miRNAs, and human immune responses were then dysregulated by epigenetic modification. We suggested that EBV exploits viral proteins and miRNAs, such as EBNA1, BPLF1, BALF3, BVRF1 and miR-BART14, to develop its defensive mechanism to defeat multiple immune attacks by the human immune system, promotes virion production, and facilitates the transportation of viral particles by activating the human genes NRP1 and CLIC5. Ultimately, we propose a therapeutic intervention comprising thymoquinone, valpromide, and zebularine to act as inhibitors of EBV-associated malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Li
- Laboratory of Control and Systems Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Ren Jheng
- Laboratory of Control and Systems Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Sen Chen
- Laboratory of Control and Systems Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fattahi S, Kosari‐Monfared M, Ghadami E, Golpour M, Khodadadi P, Ghasemiyan M, Akhavan‐Niaki H. Infection‐associated epigenetic alterations in gastric cancer: New insight in cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:9261-9270. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Fattahi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
- North Research Center, Pasteur Institute Amol Iran
| | | | - Elham Ghadami
- Department of Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
| | - Monireh Golpour
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science Sari Iran
| | - Parastoo Khodadadi
- Department of Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghasemiyan
- Department of Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
| | - Haleh Akhavan‐Niaki
- Department of Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hsu YW, Huang RL, Su PH, Chen YC, Wang HC, Liao CC, Lai HC. Genotype-specific methylation of HPV in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Gynecol Oncol 2018; 28:e56. [PMID: 28541643 PMCID: PMC5447154 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2017.28.e56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypermethylation of human papillomavirus (HPV) and host genes has been reported in cervical cancer. However, the degree of methylation of different HPV types relative to the severity of the cervical lesions remains controversial. Studies of the degree of methylation associated with the host gene and the HPV genome to the severity of cervical lesions are rare. We examined the association of methylation status between host genes and late gene 1 (L1) regions of HPV16, 18, 52, and 58 in cervical brushings. METHODS Cervical brushings from 147 HPV-infected patients were obtained. The samples comprised normal (n=28), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1 (n=45), CIN2 (n=13), and CIN3/carcinoma in situ (n=61). The methylation status of HPV and host genes was measured using bisulfite pyrosequencing and quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS The degree of methylation of L1 in HPV16, 18, and 52 was associated with the severity of the cervical lesion. In HPV52, C-phosphate-G (CpG) sites 6368m, 6405m, and 6443m showed significantly higher methylation in lesions ≥CIN3 (p=0.005, 0.003, and 0.026, respectively). Methylation of most HPV types except HPV52 (r<-0.1) was positively correlated with the degree of methylation of host genes including PAX1 and SOX1 (0.4≤r≤0.7). Combining HPV methylation with PAX1 methylation improved the clustering for ≥CIN2. CONCLUSION Our study showed that the degree of L1 methylation of HPV16, 18, and 52 but not 58 is associated with the severity of cervical lesions. The association between HPV methylation and host gene methylation suggests different responses of host cellular epigenetic machinery to different HPV genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaw Wen Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rui Lan Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Translational Epigenetic Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po Hsuan Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Translational Epigenetic Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu Chih Chen
- Division of Research and Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui Chen Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi Chun Liao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung Cheng Lai
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Translational Epigenetic Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
DNA hypermethylation induced by Epstein-Barr virus in the development of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:894-905. [PMID: 28779374 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) is a recently recognized disease entity defined by the presence of EBV in gastric carcinoma cells. EBV infection causes major epigenetic alterations in the EBV genome and its cellular host genome, suggesting that EBV acts as a direct epigenetic driver for EBVaGC. One of the major epigenetic events in the viral and cellular genomes to control transcription is DNA hypo- or hyper-methylation. Particularly, local and global hypermethylation have been reported in EBVaGC. It is therefore important to understand the molecular mechanisms of DNA hypermethylation during EBVaGC carcinogenesis. To understand the functional roles of DNA methylation and suggest therapeutic target candidates for EBVaGC, we reviewed recent literature reporting DNA hypermethylation in EBVaGC. We summarized the identified candidate genes that are markedly hypermethylated in EBVaGC, which can potentially be targets for chemotherapies with demethylating agents.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang L, Wu H, Sun G, Xu X, Sun X, Cao L. Trichloromethane fraction of Incarvillea compacta induces lytic cytotoxicity and apoptosis in Epstein-Barr virus-positive gastric cancer AGS cells. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:344. [PMID: 27595569 PMCID: PMC5011811 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Incarvillea compacta Maxim. has been used to treat stomach disease in Tibet for many years. The objectives of this study were to explore the anti-cancer ability of trichloromethane fraction of I. compacta Maxim. roots (IC-TCL, R2) in EBV positive AGS cancer cells and its effects on cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and lytic induction. Methods MTT and trypan blue assays were to detect the inhibitory effects of different fraction in different cell lines. Hoechst 33342 staining, Annexin V-PE/7-AAD staining and DIOC6 staining were used to detect the apoptosis induction effects of R2. Western blot experiments were used to detect the expression of apoptosis related proteins BAX and Bcl-2, EBV lytic related proteins BZLF1 and BMRF1, cell cycle regulation related proteins Cyclin D1 and RB after R2 treatment. Cell cycle arrest was analyzed by flow cytometry. Results MTT and trypan blue assays revealed that R2 could significantly reduce cell viability in a dose-dependent manner in EBV positive AGS cells compared with non-EBV infected AGS and other cancer cell lines, whereas n-BuOH and H2O fractions showed non-inhibitory effects in tested cancer cells. R2 could decrease mitochondrial membrane potential and the expression of Bcl-2, while increase the expression of BAX. R2 could also induce EBV lytic replication by activating mRNA levels of BZLF1, BRLF1 and BMRF1. Protein expressions of BZLF1 and BMRF1 were also increased after R2 treatment. Cell cycle analysis showed that R2 treatment could induce G0/G1 phase arrest. The expression of Cyclin D1 decreased, while Rb increased. Conclusions These results demonstrated that R2 could inhibit the proliferation of AGS-EBV cancer cells by inducing EBV lytic replication, apoptosis and G0/G1 arrest, through the regulation of related proteins. Therefore, R2 could be used as a potential treatment in AGS-EBV cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1331-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee HG, Kim H, Kim EJ, Park PG, Dong SM, Choi TH, Kim H, Chong CR, Liu JO, Chen J, Ambinder RF, Hayward SD, Park JH, Lee JM. Targeted therapy for Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma using low-dose gemcitabine-induced lytic activation. Oncotarget 2016; 6:31018-29. [PMID: 26427042 PMCID: PMC4741585 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The constant presence of the viral genome in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric cancers (EBVaGCs) suggests the applicability of novel EBV-targeted therapies. The antiviral nucleoside drug, ganciclovir (GCV), is effective only in the context of the viral lytic cycle in the presence of EBV-encoded thymidine kinase (TK)/protein kinase (PK) expression. In this study, screening of the Johns Hopkins Drug Library identified gemcitabine as a candidate for combination treatment with GCV. Pharmacological induction of EBV-TK or PK in EBVaGC-originated tumor cells were used to study combination treatment with GCV in vitro and in vivo. Gemcitabine was found to be a lytic inducer via activation of the ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM)/p53 genotoxic stress pathway in EBVaGC. Using an EBVaGC mouse model and a [125I] fialuridine (FIAU)-based lytic activation imaging system, we evaluated gemcitabine-induced lytic activation in an in vivo system and confirmed the efficacy of gemcitabine-GCV combination treatment. This viral enzyme-targeted anti-tumor strategy may provide a new therapeutic approach for EBVaGCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Gyu Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemi Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Kim
- Radiopharmaceutical Research Team, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Gu Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Myung Dong
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Choi
- Radiopharmaceutical Research Team, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunki Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Curtis R Chong
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, MA, USA
| | - Jun O Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jianmeng Chen
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard F Ambinder
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Diane Hayward
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeon Han Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Myun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xu Q, DU J, Liu B. Lymphoepithelioma-like gastric carcinoma located in the lesser curvature of the gastric body: A case report and review of the literature. Mol Clin Oncol 2016; 4:405-408. [PMID: 26998292 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2015.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoepithelioma-like gastric carcinoma (LELC) is a type of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric cancer, characterized by the presence of a lymphoid stroma with cells arranged primarily in microalveolar, thin trabecular and primitive tubular patterns, or isolated cells. In situ hybridization is usually used to confirm the presence of EBV. LELC is a rare type of cancer, with an incidence of 1-4% among all gastric cancers. Despite its rarity, this tumor has attracted attention due to its distinct clinicopathological characteristics and its association with the immune system. This is the report of a rare case of gastric LELC located in the lesser curvature of the gastric body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Xu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Juan DU
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
De Leo A, Colavita F, Ciccosanti F, Fimia GM, Lieberman PM, Mattia E. Inhibition of autophagy in EBV-positive Burkitt's lymphoma cells enhances EBV lytic genes expression and replication. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1876. [PMID: 26335716 PMCID: PMC4650432 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, an important degradation system involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis, serves also to eliminate pathogens and process their fragments for presentation to the immune system. Several viruses have been shown to interact with the host autophagic machinery to suppress or make use of this cellular catabolic pathway to enhance their survival and replication. Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is a γ-herpes virus associated with a number of malignancies of epithelial and lymphoid origin in which establishes a predominantly latent infection. Latent EBV can periodically reactivate to produce infectious particles that allow the virus to spread and can lead to the death of the infected cell. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between autophagy and EBV reactivation in Burkitt's lymphoma cells. By monitoring autophagy markers and EBV lytic genes expression, we demonstrate that autophagy is enhanced in the early phases of EBV lytic activation but decreases thereafter concomitantly with increased levels of EBV lytic proteins. In a cell line defective for late antigens expression, we found an inverse correlation between EBV early antigens expression and autophagosomes formation, suggesting that early after activation, the virus is able to suppress autophagy. We report here for the first time that inhibition of autophagy by Bafilomycin A1 or shRNA knockdown of Beclin1 gene, highly incremented EBV lytic genes expression as well as intracellular viral DNA and viral progeny yield. Taken together, these findings indicate that EBV activation induces the autophagic response, which is soon inhibited by the expression of EBV early lytic products. Moreover, our findings open the possibility that pharmacological inhibitors of autophagy may be used to enhance oncolytic viral therapy of EBV-related lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A De Leo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - F Colavita
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - F Ciccosanti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - G M Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | - E Mattia
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hui KF, Cheung AKL, Choi CK, Yeung PL, Middeldorp JM, Lung ML, Tsao SW, Chiang AKS. Inhibition of class I histone deacetylases by romidepsin potently induces Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle and mediates enhanced cell death with ganciclovir. Int J Cancer 2015. [PMID: 26205347 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, which inhibit 11 HDAC isoforms, are widely used to induce Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic cycle in EBV-associated cancers in vitro and in clinical trials. Here, we hypothesized that inhibition of one or several specific HDAC isoforms by selective HDAC inhibitors could potently induce EBV lytic cycle in EBV-associated malignancies such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and gastric carcinoma (GC). We found that inhibition of class I HDACs, particularly HDAC-1, -2 and -3, was sufficient to induce EBV lytic cycle in NPC and GC cells in vitro and in vivo. Among a panel of selective HDAC inhibitors, the FDA-approved HDAC inhibitor romidepsin was found to be the most potent lytic inducer, which could activate EBV lytic cycle at ∼0.5 to 5 nM (versus ∼800 nM achievable concentration in patients' plasma) in more than 75% of cells. Upregulation of p21(WAF1) , which is negatively regulated by class I HDACs, was observed before the induction of EBV lytic cycle. The upregulation of p21(WAF1) and induction of lytic cycle were abrogated by a specific inhibitor of PKC-δ but not the inhibitors of PI3K, MEK, p38 MAPK, JNK or ATM pathways. Interestingly, inhibition of HDAC-1, -2 and -3 by romidepsin or shRNA knockdown could confer susceptibility of EBV-positive epithelial cells to the treatment with ganciclovir (GCV). In conclusion, we demonstrated that inhibition of class I HDACs by romidepsin could potently induce EBV lytic cycle and mediate enhanced cell death with GCV, suggesting potential application of romidepsin for the treatment of EBV-associated cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwai Fung Hui
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Arthur Kwok Leung Cheung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chung King Choi
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Po Ling Yeung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jaap M Middeldorp
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Li Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alan Kwok Shing Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hui KF, Leung YY, Yeung PL, Middeldorp JM, Chiang AKS. Combination of SAHA and bortezomib up-regulates CDKN2A and CDKN1A and induces apoptosis of Epstein-Barr virus-positive Wp-restricted Burkitt lymphoma and lymphoblastoid cell lines. Br J Haematol 2014; 167:639-50. [PMID: 25155625 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent proteins exert anti-apoptotic effects on EBV-transformed lymphoid cells by down-regulating BCL2L11 (BIM), CDKN2A (p16(INK4A) ) and CDKN1A (p21(WAF1) ). However, the potential therapeutic effects of targeting these anti-apoptotic mechanisms remain unexplored. Here, we tested both in vitro and in vivo effects of the combination of histone deacetylase (HDAC) and proteasome inhibitors on the apoptosis of six endemic Burkitt lymphoma (BL) lines of different latency patterns (types I and III and Wp-restricted) and three lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). We found that the combination of HDAC and proteasome inhibitors (e.g. SAHA/bortezomib) synergistically induced the killing of Wp-restricted and latency III BL and LCLs but not latency I BL cells. The synergistic killing was due to apoptosis, as evidenced by the high percentage of annexin V positivity and strong cleavage of PARP1 (PARP) and CASP3 (caspase-3). Concomitantly, SAHA/bortezomib up-regulated the expression of CDKN2A and CDKN1A but did not affect the level of BCL2L11 or BHRF1 (viral homologue of BCL2). The apoptotic effects were dependent on reactive oxygen species generation. Furthermore, SAHA/bortezomib suppressed the growth of Wp-restricted BL xenografts in nude mice. This study provides the rationale to test the novel application of SAHA/bortezomib on the treatment of EBV-associated Wp-restricted BL and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwai Fung Hui
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yau TO, Tang CM, Yu J. Epigenetic dysregulation in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma: Disease and treatments. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:6448-6456. [PMID: 24914366 PMCID: PMC4047330 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i21.6448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) comprises nearly 10% of gastric carcinoma cases worldwide. Recently, it was recognised to have unique clinicopathologic characteristics, including male predominance, lower rates of lymph node involvement, and better prognosis. EBVaGC is further characterised by abnormal hypermethylation of tumour suppressor gene promoter regions, causing down-regulation of their expression. In the present review, we critically discuss the role of EBV in gastric carcinogenesis, summarising the role of viral proteins and microRNAs with respect to aberrant methylation in EBVaGC. Given the role of epigenetic dysregulation in tumourigenesis, epigenetic modifiers may represent a novel therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
|
17
|
Huang SC, Ng KF, Chen KH, Hsu JT, Liu KH, Yeh TS, Chen TC. Prognostic factors in Epstein-Barr virus-associated stage I-III gastric carcinoma: implications for a unique type of carcinogenesis. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:530-8. [PMID: 24899228 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) has distinct clinicopathological features. However, the prognostic factors remain unclear, particularly in UICC/AJCC stage I-III cancer. We retrospectively enrolled 1,020 patients with stage I-III gastric cancer that received radical gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy. Formalin-fixed, paraffin‑embedded surgical specimens were retrieved to construct tissue microarrays. EBV positivity was identified by in situ hybridization with EBV-encoded small RNA, and the histological classification was reviewed. Fifty-two cases of EBVaGC were identified, exhibiting a male predominance (p=0.003), a higher prevalence in stump cancer (p<0.001), and poorly differentiated carcinoma (p=0.010) compared with the controls. The survival analysis revealed no difference in survival between the EBVaGC cases and the EBV-negative cases (p=0.977). The multivariate analysis showed that EBVaGC cases with a tumor size >5 cm, non-lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC), or a lymph node ratio >0.15 had a worse overall survival (hazard ratio 2.884, 12.178 and 19.352; p=0.027, 0.005 and <0.0001, respectively). The depth of tumor invasion and the number of lymph node metastases did not reach statistical significance (p=0.834 and 0.833, respectively). These prognostic factors, tumor size, LELC classification and lymph node ratio, may reflect a unique type of carcinogenesis of EBVaGC and may be considered when selecting high-risk patients for adjuvant treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chiang Huang
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Guishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kwai-Fong Ng
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Guishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuang-Hua Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Guishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jun-Te Hsu
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Guishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Keng-Hao Liu
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Guishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ta-Sen Yeh
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Guishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tse-Ching Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Guishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, R.O.C
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
In the treatment of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related lymphomas, there are few therapies specifically targeted against the latent virus within these tumors; in most cases the treatment approach is not different than the approach to EBV-negative lymphomas. Nonetheless, current and emerging therapies focused on exploiting aspects of EBV biology may offer more targeted strategies for EBV-positive lymphomas in the future. Conceptually, EBV-specific approaches include bolstering the antiviral/antitumor immune response with vaccines or EBV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, activating lytic viral genes to render the tumor cells susceptible to antiviral therapies, and inhibiting the downstream prosurvival or antiapoptotic pathways that may be activated by latent EBV proteins. EBV-specific cytotoxic T-cell infusions have proven effective in EBV-related posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (EBV-PTLD) and expanding such adoptive immunotherapies to other EBV-related malignancies is an area of active research. However, other EBV-related lymphomas typically have more restricted, less immunogenic arrays of viral antigens to therapeutically target with adoptive immunotherapy compared with EBV-PTLD. Furthermore, the malignant EBV-positive tumor cells of Hodgkin lymphoma are scattered amid a dense infiltrate of regulatory T-cells, macrophages, and other cells that may dampen the antitumor efficacy of adoptive immunotherapy. Strategies to overcome these obstacles are areas of ongoing preclinical and clinical investigations. Some emerging approaches to EBV-related lymphomas include the coupling of agents that induce lytic viral replication with antiherpesvirus agents, or the use of small molecule inhibitors that block signaling pathways that are constitutively activated by EBV. EBV vaccines seem most promising for the treatment or prevention of EBV-related malignancies, rather than the prevention of primary EBV infection. EBV vaccine trials in patients with residual or low-bulk EBV-related malignancies or for the prevention of EBV-PTLD in EBV-seronegative patients awaiting solid organ transplantation are ongoing.
Collapse
|
19
|
Sides MD, Sosulski ML, Luo F, Lin Z, Flemington EK, Lasky JA. Co-treatment with arsenic trioxide and ganciclovir reduces tumor volume in a murine xenograft model of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Virol J 2013; 10:152. [PMID: 23680002 PMCID: PMC3666899 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that disruption of promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) is sufficient to activate the EBV lytic cycle thus making infected cells susceptible to ganciclovir (GCV) mediated killing in vitro. Here we show that co-administration of GCV and arsenic trioxide (ATO), a PML NB disruptor, reduces tumor volume in a xenograft model of nasopharyngeal carcinoma utilizing CNE1 cells. When administered at pharmacologic levels, both GCV and ATO reduced tumor growth while co-treatment with GCV + ATO resulted in a diminution of tumor volume. Treatment with GCV or ATO individually resulted in an increased number of apoptotic cells while co-treatment with GCV + ATO synergistically induced apoptosis. Treatment with ATO or co-treatment with GCV + ATO resulted in expression of EBV lytic proteins. These data suggest that co-treatment with GCV + ATO may provide an effective treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Sides
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Murata T, Tsurumi T. Epigenetic modification of the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 promoter regulates viral reactivation from latency. Front Genet 2013; 4:53. [PMID: 23577022 PMCID: PMC3620531 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic human gamma-herpesvirus that predominantly establishes latent infection in B lymphocytes. Viral genomes exist as extrachromosomal episomes with a nucleosomal structure. Maintenance of virus latency or execution of reactivation is controlled by the expression of BZLF1, a viral immediate-early gene product, tightly controlled at the transcriptional level. In this article, we review how BZLF1 transcription is controlled, in other words how virus reactivation is regulated, especially in terms of epigenetics. We recently found that histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) and H4K20me3 markers are crucial for suppression of BZLF1 in latent Raji cells. In addition, H3K9me2/3, heterochromatin protein 1, and H2A ubiquitination are associated with latency, whereas positive markers, such as higher histone acetylation and H3K4me3, are concomitant with reactivation. Since lytic replication eventually causes cell cycle arrest and cell death, development of oncolytic therapy for EBV-positive cancers is conceivable using epigenetic disruptors. In addition, we note the difficulties in analyzing roles of epigenetics in EBV, including issues like cell type dependence and virus copy numbers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Murata
- Division of Virology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute Nagoya, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Aituov B, Duisembekova A, Bulenova A, Alibek K. Pathogen-driven gastrointestinal cancers: Time for a change in treatment paradigm? Infect Agent Cancer 2012; 7:18. [PMID: 22873119 PMCID: PMC3508868 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-7-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of cancerous tumor development is converged upon by multiple pathways and factors. Besides environmental factors, gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancer can be caused by chronic inflammation, which is generally induced by bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The role of these inducers in cancer development, cell differentiation and transformation, cell cycle deregulation, and in the expression of tumor-associated genes cannot be ignored. Although Helicobacter pylori activates many oncogenic pathways, particularly those in gastric and colorectal cancers, the role of viruses in tumor development is also significant. Viruses possess significant oncogenic potential to interfere with normal cell cycle control and genome stability, stimulating the growth of deregulated cells. An increasing amount of recent data also implies the association of GI cancers with bacterial colonization and viruses. This review focuses on host-cell interactions that facilitate primary mechanisms of tumorigenesis and provides new insights into novel GI cancer treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bauyrzhan Aituov
- Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Assem Duisembekova
- Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Assel Bulenova
- Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Kenneth Alibek
- Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
- Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Care, 3 Kerey and Zhanibek Khan Street, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wildeman MA, Novalic Z, Verkuijlen SAWM, Juwana H, Huitema ADR, Tan IB, Middeldorp JM, de Boer JP, Greijer AE. Cytolytic virus activation therapy for Epstein-Barr virus-driven tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:5061-70. [PMID: 22761471 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is causally linked to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Because all tumor cells carry EBV, the virus itself is a potential target for therapy. In these tumor cells, EBV hides in a latent state and expresses only a few non-immunogenic proteins for EBV maintenance and contributes to tumor growth. We developed a cytolytic virus activation (CLVA) therapy for NPC treatment, reactivating latent EBV, triggering immune recognition, and inducing susceptibility to antiviral therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN CLVA therapy combines gemcitabine (GCb) and valproic acid (VPA) for virus activation and tumor clearance with (val)ganciclovir (GCV) as the antiviral drug to block virus replication and kill proliferating virus-infected cells. CLVA treatment was optimized and validated in NPC cell lines and subsequently tested in 3 Dutch patients with NPC that was refractory to conventional treatment. RESULTS In NPC cell lines, both GCb and VPA can induce the lytic cycle of EBV. Their combination resulted in a strong synergistic effect. The addition of GCV resulted in higher cytotoxicity compared with chemotherapy alone, which was not observed in EBV-negative cells. CLVA therapy was analyzed in 3 patients with end-stage NPC. Patients developed increased levels of viral DNA in the circulation originating from apoptotic tumor cells, had disease stabilization, and experienced improved quality of life. CONCLUSIONS Our results in the initial CLVA-treated patients indicate that the therapy had a biological effect and was well tolerated with only moderate transient toxicity. This new virus-specific therapy could open a generic approach for treatment of multiple EBV-associated malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten A Wildeman
- Departments of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery and Medical Oncology, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) is a recently recognized entity, which is defined by the presence of EBV in the gastric carcinoma cells. EBVaGC represents about 10% of gastric carcinoma worldwide, and >80,000 patients are estimated to develop EBVaGC annually. EBVaGC shows some distinct clinicopathologic characteristics, such as male predominance, predisposition to the proximal stomach, and a high proportion in diffuse-type gastric carcinomas. Besides, EBVaGC also shows characteristic molecular abnormality, that is, global and nonrandom CpG-island methylation of the promoter region of many cancer-related genes, which causes downregulation of their expression. Moreover, EBVaGC has a relative favorable prognosis. The uniform presence of EBV-encoded small RNA in tumor cells but not in the surrounding normal epithelial cells, and the detection of monoclonal EBV episomes in EBVaGC, strongly suggests that EBV play an etiological role in gastric carcinogenesis. Therefore, EBVaGC should be regarded as a distinct entity of gastric carcinoma, although it only accounts for a relatively small fraction of total gastric carcinomas. In this review, the epidemiological and clinicopathologic features of EBVaGC and the genetic abnormalities of EBVaGC cell including chromosomal and epigenetic abnormalities are described. The roles of EBV in gastric carcinogenesis are discussed. We make an emphasis on the EBV latency pattern and genome polymorphisms as well as local immunity in EBVaGC. In addition, the treatment of EBVaGC is also briefly discussed. Taken together, this review aims to give the reader a full understanding of a newly defined entity of gastric carcinoma, EBVaGC.
Collapse
|
24
|
Hui KF, Ho DN, Tsang CM, Middeldorp JM, Tsao GSW, Chiang AKS. Activation of lytic cycle of Epstein-Barr virus by suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid leads to apoptosis and tumor growth suppression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:1930-40. [PMID: 22261816 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). We reported that suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) induced EBV lytic cycle in EBV-positive gastric carcinoma cells and mediated enhanced cell death. However, expression of EBV lytic proteins was thought to exert antiapoptotic effect in EBV-infected cells. Here, we examined the in vitro and in vivo effects of SAHA on EBV lytic cycle induction in NPC cells and investigated the cellular consequences. Micromolar concentrations of SAHA significantly induced EBV lytic cycle in EBV-positive NPC cells. Increased apoptosis and proteolytic cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase-3, -7 and -9 in EBV-positive versus EBV-negative NPC cells were observed. More than 85% of NPC cells expressing immediate-early (Zta), early (BMRF1) or late (gp350/220) lytic proteins coexpressed cleaved caspase-3. Tracking of expression of EBV lytic proteins and cleaved caspase-3 over time demonstrated that NPC cells proceeded to apoptosis following EBV lytic cycle induction. Inhibition of EBV DNA replication and late lytic protein expression by phosphonoformic acid did not impact on SAHA's induced cell death in NPC, indicating that early rather than late phase of EBV lytic cycle contributed to the apoptotic effect. In vivo effects of SAHA on EBV lytic cycle induction and tumor growth suppression were also observed in NPC xenografts in nude mice. Taken together, our data indicated that activation of lytic cycle from latent cycle of EBV by SAHA leads to apoptosis and tumor growth suppression of NPC thereby providing experimental evidence for virus-targeted therapy against EBV-positive cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K F Hui
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kim DN, Song YJ, Lee SK. The role of promoter methylation in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) microRNA expression in EBV-infected B cell lines. Exp Mol Med 2011; 43:401-10. [PMID: 21628990 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2011.43.7.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) microRNAs (miRNAs) are expressed in EBV-associated tumors and cell lines, but the regulation mechanism of their expression is unclear yet. We investigated whether the expression of EBV miRNAs is epigenetically regulated in EBV-infected B cell lines. The expression of BART miRNAs was inversely related with the methylation level of the BART promoter at both steady-state and following 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment of the cells. The expression of BHRF1 miRNAs also became detectable with the demethylation of Cp/Wp in latency I EBV-infected cell lines. Furthermore, in vitro methylation of the BART and Cp promoters reduced the promoter-driven transactivation. In contrast, tricostatin A had little effect on the expression of EBV miRNA expression as well as on the BART and Cp/Wp promoters. Our results suggest that promoter methylation, but not histone acetylation, plays a role in regulation of the EBV miRNA expression in EBV-infected B cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Do Nyun Kim
- Research Institute of Immunobiology Department of Medical Lifescience College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fukayama M, Ushiku T. Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2011; 207:529-37. [PMID: 21944426 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been accepted as an infective agent causing gastric carcinoma (GC). EBV-associated GC, comprising nearly 10% of all cases of GC, is the monoclonal growth of EBV-infected epithelial cells, which express only several EBV-latent genes (Latency I program). Histopathologically, there are two subtypes, lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma and the ordinary type of GC. Other features include the lace pattern of carcinoma cells in the intramucosal stage and the dense infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages at the invasive site of the submucosa. The primary molecular abnormality in EBV-associated GC is global and non-random CpG island methylation in the promoter region of many cancer-related genes. Experimental studies have demonstrated that viral latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) is responsible for the promotion of DNA methylation. LMP2A up-regulates cellular DNMT1 through the phosphorylation of STAT3, resulting in the repression of tumor suppressor genes, such as PTEN, through promoter methylation. DNA methylation in EBV-infected stomach cells may be due to overdrive of the cellular defense against foreign DNA. Further studies on the mechanisms of epigenetic abnormalities will clarify the strategies for prevention and treatment of this particular type of GC with EBV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shin HJ, Kim DN, Lee SK. Association between Epstein-Barr virus infection and chemoresistance to docetaxel in gastric carcinoma. Mol Cells 2011; 32:173-9. [PMID: 21626300 PMCID: PMC3887666 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with human cancers such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and gastric carcinoma (GC). EBV is associated with about 10% of all GC cases globally. EBV-associated GC has distinct features from EBV-negative GC. However, it is still unclear if EBV infection has any effect on GC chemoresistance. Cell proliferation assay, cell cycle analysis, and active caspase Western blot revealed that the EBV-positive GC cell line (AGS-EBV) showed chemoresistance to docetaxel compared to the EBV-negative GC cell line (AGS). Docetaxel treatment increased expression of Bax similarly in AGS and AGS-EBV cell lines. However, Bcl-2 induction was markedly higher in AGS-EBV cells, after docetaxel treatment. Although docetaxel increased the expression of p53 to a similar extent in both cell lines, induction of p21 in AGS-EBV cells was lower than in AGS cells. Furthermore, expression of survivin was higher in AGS-EBV cells than in AGS cells following docetaxel treatment as well as at basal state. EBVlytic gene expression was induced by docetaxel treatment in AGS-EBV cells. The results suggest that EBV infection and lytic induction confers chemoresistance to GC, possibly by regulating cellular and EBV latent and lytic gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suk Kyeong Lee
- Research Institute of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Lifescience, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhao J, Jin H, Cheung KF, Tong JHM, Zhang S, Go MYY, Tian L, Kang W, Leung PPS, Zeng Z, Li X, To KF, Sung JJY, Yu J. Zinc finger E-box binding factor 1 plays a central role in regulating Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent-lytic switch and acts as a therapeutic target in EBV-associated gastric cancer. Cancer 2011; 118:924-36. [PMID: 21717425 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in gastric carcinogenesis remains largely unknown. The authors studied the effects of zinc finger E-box binding factor 1 (ZEB1) on latent-lytic switch of EBV infection in gastric cancer and explored the importance of EBV in gastric carcinogenesis. METHODS Loss or gain of ZEB1 function was obtained by ZEB1 small-interfering RNA (siRNA) knock-down or forced ZEB1 re-expression. Cell growth was evaluated by cell viability and colony formation assays, and the cell cycle was assessed by flow cytometry. EBV was detected using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization analyses. RESULTS ZEB1 knock-down in a latent EBV-infected gastric cancer cell line (YCC10) increased lytic gene BamHI W leftward reading frame 1 (BZLF1) expression and decreased the expression of latent gene EB nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) concomitant with the inhibition of cell viability (P < .05) and S-phase DNA synthesis (P < .01). ZEB1 depletion combined with ganciclovir revealed a further reduction in cell viability (P < .001). ZEB1 knock-down induced cell apoptosis and the up-regulation of caspase 3 and poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase cleavage. Conversely, ectopic overexpression of ZEB1 in a lytic EBV-infected gastric cancer cell line (AGS-EBV) inhibited BZLF1 promoter (Zp) activity, BZLF1 expression, and apoptosis and promoted cell growth. EBV infection was detected in 11.3% (80 of 711) of gastric cancers. The presence of EBV was associated with age, men, and intestinal type cancer. CONCLUSIONS ZEB1 was confirmed as a key mediator of the latent-lytic switch of EBV-associated gastric cancer, a distinct subtype with different clinicopathologic features. The current results indicated that inhibition of ZEB1 may be a potential target for EBV-associated gastric cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Zhao
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sides MD, Block GJ, Shan B, Esteves KC, Lin Z, Flemington EK, Lasky JA. Arsenic mediated disruption of promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies induces ganciclovir susceptibility in Epstein-Barr positive epithelial cells. Virology 2011; 416:86-97. [PMID: 21605886 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies (PML NBs) have been implicated in host immune response to viral infection. PML NBs are targeted for degradation during reactivation of herpes viruses, suggesting that disruption of PML NB function supports this aspect of the viral life cycle. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) has been shown to suppress EBV reactivation. Our finding that LMP1 induces PML NB immunofluorescence intensity led to the hypothesis that LMP1 may modulate PML NBs as a means of maintaining EBV latency. Increased PML protein and morphometric changes in PML NBs were observed in EBV infected alveolar epithelial cells and nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Treatment with low dose arsenic trioxide disrupted PML NBs, induced expression of EBV lytic proteins, and conferred ganciclovir susceptibility. This study introduces an effective modality to induce susceptibility to ganciclovir in epithelial cells with implications for the treatment of EBV associated pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Sides
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ryan JL, Jones RJ, Kenney SC, Rivenbark AG, Tang W, Knight ER, Coleman WB, Gulley ML. Epstein-Barr virus-specific methylation of human genes in gastric cancer cells. Infect Agent Cancer 2010; 5:27. [PMID: 21194482 PMCID: PMC3023757 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-5-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is found in 10% of all gastric adenocarcinomas but its role in tumor development and maintenance remains unclear. The objective of this study was to examine EBV-mediated dysregulation of cellular factors implicated in gastric carcinogenesis. Methods Gene expression patterns were examined in EBV-negative and EBV-positive AGS gastric epithelial cells using a low density microarray, reverse transcription PCR, histochemical stains, and methylation-specific DNA sequencing. Expression of PTGS2 (COX2) was measured in AGS cells and in primary gastric adenocarcinoma tissues. Results In array studies, nearly half of the 96 human genes tested, representing 15 different cancer-related signal transduction pathways, were dysregulated after EBV infection. Reverse transcription PCR confirmed significant impact on factors having diverse functions such as cell cycle regulation (IGFBP3, CDKN2A, CCND1, HSP70, ID2, ID4), DNA repair (BRCA1, TFF1), cell adhesion (ICAM1), inflammation (COX2), and angiogenesis (HIF1A). Demethylation using 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine reversed the EBV-mediated dysregulation for all 11 genes listed here. For some promoter sequences, CpG island methylation and demethylation occurred in an EBV-specific pattern as shown by bisulfite DNA sequencing. Immunohistochemistry was less sensitive than was western blot for detecting downregulation of COX2 upon EBV infection. Virus-related dysregulation of COX2 levels in vitro was not recapitulated in vivo among naturally infected gastric cancer tissues. Conclusions EBV alters human gene expression in ways that could contribute to the unique pathobiology of virus-associated cancer. Furthermore, the frequency and reversability of methylation-related transcriptional alterations suggest that demethylating agents have therapeutic potential for managing EBV-related carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie L Ryan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been accepted as an infective agent causing gastric carcinoma (GC). Epstein-Barr virus-associated GC, comprising nearly 10% of all cases of GC, is the monoclonal growth of EBV-infected epithelial cells, which express several EBV-latent genes (latency I program). Sequential events in the gastric mucosa could be traced from EBV infection of the pit cells to fully developed carcinomas by EBV encoded small RNA (EBER)-in situ hybridization. The histological features of the carcinoma consist of a lace pattern of carcinoma cells within the mucosa and the dense infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages at the invasive site, which might be due to cytokines produced by neoplastic cells. The primary molecular abnormality in EBV-associated GC is global and non-random CpG island methylation in the promoter region of many cancer-related genes. The experimental system of recombinant EBV infection using GC cell lines demonstrated that viral latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) is responsible for the promotion of DNA methylation. LMP2A up-regulates cellular DNMT1 through the phosphorylation of STAT3, causing CpG methylation of a tumor suppressor gene, PTEN. DNA methylation in EBV-infected stomach cells may be due to overdrive of the cellular defense against foreign DNA, which eventually leads to the development of EBV-associated GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shin JY, Kim JO, Lee SK, Chae HS, Kang JH. LY294002 may overcome 5-FU resistance via down-regulation of activated p-AKT in Epstein-Barr virus-positive gastric cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:425. [PMID: 20704765 PMCID: PMC3087326 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As EBV-associated gastric cancer has unique features that are different from EBV (-) gastric cancer, EBV is considered to have a key role in gastric carcinogenesis. It has been reported that viral latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) in EBV-transformed tumor cells activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway, which provides a survival signal and chemo-resistance to cytotoxic anti-cancer drugs. This study was to evaluate anti-proliferative effect and cell cycle change when 5-FU and LY294002 (LY), a selective inhibitor of PI3K, were treated separately or combined with different schedules in EBV positive gastric cancer cell line, SNU-719. Methods After single treatment and sequential combination of 5-FU and LY, cytotoxic activity was measured by MTS assay. When 5-FU and LY were treated in single and sequential combinations, the expression of p-AKT, p-NFkB, p-p53 and bcl-2 was observed on different concentrations by Western blot analysis. We also investigated the effect on apoptosis and cell cycle distribution using flow cytometry. The LMP2A siRNA inhibition was done to confirm the reversal of decreased 5-FU activity and p-AKT. Results When 5-FU was sequentially combined with LY, the combination index (CI) value indicated synergistic anti-proliferative effect. The expression of p-AKT and p-NFκB was upregulated by 5-FU alone but sequential treatment of 5-FU and LY decreased the expression of both p-AKT and p-NFκB. When 5-FU was combined with LY, G0/G1 and sub G1 cell population (%) increased. When 5-FU was added to the cells transfected with LMP2A siRNA, its anti-proliferative effect increased and the expression of p-AKT decreased. In sequential combination of 5-FU and LY, the expression of p-p53 was increased and bcl-2 expression was diminished compared to 5-FU alone. Conclusion These data suggest that sequential combination of 5-FU and LY induce synergistic cytotoxicity and overcome intrinsic and acquired resistance of 5-FU via downregulation of activated p-AKT and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in EBV gastric cancer cell line, SNU-719.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Young Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hui KF, Chiang AKS. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid induces viral lytic cycle in Epstein-Barr virus-positive epithelial malignancies and mediates enhanced cell death. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:2479-89. [PMID: 19816947 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignancies, the virus is harbored in every tumor cell and persists in tightly latent forms expressing a very limited number of viral latent proteins. Induction of EBV lytic cycle leads to expression of a much larger number of viral proteins, which may serve as potential therapeutic targets. We found that 4 histone deacetylase inhibitors, trichostatin A (TSA), sodium butyrate (SB), valproic acid (VPA) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), all significantly induced EBV lytic cycle in EBV-positive gastric carcinoma cells (AGS/BX1, latency II) but only weakly induced in Burkitt lymphoma cells (AK2003, latency I) and did not induce in lymphoblastoid cells (LCLs, latency III). Interestingly, SAHA potently induced viral lytic cycle in AGS/BX1 cells at micromolar concentrations (evidenced by 8-fold increase in viral DNA replication, strong expression of viral lytic proteins and production of infectious virus particles) and mediated enhanced cell death of EBV-positive AGS/BX1 cells when compared with that of EBV-negative AGS cells, possibly related to cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. Furthermore, SAHA effected strong induction of EBV lytic cycle in nasopharyngeal carcinoma but not in NK lymphoma cells (both expressing EBV latency II pattern), indicating preferential viral lytic induction in epithelial rather than lymphoid malignancies. In conclusion, SAHA is found to be a potent EBV lytic cycle inducing agent, which warrants further investigation into its potential application as a novel virus-targeted drug for treatment of EBV-associated epithelial malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K F Hui
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Either ZEB1 or ZEB2/SIP1 can play a central role in regulating the Epstein-Barr virus latent-lytic switch in a cell-type-specific manner. J Virol 2010; 84:6139-52. [PMID: 20375168 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02706-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that the cellular protein ZEB1 can repress expression of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BZLF1 gene in transient transfection assays by directly binding its promoter, Zp. We also reported that EBV containing a 2-bp substitution mutation in the ZEB-binding ZV element of Zp spontaneously reactivated out of latency into lytic replication at a higher frequency than did wild-type EBV. Here, using small interfering RNA (siRNA) and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) technologies, we definitively show that ZEB1 is, indeed, a key player in maintaining EBV latency in some epithelial and B-lymphocytic cell lines. However, in other EBV-positive epithelial and B-cell lines, another zinc finger E-box-binding protein, ZEB2/SIP1, is the key player. Both ZEB1 and ZEB2 can bind Zp via the ZV element. In EBV-positive cells containing only ZEB1, knockdown of ZEB1 led to viral reactivation out of latency, with synthesis of EBV immediate-early and early lytic gene products. However, in EBV-positive cells containing both ZEBs, ZEB2, not ZEB1, was the primary ZEB family member bound to Zp. Knockdown of ZEB2, but not ZEB1, led to EBV lytic reactivation. Thus, we conclude that either ZEB1 or ZEB2 can play a central role in the maintenance of EBV latency, doing so in a cell-type-dependent manner.
Collapse
|
35
|
Gerlo S, Haegeman G, Vanden Berghe W. Transcriptional regulation of autocrine IL-6 expression in multiple myeloma cells. Cell Signal 2008; 20:1489-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
36
|
Deyrup AT. Epstein-Barr virus-associated epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasms. Hum Pathol 2008; 39:473-83. [PMID: 18342658 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2007.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen that usually maintains a harmonious relationship with its host. Rarely, this host-virus balance is perturbed, causing a diverse group of malignancies in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients. In addition to its role in hematologic malignancies (Burkitt lymphoma, subsets of Hodgkin and T-cell lymphomas, posttransplant lymphomas), EBV has been implicated in both epithelial (undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma, a subset of gastric adenocarcinomas) and mesenchymal (EBV-associated smooth muscle tumor, inflammatory pseudotumor-like follicular dendritic cell tumor) neoplasms. This review will focus on EBV-associated epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Deyrup
- Department of Pathology, Emory University Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|