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Yan Q, Zhang T, O'Connor C, Barlow JW, Walsh J, Scalabrino G, Xu F, Sheridan H. The biological responses of vitamin K2: A comprehensive review. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:1634-1656. [PMID: 37051359 PMCID: PMC10084986 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K1 (VitK1) and Vitamin K2 (VitK2), two important naturally occurring micronutrients in the VitK family, found, respectively, in green leafy plants and algae (VitK1) and animal and fermented foods (VitK2). The present review explores the multiple biological functions of VitK2 from recently published in vitro and in vivo studies, including promotion of osteogenesis, prevention of calcification, relief of menopausal symptoms, enhancement of mitochondrial energy release, hepato- and neuro-protective effects, and possible use in treatment of coronavirus disease. The mechanisms of action associated with these biological effects are also explored. Overall, the findings presented here suggest that VitK, especially VitK2, is an important nutrient family for the normal functioning of human health. It acts on almost all major body systems and directly or indirectly participates in and regulates hundreds of physiological or pathological processes. However, as biological and clinical data are still inconsistent and conflicting, more in-depth investigations are warranted to elucidate its potential as a therapeutic strategy to prevent and treat a range of disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanxiang Yan
- Institute of Science and Technology Shenyang Open University Shenyang China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Food Science & Environmental Health Technological University Dublin Dublin 7 Ireland
- NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Christine O'Connor
- School of Food Science & Environmental Health Technological University Dublin Dublin 7 Ireland
| | - James W. Barlow
- Department of Chemistry RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - John Walsh
- NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Gaia Scalabrino
- NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Feng Xu
- The Centre of Vitamin K2 Research Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Helen Sheridan
- NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
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Kaźmierczak-Barańska J, Karwowski BT. Vitamin K Contribution to DNA Damage—Advantage or Disadvantage? A Human Health Response. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204219. [PMID: 36296903 PMCID: PMC9611527 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is the common name for a group of compounds recognized as essential for blood clotting. The group comprises phylloquinone (K1)—a 2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone; menaquinone (K2, MK)—a group of compounds with an unsaturated side chain in position 3 of a different number of isoprene units and a 1,4-naphthoquinone group and menadione (K3, MD)—a group of synthetic, water-soluble compounds 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. However, recent epidemiological studies suggest that vitamin K has various benefits that go beyond blood coagulation processes. A dietary intake of K1 is inversely associated with the risk of pancreatic cancer, K2 has the potential to induce a differentiation in leukemia cells or apoptosis of various types of cancer cells, and K3 has a documented anti-cancer effect. A healthy diet rich in fruit and vegetables ensures an optimal supply of K1 and K2, though consumers often prefer supplements. Interestingly, the synthetic form of vitamin K—menadione—appears in the cell during the metabolism of phylloquinone and is a precursor of MK-4, a form of vitamin K2 inaccessible in food. With this in mind, the purpose of this review is to emphasize the importance of vitamin K as a micronutrient, which not only has a beneficial effect on blood clotting and the skeleton, but also reduces the risk of cancer and other pro-inflammatory diseases. A proper diet should be a basic and common preventive procedure, resulting in a healthier society and reduced burden on healthcare systems.
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Xv F, Chen J, Duan L, Li S. Research progress on the anticancer effects of vitamin K2. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:8926-8934. [PMID: 29805627 PMCID: PMC5958717 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of multiple therapeutic methods for patients with cancer, the long-term prognosis is not satisfactory in a number of different cancer types. Vitamin K2 (VK2), which exerts anticancer effects on a number of cancer cell lines, is considered to be a prospective novel agent for the treatment of cancer. The present review aims to summarize the results of studies in which VK2 was administered either to patients with cancer or animals inoculated with cancerous cells, particularly investigating the inhibitory effects of VK2 on cancerous cells, primarily involving cell-cycle arrest, cell differentiation, apoptosis, autophagy and invasion. The present review summarizes evidence stating that treatment with VK2 could positively inhibit the growth of cancer cells, making it a potentially useful approach for the prevention and clinical treatment of cancer. Additionally, the combination treatment of VK2 and established chemotherapeutics may achieve better results, with fewer side effects. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the effects of micronutrients on tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xv
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Jiepeng Chen
- Sungen Bioscience Co., Ltd., Shantou, Guangdong 515071, P.R. China
| | - Lili Duan
- Sungen Bioscience Co., Ltd., Shantou, Guangdong 515071, P.R. China
| | - Shuzhuang Li
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
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Qin J, Chang M, Wang S, Liu Z, Zhu W, Wang Y, Yan F, Li J, Zhang B, Dou G, Liu J, Pei X, Wang Y. Connexin 32-mediated cell-cell communication is essential for hepatic differentiation from human embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37388. [PMID: 27874032 PMCID: PMC5118817 DOI: 10.1038/srep37388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junction-mediated cell-cell interactions are highly conserved and play essential roles in cell survival, proliferation, differentiation and patterning. We report that Connexin 32 (Cx32)-mediated gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) is necessary for human embryonic stem cell-derived hepatocytes (hESC-Heps) during step-wise hepatic lineage restriction and maturation. Vitamin K2, previously shown to promote Cx32 expression in mature hepatocytes, up-regulated Cx32 expression and GJIC activation during hepatic differentiation and maturation, resulting in significant increases of hepatic markers expression and hepatocyte functions. In contrast, negative Cx32 regulator 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate blocked hESC-to-hepatocyte maturation and muted hepatocyte functions through disruption of GJIC activities. Dynamic gap junction organization and internalization are phosphorylation-dependent and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases pathway (MAPK) can negatively regulate Cxs through phosphorylation-dependent degradation of Cxs. We found that p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 improved maturation of hESC-Heps correlating with up-regulation of Cx32; by contrast, the p38 MAPK activator, anisomycin, blocked hESC-Heps maturation correlating with down-regulation of Cx32. These results suggested that Cx32 is essential for cell-cell interactions that facilitate driving hESCs through hepatic-lineage maturation. Regulators of both Cx32 and other members of its pathways maybe used as a promising approach on regulating hepatic lineage restriction of pluripotent stem cells and optimizing their functional maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Qin
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute of Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Mingyang Chang
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shuyong Wang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute of Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Zhenbo Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Fang Yan
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jian Li
- Laboratory of Hematological Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute of Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Guifang Dou
- Laboratory of Hematological Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuetao Pei
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute of Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Yunfang Wang
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
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Menahydroquinone-4 Prodrug: A Promising Candidate Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Agent. Diseases 2015; 3:150-158. [PMID: 28943616 PMCID: PMC5548248 DOI: 10.3390/diseases3030150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, new therapeutics have been developed for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the overall survival rate of HCC patients is still unsatisfactory; one of the reasons for this is the high frequency of recurrence after radical treatment. Consequently, to improve prognosis, it will be important to develop a novel anti-tumor agent that is especially effective against HCC recurrence. For clinical application, long-term safety, together with high anti-tumor efficacy, is desirable. Recent studies have proposed menahydroquinone-4 1,4-bis-N,N-dimethylglycinate hydrochloride (MKH-DMG), a prodrug of menahydroquinone-4 (MKH), as a promising candidate for HCC treatment including the inhibition of recurrence; MKH-DMG has been shown to achieve good selective accumulation of MKH in tumor cells, resulting in satisfactory inhibition of cell proliferation in des-γ-carboxyl prothrombin (DCP)-positive and DCP-negative HCC cell lines. In a spleen-liver metastasis mouse model, MKH-DMG has been demonstrated to have anti-proliferation and anti-metastatic effects in vivo. The characteristics of MKH-DMG as a novel anti-HCC agent are presented in this review article.
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Jung DH, Hwang S, Song GW, Ryoo BY, Kim N, Tak E, Hong HN. An interim safety analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients administrating oral vitamin K with or without sorafenib. KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SURGERY 2015; 19:1-5. [PMID: 26155269 PMCID: PMC4494089 DOI: 10.14701/kjhbps.2015.19.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Backgrounds/Aims Vitamin K may plays a role in controlling hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell growth. In this study, we intended to present 5-year experience of 72 patients receiving oral vitamin K with or without sorafenib. Its end-point was to evaluate the safety of combination therapy using sorafenib and vitamin K. Methods An interim analysis was performed as a single-arm cross-sectional study, including 72 HCC patients who underwent liver resection or transplantation and administered oral vitamin K2 alone (n=47) or with sorafenib (n=25). Results In all patients, administration of vitamin K2 analog 45 mg/day did not show any noticeable adverse side-effect during vitamin K therapy of 23.3±10.6 months, except for one patient who experienced skin rash at the third day of vitamin K therapy. In 25 patients receiving sorafenib and vitamin K for 6 months or longer, any noticeable adverse side-effect suspected of vitamin K origin was not identified yet. A small proportion of patients showed unexpectedly favorable anti-tumor effects after use of vitamin K with or without sorafenib. Conclusions Because add-on of oral vitamin K did not increase the adverse side-effects of sorafenib, a combination therapy with these two agents appears to be worthy of further clinical trial with an expectation of synergistic therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hwan Jung
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi-Won Song
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Baek-Yeol Ryoo
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunyoung Tak
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hea-Nam Hong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Setoguchi S, Watase D, Matsunaga K, Matsubara M, Kubo Y, Kusuda M, Nagata-Akaho N, Enjoji M, Nakashima M, Takeshita M, Karube Y, Takata J. Enhanced antitumor effects of novel intracellular delivery of an active form of menaquinone-4, menahydroquinone-4, into hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 8:129-38. [PMID: 25416411 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Reduced cellular uptake of menaquinone-4 (MK-4), a vitamin K2 homolog, in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) limits its usefulness as a safe long-term antitumor agent for recurrent HCC and produces des-γ-carboxy prothrombin (DCP). We hypothesized that effective delivery of menahydroquinone-4 (MKH), the active form of MK-4 for γ-glutamyl carboxylation, into HCC cells is critical for regulating HCC growth, and may enable it to be applied as a safe antitumor agent. In this study, we verified this hypothesis using menahydroquinone-4 1,4-bis-N,N-dimethylglycinate hydrochloride (MKH-DMG), a prodrug of MKH, and demonstrated its effectiveness. Intracellular delivery of MKH and subsequent growth inhibition of PLC/PRF/5 and Hep3B (DCP-positive) and SK-Hep-1 (DCP-negative) cells after MKH-DMG administration were determined and compared with MK-4. The activity of MKH-DMG against tumor progression in the liver alongside DCP formation was determined in a spleen-liver metastasis mouse model. MKH-DMG exhibited greater intracellular delivery of MKH in vitro (AUC0-72 hour of MKH) and increased growth-inhibitory activity against both DCP-positive and DCP-negative HCC cell lines. The phenomena of MKH delivery into cells in parallel with simultaneous growth inhibition suggested that MKH is the active form for growth inhibition of HCC cells. Cell-cycle arrest was determined to be involved in the growth inhibition mechanisms of MKH-DMG. Furthermore, MKH-DMG showed significant inhibition of tumor progression in the liver, and a substantial decrease in plasma DCP levels in the spleen-liver metastasis mouse model. Our results suggest that MKH-DMG is a promising new candidate antitumor agent for safe long-term treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Setoguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Watase
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Matsunaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Misa Matsubara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yohei Kubo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mariko Kusuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nami Nagata-Akaho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Munechika Enjoji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Manabu Nakashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Morishige Takeshita
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Karube
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jiro Takata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Vinken M, de Kock J, Oliveira AG, Menezes GB, Cogliati B, Dagli MLZ, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V. Modifications in Connexin Expression in Liver Development and Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 19:55-62. [DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2012.712576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Fukumasu H, Avanzo JL, Sanches DS, Mennecier G, Mori CMC, Dagli MLZ. Higher susceptibility of spontaneous and NNK-induced lung neoplasms in connexin 43 deficient CD1 × AJ F1 mice: paradoxical expression of connexin 43 during lung carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog 2012; 52:497-506. [PMID: 22344786 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Connexins (Cxs) are proteins that form the communicating gap junctions, and reportedly have a role in carcinogenesis. Here, we evaluated the importance of Connexin43 (Cx43) in spontaneous and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung carcinogenesis. Male wild-type (Cx43(+/+) ) and hemizygote (Cx43(+/-) ) CD1 × AJ F1 mice were injected with NNK or saline. After 60 weeks mice were euthanized; lung nodules were counted, measured, and fixed in formalin or snap frozen. Immunohistochemistry for Cx43 and Beta-catenin (β-catenin) was performed and Cx43 mRNA expression was evaluated by real-time PCR. Cx43 deletion significantly increased the incidence and number of spontaneous nodules in the CD1 × AJ F1 mice and the number of gross lesions and the aggressiveness of lesions in NNK-treated mice. Cx43 mRNA increased significantly and was correlated with the aggressiveness of tumors, although lesions from Cx43(+/-) mice expressed less Cx43 RNAm than their counterparts. Lung parenchyma presented a Cx43 immunostaining pattern with points or plaques between cells. In hyperplasias and adenomas, Cx43 was found in the membrane and in cytoplasm. Malignant lesions presented increased Cx43 in cytoplasm and a few membrane spots of immunostaining. β-catenin was weakly expressed in lung parenchyma. Though hyperplasias presented some cells with nuclear β-catenin, NNK-induced tumors contained a higher number of this staining pattern. Also, no difference in β-catenin occurred between both genotypes independently of the histological grade. In summary, our results indicate that Cx43 acts as a tumor suppressor gene in early lung tumorigenesis and loses this property in advanced carcinogenesis. Therefore, Cxs are better classified as conditional tumor suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidge Fukumasu
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Yoshida H, Shiratori Y, Kudo M, Shiina S, Mizuta T, Kojiro M, Yamamoto K, Koike Y, Saito K, Koyanagi N, Kawabe T, Kawazoe S, Kobashi H, Kasugai H, Osaki Y, Araki Y, Izumi N, Oka H, Tsuji K, Toyota J, Seki T, Osawa T, Masaki N, Ichinose M, Seike M, Ishikawa A, Ueno Y, Tagawa K, Kuromatsu R, Sakisaka S, Ikeda H, Kuroda H, Kokuryu H, Yamashita T, Sakaida I, Katamoto T, Kikuchi K, Nomoto M, Omata M. Effect of vitamin K2 on the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2011; 54:532-40. [PMID: 21574174 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by frequent recurrence, even after curative treatment. Vitamin K2, which has been reported to reduce HCC development, may be effective in preventing HCC recurrence. Patients who underwent curative ablation or resection of HCC were randomly assigned to receive placebo, 45 mg/day, or 90 mg/day vitamin K2 in double-blind fashion. HCC recurrence was surveyed every 12 weeks with dynamic computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging, with HCC-specific tumor markers monitored every 4 weeks. The primary aim was to confirm the superiority of active drug to placebo concerning disease-free survival (DFS), and the secondary aim was to evaluate dose-response relationship. Disease occurrence and death from any cause were treated as events. Hazard ratios (HRs) for disease occurrence and death were calculated using a Cox proportional hazards model. Enrollment was commenced in March 2004. DFS was assessed in 548 patients, including 181 in the placebo group, 182 in the 45-mg/day group, and 185 in the 90-mg/day group. Disease occurrence or death was diagnosed in 58, 52, and 76 patients in the respective groups. The second interim analysis indicated that vitamin K2 did not prevent disease occurrence or death, with an HR of 1.150 (95% confidence interval: 0.843-1.570, one-sided; P=0.811) between the placebo and combined active-drug groups, and the study was discontinued in March 2007. CONCLUSION Efficacy of vitamin K2 in suppressing HCC recurrence was not confirmed in this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kanto Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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Marques TM, Wall R, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Ryan CA, Stanton C. Programming infant gut microbiota: influence of dietary and environmental factors. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2010; 21:149-56. [PMID: 20434324 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The neonatal period is crucial for intestinal colonisation, and the composition of this ecosystem in early life is influenced by such factors as mode of birth, environment, diet and antibiotics. The intestinal microbiota contributes to protection against pathogens, maturation of the immune system and metabolic welfare of the host, but under some circumstances can contribute to the pathogenesis of certain diseases. Because colonisation with non-pathogenic microbiota is important for infant health and may affect health in later life, it is important to understand how the composition of this microbial organ is established and by which dietary means (e.g. supplementation with prebiotics/probiotics/food ingredients) it can be programmed in order to achieve an ecosystem that is valuable for the host.
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The steady-state expression of connexin43 is maintained by the PI3K/Akt in osteoblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 382:440-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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