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de Oliveira Galvão MF, Scaramboni C, Ünlü Endirlik B, Vieira Silva A, Öberg M, Pozza SA, Watanabe T, de Oliveira Rodrigues PC, de Castro Vasconcellos P, Sadiktsis I, Dreij K. Application of an in vitro new approach methodology to determine relative cancer potency factors of air pollutants based on whole mixtures. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 190:108942. [PMID: 39151266 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution is an example of a complex environmental mixture with different biological activities, making risk assessment challenging. Current cancer risk assessment strategies that focus on individual pollutants may overlook interactions among them, potentially underestimating health risks. Therefore, a shift towards the evaluation of whole mixtures is essential for accurate risk assessment. This study presents the application of an in vitro New Approach Methodology (NAM) to estimate relative cancer potency factors of whole mixtures, with a focus on organic pollutants associated with air particulate matter (PM). Using concentration-dependent activation of the DNA damage-signaling protein checkpoint kinase 1 (pChk1) as a readout, we compared two modeling approaches, the Hill equation and the benchmark dose (BMD) method, to derive Mixture Potency Factors (MPFs). MPFs were determined for five PM2.5 samples covering sites with different land uses and our historical pChk1 data for PM10 samples and Standard Reference Materials. Our results showed a concentration-dependent increase in pChk1 by all samples and a higher potency compared to the reference compound benzo[a]pyrene. The MPFs derived from the Hill equation ranged from 128 to 9793, while those from BMD modeling ranged from 70 to 303. Despite the differences in magnitude, a consistency in the relative order of potencies was observed. Notably, PM2.5 samples from sites strongly impacted by biomass burning had the highest MPFs. Although discrepancies were observed between the two modeling approaches for whole mixture samples, relative potency factors for individual PAHs were more consistent. We conclude that differences in the shape of the concentration-response curves and how MPFs are derived explain the observed differences in model agreement for complex mixtures and individual PAHs. This research contributes to the advancement of predictive toxicology and highlights the feasibility of transitioning from assessing individual agents to whole mixture assessment for accurate cancer risk assessment and public health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Scaramboni
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Burcu Ünlü Endirlik
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Antero Vieira Silva
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Öberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simone Andréa Pozza
- Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Tetsushi Watanabe
- Department of Public Health, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Ioannis Sadiktsis
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Fu Z, Zhang X, Zhong C, Gao Z, Yan Q. Association between single and mixed exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and biological aging. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1379252. [PMID: 38903587 PMCID: PMC11188445 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1379252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Aging is one of the most important public health issues. Previous studies on the factors affecting aging focused on genetics and lifestyle, but the association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aging is still unclear. Methods This study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2010. A total of 8,100 participants was used to construct the biological age predictors by using recent advanced algorithms Klemera-Doubal method (KDM) and Mahalanobis distance. Two biological aging indexes, recorded as KDM-BA acceleration and PhenoAge acceleration, were used to investigate the relationship between single PAHs and biological age using a multiple linear regression analysis, and a weighted quantile sum (WQS) model was constructed to explore the mixed effects of PAHs on biological age. Finally, we constructed the restricted cubic spline (RCS) model to assess the non-linear relationship between PAHs and biological age. Results Exposure to PAHs was associated with PhenoAge acceleration. Each unit increase in the log10-transformed level of 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, and 2-fluorene was associated with a 0.173 (95% CI: 0.085, 0.261), 0.310 (95% CI: 0.182, 0.438), and 0.454 (95% CI: 0.309, 0.598) -year increase in PhenoAge acceleration, respectively (all corrected P < 0.05). The urinary PAH mixture was relevant to KDM-BA acceleration (β = 0.13, 95% CI: 0, 0.26, P = 0.048) and PhenoAge acceleration (β = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.70, P < 0.001), and 2-naphthol had the highest weight in the weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression. The RCS analyses showed a non-linear association between 2-naphthol and 2-fluorene with KDM-BA acceleration (all P < 0.05) in addition to a non-linear association between 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, 3-fluorene, 2-fluorene, and 1-pyrene with PhenoAge acceleration (all P < 0.05). Conclusion Exposure to mixed PAHs is associated with increased aging, with 2-naphthol being a key component of PAHs associated with aging. This study has identified risk factors in terms of PAH components for aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuqiang Fu
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xianli Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunyu Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhe Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Maier MLV, Siddens LK, Pennington JM, Uesugi SL, Labut EM, Vertel EA, Anderson KA, Tidwell LG, Tilton SC, Ognibene TJ, Turteltaub KW, Smith JN, Williams DE. Impact of phenanthrene co-administration on the toxicokinetics of benzo[a]pyrene in humans. UPLC-accelerator mass spectrometry following oral microdosing. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110608. [PMID: 37369263 PMCID: PMC10782561 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Current risk assessments for environmental carcinogens rely on animal studies utilizing doses orders of magnitude higher than actual human exposures. Epidemiological studies of people with high exposures (e.g., occupational) are of value, but rely on uncertain exposure data. In addition, exposures are typically not to a single chemical but to mixtures, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The extremely high sensitivity of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) allows for dosing humans with known carcinogens with de minimus risk. In this study UPLC-AMS was used to assess the toxicokinetics of [14C]-benzo[a]pyrene ([14C]-BaP) when dosed alone or in a binary mixture with phenanthrene (Phe). Plasma was collected for 48 h following a dose of [14C]-BaP (50 ng, 5.4 nCi) or the same dose of [14C]-BaP plus Phe (1250 ng). Following the binary mixture, Cmax of [14C]-BaP significantly decreased (4.4-fold) whereas the volume of distribution (Vd) increased (2-fold). Further, the toxicokinetics of twelve [14C]-BaP metabolites provided evidence of little change in the metabolite profile of [14C]-BaP and the pattern was overall reduction consistent with reduced absorption (decrease in Cmax). Although Phe was shown to be a competitive inhibitor of the major hepatic cytochrome P-450 (CYP) responsible for metabolism of [14C]-BaP, CYP1A2, the high inhibition constant (Ki) and lack of any increase in unmetabolized [14C]-BaP in plasma makes this mechanism unlikely to be responsible. Rather, co-administration of Phe reduces the absorption of [14C]-BaP through a mechanism yet to be determined. This is the first study to provide evidence that, at actual environmental levels of exposure, the toxicokinetics of [14C]-BaP in humans is markedly altered by the presence of a second PAH, Phe, a common component of environmental PAH mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Vermillion Maier
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Lisbeth K Siddens
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Jamie M Pennington
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Sandra L Uesugi
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Edwin M Labut
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Emily A Vertel
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; NIEHS Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Lane G Tidwell
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Susan C Tilton
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; NIEHS Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Ted J Ognibene
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.
| | - Kenneth W Turteltaub
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA; Biology and Biotechnology Research Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.
| | - Jordan N Smith
- NIEHS Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Chemical Biology and Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
| | - David E Williams
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; NIEHS Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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Sarwar MS, Ramirez CN, Dina Kuo HC, Chou P, Wu R, Sargsyan D, Yang Y, Shannar A, Mary Peter R, Yin R, Wang Y, Su X, Kong AN. The environmental carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene regulates epigenetic reprogramming and metabolic rewiring in a two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis model. Carcinogenesis 2023; 44:436-449. [PMID: 37100755 PMCID: PMC10414144 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common cancer in the world. Environmental exposure to carcinogens is one of the major causes of NMSC initiation and progression. In the current study, we utilized a two-stage skin carcinogenesis mouse model generated by sequential exposure to cancer-initiating agent benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and promoting agent 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), to study epigenetic, transcriptomic and metabolic changes at different stages during the development of NMSC. BaP/TPA caused significant alterations in DNA methylation and gene expression profiles in skin carcinogenesis, as evidenced by DNA-seq and RNA-seq analysis. Correlation analysis between differentially expressed genes and differentially methylated regions found that the mRNA expression of oncogenes leucine rich repeat LGI family member 2 (Lgi2), kallikrein-related peptidase 13 (Klk13) and SRY-Box transcription factor (Sox5) are correlated with the promoter CpG methylation status, indicating BaP/TPA regulates these oncogenes through regulating their promoter methylation at different stages of NMSC. Pathway analysis identified that the modulation of macrophage-stimulating protein-recepteur d'origine nantais and high-mobility group box 1 signaling pathways, superpathway of melatonin degradation, melatonin degradation 1, sirtuin signaling and actin cytoskeleton signaling pathways are associated with the development of NMSC. The metabolomic study showed BaP/TPA regulated cancer-associated metabolisms like pyrimidine and amino acid metabolisms/metabolites and epigenetic-associated metabolites, such as S-adenosylmethionine, methionine and 5-methylcytosine, indicating a critical role in carcinogen-mediated metabolic reprogramming and its consequences on cancer development. Altogether, this study provides novel insights integrating methylomic, transcriptomic and metabolic-signaling pathways that could benefit future skin cancer treatment and interception studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Shahid Sarwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Christina N Ramirez
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Hsiao-Chen Dina Kuo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Pochung Chou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Renyi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Davit Sargsyan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Yuqing Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ahmad Shannar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Rebecca Mary Peter
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Yujue Wang
- Metabolomics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Metabolomics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ah-Ng Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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5
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de Oliveira Galvão MF, Sadiktsis I, Marques Pedro T, Dreij K. Determination of whole mixture-based potency factors for cancer risk assessment of complex environmental mixtures by in vitro testing of standard reference materials. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 166:107345. [PMID: 35717713 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Whole mixture-based testing using in vitro new approach methodologies (NAMs) has been suggested to facilitate the hazard and risk assessment of complex environmental mixtures. Previous studies have shown that phosphorylation of DNA damage signaling proteins checkpoint kinase 1 (pChk1) and histone 2AX (γH2AX) are sensitive markers that can be used for estimating carcinogenicity potencies in vitro. Here, and with the aim to better validate the applicability, in vitro-based Mixture Potency Factors (MPFs) of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) from environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-containing mixtures were determined and compared to published mutagenicity and tumorigenicity data. Also, genotoxicity was assessed by a flow cytometry-based micronucleus (MN) assay which showed that only benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and coal tar SRM (SRM1597a) caused dose-dependent increases of MN formation, while extracts of diesel particulate matter (SRM1650b), diesel particulate extract (SRM1975), and urban dust (SRM1649b) did not. However, a dose-dependent activation of DNA damage signaling was observed for all PAHs and SRMs. The results demonstrated that all SRMs were more potent than B[a]P, at B[a]P-equivalent concentrations, to induce pChk1 and γH2AX, and that western blot was more sensitive than the In-Cell Western assay in detecting their activation in response to these complex mixtures. Relative MPFs, based on dose-response modelling of pChk1 and γH2AX, ranged 113 - 5270 for the SRMs, indicating several orders of magnitude higher genotoxic potential than B[a]P. Moreover, these MPFs were in good agreement with potency values based on published data from Salmonella mutagenicity and in vivo carcinogenicity studies. In conclusion, these comparisons further validate the feasibility of applying in vitro NAMs, such as whole-mixture based MPFs, in cancer risk assessment of complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis Sadiktsis
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiago Marques Pedro
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Aminiyan MM, Kalantzi OI, Etesami H, Khamoshi SE, Hajiali Begloo R, Aminiyan FM. Occurrence and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in dust of an emerging industrial city in Iran: implications for human health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:63359-63376. [PMID: 34231139 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14839-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bounded to street dust are a severe environmental and human health danger. This study provides preliminary information on the abundance of PAHs in street dust from Rafsanjan city, Iran, where industrial emissions are high and data are lacking. Seventy street dust samples were collected from streets with different traffic loads. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Standard Methods 8270D and 3550C were used for the measurement of PAHs using GC mass spectroscopy. The total concentration of PAHs was 1443 ng g-1, with a range of 1380-1550 ng g-1. Additionally, the concentration of carcinogenic PAHs (∑carcPAHs) ranged from 729.5 to 889.4 ng g-1, with a mean value of 798.1 ng g-1. Pyrene was the most abundant PAH, with an average concentration of 257 ng g-1. Source identification analyses showed that vehicle emissions along with incomplete combustion and petroleum were the main sources of PAHs. The ecological risk status of the studied area was moderate. Spatial distribution mapping revealed that the streets around the city center and oil company had higher PAH levels than the other sectors of Rafsanjan. The results indicated that dermal contact and ingestion of contaminated particles were the most important pathways compared to inhalation. The mean incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was 1.4 × 10-3 and 1.3 × 10-3 for children and adults, respectively. This implies potentially adverse health effects in exposed individuals. The mutagenic risk for both subpopulations was approximately 18 times greater than the one recommended by USEPA. Our findings suggest that children are subjected to a higher carcinogenic and mutagenic risk of PAHs, especially dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DahA), bounded to street dust of Rafsanjan. Our study highlights the need for the development of emission monitoring and control scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Mirzaei Aminiyan
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Hassan Etesami
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Erfan Khamoshi
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raziyeh Hajiali Begloo
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Mirzaei Aminiyan
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Vali-e-Asr Rafsanjan University, Rafsanjan, Iran
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7
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Chang Y, Huynh CTT, Bastin KM, Rivera BN, Siddens LK, Tilton SC. Classifying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by carcinogenic potency using in vitro biosignatures. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 69:104991. [PMID: 32890658 PMCID: PMC7572825 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
One of the most difficult challenges for risk assessment is evaluation of chemicals that predominately co-occur in mixtures like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We previously developed a classification model in which systems biology data collected from mice short-term after chemical exposure accurately predict tumor outcome. The present study demonstrates translation of this approach into a human in vitro model in which chemical-specific bioactivity profiles from 3D human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) classify PAHs by carcinogenic potency. Gene expression profiles were analyzed from HBEC exposed to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic PAHs and classification accuracies were identified for individual pathway-based gene sets. Posterior probabilities of best performing gene sets were combined via Bayesian integration resulting in a classifier with four gene sets, including aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, regulation of epithelial mesenchymal transition, regulation of angiogenesis, and cell cycle G2-M. In addition, transcriptional benchmark dose modeling of benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) showed that the most sensitive gene sets to BAP regulation were largely dissimilar from those that best classified PAH carcinogenicity challenging current assumptions that BAP carcinogenicity (and subsequent mode of action) is reflective of overall PAH carcinogenicity. These results illustrate utility of using systems toxicology approaches to analyze global gene expression towards carcinogenic hazard assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Chang
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Celine Thanh Thu Huynh
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kelley M Bastin
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brianna N Rivera
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lisbeth K Siddens
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Susan C Tilton
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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8
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Metabolism and genotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human skin explants: mixture effects and modulation by sunlight. Arch Toxicol 2019; 94:495-507. [PMID: 31848665 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) occurs frequently in the industrialized workplace. In the present study, we addressed this topic in a series of experiments using human skin explants and organic extracts of relevant industrial products. PAH mixtures were applied topically in volumes containing either 10 or 1 nmol B[a]P. We first observed that although mixtures were very efficient at inducing expression of CYP450 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1, formation of adducts of PAH metabolites to DNA, like those of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE), was drastically reduced as the complexity of the surrounding matrix increased. Interestingly, observation of a nonlinear, dose-dependent response with the least complex mixture suggested the existence of a threshold for this inhibitory effect. We then investigated the impact of simulated sunlight (SSL) on the effects of PAH in skin. SSL was found to decrease the expression of CYP450 genes when applied either after or more efficiently before PAH treatment. Accordingly, the level of DNA-BPDE adducts was reduced in skin samples exposed to both PAH and SSL. The main conclusion of our work is that both increasing chemical complexity of the mixtures and co-exposure to UV radiation decreased the production of adducts between DNA and PAH metabolites. Such results must be taken into account in risk management.
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Dzobo K, Hassen N, Senthebane DA, Thomford NE, Rowe A, Shipanga H, Wonkam A, Parker MI, Mowla S, Dandara C. Chemoresistance to Cancer Treatment: Benzo-α-Pyrene as Friend or Foe? Molecules 2018; 23:E930. [PMID: 29673198 PMCID: PMC6017867 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Environmental pollution such as exposure to pro-carcinogens including benzo-α-pyrene is becoming a major problem globally. Moreover, the effects of benzo-α-pyrene (BaP) on drug pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and drug resistance warrant further investigation, especially in cancer outpatient chemotherapy where exposure to environmental pollutants might occur. Method: We report here on the effects of benzo-α-pyrene on esophageal cancer cells in vitro, alone, or in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs cisplatin, 5-flurouracil, or paclitaxel. As the study endpoints, we employed expression of proteins involved in cell proliferation, drug metabolism, apoptosis, cell cycle analysis, colony formation, migration, and signaling cascades in the WHCO1 esophageal cancer cell line after 24 h of treatment. Results: Benzo-α-pyrene had no significant effect on WHCO1 cancer cell proliferation but reversed the effect of chemotherapeutic drugs by reducing drug-induced cell death and apoptosis by 30−40% compared to drug-treated cells. The three drugs significantly reduced WHCO1 cell migration by 40−50% compared to control and BaP-treated cells. Combined exposure to drugs was associated with significantly increased apoptosis and reduced colony formation. Evaluation of survival signaling cascades showed that although the MEK-ERK and Akt pathways were activated in the presence of drugs, BaP was a stronger activator of the MEK-ERK and Akt pathways than the drugs. Conclusion: The present study suggest that BaP can reverse the effects of drugs on cancer cells via the activation of survival signaling pathways and upregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Our data show that BaP contribute to the development of chemoresistant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), University of Cape Town Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Naseeha Hassen
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Metabolism Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Dimakatso Alice Senthebane
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), University of Cape Town Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Nicholas Ekow Thomford
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Metabolism Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Arielle Rowe
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), University of Cape Town Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Hendrina Shipanga
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), University of Cape Town Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Ambroise Wonkam
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Metabolism Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - M Iqbal Parker
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Shaheen Mowla
- Division of Haematology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Collet Dandara
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Metabolism Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
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10
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Pushparajah DS, Plant KE, Plant NJ, Ioannides C. Synergistic and antagonistic interactions of binary mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the upregulation of CYP1 activity and mRNA levels in precision-cut rat liver slices. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:764-775. [PMID: 27099206 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The current studies investigate whether synergistic or antagonistic interactions in the upregulation of CYP1 activity occur in binary mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) involving benzo[a]pyrene and five other structurally diverse PAHs of varying carcinogenic activity. Precision-cut rat liver slices were incubated with benzo[a]pyrene alone or in combination with a range of concentrations of a second PAH, and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA levels determined. Concurrent incubation of benzo[a]pyrene with either dibenzo[a,h]anthracene or fluoranthene in liver slices led to a synergistic interaction, at least at low concentrations, in that ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity was statistically higher than the added effects when the slices were incubated with the individual compounds. In contrast, benzo[b]fluoranthene and, at high doses only, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene gave rise to antagonism, whereas 1-methylphenanthrene had no effect at all concentrations studied. When CYP1A1 mRNA levels were monitored, benzo[b]fluoranthene gave rise to an antagonistic response when incubated with benzo[a]pyrene, whereas all other compounds displayed synergism, with 1-methylphenathrene being the least effective. A similar picture emerged when CYP1B1 mRNA levels were determined, though the effects were less pronounced. In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that the benzo[a]pyrene-mediated upregulation of CYP1, at the mRNA and activity levels, is synergistically and antagonistically modulated by other PAHs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 764-775, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphnee S Pushparajah
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E Plant
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J Plant
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Costas Ioannides
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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Wilson WB, Sander LC, de Alda ML, Lee ML, Wise SA. Retention behavior of isomeric polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1461:107-19. [PMID: 27481401 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Retention indices for 70 polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) were determined using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) on a monomeric and a polymeric C18 stationary phase. Molecular shape parameters [length, breadth, thickness (T), and length-to-breadth ratio (L/B)] were calculated for all the compounds studied. Correlations between the retention on the polymeric C18 phase and PASH geometry (L/B and T) were investigated for six specific PASH isomer groups with molecular mass (MM) 184Da, 234Da, 258Da, 284Da, 334Da, and 384Da. Similar to previous studies for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), PASH elution order on the polymeric C18 phase was generally found to follow increasing L/B values. Correlation coefficients for retention vs L/B ranged from r=0.45 (MM 184Da) to r=0.89 (MM 284Da). In the case of smaller PASHs (MM≤258Da), the location of the sulfur atom in the bay-region of the structure resulted in later than expected elution of these isomers based on L/B. In the case of the larger PASHs (MM≥284Da), nonplanarity had a significant influence on earlier than predicted elution based on L/B values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter B Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States.
| | - Lane C Sander
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Miren Lopez de Alda
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Milton L Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Stephen A Wise
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
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12
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Feng J, Sun M, Bu Y, Luo C. Development of a cheap and accessible carbon fibers-in-poly(ether ether ketone) tube with high stability for online in-tube solid-phase microextraction. Talanta 2016; 148:313-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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David R, Ebbels T, Gooderham N. Synergistic and Antagonistic Mutation Responses of Human MCL-5 Cells to Mixtures of Benzo[a]pyrene and 2-Amino-1-Methyl-6-Phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine: Dose-Related Variation in the Joint Effects of Common Dietary Carcinogens. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:88-96. [PMID: 26091049 PMCID: PMC4709171 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical carcinogens such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) may contribute to the etiology of human diet-associated cancer. Individually, these compounds are genotoxic, but the consequences of exposure to mixtures of these chemicals have not been systematically examined. OBJECTIVES We determined the mutagenic response to mixtures of BaP and PhIP at concentrations relevant to human exposure (micromolar to subnanomolar). METHODS Human MCL-5 cells (metabolically competent) were exposed to BaP or PhIP individually or in mixtures. Mutagenicity was assessed at the thymidine kinase (TK) locus, CYP1A activity was determined by ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and qRT-PCR, and cell cycle was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS Mixtures of BaP and PhIP produced dose responses different from those of the individual chemicals; we observed remarkably increased mutant frequency (MF) at lower concentrations of the mixtures (not mutagenic individually), and decreased MF at higher concentrations of the mixtures, than the calculated predicted additive MF of the individual chemicals. EROD activity and CYP1A1 mRNA levels were correlated with TK MF, supporting involvement of the CYP1A family in mutation. Moreover, a cell cycle G2/M phase block was observed at high-dose combinations, consistent with DNA damage sensing and repair. CONCLUSIONS Mixtures of these genotoxic chemicals produced mutation responses that differed from those expected for the additive effects of the individual chemicals. The increase in MF for certain combinations of chemicals at low concentrations that were not genotoxic for the individual chemicals, as well as the nonmonotonic dose response, may be important for understanding the mutagenic potential of food and the etiology of diet-associated cancers. CITATION David R, Ebbels T, Gooderham N. 2016. Synergistic and antagonistic mutation responses of human MCL-5 cells to mixtures of benzo[a]pyrene and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine: dose-related variation in the joint effects of common dietary carcinogens. Environ Health Perspect 124:88-96; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409557.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nigel Gooderham
- Address correspondence to N. Gooderham, Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. Telephone: 02075943188. E-mail:
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14
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Tilton SC, Siddens LK, Krueger SK, Larkin AJ, Löhr CV, Williams DE, Baird WM, Waters KM. Mechanism-Based Classification of PAH Mixtures to Predict Carcinogenic Potential. Toxicol Sci 2015; 146:135-45. [PMID: 25908611 PMCID: PMC4476464 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that relative potency factors and DNA adduct measurements are inadequate for predicting carcinogenicity of certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAH mixtures, particularly those that function through alternate pathways or exhibit greater promotional activity compared to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Therefore, we developed a pathway-based approach for classification of tumor outcome after dermal exposure to PAH/mixtures. FVB/N mice were exposed to dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC), BaP, or environmental PAH mixtures (Mix 1-3) following a 2-stage initiation/promotion skin tumor protocol. Resulting tumor incidence could be categorized by carcinogenic potency as DBC >> BaP = Mix2 = Mix3 > Mix1 = Control, based on statistical significance. Gene expression profiles measured in skin of mice collected 12 h post-initiation were compared with tumor outcome for identification of short-term bioactivity profiles. A Bayesian integration model was utilized to identify biological pathways predictive of PAH carcinogenic potential during initiation. Integration of probability matrices from four enriched pathways (P < .05) for DNA damage, apoptosis, response to chemical stimulus, and interferon gamma signaling resulted in the highest classification accuracy with leave-one-out cross validation. This pathway-driven approach was successfully utilized to distinguish early regulatory events during initiation prognostic for tumor outcome and provides proof-of-concept for using short-term initiation studies to classify carcinogenic potential of environmental PAH mixtures. These data further provide a 'source-to-outcome' model that could be used to predict PAH interactions during tumorigenesis and provide an example of how mode-of-action-based risk assessment could be employed for environmental PAH mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Tilton
- *Superfund Research Center, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department,
| | - Lisbeth K Siddens
- *Superfund Research Center, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department
| | | | - Andrew J Larkin
- *Superfund Research Center, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department
| | - Christiane V Löhr
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA and
| | - David E Williams
- *Superfund Research Center, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Linus Pauling Institute
| | - William M Baird
- *Superfund Research Center, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department
| | - Katrina M Waters
- *Superfund Research Center, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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15
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Peng C, Muthusamy S, Xia Q, Lal V, Denison MS, Ng JC. Micronucleus formation by single and mixed heavy metals/loids and PAH compounds in HepG2 cells. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:593-602. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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16
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Moore AFT, Goicoechea HC, Barbosa F, Campiglia AD. Parallel Factor Analysis of 4.2 K Excitation–Emission Matrices for the Direct Determination of Dibenzopyrene Isomers in Coal-Tar Samples with a Cryogenic Fiber-Optic Probe Coupled to a Commercial Spectrofluorimeter. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5232-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony F. T. Moore
- University of Central Florida, Department of Chemistry, 4111 Libra Drive, Physical Sciences Building Room 255, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
| | - Hector C. Goicoechea
- Laboratorio
de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra
de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica
y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Litoral, Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Laboratório
de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Faculdade de Ciências
Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, 1404903, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Andres D. Campiglia
- University of Central Florida, Department of Chemistry, 4111 Libra Drive, Physical Sciences Building Room 255, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
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17
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Lemieux CL, Long AS, Lambert IB, Lundstedt S, Tysklind M, White PA. In vitro mammalian mutagenicity of complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures in contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:1787-1796. [PMID: 25419852 DOI: 10.1021/es504465f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study employed an in vitro version of the lacZ transgenic rodent mutation assay to assess the mutagenicity of nonpolar neutral and semipolar aromatic soil fractions from 10 PAH-contaminated sites, and evaluated the assumption of dose additivity that is routinely employed to calculate the risk posed by PAH mixtures. Significant mutagenic activity was detected in all nonpolar neutral fractions, and 8 of 10 semipolar aromatic fractions (nonpolar > semipolar). Mutagenic activity of synthetic PAH mixtures that mimic the PAH content of the soils (i.e., 5-PAH or 16-PAH mix) were greater than that of the PAH-containing soil fractions, with 5-PAH mix >16-PAH-mix. Predictions of mutagenic activity, calculated as the sum of the contributions from the mutagenic mixture components, were all within 2-fold of the observed activity of the nonpolar neutral fractions, with one exception. Observed differences in mutagenic activity are likely the result of dynamic metabolic processes, involving a complex interplay of AhR agonsim and saturation of metabolic machinery by competitive inhibition of mixture components. The presence of hitherto unidentified polar compounds present in PAH-contaminated soils may also contribute to overall hazard; however, these compounds are generally not included in current contaminated site risk assessment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Lemieux
- Mechanistic Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, Tunney's Pasture 0803A, Ottawa, Ontario Canada , K1A 0K9
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18
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Water analysis of the sixteen environmental protection agency—polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via solid-phase nanoextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1345:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Jarvis IWH, Dreij K, Mattsson Å, Jernström B, Stenius U. Interactions between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in complex mixtures and implications for cancer risk assessment. Toxicology 2014; 321:27-39. [PMID: 24713297 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this review we discuss the effects of exposure to complex PAH mixtures in vitro and in vivo on mechanisms related to carcinogenesis. Of particular concern regarding exposure to complex PAH mixtures is how interactions between different constituents can affect the carcinogenic response and how these might be included in risk assessment. Overall the findings suggest that the responses resulting from exposure to complex PAH mixtures is varied and complicated. More- and less-than additive effects on bioactivation and DNA damage formation have been observed depending on the various mixtures studied, and equally dependent on the different test systems that are used. Furthermore, the findings show that the commonly used biological end-point of DNA damage formation is insufficient for studying mixture effects. At present the assessment of the risk of exposure to complex PAH mixtures involves comparison to individual compounds using either a surrogate or a component-based potency approach. We discuss how future risk assessment strategies for complex PAH mixtures should be based around whole mixture assessment in order to account for interaction effects. Inherent to this is the need to incorporate different experimental approaches using robust and sensitive biological endpoints. Furthermore, the emphasis on future research should be placed on studying real life mixtures that better represent the complex PAH mixtures that humans are exposed to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W H Jarvis
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åse Mattsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Jernström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulla Stenius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Zhu N, Li H, Li G, Sang N. Coking wastewater increases micronucleus frequency in mouse in vivo via oxidative stress. J Environ Sci (China) 2013; 25:2123-2129. [PMID: 24494500 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(12)60261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Coking wastewater has caused serious health risk in coal-producing areas of China, however its toxic effects have not been well understood. The genotoxicity induced by coking wastewater on mice in vivo and its possible oxidative mechanisms were investigated via observing the induction of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes of mouse bone marrow, and subsequently determining the antioxidative enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase Cu, Zn-SOD, Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase, and catalase), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance contents and protein carbonyl levels in brains and livers of mice. Results showed that the tested coking wastewater caused a significant increase of micronucleus frequencies in a concentration-dependent manner. Also, the sample increased lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation levels, which was accompanied by changes in antioxidative status. Interestingly, pre-treatment with an antioxidant (vitamin C) led to a statistical reduction in the micronucleus frequency caused by coking wastewater. This implies that coking wastewater induces evident genetic damage in mammalian cells, and exposure to polluted areas might pose a potential genotoxic risk to human beings; in the process, oxidative stress played a crucial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhu
- College of Environment and Resource, Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Hongyan Li
- College of Environment and Resource, Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Guangke Li
- College of Environment and Resource, Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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21
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Pre-concentration of water samples with BEA zeolite for the direct determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with laser-excited time-resolved Shpol'skii spectroscopy. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Gurbani D, Bharti SK, Kumar A, Pandey AK, Ana GR, Verma A, Khan AH, Patel DK, Mudiam M, Jain SK, Roy R, Dhawan A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their quinones modulate the metabolic profile and induce DNA damage in human alveolar and bronchiolar cells. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 216:553-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Jarvis IWH, Bergvall C, Bottai M, Westerholm R, Stenius U, Dreij K. Persistent activation of DNA damage signaling in response to complex mixtures of PAHs in air particulate matter. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 266:408-18. [PMID: 23220466 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present in air particulate matter (PM) and have been associated with many adverse human health effects including cancer and respiratory disease. However, due to their complexity, the risk of exposure to mixtures is difficult to estimate. In the present study the effects of binary mixtures of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DBP) and complex mixtures of PAHs in urban air PM extracts on DNA damage signaling was investigated. Applying a statistical model to the data we observed a more than additive response for binary mixtures of BP and DBP on activation of DNA damage signaling. Persistent activation of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) was observed at significantly lower BP equivalent concentrations in air PM extracts than BP alone. Activation of DNA damage signaling was also more persistent in air PM fractions containing PAHs with more than four aromatic rings suggesting larger PAHs contribute a greater risk to human health. Altogether our data suggests that human health risk assessment based on additivity such as toxicity equivalency factor scales may significantly underestimate the risk of exposure to complex mixtures of PAHs. The data confirms our previous findings with PAH-contaminated soil (Niziolek-Kierecka et al., 2012) and suggests a possible role for Chk1 Ser317 phosphorylation as a biological marker for future analyses of complex mixtures of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W H Jarvis
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Wang T, Garcia JG, Zhang W. Epigenetic Regulation in Particulate Matter-Mediated Cardiopulmonary Toxicities: A Systems Biology Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [PMID: 23185213 DOI: 10.2174/187569212803901792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) air pollution exerts significant adverse health effects in global populations, particularly in developing countries with extensive air pollution. Understanding of the mechanisms of PM-induced health effects including the risk for cardiovascular diseases remains limited. In addition to the direct cellular physiological responses such as mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, PM mediates remarkable dysregulation of gene expression, especially in cardiovascular tissues. The PM-mediated gene dysregulation is likely to be a complex mechanism affected by various genetic and non-genetic factors. Notably, PM is known to alter epigenetic markers (e.g., DNA methylation and histone modifications), which may contribute to air pollution-mediated health consequences including the risk for cardiovascular diseases. Notably, epigenetic changes induced by ambient PM exposure have emerged to play a critical role in gene regulation. Though the underlying mechanism(s) are not completely clear, the available evidence suggests that the modulated activities of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT), histone acetylase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) may contribute to the epigenetic changes induced by PM or PM-related chemicals. By employing genome-wide epigenomic and systems biology approaches, PM toxicogenomics could conceivably progress greatly with the potential identification of individual epigenetic loci associated with dysregulated gene expression after PM exposure, as well the interactions between epigenetic pathways and PM. Furthermore, novel therapeutic targets based on epigenetic markers could be identified through future epigenomic studies on PM-mediated cardiopulmonary toxicities. These considerations collectively inform the future population health applications of genomics in developing countries while benefiting global personalized medicine at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA ; Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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25
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Siddens LK, Larkin A, Krueger SK, Bradfield CA, Waters KM, Tilton SC, Pereira CB, Löhr CV, Arlt VM, Phillips DH, Williams DE, Baird WM. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as skin carcinogens: comparison of benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[def,p]chrysene and three environmental mixtures in the FVB/N mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 264:377-86. [PMID: 22935520 PMCID: PMC3483092 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), was compared to dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC) and combinations of three environmental PAH mixtures (coal tar, diesel particulate and cigarette smoke condensate) using a two stage, FVB/N mouse skin tumor model. DBC (4nmol) was most potent, reaching 100% tumor incidence with a shorter latency to tumor formation, less than 20 weeks of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) promotion compared to all other treatments. Multiplicity was 4 times greater than BaP (400 nmol). Both PAHs produced primarily papillomas followed by squamous cell carcinoma and carcinoma in situ. Diesel particulate extract (1 mg SRM 1650b; mix 1) did not differ from toluene controls and failed to elicit a carcinogenic response. Addition of coal tar extract (1 mg SRM 1597a; mix 2) produced a response similar to BaP. Further addition of 2 mg of cigarette smoke condensate (mix 3) did not alter the response with mix 2. PAH-DNA adducts measured in epidermis 12 h post initiation and analyzed by ³²P post-labeling, did not correlate with tumor incidence. PAH-dependent alteration in transcriptome of skin 12 h post initiation was assessed by microarray. Principal component analysis (sum of all treatments) of the 922 significantly altered genes (p<0.05), showed DBC and BaP to cluster distinct from PAH mixtures and each other. BaP and mixtures up-regulated phase 1 and phase 2 metabolizing enzymes while DBC did not. The carcinogenicity with DBC and two of the mixtures was much greater than would be predicted based on published Relative Potency Factors (RPFs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth K. Siddens
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, USA
- Superfund Research Center, Oregon State University, USA
| | - Andrew Larkin
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, USA
- Superfund Research Center, Oregon State University, USA
| | - Sharon K. Krueger
- Superfund Research Center, Oregon State University, USA
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, USA
| | | | - Katrina M. Waters
- Superfund Research Center, Oregon State University, USA
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Susan C. Tilton
- Superfund Research Center, Oregon State University, USA
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Cliff B. Pereira
- Superfund Research Center, Oregon State University, USA
- Deptartment of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Christiane V. Löhr
- Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Volker M. Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment & Health, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - David H. Phillips
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment & Health, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - David E. Williams
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, USA
- Superfund Research Center, Oregon State University, USA
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, USA
- Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - William M. Baird
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, USA
- Superfund Research Center, Oregon State University, USA
- Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Sun H, Shamy M, Kluz T, Muñoz AB, Zhong M, Laulicht F, Alghamdi MA, Khoder MI, Chen LC, Costa M. Gene expression profiling and pathway analysis of human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to airborne particulate matter collected from Saudi Arabia. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 265:147-57. [PMID: 23085030 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have established a positive correlation between human mortality and increased concentration of airborne particulate matters (PM). However, the mechanisms underlying PM related human diseases, as well as the molecules and pathways mediating the cellular response to PM, are not fully understood. This study aims to investigate the global gene expression changes in human cells exposed to PM(10) and to identify genes and pathways that may contribute to PM related adverse health effects. Human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to PM(10) collected from Saudi Arabia for 1 or 4 days, and whole transcript expression was profiled using the GeneChip human gene 1.0 ST array. A total of 140 and 230 genes were identified that significantly changed more than 1.5 fold after PM(10) exposure for 1 or 4 days, respectively. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that different exposure durations triggered distinct pathways. Genes involved in NRF2-mediated response to oxidative stress were up-regulated after 1 day exposure. In contrast, cells exposed for 4 days exhibited significant changes in genes related to cholesterol and lipid synthesis pathways. These observed changes in cellular oxidative stress and lipid synthesis might contribute to PM related respiratory and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
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27
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Silverman DT, Samanic CM, Lubin JH, Blair AE, Stewart PA, Vermeulen R, Coble JB, Rothman N, Schleiff PL, Travis WD, Ziegler RG, Wacholder S, Attfield MD. The Diesel Exhaust in Miners study: a nested case-control study of lung cancer and diesel exhaust. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012; 104:855-68. [PMID: 22393209 PMCID: PMC3369553 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djs034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most studies of the association between diesel exhaust exposure and lung cancer suggest
a modest, but consistent, increased risk. However, to our knowledge, no study to date
has had quantitative data on historical diesel exposure coupled with adequate sample
size to evaluate the exposure–response relationship between diesel exhaust and
lung cancer. Our purpose was to evaluate the relationship between quantitative estimates
of exposure to diesel exhaust and lung cancer mortality after adjustment for smoking and
other potential confounders. Methods We conducted a nested case–control study in a cohort of 12 315 workers in
eight non-metal mining facilities, which included 198 lung cancer deaths and 562
incidence density–sampled control subjects. For each case subject, we selected up
to four control subjects, individually matched on mining facility, sex, race/ethnicity,
and birth year (within 5 years), from all workers who were alive before the day the case
subject died. We estimated diesel exhaust exposure, represented by respirable elemental
carbon (REC), by job and year, for each subject, based on an extensive retrospective
exposure assessment at each mining facility. We conducted both categorical and
continuous regression analyses adjusted for cigarette smoking and other potential
confounding variables (eg, history of employment in high-risk occupations for lung
cancer and a history of respiratory disease) to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95%
confidence intervals (CIs). Analyses were both unlagged and lagged to exclude recent
exposure such as that occurring in the 15 years directly before the date of death (case
subjects)/reference date (control subjects). All statistical tests were two-sided. Results We observed statistically significant increasing trends in lung cancer risk with
increasing cumulative REC and average REC intensity. Cumulative REC, lagged 15 years,
yielded a statistically significant positive gradient in lung cancer risk overall
(Ptrend = .001); among heavily exposed workers (ie, above the median of
the top quartile [REC ≥ 1005 μg/m3-y]), risk was approximately three
times greater (OR = 3.20, 95% CI = 1.33 to 7.69) than that among workers
in the lowest quartile of exposure. Among never smokers, odd ratios were 1.0, 1.47 (95%
CI = 0.29 to 7.50), and 7.30 (95% CI = 1.46 to 36.57) for workers with
15-year lagged cumulative REC tertiles of less than 8, 8 to less than 304, and 304
μg/m3-y or more, respectively. We also observed an interaction between
smoking and 15-year lagged cumulative REC (Pinteraction = .086) such that the effect of each of these exposures
was attenuated in the presence of high levels of the other. Conclusion Our findings provide further evidence that diesel exhaust exposure may cause lung
cancer in humans and may represent a potential public health burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra T Silverman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20816, USA.
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28
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in two Spanish traditional smoked sausage varieties: “Chorizo gallego” and “Chorizo de cebolla”. Meat Sci 2011; 89:105-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Martin FL, Patel II, Sozeri O, Singh PB, Ragavan N, Nicholson CM, Frei E, Meinl W, Glatt H, Phillips DH, Arlt VM. Constitutive expression of bioactivating enzymes in normal human prostate suggests a capability to activate pro-carcinogens to DNA-damaging metabolites. Prostate 2010; 70:1586-99. [PMID: 20687231 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The constitutive bioactivating capacity of human prostate may play a role in determining risk of adenocarcinoma developing in this tissue. Expression of candidate enzymes that convert exogenous and/or endogenous agents into reactive DNA-damaging species would suggest the potential to generate initiating events in prostate cancer (CaP). METHODS Normal prostate tissues from UK-resident Caucasians (n = 10) were collected following either radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) or cystaprostatectomy (CyP). An analysis of gene and protein expression of candidate metabolizing enzymes, including cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1), sulfotransferase (SULT)1A1, SULT1A3, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), prostaglandin H synthase 1 (cyclooxygenase 1; COX1), and CYP oxidoreductase (POR) was carried out. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemical analysis were conducted. RESULTS Except for CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, the metabolizing enzymes examined appeared to be expressed with minimal inter-individual variation (in general, approximately two- to fivefold) in the expression levels. Enzymes such as CYP1B1 and NQO1 that are capable of bioactivating pro-carcinogens to reactive metabolites were readily identifiable in human prostate. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that although some expression is located in the stroma, the majority is localized to epithelial cells lining the glandular elements of the tissue; these are the cells from which CaP might arise. CONCLUSION Constitutive expression of bioactivating enzymes confers the potential to convert a range of exogenous and/or endogenous agents to reactive species capable of inducing DNA damaging events. These findings suggest an organ capability for pro-carcinogen activation that could play an important role in the etiology of human CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis L Martin
- Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
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30
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Dhagat U, Endo S, Mamiya H, Hara A, El-Kabbani O. Studies on a Tyr residue critical for the binding of coenzyme and substrate in mouse 3(17)alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C21): structure of the Y224D mutant enzyme. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2010; 66:198-204. [PMID: 20124700 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444909051464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mouse 3(17)alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C21) is the only aldo-keto reductase that catalyzes the stereospecific reduction of 3- and 17-ketosteroids to the corresponding 3(17)alpha-hydroxysteroids. The Y224D mutation of AKR1C21 reduced the K(m) value for NADP(H) by up to 80-fold and completely reversed the 17alpha stereospecificity of the enzyme. The crystal structure of the Y224D mutant at 2.3 A resolution revealed that the mutation resulted in a change in the conformation of the flexible loop B, including the V-shaped groove, which is a unique feature of the active-site architecture of wild-type AKR1C21 and is formed by the side chains of Tyr224 and Trp227. Furthermore, mutations (Y224F and Q222N) of residues involved in forming the safety belt for binding of the coenzyme showed similar alterations in kinetic constants for 3alpha-hydroxy/3-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxy/ketosteroids compared with the wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmi Dhagat
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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31
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Schmeiser HH, Fürstenberger G, Takamura-Enya T, Phillips DH, Arlt VM. The genotoxic air pollutant 3-nitrobenzanthrone and its reactive metabolite N-hydroxy-3-aminobenzanthrone lack initiating and complete carcinogenic activity in NMRI mouse skin. Cancer Lett 2009; 284:21-9. [PMID: 19442433 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
3-Nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA), a genotoxic mutagen found in diesel exhaust and ambient air pollution and its active metabolite N-hydroxy-3-aminobenzanthrone (N-OH-3-ABA) were tested for initiating and complete carcinogenic activity in the NMRI mouse skin carcinogenesis model. Both compounds were found to be inactive as either tumour initiators or complete carcinogens in mouse skin over a dose range of 25-400nmol. Topical application of 3-NBA and N-OH-3-ABA produced DNA adduct patterns in epidermis, detected by (32)P-postlabelling, similar to those found previously in other organs of rats and mice. 24h after a single treatment of 100nmol DNA adduct levels produced by 3-NBA (18+/-4 adducts/10(8) nucleotides) were 6 times lower than those by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA; 114+/-37 adducts/10(8) nucleotides). In contrast, identical treatment with N-OH-3-ABA resulted in adduct levels in the same range as with DMBA (136+/-25 adducts/10(8) nucleotides), indicating that initial DNA adduct levels do not parallel tumour initiating activity. When compounds were tested for tumour initiating activity by a single treatment followed by twice-weekly applications of TPA, DNA adducts formed by DMBA, but not by 3-NBA or N-OH-3-ABA, were still detectable 40weeks after treatment. When tested for activity as complete carcinogens by twice-weekly topical application, 3-NBA and N-OH-3-ABA produced identical DNA adduct profiles in mouse skin, with adducts still detectable after 40weeks. Only 3-NBA produced detectable adducts in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz H Schmeiser
- Research Group Genetic Alterations in Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Solid-phase nano-extraction and laser-excited time-resolved Shpol’skii spectroscopy for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water samples. Anal Biochem 2009; 385:249-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Wang H, Campiglia AD. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water samples by solid-phase nanoextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 2008; 80:8202-9. [PMID: 18834147 DOI: 10.1021/ac8014824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel alternative is presented for the extraction and preconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from water samples. The new approachwhich we have named solid-phase nanoextraction (SPNE)takes advantage of the strong affinity that exists between PAH and gold nanoparticles. Carefully optimization of experimental parameters has led to a high-performance liquid chromatography method with excellent analytical figures of merit. Its most striking feature correlates to the small volume of water sample (500 microL) for complete PAH analyses. The limits of detection ranged from 0.9 (anthracene) to 58 ng.L (-1) (fluorene). The relative standard deviations at medium calibration concentrations vary from 3.2 (acenaphthene) to 9.1% (naphthalene). The analytical recoveries from tap water samples of the six regulated PAH varied from 83.3 +/- 2.4 (benzo[ k]fluoranthene) to 95.7 +/- 4.1% (benzo[ g,h,i]perylene). The entire extraction procedure consumes less than 100 microL of organic solvents per sample, which makes it environmentally friendly. The small volume of extracting solution makes SPNE a relatively inexpensive extraction approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 25000, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, USA
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