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Sharma T, Kapoor A, Mandal CC. Duality of bone morphogenetic proteins in cancer: A comprehensive analysis. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3127-3163. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences Central University of Rajasthan Ajmer Rajasthan India
| | - Anmol Kapoor
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences Central University of Rajasthan Ajmer Rajasthan India
| | - Chandi C. Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences Central University of Rajasthan Ajmer Rajasthan India
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2
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Mao R, Yang F, Wang Z, Xu C, Liu Q, Liu Y, Zhang T. Clinical Significance of a Novel Tumor Progression-Associated Immune Signature in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:625212. [PMID: 33732694 PMCID: PMC7959763 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.625212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC) patients are susceptible to recurrence, and they rapidly progress to advanced cancer stages and have a poor prognosis. There is an urgent need for efficient screening criteria to identify patients who tend to relapse in order to treat them earlier and more systematically. Methods We identified two groups of patients with significantly different outcomes by unsupervised cluster analysis of GSE39582 based on 101 significantly differentially expressed immune genes. To develop an accurate and specific signature based on immune-related genes to predict the recurrence of CRC, a multivariate Cox risk regression model was constructed with a training cohort composed of 519 CRC samples. The model was then validated using 129, 292, and 446 samples in the real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), test, and validation cohorts, respectively. Results This classification system can also be used to predict the prognosis in clinical subgroups and patients with different mutation states. Four independent datasets, including qRT-PCR and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), demonstrated that they can also be used to accurately predict the overall survival of CRC patients. Further analysis suggested that high-risk patients were characterized by worse effects of chemotherapy and immunotherapy, as well as lower immune scores. Ultimately, the signature was identified as an independent prognostic factor. Conclusion The signature can accurately predict recurrence and overall survival in patients with CRC and may serve as a powerful prognostic tool to further optimize cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Mao
- The Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Emergency Department, Peking University Third Hospital, School of Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxin Xu
- The Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- The Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.,The Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- The Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China.,Medical Research Center, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
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3
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Stimulation of Epithelial Sodium Channels in Endothelial Cells by Bone Morphogenetic Protein-4 Contributes to Salt-Sensitive Hypertension in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3921897. [PMID: 33194000 PMCID: PMC7641672 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3921897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that high salt induces artery stiffness by causing endothelial dysfunction via increased sodium influx. We used our unique split-open artery technique combined with protein biochemistry and in vitro measurement of vascular tone to test a hypothesis that bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) mediates high salt-induced loss of vascular relaxation by stimulating the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in endothelial cells. The data show that high salt intake increased BMP4 both in endothelial cells and in the serum and that exogenous BMP4 stimulated ENaC in endothelial cells. The data also show that the stimulation is mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) and serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (Sgk1)/neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated gene 4-2 (Nedd4-2) (Sgk1/Nedd4-2). Furthermore, BMP4 decreased mesenteric artery relaxation in a benzamil-sensitive manner. These results suggest that high salt intake stimulates endothelial cells to express and release BMP4 and that the released BMP4 reduces artery relaxation by stimulating ENaC in endothelial cells. Therefore, stimulation of ENaC in endothelial cells by BMP4 may serve as another pathway to participate in the complex mechanism of salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension.
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4
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Meurer SK, Tezcan O, Lammers T, Weiskirchen R. Differential regulation of Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) in doxorubicin-resistant 4T1 triple negative breast cancer cells. Cell Signal 2020; 74:109731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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5
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Ouahoud S, Hardwick JC, Hawinkels LJ. Extracellular BMP Antagonists, Multifaceted Orchestrators in the Tumor and Its Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113888. [PMID: 32486027 PMCID: PMC7313454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), a subgroup of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, are involved in multiple biological processes such as embryonic development and maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. The importance of a functional BMP pathway is underlined by various diseases, including cancer, which can arise as a consequence of dysregulated BMP signaling. Mutations in crucial elements of this signaling pathway, such as receptors, have been reported to disrupt BMP signaling. Next to that, aberrant expression of BMP antagonists could also contribute to abrogated signaling. In this review we set out to highlight how BMP antagonists affect not only the cancer cells, but also the other cells present in the microenvironment to influence cancer progression.
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6
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Shi J, Jiang D, Yang S, Sun Y, Wang J, Zhang X, Liu Y, Lu Y, Yang K. Molecular profile reveals immune-associated markers of lymphatic invasion in human colon adenocarcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106402. [PMID: 32200154 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic invasion (LI) is an early event of metastasis and closely associated with overall survival in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD). Our aim was to gain deeper insight into the mechanism of lymphatic invasion in COAD. Subtype-specific somatic mutations and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) screening were based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was utilized to explore the biological function. The condition of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes was performed by TIMER online database. Survival analysis was based on Kaplan-Meier curve method. Lymphatic invasion was associated with poor prognosis of patients with COAD. Nine mutations were enriched in lymphatic invasion-negative group. A total of 50 were differentially expressed between LI-positive tissues and LI-negative tissues. The DEGs were enriched in lipoprotein-related functions. MUC4 in-frame deletion at A4166-S4181 was associated with favorable prognosis of COAD patients. BMPR2 frameshift mutation g.chr2:202555407delA played cis and trans functions in downregulation of itself and CTLA4 upregulation. And it was associated with higher mutational burden. LAMP5, CUBN and TCHH were DEGs associated with prognosis and abundance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. In conclusion, our study provides LI-associated genetic and transcriptional alterations, which helps to better understand the potential mechanisms and microenvironment in COAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Shi
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032 Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongbo Jiang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032 Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuya Yang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032 Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjie Sun
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032 Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032 Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyang Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032 Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032 Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Lu
- School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032 Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032 Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Zhou Y, Liu Y, Zhang J, Yu D, Li A, Song H, Zhang W, Davis D, Gilbert MR, Liu F, Yang C. Autocrine BMP4 Signaling Enhances Tumor Aggressiveness via Promoting Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in IDH1-mutant Gliomas. Transl Oncol 2019; 13:125-134. [PMID: 31865175 PMCID: PMC6926316 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1/2) mutations are frequent genetic abnormalities in the majority of WHO grade II/III glioma and secondary GBM. IDH1-mutated (IDH1Mut) glioma exhibits distinctive patterns in cancer biology and metabolism. In the present study, we showed that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP4) are significantly upregulated in IDH1Mut glioma. Further, we demonstrated that cancer-associated BMP4 is secreted to tumor microenvironment, which enhances the tumor migration and invasion through an autocrine manner. Mechanistically, BMP4 activates its receptor and concomitant SMAD1/5/8 signaling, which potentiates Wnt/β-catenin signaling by enhancing Frizzled receptor expression. LDN-193189, a selective BMP receptor inhibitor, prolonged the overall survival of mice bearing IDH1-mutated intracranial xenografts by limiting BMP/catenin signaling. These findings demonstrate the pivotal role of BMP4 on tumor aggressiveness in IDH1Mut gliomas, suggesting a possible therapeutic strategy for this type of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Zhou
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Junwen Zhang
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Di Yu
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aiguo Li
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hua Song
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dionne Davis
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fusheng Liu
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Chunzhang Yang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Mihajlović J, Diehl LAM, Hochhaus A, Clement JH. Inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein signaling reduces viability, growth and migratory potential of non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:2675-2687. [PMID: 31531741 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-03026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE BMP signaling has an oncogenic and tumor-suppressing activity in lung cancer that makes the prospective therapeutic utility of BMP signaling in lung cancer treatment complex. A more in-depth analysis of lung cancer subtypes is needed to identify BMP-related therapeutic targets. We sought to examine the influence of BMP signaling on the viability, growth and migration properties of the cell line LCLC-103H, which originates from a large cell lung carcinoma with giant cells and an extended aneuploidy. METHODS We used BMP-4 and LDN-214117 as agonist/antagonist system for the BMP receptor type I signaling. Using flow cytometry, wound healing assay, trans-well assay and spheroid culture, we examined the influence of BMP signaling on cell viability, growth and migration. Molecular mechanisms underlying observed changes in cell migration were investigated via gene expression analysis of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. RESULTS BMP signaling inhibition resulted in LCLC-103H cell apoptosis and necrosis 72 h after LDN-214117 treatment. Cell growth and proliferation are markedly affected by BMP signaling inhibition. Chemotactic motility and migratory ability of LCLC-103H cells were clearly hampered by LDN-214117 treatment. Cell migration changes after BMP signaling inhibition were shown to be coupled with considerable down-regulation of transcription factors involved in EMT, especially Snail. CONCLUSIONS BMP signaling inhibition in LCLC-103H cells leads to reduced growth and proliferation, hindered migration and accelerated cell death. The findings contribute to the pool of evidence on BMP signaling in lung cancer with a possibility of introducing BMP signaling inhibition as a novel therapeutic approach for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Mihajlović
- Klinik Innere Medizin II, Abteilung Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Laura A M Diehl
- Klinik Innere Medizin II, Abteilung Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Hochhaus
- Klinik Innere Medizin II, Abteilung Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Joachim H Clement
- Klinik Innere Medizin II, Abteilung Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
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9
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Liang Y, Zhang C, Dai DQ. Identification of differentially expressed genes regulated by methylation in colon cancer based on bioinformatics analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:3392-3407. [PMID: 31341364 PMCID: PMC6639549 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i26.3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation, acknowledged as a key modification in the field of epigenetics, regulates gene expression at the transcriptional level. Aberrant methylation in DNA regulatory regions could upregulate oncogenes and downregulate tumor suppressor genes without changing the sequences. However, studies of methylation in the control of gene expression are still inadequate. In the present research, we performed bioinformatics analysis to clarify the function of methylation and supply candidate methylation-related biomarkers and drivers for colon cancer.
AIM To identify and analyze methylation-regulated differentially expressed genes (MeDEGs) in colon cancer by bioinformatics analysis.
METHODS We downloaded RNA expression profiles, Illumina Human Methylation 450K BeadChip data, and clinical data of colon cancer from The Cancer Genome Atlas project. MeDEGs were identified by analyzing the gene expression and methylation levels using the edgeR and limma package in R software. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed in the DAVID database and KEGG Orthology-Based Annotation System 3.0, respectively. We then conducted Kaplan–Meier survival analysis to explore the relationship between methylation and expression and prognosis. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and investigation of protein-protein interactions (PPI) were performed to clarify the function of prognosis-related genes.
RESULTS A total of 5 up-regulated and 81 down-regulated genes were identified as MeDEGs. GO and KEGG pathway analyses indicated that MeDEGs were enriched in multiple cancer-related terms. Furthermore, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed that the prognosis was negatively associated with the methylation status of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and reelin (RELN). In PPI networks, GDNF and RELN interact with neural cell adhesion molecule 1. Besides, GDNF can interact with GDNF family receptor alpha (GFRA1), GFRA2, GFRA3, and RET. RELN can interact with RAFAH1B1, disabled homolog 1, very low-density lipoprotein receptor, lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8, and NMDA 2B. Based on GSEA, hypermethylation of GDNF and RELN were both significantly associated with pathways including “RNA degradation,” “ribosome,” “mismatch repair,” “cell cycle” and “base excision repair.”
CONCLUSION Aberrant DNA methylation plays an important role in colon cancer progression. MeDEGs that are associated with the overall survival of patients may be potential targets in tumor diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dong-Qiu Dai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
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Zhou J, Liu H, Zhang L, Liu X, Zhang C, Wang Y, He Q, Zhang Y, Li Y, Chen Q, Zhang L, Wang K, Bu Y, Lei Y. DJ-1 promotes colorectal cancer progression through activating PLAGL2/Wnt/BMP4 axis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:865. [PMID: 30158634 PMCID: PMC6115399 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0883-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis remains a big barrier for the clinical treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). Our previous proteomics analysis identified DJ-1 as a potential metastasis biomarker of CRC. In this study, we found that DJ-1 was upregulated in CRC. The levels of DJ-1 were closely correlated with the depths of invasion and predicted patient outcome. Enforced expression of DJ-1 could enhance CRC proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo by stimulating Wnt-β-catenin signaling. Specifically, DJ-1-induced β-catenin nuclear translocation stimulated TCF transcription activity, which promoted BMP4 expression for CRC cell migration and invasion, and elevated CCND1 expression for CRC cell proliferation, respectively. Furthermore, DJ-1-induced Wnt signaling activation was dependent on PLAGL2 expression. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that DJ-1 can promote CRC metastasis by activating PLAGL2-Wnt-BMP4 axis, suggesting novel therapeutic opportunities for postoperative adjuvant therapy in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Lian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Chundong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Quanmei Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Kui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Youquan Bu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunlong Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China.
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Han HJ, Jain P, Resnick AC. Shared ACVR1 mutations in FOP and DIPG: Opportunities and challenges in extending biological and clinical implications across rare diseases. Bone 2018; 109:91-100. [PMID: 28780023 PMCID: PMC7888549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the Type I Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) receptor ACVR1 have been identified in two diseases: Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP), a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by genetically driven heterotopic ossification, and in 20-25% of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas (DIPGs), a pediatric brain tumor with no effective therapies and dismal median survival. While the ACVR1 mutation is causal for FOP, its role in DIPG tumor biology remains under active investigation. Here, we discuss cross-fertilization between the FOP and DIPG fields, focusing on the biological mechanisms and principles gleaned from FOP that can be applied to DIPG biology. We highlight our current knowledge of ACVR1 in both diseases, and then describe the growing opportunities and barriers to effectively investigate ACVR1 in DIPG. Importantly, learning from other seemingly unrelated diseases harboring similar mutations may uncover novel mechanisms or processes for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry J Han
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Colket Translational Research Building Room 4052, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Room 4052, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States
| | - Payal Jain
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Colket Translational Research Building Room 4052, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States; Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Colket Translational Research Building Room 4052, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Room 4052, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States
| | - Adam C Resnick
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Colket Translational Research Building Room 4052, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Colket Translational Research Building Room 4052, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States; Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Colket Translational Research Building Room 4052, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States; Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Colket Translational Research Building Room 4052, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Room 4052, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States.
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12
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Differential regulation of hepcidin in cancer and non-cancer tissues and its clinical implications. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:e436. [PMID: 29391539 PMCID: PMC5903825 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin is a crucial peptide for regulating cellular iron efflux. Because iron is essential for cell survival, especially for highly active cells, such as tumor cells, it is imperative to understand how tumor cells manipulate hepcidin expression for their own metabolic needs. Studies suggest that hepcidin expression and regulation in tumor cells show important differences in comparison with those in non-tumorous cells. These differences should be investigated to develop new strategies to fight cancer cells. Manipulating hepcidin expression to starve cancer cells for iron may prove to be a new therapy in the anticancer arsenal.
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13
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Sun J, Liu X, Gao H, Zhang L, Ji Q, Wang Z, Zhou L, Wang Y, Sui H, Fan Z, Li Q. Overexpression of colorectal cancer oncogene CHRDL2 predicts a poor prognosis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:11489-11506. [PMID: 28009989 PMCID: PMC5355280 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) both promote and suppress tumorigenesis, and multiple BMP antagonists reportedly contribute to cancer progression. In this study, we demonstrated that the BMP antagonist Chordin-like 2 (CHRDL2) is upregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues, and that CHRDL2 levels correlate with clinical features of CRC patients, including tumor size, TNM staging, and tumor differentiation. In addition, survival rate and Cox proportional hazards model analyses showed that high CHRDL2 levels correlate with a poor prognosis in CRC. Moreover, CHRDL2 promoted CRC cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, perhaps through up-regulation of Cyclin D1 and down-regulation of P21. Co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that CHRDL2 bound to BMPs, which inhibited p-Smad1/5, thereby promoting CRC cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. These results suggest CHRDL2 could serve as a biomarker of poor prognosis in CRC, and provide evidence that CHRDL2 acts as an oncogene in human CRC, making it a novel potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Integrative Medicine & Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Integrative Medicine & Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Integrative Medicine & Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Qing Ji
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Integrative Medicine & Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Lihong Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Cancer Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hua Sui
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhongze Fan
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Integrative Medicine & Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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14
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Johnson MD. Transforming Growth Factor Beta Family in the Pathogenesis of Meningiomas. World Neurosurg 2017; 104:113-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Irshad S, Bansal M, Guarnieri P, Davis H, Al Haj Zen A, Baran B, Pinna CMA, Rahman H, Biswas S, Bardella C, Jeffery R, Wang LM, East JE, Tomlinson I, Lewis A, Leedham SJ. Bone morphogenetic protein and Notch signalling crosstalk in poor-prognosis, mesenchymal-subtype colorectal cancer. J Pathol 2017; 242:178-192. [PMID: 28299802 PMCID: PMC5488238 DOI: 10.1002/path.4891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The functional role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling in colorectal cancer (CRC) is poorly defined, with contradictory results in cancer cell line models reflecting the inherent difficulties of assessing a signalling pathway that is context-dependent and subject to genetic constraints. By assessing the transcriptional response of a diploid human colonic epithelial cell line to BMP ligand stimulation, we generated a prognostic BMP signalling signature, which was applied to multiple CRC datasets to investigate BMP heterogeneity across CRC molecular subtypes. We linked BMP and Notch signalling pathway activity and function in human colonic epithelial cells, and normal and neoplastic tissue. BMP induced Notch through a γ-secretase-independent interaction, regulated by the SMAD proteins. In homeostasis, BMP/Notch co-localization was restricted to cells at the top of the intestinal crypt, with more widespread interaction in some human CRC samples. BMP signalling was downregulated in the majority of CRCs, but was conserved specifically in mesenchymal-subtype tumours, where it interacts with Notch to induce an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype. In intestinal homeostasis, BMP-Notch pathway crosstalk is restricted to differentiating cells through stringent pathway segregation. Conserved BMP activity and loss of signalling stringency in mesenchymal-subtype tumours promotes a synergistic BMP-Notch interaction, and this correlates with poor patient prognosis. BMP signalling heterogeneity across CRC subtypes and cell lines can account for previous experimental contradictions. Crosstalk between the BMP and Notch pathways will render mesenchymal-subtype CRC insensitive to γ-secretase inhibition unless BMP activation is concomitantly addressed. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Irshad
- Gastrointestinal Stem‐cell Biology Laboratory, Oxford Centre for Cancer Gene Research, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Mukesh Bansal
- Department of Systems BiologyColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA
- PsychoGenics Inc., 765 Old Saw Mill River RoadTarrytownNYUSA
| | - Paolo Guarnieri
- Department of Systems BiologyColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Hayley Davis
- Gastrointestinal Stem‐cell Biology Laboratory, Oxford Centre for Cancer Gene Research, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Ayman Al Haj Zen
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Human Genetics, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Brygida Baran
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental ProtectionUniversity of SilesiaKatowicePoland
| | - Claudia Maria Assunta Pinna
- Gastrointestinal Stem‐cell Biology Laboratory, Oxford Centre for Cancer Gene Research, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and GastroenterologyUniversity Hospital PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Haseeb Rahman
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordUK
| | - Sujata Biswas
- Gastrointestinal Stem‐cell Biology Laboratory, Oxford Centre for Cancer Gene Research, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Chiara Bardella
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, Oxford Centre for Cancer Gene Research, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Rosemary Jeffery
- Colorectal Cancer Genetics, Centre for Digestive Diseases, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryLondonUK
| | - Lai Mun Wang
- Cellular Pathology, Level 1John Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - James Edward East
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical MedicineJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, Oxford Centre for Cancer Gene Research, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Annabelle Lewis
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, Oxford Centre for Cancer Gene Research, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Simon John Leedham
- Gastrointestinal Stem‐cell Biology Laboratory, Oxford Centre for Cancer Gene Research, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical MedicineJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
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16
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Zhou K, Shi X, Huo J, Liu W, Yang D, Yang T, Qin T, Wang C. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 is overexpressed in and promotes migration and invasion of drug-resistant cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 101:427-437. [PMID: 28315766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance and metastasis significantly hinder chemotherapy and worsen prognoses in cancer. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) belongs to the TGF-β superfamily, has broad biological activities in cell proliferation and cartilage differentiation and is also able to induce migration and invasion. Herein, we investigated the role of BMP4 in the regulation of metastasis in paclitaxel-resistant human esophageal carcinoma EC109 cells (EC109/Taxol) and docetaxel-resistant human gastric cancer MGC803 cells (MGC/Doc). In these drug-resistant cell lines, we found the cell motility was enhanced and BMP4 was up-regulated relative to their respective parental cell lines. Consistent with in vitro assays, migration potential and BMP4 expression were increased in EC109/Taxol nude mice. Furthermore, to address whether BMP4 was required to enhance the metastatic in EC109/Taxol cells, the pharmacological inhibitor of BMP signaling dorsomorphin was used; meanwhile, we found that the migration and invasion abilities were inhibited. Moreover, the canonical Smad signaling pathway was investigated. Overall, our studies demonstrated that BMP4 participates in the regulation of invasion and migration by EC109/Taxol cells, and inhibition of BMP4 may be a novel strategy to interfere with metastasis in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kairui Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Jinling Huo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Weihua Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Dongxiao Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Tengjiao Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Tiantian Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
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17
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Pelli A, Väyrynen JP, Klintrup K, Mäkelä J, Mäkinen MJ, Tuomisto A, Karttunen TJ. Gremlin1 expression associates with serrated pathway and favourable prognosis in colorectal cancer. Histopathology 2016; 69:831-838. [PMID: 27257976 DOI: 10.1111/his.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Gremlin1 is a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist with a suggested role in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. We have analysed Gremlin1 protein expression in CRC and assessed its correlation with clinicopathological characteristics, including developmental pathway and prognosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Material included a non-selected series of 148 surgically treated CRC cases. The tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, histological grade and inflammatory infiltrate at the invasive margin were assessed, and tumours were classified to serrated or non-serrated types. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to evaluate Gremlin1 expression. Prognosis (60-month follow-up) was analysed by Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox regression analysis. Gremlin1 expression was detected in epithelial cells both in normal mucosa and in carcinomas. Abundant expression in carcinomas associated with low TNM stage (P = 0.044), low histological grade (P = 0.044), serrated histology (P = 0.033 or P = 0.053 depending on the classification cut-off) and intensive inflammatory infiltrate at the invasive margin (P = 0.044), and was a stage independent indicator of extended survival (P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS Gremlin1 protein expression in CRC associates with low tumour stage and extended survival independently of tumour stage, suggesting that it represents a relevant prognostic indicator in CRC. High expression in carcinomas with serrated histology suggests a potential role for Gremlin1 in the serrated pathway of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Pelli
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha P Väyrynen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kai Klintrup
- Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jyrki Mäkelä
- Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomo J Karttunen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. .,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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18
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Russell R, Perkhofer L, Liebau S, Lin Q, Lechel A, Feld FM, Hessmann E, Gaedcke J, Güthle M, Zenke M, Hartmann D, von Figura G, Weissinger SE, Rudolph KL, Möller P, Lennerz JK, Seufferlein T, Wagner M, Kleger A. Loss of ATM accelerates pancreatic cancer formation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7677. [PMID: 26220524 PMCID: PMC4532798 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is associated with accumulation of particular oncogenic mutations and recent genetic sequencing studies have identified ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) mutations in PDAC cohorts. Here we report that conditional deletion of ATM in a mouse model of PDAC induces a greater number of proliferative precursor lesions coupled with a pronounced fibrotic reaction. ATM-targeted mice display altered TGFβ-superfamily signalling and enhanced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) coupled with shortened survival. Notably, our mouse model recapitulates many features of more aggressive human PDAC subtypes. Particularly, we report that low expression of ATM predicts EMT, a gene signature specific for Bmp4 signalling and poor prognosis in human PDAC. Our data suggest an intimate link between ATM expression and pancreatic cancer progression in mice and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Russell
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Lukas Perkhofer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Oesterbergstr. 3, Tuebingen 72074, Germany
| | - Qiong Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelstr. 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - André Lechel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Fenja M Feld
- Institute of Pathology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Hessmann
- Department of Gastroenterology II, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Jochen Gaedcke
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Melanie Güthle
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelstr. 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Daniel Hartmann
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Guido von Figura
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | | | - Karl-Lenhard Rudolph
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V., Beutenbergstr. 11, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Peter Möller
- Institute of Pathology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Jochen K Lennerz
- Institute of Pathology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
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19
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Voorneveld PW, Kodach LL, Jacobs RJ, Liv N, Zonnevylle AC, Hoogenboom JP, Biemond I, Verspaget HW, Hommes DW, de Rooij K, van Noesel CJM, Morreau H, van Wezel T, Offerhaus GJA, van den Brink GR, Peppelenbosch MP, Ten Dijke P, Hardwick JCH. Loss of SMAD4 alters BMP signaling to promote colorectal cancer cell metastasis via activation of Rho and ROCK. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:196-208.e13. [PMID: 24704720 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS SMAD4 frequently is lost from colorectal cancers (CRCs), which is associated with the development of metastases and a poor prognosis. SMAD4 loss is believed to alter transforming growth factor β signaling to promote tumor progression. However, SMAD4 is also a central component of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway, implicated in CRC pathogenesis by human genetic studies. We investigated the effects of alterations in BMP signaling on the invasive and metastatic abilities of CRC cells and changes in members in this pathway in human tumor samples. METHODS We activated BMP signaling in SMAD4-positive and SMAD4-negative CRC cells (HCT116, HT-29, SW480, and LS174T); SMAD4 was stably expressed or knocked down using lentiviral vectors. We investigated the effects on markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and on cell migration, invasion, and formation of invadopodia. We performed kinase activity assays to characterize SMAD4-independent BMP signaling and used an inhibitor screen to identify pathways that regulate CRC cell migration. We investigated the effects of the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 in immunocompromised (CD-1 Nu) mice with orthotopic metastatic tumors. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect BMPR1a, BMPR1b, BMPR2, and SMAD4 in human colorectal tumors; these were related to patient survival times. RESULTS Activation of BMP signaling in SMAD4-negative cells altered protein and messenger RNA levels of markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and increased cell migration, invasion, and formation of invadopodia. Knockdown of the BMP receptor in SMAD4-negative cells reduced their invasive activity in vitro. SMAD4-independent BMP signaling activated Rho signaling via ROCK and LIM domain kinase (LIMK). Pharmacologic inhibition of ROCK reduced metastasis of colorectal xenograft tumors in mice. Loss of SMAD4 from colorectal tumors has been associated with reduced survival time; we found that this association is dependent on the expression of BMP receptors but not transforming growth factor β receptors. CONCLUSIONS Loss of SMAD4 from colorectal cancer cells causes BMP signaling to switch from tumor suppressive to metastasis promoting. Concurrent loss of SMAD4 and normal expression of BMP receptors in colorectal tumors was associated with reduced survival times of patients. Reagents that interfere with SMAD4-independent BMP signaling, such as ROCK inhibitors, might be developed as therapeutics for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W Voorneveld
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Liudmila L Kodach
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger J Jacobs
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nalan Liv
- Department of Imaging Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - A Christiaan Zonnevylle
- Department of Imaging Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob P Hoogenboom
- Department of Imaging Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Izak Biemond
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hein W Verspaget
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel W Hommes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Santa Monica, California
| | - Karien de Rooij
- Department of Radiology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Percuros B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans Morreau
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van Wezel
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G Johan A Offerhaus
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs R van den Brink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - James C H Hardwick
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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20
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Vogt J, Dingwell KS, Herhaus L, Gourlay R, Macartney T, Campbell D, Smith JC, Sapkota GP. Protein associated with SMAD1 (PAWS1/FAM83G) is a substrate for type I bone morphogenetic protein receptors and modulates bone morphogenetic protein signalling. Open Biol 2014; 4:130210. [PMID: 24554596 PMCID: PMC3938053 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.130210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) control multiple cellular processes in embryos and adult tissues. BMPs signal through the activation of type I BMP receptor kinases, which then phosphorylate SMADs 1/5/8. In the canonical pathway, this triggers the association of these SMADs with SMAD4 and their translocation to the nucleus, where they regulate gene expression. BMPs can also signal independently of SMAD4, but this pathway is poorly understood. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of PAWS1/FAM83G as a novel SMAD1 interactor. PAWS1 forms a complex with SMAD1 in a SMAD4-independent manner, and BMP signalling induces the phosphorylation of PAWS1 through BMPR1A. The phosphorylation of PAWS1 in response to BMP is essential for activation of the SMAD4-independent BMP target genes NEDD9 and ASNS. Our findings identify PAWS1 as the first non-SMAD substrate for type I BMP receptor kinases and as a novel player in the BMP pathway. We also demonstrate that PAWS1 regulates the expression of several non-BMP target genes, suggesting roles for PAWS1 beyond the BMP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Vogt
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St., Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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21
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Holtzhausen A, Golzio C, How T, Lee YH, Schiemann WP, Katsanis N, Blobe GC. Novel bone morphogenetic protein signaling through Smad2 and Smad3 to regulate cancer progression and development. FASEB J 2013; 28:1248-67. [PMID: 24308972 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-239178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways have important roles in embryonic development and cellular homeostasis, with aberrant BMP signaling resulting in a broad spectrum of human disease. We report that BMPs unexpectedly signal through the canonical transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-responsive Smad2 and Smad3. BMP-induced Smad2/3 signaling occurs preferentially in embryonic cells and transformed cells. BMPs signal to Smad2/3 by stimulating complex formation between the BMP-binding TGF-β superfamily receptors, activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)3/6, and the Smad2/3 phosphorylating receptors ALK5/7. BMP signaling through Smad2 mediates, in part, dorsoventral axis patterning in zebrafish embryos, whereas BMP signaling through Smad3 facilitates cancer cell invasion. Consistent with increased BMP-mediated Smad2/3 signaling during cancer progression, Smad1/5 and Smad 2/3 signaling converge in human cancer specimens. Thus, the signaling mechanisms used by BMPs and TGF-β superfamily receptors are broader than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Holtzhausen
- 1Duke University Medical Center, 450 Research Drive, LSRC B354, Box 91004, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Fei ZH, Yao CY, Yang XL, Huang XE, Ma SL. Serum BMP-2 Up-regulation as an Indicator of Poor Survival in Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:5293-9. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.9.5293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Ehata S, Yokoyama Y, Takahashi K, Miyazono K. Bi-directional roles of bone morphogenetic proteins in cancer: Another molecular Jekyll and Hyde? Pathol Int 2013; 63:287-96. [DOI: 10.1111/pin.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Ehata
- Department of Molecular Pathology; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yokoyama
- Department of Molecular Pathology; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Kei Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Kohei Miyazono
- Department of Molecular Pathology; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo; Japan
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Wu WK, Wang XJ, Cheng AS, Luo MX, Ng SS, To KF, Chan FK, Cho CH, Sung JJ, Yu J. Dysregulation and crosstalk of cellular signaling pathways in colon carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 86:251-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Lai D, Yang X. BMP4 is a novel transcriptional target and mediator of mammary cell migration downstream of the Hippo pathway component TAZ. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1720-8. [PMID: 23673366 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the metastatic progression of cancers is often fatal with limited treatment options, understanding the mechanism of metastasis is imperative for designing novel and targeted therapies. TAZ has been identified as a novel oncogene in both breast and lung cancers and is inhibited by the Hippo signaling pathway. In this study we provide convincing evidence that overexpression of TAZ in a mammary epithelial cell line, MCF10A, leads to enhanced cell migration - a fundamental characteristic of the metastatic progression of cancers. In addition, we identified the secreted growth factor BMP4 as a mediator of TAZ-induced cell migration. TAZ induces BMP4 transcription through the TEAD family of transcription factors, which mediate BMP4 promoter activation through binding to TEAD response element 1 (TRE1). Importantly, BMP4 activation by TAZ also enhances signaling downstream of TAZ, in particular, promoting Smad1/5 intracellular signaling. Functionally, short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of BMP4 rescued TAZ-induced cell migration. Our findings have identified a novel TAZ/TEAD/BMP4 signaling axis responsible for cell migration, with future implications in the development of targeted therapeutics for metastatic breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulcie Lai
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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Repression of bone morphogenetic protein 4 by let-7i attenuates mesenchymal migration of head and neck cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 433:24-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Fernandez-Rozadilla C, Palles C, Carvajal-Carmona L, Peterlongo P, Nici C, Veneroni S, Pinheiro M, Teixeira MR, Moreno V, Lamas MJ, Baiget M, Lopez-Fernandez LA, Gonzalez D, Brea-Fernandez A, Clofent J, Bujanda L, Bessa X, Andreu M, Xicola R, Llor X, Jover R, Castells A, Castellvi-Bel S, Carracedo A, Tomlinson I, Ruiz-Ponte C. BMP2/BMP4 colorectal cancer susceptibility loci in northern and southern European populations. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:314-8. [PMID: 23161572 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have successfully identified 20 colorectal cancer susceptibility loci. Amongst these, four of the signals are defined by tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on regions 14q22.2 (rs4444235 and rs1957636) and 20p12.3 (rs961253 and rs4813802). These markers are located close to two of the genes involved in bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling (BMP4 and BMP2, respectively). By investigating these four SNPs in an initial cohort of Spanish origin, we found substantial evidence that minor allele frequencies (MAFs) may be different in northern and southern European populations. Therefore, we genotyped three additional southern European cohorts comprising a total of 2028 cases and 4273 controls. The meta-analysis results show that only one of the association signals (rs961253) is effectively replicated in the southern European populations, despite adequate power to detect all four. The other three SNPs (rs4444235, rs1957636 and rs4813802) presented discordant results in MAFs and linkage disequilibrium patterns between northern and southern European cohorts. We hypothesize that this lack of replication could be the result of differential tagging of the functional variant in both sets of populations. Were this true, it would have complex consequences in both our ability to understand the nature of the real causative variants, as well as for further study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceres Fernandez-Rozadilla
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica-Grupo de Medicina Xenómica-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras-IDIS, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
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Bone morphogenetic protein 4-a fascinating regulator of cancer cell behavior. Cancer Genet 2012; 205:267-77. [PMID: 22749032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are extracellular signaling molecules that belong to the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily and are well-known for their indispensable roles in vertebrate development. In recent years, important new information has been generated on the contribution of BMP family members, such as BMP4, in cancer pathogenesis. First of all, BMP4 gene variants have been shown to predispose to colorectal cancer. In sporadic cancer, BMP4 expression levels are commonly altered in many tumor types and have been linked to patient prognosis in hepatocellular and ovarian cancer. In terms of BMP4 function in cancer cells, the majority of studies demonstrate that BMP4 suppresses cell growth both in vitro and in vivo, and at the same time is able to induce migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These latter phenotypes are typically associated with cancer metastasis and progression, and thus BMP4 seems to elicit effects that are both detrimental and beneficial for the cancer cells. The functional effects of BMP4 are not restricted to the control of cell proliferation and mobility, since it also contributes to the regulation of differentiation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. The latter is especially intriguing since the formation of new blood vessels is a prerequisite for sustained tumor growth and cancer progression. Mainly due to its growth suppressive abilities, BMP4 has been suggested as a possible therapeutic target in cancer cells. However, the other functional characteristics of BMP4, especially the promotion of cell mobility, make such strategies less appealing. Improved knowledge of the downstream mediators of BMP4 effects in cancer cells may allow dissection of the different BMP4-induced phenotypes and thereby generation of specific targeted therapies.
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Proteomic signatures of the desmoplastic invasion front reveal collagen type XII as a marker of myofibroblastic differentiation during colorectal cancer metastasis. Oncotarget 2012; 3:267-85. [PMID: 22408128 PMCID: PMC3359884 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), represent a pivotal compartment of solid cancers (desmoplasia), and are causatively implicated in cancer development and progression. CAFs are recruited by growth factors secreted by cancer cells and they present a myofibroblastic phenotype, similar to the one obtained by resident fibroblasts during wound healing. Paracrine signaling between cancer cells and CAFs results in a unique protein expression profile in areas of desmoplastic reaction, which is speculated to drive metastasis. In an attempt to decipher large-scale proteomic profiles of the cancer invasive margins, we developed an in vitro coculture model system, based on tumor-host cell interactions between colon cancer cells and CAFs. Proteomic analysis of conditioned media derived from these cocultures coupled to mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analysis was performed to uncover myofibroblastic signatures of the cancer invasion front. Our analysis resulted in the identification and generation of a desmoplastic protein dataset (DPD), consisting of 152 candidate proteins of desmoplasia. By using monoculture exclusion datasets, a secretome algorithm and gene-expression meta-analysis in DPD, we specified a 22-protein “myofibroblastic signature” with putative importance in the regulation of colorectal cancer metastasis. Of these proteins, we investigated collagen type XII by immunohistochemistry, a fibril-associated collagen with interrupted triple helices (FACIT), whose expression has not been reported in desmoplastic lesions in any type of cancer. Collagen type XII was highly expressed in desmoplastic stroma by and around alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) positive CAFs, as well as in cancer cells lining the invasion front, in a small cohort of colon cancer patients. Other stromal markers, such as collagen type III, were also expressed in stromal collagen, but not in cancer cells. In a complementary fashion, gene expression meta-analysis revealed that COL12A1 is also an upregulated gene in colorectal cancer. Our proteomic analysis identified previously documented markers of tumor invasion fronts and our DPD could serve as a pool for future investigation of the tumor microenvironment. Collagen type XII is a novel candidate marker of myofibroblasts, and/or cancer cells undergoing dedifferentiation.
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Chiu CY, Kuo KK, Kuo TL, Lee KT, Cheng KH. The activation of MEK/ERK signaling pathway by bone morphogenetic protein 4 to increase hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation and migration. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:415-27. [PMID: 22241220 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common visceral malignancies worldwide, with a very high incidence and poor prognosis. Bone morphogenesis protein 4 (BMP4), which belongs to the TGF-β superfamily of proteins, is a multifunctional cytokine, which exerts its biologic effects through SMAD- and non-SMAD-dependent pathways, and is also known to be involved in human carcinogenesis. However, the effects of the BMP4 signaling in liver carcinogenesis are not yet clearly defined. Here, we first show that BMP4 and its receptor, BMPR1A, are overexpressed in a majority of primary HCCs and that it promotes the growth and migration of HCC cell lines in vitro. We also establish that BMP4 can induce HCC cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)1 and cyclin B1 upregulation to accelerate cell-cycle progression. Our study indicates that the induction of HCC cell proliferation is independent of the SMAD signaling pathway, as Smad4 knockdown of HCC cell lines still leads to the upregulation of CDK1 and cyclin B1 expression after BMP4 treatment. Using mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) selective inhibitors, the induction of CDK1, cyclin B1 mRNA and protein were shown to be dependent on the activation of MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. In vivo xenograft studies confirmed that the BMPR1A-knockdown cells were significantly less tumorigenic than the control groups. Our findings show that the upregulation of BMP4 and BMPR1A in HCC promotes the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells and that CDK1 and cyclin B1 are important SMAD-independent molecular targets in BMP4 signaling pathways, during the HCC tumorigenesis. It is proposed that BMP4 signaling pathways may have potential as new therapeutic targets in HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiang-Yen Chiu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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Li J, Sun C, Yuan Y, Liu L, Xiong G, Wu J. Bone morphogenetic protein-4 polymorphism and colorectal cancer risk: a meta analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:5239-51. [PMID: 22170598 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1322-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BMP4 rs4444235 is a candidate susceptibility allele that has been associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. This study was conducted to examine the association between BMP4 rs4444235 polymorphism and colorectal cancer risk. Odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs was pooled as effect indicator. A comprehensive search of related publications was conducted and those which met the inclusion criteria were included. Test of heterogeneity, meta-regression, subgroup analysis, cumulative meta-analysis, assessment of publication bias, and sensitivity test were performed using Stata 11.0. 8 articles on rs4444235 including 19,893 cases and 22,106 controls were included. There was slight heterogeneity which may come from ethnicity and source of control. Pooled results for all five genetic models were statistically significant. ORs were 1.063 (95% CI = (1.034, 1.092)), 1.081 (95% CI = (1.028, 1.136)), and 1.166(95% CI = (1.081, 1.258)) for C versus T, TC versus TT, and CC versus TT comparisons respectively. In Caucasian population, carriers of C allele, CC genotype and TC genotype were at an increased risk of developing CRC, with an OR of 1.079 (95% CI = (1.044, 1.114)), 1.095 (95% CI = (1.034, 1.159)), and 1.199 (95% CI = (1.117,1.287)) respectively. Cumulative meta-analysis indicated that pooled ORs were approximating 1.1 with publication year passing. No significant publication bias was suggested. Sensitivity test indicated stable results. In conclusion, BMP4-rs4444235 polymorphism is probably associated with CRC risk, and C allele is a possible risk factor in overall population. The same conclusion was drawn in Caucasians, but no significant results were obtained in other ethnic populations probably due to limited sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Cathepsin H indirectly regulates morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) in various human cell lines. Radiol Oncol 2011; 45:259-66. [PMID: 22933963 PMCID: PMC3423750 DOI: 10.2478/v10019-011-0034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cathepsin H is a cysteine protease considered to play a major role in tumor progression, however, its precise function in tumorigenesis is unclear. Cathepsin H was recently proposed to be involved in processing of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) in mice. In order to clarify whether cathepsin H also regulates BMP-4 in humans, its impact on BMP-4 expression, processing and degradation was investigated in prostate cancer (PC-3), osteosarcoma (HOS) and pro-monocytic (U937) human cell lines. Materials and methods BMP-4 expression was founded to be regulated by cathepsin H using PCR array technology and confirmed by real time PCR. Immunoassays including Western blot and confocal microscopy were used to evaluate the influence of cathepsin H on BMP-4 processing. Results In contrast to HOS, the expression of BMP-4 mRNA in U937 and PC3 cells was significantly decreased by cathepsin H. The different regulation of BMP-4 synthesis could be associated with the absence of the mature 28 kDa cathepsin H form in HOS cells, where only the intermediate 30 kDa form was observed. No co-localization of BMP-4 and cathepsin H was observed in human cell lines and the multistep processing of BMP-4 was not altered in the presence of specific cathepsin H inhibitor. Isolated cathepsin H does not cleave mature recombinant BMP-4, neither with its amino- nor its endopeptidase activity. Conclusions Our results exclude direct proteolytic processing of BMP-4 by cathepsin H, however, they provide support for its involvement in the regulation of BMP-4 expression.
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Gatza CE, Holtzhausen A, Kirkbride KC, Morton A, Gatza ML, Datto MB, Blobe GC. Type III TGF-β receptor enhances colon cancer cell migration and anchorage-independent growth. Neoplasia 2011; 13:758-70. [PMID: 21847367 PMCID: PMC3156666 DOI: 10.1593/neo.11528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The type III TGF-β receptor (TβRIII or betagylcan) is a TGF-β superfamily coreceptor with emerging roles in regulating TGF-β superfamily signaling and cancer progression. Alterations in TGF-β superfamily signaling are common in colon cancer; however, the role of TβRIII has not been examined. Although TβRIII expression is frequently lost at the message and protein level in human cancers and suppresses cancer progression in these contexts, here we demonstrate that, in colon cancer, TβRIII messenger RNA expression is not significantly altered and TβRIII expression is more frequently increased at the protein level, suggesting a distinct role for TβRIII in colon cancer. Increasing TβRIII expression in colon cancer model systems enhanced ligand-mediated phosphorylation of p38 and the Smad proteins, while switching TGF-β and BMP-2 from inhibitors to stimulators of colon cancer cell proliferation, inhibiting ligand-induced p21 and p27 expression. In addition, increasing TβRIII expression increased ligand-stimulated anchorage-independent growth, a resistance to ligand- and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis, cell migration and modestly increased tumorigenicity in vivo. In a reciprocal manner, silencing endogenous TβRIII expression decreased colon cancer cell migration. These data support a model whereby TβRIII mediates TGF-β superfamily ligand-induced colon cancer progression and support a context-dependent role for TβRIII in regulating cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Gatza
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Liu B, Tian D, Yi W, Wu L, Cai Q, Dong H, Shen H, Ji B, Wang L, Zhang S, Ruan D, Chen Q. Effect of bone morphogenetic protein 4 in the human brain glioma cell line U251. Cell Biochem Biophys 2011; 58:91-6. [PMID: 20730570 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-010-9095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) in gliomas is not clear. We hypothesized that BMP4 inhibits proliferation in the brain glioma cell line U251 through a signaling pathway involving BMP4 and the mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (SMAD4) protein. We exposed U251 cells to Adriamycin (1 g) for 48 h; cell proliferation (MTT assay), expression of BMP4 and SMAD4 (mRNA: qPCR; protein: Western blot) were studied. We further altered expression of BMP4 by overexpression or siRNA silencing, and documented cell responses to Adriamycin. Proliferation of U251 cells was significantly inhibited upon exposure to Adriamycin. This inhibition was associated with increased expression of BMP4. Further, proliferation of U251 cells was inhibited when BMP4 was overexpressed. BMP4 expression negatively correlated with expression of SMAD4, such that elevated levels of BMP4 were associated with decreased expression of SMAD4 and vice versa. The Adriamycin-induced inhibition of proliferation of U251 cells was attenuated when BMP4 was knocked down by siRNA. To conclude, BMP4 is associated with inhibition of proliferation of U251 cells; the effects of BMP4 involve the BMP4-Smad signaling pathway. BMP4 has a potential as a target for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohui Liu
- Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
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Haubold M, Weise A, Stephan H, Dünker N. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) signaling in retinoblastoma cells. Int J Biol Sci 2010; 6:700-15. [PMID: 21152263 PMCID: PMC2999847 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.6.700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) - expressed in the developing retina - are known to be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis in several tumor entities. The objective of this study was to determine the role of the BMP4 pathway in retinoblastoma cells, which are absent in a functional retinoblastoma (RB1) gene. BMP receptors were detected in all retinoblastoma cell lines investigated. A correct transmission of BMP signaling via the Smad1/5/8 pathway could be demonstrated in WERI-Rb1 retinoblastoma cells and application of recombinant human BMP4 resulted in an increase in apoptosis, which to a large extend is caspase independent. Cell proliferation was not affected by BMP4 signaling, although the pRb-related proteins p107 and p130, contributing to the regulation of the same genes, are still expressed. WERI-Rb1 cells exhibit elevated endogenous levels of p21(CIP1) and p53, but we did not detect any increase in p53, p21(CIP1)or p27(KIP1) expression levels. Id proteins became, however, strongly up-regulated upon exogenous BMP4 treatment. Thus, RB1 loss in WERI-Rb1 cells is obviously not compensated for by pRb-independent (e.g. p53-dependent) cell cycle control mechanisms, preventing an anti-proliferative response to BMP4, which normally induces cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Haubold
- 1. Institute for Anatomy, Department of Neuroanatomy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Weise
- 1. Institute for Anatomy, Department of Neuroanatomy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Harald Stephan
- 2. Division of Haematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Nicole Dünker
- 1. Institute for Anatomy, Department of Neuroanatomy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty, 45122 Essen, Germany
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Lorente-Trigos A, Varnat F, Melotti A, Ruiz i Altaba A. BMP Signaling Promotes the Growth of Primary Human Colon Carcinomas in vivo. J Mol Cell Biol 2010; 2:318-32. [DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjq035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Twin studies suggest that 35% of all colorectal cancer cases are inherited. High-penetrance tumor susceptibility genes account for at most 3-6% of all colorectal cancer cases and the remainder of the unexplained risk is likely due to a combination of low to moderate penetrance genes. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified several SNPs near genes belonging to the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily such as GREM1 and SMAD7. Together with the recent discovery that constitutively decreased TGFBR1 expression is a potent modifier of colorectal cancer risk, these findings strongly suggest that germline variants of the TGF-beta superfamily may account for a sizeable proportion of colorectal cancer cases. The TGF-beta superfamily signaling pathways mediate many different biological processes during embryonic development, and in adult organisms they play a role in tissue homeostasis. TGF-beta has a central role in inhibiting cell proliferation and also modulates processes such as cell invasion, immune regulation, and microenvironment modification. Mutations in the TGF-beta type II receptor (TGFBR2) are estimated to occur in approximately 30% of colorectal carcinomas. Mutations in SMAD4 and BMPR1A are found in patients with familial juvenile polyposis, an autosomal dominant condition associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. This chapter provides an overview of the genetic basis of colorectal cancer and discusses recent discoveries related to alterations in the TGF-beta pathways and their role in the development of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Bellam
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA
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Fernández-Rozadilla C, de Castro L, Clofent J, Brea-Fernández A, Bessa X, Abulí A, Andreu M, Jover R, Xicola R, Llor X, Castells A, Castellví-Bel S, Carracedo A, Ruiz-Ponte C. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the Wnt and BMP pathways and colorectal cancer risk in a Spanish cohort. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20844743 PMCID: PMC2936577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered a complex disease, and thus the majority of the genetic susceptibility is thought to lie in the form of low-penetrance variants following a polygenic model of inheritance. Candidate-gene studies have so far been one of the basic approaches taken to identify these susceptibility variants. The consistent involvement of some signaling routes in carcinogenesis provided support for pathway-based studies as a natural strategy to select genes that could potentially harbour new susceptibility loci. Methodology/Principal Findings We selected two main carcinogenesis-related pathways: Wnt and BMP, in order to screen the implicated genes for new risk variants. We then conducted a case-control association study in 933 CRC cases and 969 controls based on coding and regulatory SNPs. We also included rs4444235 and rs9929218, which did not fulfill our selection criteria but belonged to two genes in the BMP pathway and had consistently been linked to CRC in previous studies. Neither allelic, nor genotypic or haplotypic analyses showed any signs of association between the 37 screened variants and CRC risk. Adjustments for sex and age, and stratified analysis between sporadic and control groups did not yield any positive results either. Conclusions/Significance Despite the relevance of both pathways in the pathogenesis of the disease, and the fact that this is indeed the first study that considers these pathways as a candidate-gene selection approach, our study does not present any evidence of the presence of low-penetrance variants for the selected markers in any of the considered genes in our cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceres Fernández-Rozadilla
- Galician Public Foundation of Genomic Medicine (FPGMX), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Genomics Medicine Group, Hospital Clínico, Santiago de Compostela, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Luisa de Castro
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Meixoeiro, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Juan Clofent
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Brea-Fernández
- Galician Public Foundation of Genomic Medicine (FPGMX), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Genomics Medicine Group, Hospital Clínico, Santiago de Compostela, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Xavier Bessa
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital del Mar, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Médica (IMIM), Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Abulí
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital del Mar, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Médica (IMIM), Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montserrat Andreu
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital del Mar, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Médica (IMIM), Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Jover
- Unidad de Gastroenterología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Rosa Xicola
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xavier Llor
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Antoni Castells
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sergi Castellví-Bel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Galician Public Foundation of Genomic Medicine (FPGMX), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Genomics Medicine Group, Hospital Clínico, Santiago de Compostela, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Clara Ruiz-Ponte
- Galician Public Foundation of Genomic Medicine (FPGMX), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Genomics Medicine Group, Hospital Clínico, Santiago de Compostela, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Singh A, Morris RJ. The Yin and Yang of bone morphogenetic proteins in cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2010; 21:299-313. [PMID: 20688557 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) were first studied as growth factors or morphogens of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. These growth molecules, originally associated with bone and cartilage development, are now known to play an important role in morphogenesis and homeostasis in many other tissues. More recently, significant contributions from BMPs, their receptors, and interacting molecules have been linked to carcinogenesis and tumor progression. On the other hand, BMPs can sometimes function as a tumor suppressor. Our report highlights these new roles in the pathogenesis of cancer that may suggest novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Singh
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
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Ketolainen JM, Alarmo EL, Tuominen VJ, Kallioniemi A. Parallel inhibition of cell growth and induction of cell migration and invasion in breast cancer cells by bone morphogenetic protein 4. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 124:377-86. [PMID: 20182795 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-0808-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are extracellular signaling molecules that belong to the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily. Bone morphogenetic proteins have diverse roles during development where they regulate proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in many different cell types by modulating the transcription of specific target genes. BMPs have also been implicated in both promotion and inhibition of cancer progression. We have recently shown that BMP4 is commonly expressed in breast cancer but its functional significance has not been previously explored. Our data demonstrate that in all nine breast cancer cell lines studied, BMP4 treatment leads to a dramatic growth suppression as a result of the induction of G1 arrest of the cell cycle. At the same time, BMP4 stimulates cell migration and invasion in a subset of these breast cancer cell lines. The BMP4-induced phenotypic changes were mediated through the activation of the canonical SMAD signaling pathway whereas no activation of MAP-kinases ERK1/2 or p38 was detected. Our results thus implicate that BMP4 is an important regulator of key phenotypic characteristics of cancer cells, cell growth, cell migration, and invasion, and that, similar to TGFβ, it possesses both tumor suppressive and oncogenic properties in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Ketolainen
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33014, Tampere, Finland
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