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Aho S, Osterlund E, Ristimäki A, Nieminen L, Sundström J, Mäkinen MJ, Kuopio T, Kytölä S, Ålgars A, Ristamäki R, Heervä E, Kallio R, Halonen P, Soveri LM, Nordin A, Uutela A, Salminen T, Stedt H, Lamminmäki A, Muhonen T, Kononen J, Glimelius B, Isoniemi H, Lehto JT, Lehtomäki K, Osterlund P. Impact of Primary Tumor Location on Demographics, Resectability, Outcomes, and Quality of Life in Finnish Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients (Subgroup Analysis of the RAXO Study). Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1052. [PMID: 38473410 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16051052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary tumor location (PTL) is associated with the phenotype, metastatic sites, mutations, and outcomes of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients, but this has mostly been studied according to sidedness (right vs. left sided). We studied right colon vs. left colon vs. rectal PTL in a real-life study population (n = 1080). Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was assessed multi-cross-sectionally with QLQ-C30, QLQ-CR29, EQ-5D, and 15D. A chi-square, Kaplan-Meier, and Cox regression were used to compare the groups. The PTL was in the right colon in 310 patients (29%), the left colon in 396 patients (37%), and the rectum in 375 patients (35%). The PTL was associated with distinct differences in metastatic sites during the disease trajectory. The resectability, conversion, and resection rates were lowest in the right colon, followed by the rectum, and were highest in the left colon. Overall survival was shortest for right colon compared with left colon or rectal PTL (median 21 vs. 35 vs. 36 months), with the same trends after metastasectomy or systemic therapy only. PTL also remained statistically significant in a multivariable model. The distribution of symptoms varied according to PTL, especially between the right colon (with general symptoms of metastases) and rectal PTL (with sexual- and bowel-related symptoms). mCRC, according to PTL, behaves differently regarding metastatic sites, resectability of the metastases, outcomes of treatment, and HRQoL.
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Grants
- 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 Finska Läkaresällskapet
- 2019-2020, 2021, 2022-2023 Finnish Cancer Registry
- 2020-2022 Relanderin säätiö
- 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility Area of Tampere, Helsinki, Turku, Kuopio, Oulu, and Satakunta Hospitals
- Tukisäätiö 2019, 2020, 2023 and OOO-project 2020 Tampere University Hospital
- 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 Helsinki University Hospital
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Aho
- Department of Oncology, Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Elämänaukio 2, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 23, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- TUNI Palliative Care Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 23, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Palliative Care Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Elämänaukio 2, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Emerik Osterlund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Ristimäki
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lasse Nieminen
- Department of Pathology, FIMLAB, Tampere University Hospital, Elämänaukio 2, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Pathology, University of Tampere, Arvo Ylpön katu 23, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Sundström
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Kiinanmyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinanmyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, 90220 Oulu, Finland
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, 90570 Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Teijo Kuopio
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Nova, Hoitajantie 3, 40620 Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Seminaarinkatu 15, 40014 Jyväskylän yliopisto, Finland
| | - Soili Kytölä
- Department of Genetics, HUSLAB, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annika Ålgars
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Hämeentie 11, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Raija Ristamäki
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Hämeentie 11, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Eetu Heervä
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Hämeentie 11, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Raija Kallio
- Department of Oncology, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, 90220 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Oncology, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Päivi Halonen
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena-Maija Soveri
- Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Home Care, Joint Municipal Authority for Health Care and Social Services in Keski-Uusimaa, Sairaalakatu 1, 05850 Hyvinkää, Finland
| | - Arno Nordin
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aki Uutela
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tapio Salminen
- Department of Oncology, Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Elämänaukio 2, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 23, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Hanna Stedt
- Department of Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1A, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annamarja Lamminmäki
- Department of Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1A, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Muhonen
- Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oncology, South Carelia Central Hospital, Valto Käkelän Katu 1, 53130 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Juha Kononen
- Docrates Cancer Centre, Docrates Hospital, Saukonpaadenranta 2, 00180 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oncology, Hospital Nova, Hoitajankatu 3, 40620 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Bengt Glimelius
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Isoniemi
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juho T Lehto
- TUNI Palliative Care Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 23, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Palliative Care Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Elämänaukio 2, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Kaisa Lehtomäki
- Department of Oncology, Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Elämänaukio 2, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 23, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pia Osterlund
- Department of Oncology, Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Elämänaukio 2, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 23, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Eugeniavägen 3, 17176 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, 17177 Solna, Sweden
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2
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Osterlund E, Ristimäki A, Mäkinen MJ, Kytölä S, Kononen J, Pfeiffer P, Soveri LM, Keinänen M, Sorbye H, Nunes L, Salminen T, Nieminen L, Uutela A, Halonen P, Ålgars A, Sundström J, Kallio R, Ristamäki R, Lamminmäki A, Stedt H, Heervä E, Kuopio T, Sjöblom T, Isoniemi H, Glimelius B, Osterlund P. Atypical (non-V600E) BRAF mutations in metastatic colorectal cancer in population and real-world cohorts. Int J Cancer 2024; 154:488-503. [PMID: 37724848 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
BRAF-V600E mutation (mt) is a strong negative prognostic and predictive biomarker in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Non-V600Emt, designated atypical BRAFmt (aBRAFmt) are rare, and little is known about their frequency, co-mutations and prognostic and predictive role. These were compared between mutational groups of mCRC patients collected from three Nordic population-based or real-world cohorts. Pathology of aBRAFmt was studied. The study included 1449 mCRC patients with 51 (3%) aBRAFmt, 182 (13%) BRAF-V600Emt, 456 (31%) RAS&BRAF wild-type (wt) and 760 (52%) RASmt tumours. aBRAFmt were seen in 2% of real-world and 4% of population-based cohorts. Twenty-six different aBRAFmt were detected, 11 (22%) class 2 (serrated adenocarcinoma in 2/9 tested), 32 (64%) class 3 (serrated in 15/25) and 4 (8%) unclassified. aBRAFmt patients were predominantly male, had more rectal primaries, less peritoneal metastases, deficient mismatch repair in one (2%), and better survival after metastasectomy (89% 5-year overall survival [OS]-rate) compared with BRAF-V600Emt. aBRAFmt and BRAF-V600Emt had poorer performance status and received fewer treatment lines than RAS&BRAFwt and RASmt. OS among aBRAFmt (median 14.4 months) was longer than for BRAF-V600Emt (11.2 months), but shorter than for RAS&BRAFwt (30.5 months) and RASmt (23.4 months). Addition of bevacizumab trended for better OS for the aBRAFmt. Nine patients with aBRAFmt received cetuximab/panitumumab without response. aBRAFmt represents a distinct subgroup differing from other RAS/BRAF groups, with serrated adenocarcinoma in only half. OS for patients with aBRAFmt tumours was slightly better than for BRAF-V600Emt, but worse than for RASmt and RAS&BRAFwt. aBRAFmt should not be a contraindication for metastasectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerik Osterlund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Ristimäki
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine, Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Soili Kytölä
- Department of Genetics, HUSLAB, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Kononen
- Departemnt of Oncology, Central hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Docrates hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Per Pfeiffer
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Leena-Maija Soveri
- Home Care, Geriatric Clinic and Palliative Care, Joint Municipal Authority for Health Care and Social Services in Keski-Uusimaa, Hyvinkää, Finland
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mauri Keinänen
- Department of Genetics, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Halfdan Sorbye
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Luís Nunes
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tapio Salminen
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Oncology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Lasse Nieminen
- Department of Pathology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Pathology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aki Uutela
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Transplant and HPB Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Päivi Halonen
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annika Ålgars
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Oncology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jari Sundström
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Raija Kallio
- Department of Oncology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Oncology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Raija Ristamäki
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Oncology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Annamarja Lamminmäki
- Department of Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna Stedt
- Department of Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eetu Heervä
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Oncology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Teijo Kuopio
- Department of Pathology, Central Finland Hospital Nova, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tobias Sjöblom
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Isoniemi
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bengt Glimelius
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pia Osterlund
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Oncology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Transplant and HPB Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Vesterinen T, Peltola E, Leijon H, Hannula P, Huhtala H, Mäkinen MJ, Nieminen L, Pirinen E, Rönty M, Söderström M, Jaatinen P, Arola J. Immunohistochemical Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Expression in Human Insulinomas. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15164. [PMID: 37894845 PMCID: PMC10606800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulinomas are rare functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, which metastasize in 10% of cases. As predicting the prognosis can be challenging, there is a need for the determination of clinicopathological factors associated with metastatic potential. The aim of this study is to evaluate the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) expression in insulinomas and to analyse its association with clinicopathological features and patient outcome. This retrospective study involves pancreatic tumour tissue samples from fifty-two insulinoma patients. After histological re-evaluation, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples were processed into tissue microarrays and stained immunohistochemically with a monoclonal GLP-1R antibody. Forty-eight of the forty-nine (98%) non-metastatic tumours expressed GLP-1R, while one non-metastatic, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)-related tumour and all three of the metastatic tumours lacked GLP-1R expression. The lack of GLP-1R expression was associated with impaired overall survival, larger tumour diameter, higher Ki-67 PI and weaker insulin staining. Somatostatin receptor 1-5 expression did not differ between GLP-1R-positive and GLP-1R-negative insulinomas. In conclusion, the lack of GLP-1R expression is associated with metastatic disease and impaired survival in insulinoma patients. Thus, GLP-1R expression could be a useful biomarker in estimating the metastatic potential of the tumour and the prognosis of surgically treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Vesterinen
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (T.V.); (H.L.); (M.R.); (J.A.)
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Peltola
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (E.P.); (P.H.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Helena Leijon
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (T.V.); (H.L.); (M.R.); (J.A.)
| | - Päivi Hannula
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (E.P.); (P.H.)
- Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Markus J. Mäkinen
- Department of Pathology, Research Unit of Translational Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Lasse Nieminen
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pathology Department, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Elina Pirinen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Mikko Rönty
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (T.V.); (H.L.); (M.R.); (J.A.)
| | - Mirva Söderström
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland;
| | - Pia Jaatinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (E.P.); (P.H.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Division of Internal Medicine, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, 60220 Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Johanna Arola
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (T.V.); (H.L.); (M.R.); (J.A.)
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4
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Uutela A, Nordin A, Osterlund E, Halonen P, Kallio R, Soveri LM, Salminen T, Ålgars A, Ristimäki A, Ovissi A, Lamminmäki A, Muhonen T, Kononen J, Ristamäki R, Heervä E, Stedt H, Lehtomäki K, Kytölä S, Sundström J, Mäkinen MJ, Nieminen L, Kuopio T, Keinänen M, Osterlund P, Isoniemi H. Resectability and resection rates of colorectal liver metastases according to RAS and BRAF mutational status: prospective study. Br J Surg 2023; 110:931-935. [PMID: 36511370 PMCID: PMC10361677 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znac424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aki Uutela
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Abdominal Centre, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Transplant and Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Arno Nordin
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Abdominal Centre, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emerik Osterlund
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Abdominal Centre, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Päivi Halonen
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Centre and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raija Kallio
- Department of Oncology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Leena-Maija Soveri
- Home Care Geriatric Clinic and Palliative Care, Joint Municipal Authority for Health Care and Social Services in Keski-Uusimaa, Hyvinkää, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tapio Salminen
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Annika Ålgars
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ari Ristimäki
- Department of Pathology, HUS Diagnostic Centre and Applied Tumour Genomics, Research Programmes Unit, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ali Ovissi
- Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Centre, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annamarja Lamminmäki
- Department of Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Muhonen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oncology, South Carelia Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Juha Kononen
- Department of Oncology, Central Finland Hospital Nova, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Docrates Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raija Ristamäki
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eetu Heervä
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hanna Stedt
- Department of Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kaisa Lehtomäki
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Soili Kytölä
- Department of Genetics, HUSLAB, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Sundström
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lasse Nieminen
- Department of Pathology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teijo Kuopio
- Department of Pathology, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mauri Keinänen
- Department of Genetics, FIMLAB laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pia Osterlund
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Centre and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska Sjukhuset, Cancer Centre of Excellence, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Isoniemi
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Abdominal Centre, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Kastinen M, Sirniö P, Elomaa H, Ahtiainen M, Väyrynen SA, Herzig KH, Meriläinen S, Aro R, Häivälä R, Rautio T, Saarnio J, Wirta EV, Helminen O, Seppälä TT, Kuopio T, Böhm J, Tuomisto A, Mecklin JP, Mäkinen MJ, Väyrynen JP. Immunological and prognostic significance of tumour necrosis in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:2218-2226. [PMID: 37031328 PMCID: PMC10241859 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) causes the second most cancer deaths worldwide, but the disease course varies according to tumour characteristics and immunological factors. Our objective was to examine the associations of tumour necrosis with tumour characteristics, immune cell infiltrates, serum cytokine concentrations, as well as prognosis in CRC. METHODS Three independent CRC cohorts, including 1413 patients, were analysed. Associations of the areal percentage of tumour necrosis with clinicopathologic parameters, tumour infiltrating immune cells, cytokine concentrations in systemic and mesenteric vein blood, and survival were examined. RESULTS Higher tumour necrosis percentage associated with shorter colorectal cancer-specific survival independent of tumour grade, T, N or M-class, mismatch repair status, BRAF status, and other possible confounding factors. In the largest cohort (N = 1100), the HR for high tumour necrosis percentage (≥40% vs. <3%) was 3.22 (95% CI 1.68-6.17, Ptrend < 0.0001). Tumour necrosis percentage positively correlated with peripheral serum levels of CXCL8, a proinflammatory chemokine, and negatively correlated with mesenteric serum levels of CXCL10 and mast cell densities in the invasive margin of the tumour. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the value of tumour necrosis as a prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. CXCL8 may have a role in the systemic effects of tumour necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeri Kastinen
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Päivi Sirniö
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hanna Elomaa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Education and Research, Wellbeing services county of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Maarit Ahtiainen
- Department of Pathology, Wellbeing services county of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sara A Väyrynen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Sanna Meriläinen
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Raila Aro
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Reetta Häivälä
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tero Rautio
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Saarnio
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Erkki-Ville Wirta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Helminen
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Toni T Seppälä
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Applied Tumor Genomics, Research Program Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teijo Kuopio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Wellbeing services county of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jan Böhm
- Department of Pathology, Wellbeing services county of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jukka-Pekka Mecklin
- Department of Education and Research, Wellbeing services county of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha P Väyrynen
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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6
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Karjalainen H, Sirniö P, Tuomisto A, Mäkinen MJ, Väyrynen JP. A prognostic score based on B cell and plasma cell densities compared to T cell densities in colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 2023; 38:47. [PMID: 36800011 PMCID: PMC9938036 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-023-04322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare a B cell/plasma cell-based scoring system to T cell score and evaluate their prognostic value in colorectal cancer. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression of CD20, CD138, CD3, and CD8 in 221 colorectal cancer patients. CD20+ B cell and CD138+ plasma cell densities in the tumor center and invasive margin were calculated and converted into a B cell/plasma cell score. T cell score was defined similarly, using CD3+ and CD8+ T cell densities. Their associations with tumor and patient characteristics and survival were analyzed. RESULTS Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a high B cell/plasma cell score was associated with a tendency towards longer survival (p = 0.089), but no statistically significant association was found. High T cell score associated with longer cancer-specific survival in Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariable Cox regression analysis (p < 0.001). Additionally, high T cell score associated with lower disease stage (p < 0.001) and lesser lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS High T cell score is associated with longer survival and clinicopathological factors typical to less aggressive tumors. This study did not support the additional prognostic value of B cell/plasma cell quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Karjalainen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Päivi Sirniö
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha P Väyrynen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
- Department of Pathology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
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7
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Aro R, Ohtonen P, Rautio T, Saarnio J, Mäkäräinen E, Häivälä R, Mäkinen MJ, Tuomisto A, Schwab U, Meriläinen S. Perioperative oral nutritional support for patients diagnosed with primary colon adenocarcinoma undergoing radical surgical procedures -Peri-Nutri Trial: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Nutr 2022; 8:89. [PMID: 36050804 PMCID: PMC9438122 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-022-00591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colon cancer is one of the most common cancers in Finland and worldwide. Cancer-related malnutrition is a well-known risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality after surgery, and it is associated with complications and longer hospitalizations. There are no established recommendations on how to improve the nutritional status of colon cancer patients´ during the perioperative phase. Administration of simple oral nutritional supplements has been suggested to reduce complication rates, but evidence to support this practice is scarce. Methods The Peri-Nutri trial is a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Its primary endpoint is to evaluate whether perioperative oral nutritional support (ONS) decreases the number of complications during the 30-day follow-up after surgery. Secondary endpoints are to study the effect of ONS on quality of life after surgery, length of stay in institutional care, 90-day mortality rate, five-year disease-free survival and overall survival. The patients with a Nutritional risk screening 2002 (NRS-2002) questionnaire result between 2 and 5 (≥ 3 are classified at risk of malnutrition) will be randomized (1:1 ratio) into either the intervention or control group. The intervention group will receive preoperative ONS two weeks before the operation, and nutritional support will continue 10 days after the operation. The control group will not receive ONS. A total of 318 patients will be randomized into two groups and patients are followed five years. Discussion Peri-Nutri study evaluate the impact of ONS to short-term and long-term postoperative morbidity and mortality rates of colon cancer patients undergoing curative surgery. If ONS will decrease patients´ morbidity and mortality, that has a huge impact on patients´ quality of life and also to financial cost. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03863236, Registered 25 February 2019. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40795-022-00591-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raila Aro
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, PL 10, 90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Pasi Ohtonen
- Division of Operative Care, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, PL 10, 90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tero Rautio
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, PL 10, 90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Saarnio
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, PL 10, 90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland
| | - Elisa Mäkäräinen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, PL 10, 90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland
| | - Reetta Häivälä
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, PL 10, 90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ursula Schwab
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Finland and Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Meriläinen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, PL 10, 90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland.
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8
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Mattila TT, Patankar M, Väyrynen JP, Klintrup K, Mäkelä J, Tuomisto A, Nieminen P, Mäkinen MJ, Karttunen TJ. Putative anoikis resistant subpopulations are enriched in lymph node metastases and indicate adverse prognosis in colorectal carcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 2022; 39:883-898. [PMID: 36018456 PMCID: PMC9637608 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-022-10184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anoikis refers to apoptosis induced by the loss of contact with the extracellular matrix. Anoikis resistance is essential for metastasis. We have recently shown that it is possible to quantitatively evaluate putative anoikis resistant (AR) subpopulations in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Abundance of these multi-cell structures is an independent marker of adverse prognosis. Here, we have quantified putative AR subpopulations in lymph node (LN) metastases of CRC and evaluated their prognostic value and relationship with the characteristics of primary tumors. A case series included 137 unselected CRC patients, 54 with LN metastases. Areal densities (structures/mm2) of putative AR structures in primary tumors had been analyzed previously and now were determined from all nodal metastases (n = 183). Areal density of putative AR structures was higher in LN metastases than in primary tumors. Variation of the areal density within different LN metastases of a single patient was lower than between metastases of different patients. Abundance of putative AR structures in LN metastases was associated with shorter cancer specific survival (p = 0.013), and this association was independent of T and N stages. Abundance of putative AR structures in primary tumors and LN metastases had a cumulative adverse effect on prognosis. Enrichment of putative AR subpopulations in LN metastases suggest that in metastasis formation, there is a selection favoring cells capable of forming these structures. Higher intra-case constancy relative to inter-case variation suggests that such selection is stable in metastasis development. Our findings indirectly support the biological validity of our concept of putative AR structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taneli T Mattila
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Madhura Patankar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0110, USA
| | - Juha P Väyrynen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kai Klintrup
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jyrki Mäkelä
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pentti Nieminen
- Medical Informatics and Data Analysis Research Group, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomo J Karttunen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland. .,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland.
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9
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Osterlund E, Ristimäki A, Kytölä S, Kuopio T, Heervä E, Muhonen T, Halonen P, Kallio R, Soveri LM, Sundström J, Keinänen M, Ålgars A, Ristamäki R, Sorbye H, Pfeiffer P, Nunes L, Salminen T, Lamminmäki A, Mäkinen MJ, Sjöblom T, Isoniemi H, Glimelius B, Osterlund P. KRAS-G12C Mutation in One Real-Life and Three Population-Based Nordic Cohorts of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:826073. [PMID: 35251991 PMCID: PMC8889930 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.826073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background KRAS mutations, present in over 40% of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), are negative predictive factors for anti-EGFR therapy. Mutations in KRAS-G12C have a cysteine residue for which drugs have been developed. Published data on this specific mutation are conflicting; thus, we studied the frequency and clinical characteristics in a real-world and population-based setting. Methods Patients from three Nordic population-based cohorts and the real-life RAXO-study were combined. RAS and BRAF tests were performed in routine healthcare, except for one cohort. The dataset consisted of 2,559 patients, of which 1,871 could be accurately classified as KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF-V600E. Demographics, treatments, and outcomes were compared using logistic regression. Overall survival (OS) was estimated with Kaplan–Meier, and differences were compared using Cox regression, adjusted for baseline factors. Results The KRAS-G12C frequency was 2%–4% of all tested in the seven cohorts (mean 3%) and 4%–8% of KRAS mutated tumors in the cohorts (mean 7%). Metastasectomies and ablations were performed more often (38% vs. 28%, p = 0.040), and bevacizumab was added more often (any line 74% vs. 59%, p = 0.007) for patients with KRAS-G12C- vs. other KRAS-mutated tumors, whereas chemotherapy was given to similar proportions. OS did not differ according to KRAS mutation, neither overall (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.03; 95% CI 0.74–1.42, reference KRAS-G12C) nor within treatment groups defined as “systemic chemotherapy, alone or with biologics”, “metastasectomy and/or ablations”, or “best supportive care”, RAS and BRAF wild-type tumors (n = 548) differed similarly to KRAS-G12C, as to other KRAS- or NRAS-mutated (n = 66) tumors. Conclusions In these real-life and population-based cohorts, there were no significant differences in patient characteristics and outcomes between patients with KRAS-G12C tumors and those with other KRAS mutations. This contrasts with the results of most previous studies claiming differences in many aspects, often with worse outcomes for those with a KRAS-G12C mutation, although not consistent. When specific drugs are developed, as for this mutation, differences in outcome will hopefully emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerik Osterlund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ari Ristimäki
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soili Kytölä
- Department of Genetics, HUSLAB, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teijo Kuopio
- Department of Pathology, Central Finland Hospital Nova, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Eetu Heervä
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Oncology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Timo Muhonen
- Department of Oncology, South Carelia Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Finland.,Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Halonen
- Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raija Kallio
- Department of Oncology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Oncology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Leena-Maija Soveri
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Home Care, Geriatric Clinic and Palliative Care, Joint Municipal Authority for Health Care and Social Services in Keski-Uusimaa, Hyvinkää, Finland
| | - Jari Sundström
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mauri Keinänen
- Department of Genetics, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Annika Ålgars
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Oncology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Raija Ristamäki
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Oncology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Halfdan Sorbye
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per Pfeiffer
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Luís Nunes
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tapio Salminen
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Oncology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Annamarja Lamminmäki
- Department of Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tobias Sjöblom
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Isoniemi
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bengt Glimelius
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pia Osterlund
- Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Oncology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Turpín-Sevilla MDC, Pérez-Sanz F, García-Solano J, Sebastián-León P, Trujillo-Santos J, Carbonell P, Estrada E, Tuomisto A, Herruzo I, Fennell LJ, Mäkinen MJ, Rodríguez-Braun E, Whitehall VLJ, Conesa A, Conesa-Zamora P. Global Methylome Scores Correlate with Histological Subtypes of Colorectal Carcinoma and Show Different Associations with Common Clinical and Molecular Features. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205165. [PMID: 34680315 PMCID: PMC8533997 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The typical methylation patterns associated with cancer are hypermethylation at gene promoters and global genome hypomethylation. Aberrant CpG island hypermethylation at promoter regions and global genome hypomethylation have not been associated with histological colorectal carcinomas (CRC) subsets. Using Illumina's 450 k Infinium Human Methylation beadchip, the methylome of 82 CRCs were analyzed, comprising different histological subtypes: 40 serrated adenocarcinomas (SAC), 32 conventional carcinomas (CC) and 10 CRCs showing histological and molecular features of microsatellite instability (hmMSI-H), and, additionally, 35 normal adjacent mucosae. Scores reflecting the overall methylation at 250 bp, 1 kb and 2 kb from the transcription starting site (TSS) were studied. RESULTS SAC has an intermediate methylation pattern between CC and hmMSI-H for the three genome locations. In addition, the shift from promoter hypermethylation to genomic hypomethylation occurs at a small sequence between 250 bp and 1 Kb from the gene TSS, and an asymmetric distribution of methylation was observed between both sides of the CpG islands (N vs. S shores). CONCLUSION These findings show that different histological subtypes of CRC have a particular global methylation pattern depending on sequence distance to TSS and highlight the so far underestimated importance of CpGs aberrantly hypomethylated in the clinical phenotype of CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Carmen Turpín-Sevilla
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km 1800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.C.T.-S.); (I.H.)
| | - Fernando Pérez-Sanz
- Biomedical Informatics & Bioinformatics Platform, Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB)/Foundation for Healthcare Training & Research of the Region of Murcia (FFIS), Calle Luis Fontes Pagán 9, 30003 Murcia, Spain;
| | - José García-Solano
- Department of Pathology, Santa Lucía General University Hospital (HGUSL), C/Mezquita s/n, 30202 Cartagena, Spain;
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Campus Los Jerónimos, 30107 Guadalupe, Spain
- Group of Molecular Pathology and Pharmacogenetics, Institute for Biomedical Research from Murcia (IMIB), HGUSL, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Patricia Sebastián-León
- IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Javier Trujillo-Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Santa Lucía General University Hospital (HGUSL), C/Mezquita s/n, 30202 Cartagena, Spain;
| | - Pablo Carbonell
- Biochemistry and Clinical Genetic Center, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Eduardo Estrada
- Department of Social Psychology and Methodology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (A.T.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Irene Herruzo
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km 1800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.C.T.-S.); (I.H.)
| | - Lochlan J. Fennell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (L.J.F.); (V.L.J.W.)
- Conjoint Internal Medicine Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Markus J. Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (A.T.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Edith Rodríguez-Braun
- Clinical Oncology Department, Santa Lucía General University Hospital (HGUSL). C/Mezquita s/n, 30202 Cartagena, Spain;
| | - Vicki L. J. Whitehall
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (L.J.F.); (V.L.J.W.)
- Conjoint Internal Medicine Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ana Conesa
- Microbiology and Cell Sciences Department, Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Pablo Conesa-Zamora
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Campus Los Jerónimos, 30107 Guadalupe, Spain
- Group of Molecular Pathology and Pharmacogenetics, Institute for Biomedical Research from Murcia (IMIB), HGUSL, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
- Clinical Oncology Department, Santa Lucía General University Hospital (HGUSL). C/Mezquita s/n, 30202 Cartagena, Spain;
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Santa Lucía General University Hospital (HGUSL), C/Mezquita s/n, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-968128600 (ext. 951615)
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11
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Khosrowabadi E, Rivinoja A, Risteli M, Tuomisto A, Salo T, Mäkinen MJ, Kellokumpu S. SLC4A2 anion exchanger promotes tumour cell malignancy via enhancing net acid efflux across golgi membranes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6283-6304. [PMID: 34279699 PMCID: PMC8429400 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03890-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Proper functioning of each secretory and endocytic compartment relies on its unique pH micro-environment that is known to be dictated by the rates of V-ATPase-mediated H+ pumping and its leakage back to the cytoplasm via an elusive "H+ leak" pathway. Here, we show that this proton leak across Golgi membranes is mediated by the AE2a (SLC4A2a)-mediated bicarbonate-chloride exchange, as it is strictly dependent on bicarbonate import (in exchange for chloride export) and the expression level of the Golgi-localized AE2a anion exchanger. In the acidic Golgi lumen, imported bicarbonate anions and protons then facilitate a common buffering reaction that yields carbon dioxide and water before their egress back to the cytoplasm via diffusion or water channels. The flattened morphology of the Golgi cisternae helps this process, as their high surface-volume ratio is optimal for water and gas exchange. Interestingly, this net acid efflux pathway is often upregulated in cancers and established cancer cell lines, and responsible for their markedly elevated Golgi resting pH and attenuated glycosylation potential. Accordingly, AE2 knockdown in SW-48 colorectal cancer cells was able to restore these two phenomena, and at the same time, reverse their invasive and anchorage-independent growth phenotype. These findings suggest a possibility to return malignant cells to a benign state by restoring Golgi resting pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Khosrowabadi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu (Oulun Yliopisto), Aapistie 7A, PO BOX 5400, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
| | | | - Maija Risteli
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Centre, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Medical Research Centre, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuula Salo
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Centre, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Medical Research Centre, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sakari Kellokumpu
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu (Oulun Yliopisto), Aapistie 7A, PO BOX 5400, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
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12
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Osterlund PJ, Osterlund E, Uutela A, Halonen P, Kallio RS, Ålgars A, Salminen T, Lamminmäki A, Soveri LM, Ristamäki R, Lehtomäki KI, Stedt H, Heervä E, Nordin A, Ovissi A, Sundström J, Nieminen L, Mäkinen MJ, Ristimäki A, Isoniemi H. Resectability, conversion and resections rates, and outcomes in RAS& BRAF wildtype (wt), RAS mutant (mt) and BRAFmt metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) subgroups in the prospective Finnish RAXO-study. J Clin Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.3532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3532 Background: Outcomes of metastasectomy varies with RAS and BRAF-status, but the effect on resectability, conversion and resection rates has not been extensively studied. Methods: The prospective Finnish RAXO study (NCT01531621) included 1086 patients 2011-2018 (Osterlund et al TLRHE 2021, Isoniemi et al BJS 2021) of which 906 were included in this secondary endpoint analysis. Excluded had missing KRAS/ NRAS/ BRAF-V600E test, were untreatable or had an atypical BRAF mutation. We studied repeated centralized resectability assessment, conversion and resectability rates in mCRC, and overall survival (OS) after resection and/or local ablative therapy (LAT) and systemic therapy. Results: Included were 289 RAS& BRAFwt, 529 RASmt (overrepresented) and 88 BRAFmt, with median age 65.8/66.1/66.9 years. Demographics per RAS& BRAFwt, RASmt and BRAFmt showed significant differences in male proportion (68/61/39%), ECOG PS 2-3 groups (16/14/25%), primary tumour location (right colon 16/30/69%, left colon 47/34/17%, rectum 38/36/14%), but not for Charlson comorbidity index, BMI, resection of primary, synchronous presentation or adjuvant therapy (Bonferroni corrected Chi-square). Metastatic profile was different for liver (78/74/61% per RAS& BRAFwt, RASmt and BRAFmt), lung (24/35/28%) and peritoneal (15/15/32%) metastases, but not for lymph nodes or other sites, nor for number of metastatic sites (1 in 53/54/52%). Upfront resectability rates were different with 32/29/15% for RAS& BRAFwt, RASmt and BRAFmt, respectively, as were conversion rates with 16/13/7%, and resection/LAT rates with 45/37/17%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier median OS estimate in R0/1/2-resected and/or LAT group (n = 342) was 83/69/30 months for RAS& BRAFwt, RASmt and BRAFmt groups, respectively and 5-year OS-rates 67/60/24%, with Cox HR ref/1.53 (95% CI 1.04-2.25)/3.11 (1.49-6.49). In the “systemic therapy only” (n = 564) OS was 29/21/15 months and 5-year OS-rates 11/6/2% respectively, with HR ref/1.43 (1.15-1.76)/2.34 (1.73-3.17). Resection/LAT patients had improved OS over “systemic therapy only” patients in all subgroups, HR 5.74 (3.90-8.44)/5.06 (3.92-6.55)/2.89 (1.43-5.86). Conclusions: There were significant differences in resectability, conversion and resection/LAT rates according to RAS& BRAFwt, RASmt and BRAFmt status. OS was also significantly longer for RAS& BRAFwt versus either mutant. Resected/LAT had better OS than “systemic therapy alone” patients in all subgroups. Clinical trial information: NCT01531621.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia J. Osterlund
- Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Department of Oncology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Emerik Osterlund
- Uppsala University and Akademiska Sjukhuset, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aki Uutela
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Halonen
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Department of Oncology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raija S. Kallio
- Oulu University Hospital, Department of Oncology, Oulu, Finland
| | - Annika Ålgars
- Turku University Hospital, Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku, Finland
| | - Tapio Salminen
- Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Department of Oncology, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Leena-Maija Soveri
- Helsinki University Central Hospital and Hyvinkää Home Care, Department of Palliative Care, Helsinki and Hyvinkää, Finland
| | - Raija Ristamäki
- Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Department of Oncology, Turku, Finland
| | - Kaisa I Lehtomäki
- Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Department of Oncology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hanna Stedt
- Kuopio University Hospital, Department of Oncology, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eetu Heervä
- Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Department of Oncology, Turku, Finland
| | - Arno Nordin
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ali Ovissi
- Helsinki University Hospital, Department of Radiology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Sundström
- Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Department of Pathology, Turku, Finland
| | - Lasse Nieminen
- Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Department of Oncology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ari Ristimäki
- Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki and Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helena Isoniemi
- Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Department Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Niiranen L, Mäkelä KA, Dona A, Krumsiek J, Karhu T, Mäkinen MJ, Thalmann O, Saarela S, Herzig KH. Seasonal Regulation of Metabolism: The Effect of Wintertime Fasting and Autumnal Fattening on Key Central Regulators of Metabolism and the Metabolic Profile of the Raccoon Dog ( Nyctereutes Procyonoides). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094965. [PMID: 34067001 PMCID: PMC8125260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations into the mechanisms regulating obesity are frantic and novel translational approaches are needed. The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is a canid species representing a promising model to study metabolic regulation in a species undergoing cycles of seasonal obesity and fasting. To understand the molecular mechanisms of metabolic regulation in seasonal adaptation, we analyzed key central nervous system and peripheral signals regulating food intake and metabolism from raccoon dogs after autumnal fattening and winter fasting. Expressions of neuropeptide Y (NPY), orexin-2 receptor (OX2R), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and leptin receptor (ObRb) were analyzed as examples of orexigenic and anorexigenic signals using qRT-PCR from raccoon dog hypothalamus samples. Plasma metabolic profiles were measured with 1H NMR-spectroscopy and LC-MS. Circulating hormones and cytokines were determined with canine specific antibody assays. Surprisingly, NPY and POMC were not affected by the winter fasting nor autumn fattening and the metabolic profiles showed a remarkable equilibrium, indicating conserved homeostasis. However, OX2R and ObRb expression changes suggested seasonal regulation. Circulating cytokine levels were not increased, demonstrating that the autumn fattening did not induce subacute inflammation. Thus, the raccoon dog developed seasonal regulatory mechanisms to accommodate the autumnal fattening and prolonged fasting making the species unique in coping with the extreme environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Niiranen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
| | - Kari A. Mäkelä
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
| | - Anthony Dona
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia;
| | - Jan Krumsiek
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Toni Karhu
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
| | - Markus J. Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland;
- Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O Box 8000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Olaf Thalmann
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
- Institute of Pediatrics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznań, Poland
| | - Seppo Saarela
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
- Institute of Pediatrics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-29-448-5280
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14
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Sirniö P, Väyrynen JP, Mutt SJ, Herzig KH, Walkowiak J, Klintrup K, Mäkelä J, Karttunen TJ, Mäkinen MJ, Tuomisto A. Systemic inflammation is associated with circulating cell death released keratin 18 fragments in colorectal cancer. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1783046. [PMID: 32923147 PMCID: PMC7458668 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1783046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation is a stage-independent marker of poor prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC), activated in a complex, multifactorial process. It has been proposed that one of the main factors driving systemic inflammation may be tumor necrosis. Keratin 18 (KRT18) fragments are released from dead cells and their serum levels are markers for apoptotic and necrotic cell death. In CRC, high KRT18 levels associate with advanced disease, but their relationship with tumor necrosis and systemic inflammation is unknown. In this study, serum total soluble KRT18 (tKRT18) and apoptosis-related, caspase-cleaved fragment (aKRT18) levels were measured preoperatively from 328 CRC patients, and their difference was calculated to assess necrosis related KRT18 (nKRT18) levels. The relationships of these markers with tumor necrosis, clinicopathologic features, systemic inflammation markers (C-reactive protein, albumin, and 13 cytokines), and survival were analyzed. High serum tKRT18, aKRT18, and nKRT18 levels showed association with a higher extent of tumor necrosis, distant metastasis, and increased levels of several markers of systemic inflammation, including CXCL8. High serum tKRT18 (multivariable HR 1.94, 95% CI 1.28-2.95, p = .002) and nKRT18 (multivariable HR 1.87, 95% CI 1.24-2.82, p = .003) levels were associated with poor overall survival independent of potential confounding factors. Our results show that tumor necrosis in CRC contributes to serum levels of KRT18 fragments, and both necrosis and KRT18 levels associate with systemic inflammation. Moreover, we show that serum tKRT18 and nKRT18 levels have independent prognostic value in CRC. Our observations confirm the link between cell death and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Sirniö
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu 90029, Finland
| | - Juha P Väyrynen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu 90029, Finland.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shivaprakash J Mutt
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Biocenter Oulu, Department of Physiology, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Biocenter Oulu, Department of Physiology, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Walkowiak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Kai Klintrup
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu 90029, Finland.,Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jyrki Mäkelä
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu 90029, Finland.,Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomo J Karttunen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu 90029, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu 90029, Finland
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu 90029, Finland
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15
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Patankar M, Mattila T, Väyrynen JP, Klintrup K, Mäkelä J, Tuomisto A, Nieminen P, Mäkinen MJ, Karttunen TJ. Putative anoikis-resistant subpopulations in colorectal carcinoma: a marker of adverse prognosis. APMIS 2020; 128:390-400. [PMID: 32202676 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anoikis is a form of apoptosis induced when a cell loses contact with the extracellular matrix (ECM). Anoikis resistance is essential for metastasis formation, yet only detectable by in vitro experiments. We present a method for quantitation of putative anoikis-resistant (AR) subpopulations in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and evaluate their prognostic significance. We studied 137 CRC cases and identified cell subpopulations with and without stromal or extracellular matrix (ECM) contact with hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained sections and immunohistochemistry for laminin and type IV collagen. Suprabasal cells of micropapillary structures and inner cells of cribriform and solid structures lacked both stromal contact and contact with ECM proteins. Apoptosis rate (M30) was lower in these subpopulations than in the other carcinoma cells, consistent with putative AR subpopulation. We determined the areal density of these subpopulations (number/mm2 tumor tissue), and their high areal density independently indicates low cancer-specific survival. In conclusion, we show evidence that subpopulations of carcinoma cells in micropapillary, cribriform, and solid structures are resistant to anoikis as shown by lack of ECM contact and low apoptosis rate. Abundance of these subpopulations is a new independent indicator of poor prognosis in CRC, consistent with the importance of anoikis resistance in the formation of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Patankar
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Taneli Mattila
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha P Väyrynen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kai Klintrup
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jyrki Mäkelä
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pentti Nieminen
- Medical Informatics and Data Analysis Research Group, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomo J Karttunen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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16
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Mutt SJ, Raza GS, Mäkinen MJ, Keinänen‐Kiukaanniemi S, Järvelin M, Herzig K. Vitamin D Deficiency Induces Insulin Resistance and Re‐Supplementation Attenuates Hepatic Glucose Output via the PI3K‐AKT‐FOXO1 Mediated Pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1900728. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shivaprakash Jagalur Mutt
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Oulu 90014 Oulu Finland
- Biocenter of OuluUniversity of Oulu 90014 Oulu Finland
- Medical Research CenterUniversity of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital 90014 Oulu Finland
| | - Ghulam Shere Raza
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Oulu 90014 Oulu Finland
- Biocenter of OuluUniversity of Oulu 90014 Oulu Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Medical Research CenterUniversity of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital 90014 Oulu Finland
- Cancer and Translational Research Unit, Department of PathologyUniversity of Oulu 90014 Oulu Finland
| | - Sirkka Keinänen‐Kiukaanniemi
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Oulu 90014 Oulu Finland
- Unit of General Practice and Primary CareOulu University Hospital 90220 Oulu Finland
- Institute of Health SciencesUniversity of Oulu 90014 Oulu Finland
| | - Marjo‐Riitta Järvelin
- Biocenter of OuluUniversity of Oulu 90014 Oulu Finland
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Oulu 90014 Oulu Finland
- Institute of Health SciencesUniversity of Oulu 90014 Oulu Finland
- Unit of General Practice and Primary CareOulu University Hospital 90220 Oulu Finland
- Department of Children, Young People and FamiliesNational Institute for Health and Welfare 90101 Oulu Finland
| | - Karl‐Heinz Herzig
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Oulu 90014 Oulu Finland
- Biocenter of OuluUniversity of Oulu 90014 Oulu Finland
- Medical Research CenterUniversity of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital 90014 Oulu Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology and MetabolismPoznan University of Medical Sciences 61–701 Poznan Poland
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17
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Patankar M, Eskelinen S, Tuomisto A, Mäkinen MJ, Karttunen TJ. KRAS and BRAF mutations induce anoikis resistance and characteristic 3D phenotypes in Caco‑2 cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4634-4644. [PMID: 31545494 PMCID: PMC6797985 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a number of types of cancer, anoikis, a form of apoptosis induced by loss of extracellular matrix (ECM) attachment, is disturbed. Anoikis resistance is essential in the formation of metastases. A recent study identified carcinoma cell subpopulations surviving without ECM contact in pathological specimens of colorectal cancer. The occurrence of these subpopulations indicated anoikis resistance. In the present study, it is demonstrated that KRAS and BRAF mutations induce anoikis resistance in colon cancer (Caco-2) cells. In 3D cultures, Caco-2 cells transfected with mutated KRAS or BRAF formed multicellular structures analogous to anoikis-resistant subpopulations in actual carcinomas, and serve as an in vitro model for anoikis resistance. Caco-2 cell lines were constructed, with KRAS or BRAF mutations, using retroviral delivery. The current study investigated anoikis resistance using an Annexin V apoptosis test from suspension cultures. 3D in vitro cultures, which were generated in collagen-matrigel mixtures, were assessed using confocal microscopy. 3D cultures embedded in paraffin were analyzed using conventional histopathology. In suspension cultures, Caco-2 cells with KRAS or BRAF mutations indicated a significantly lower proportion of Annexin positivity than the native Caco-2 cells, indicating that these mutations induce anoikis resistance in Caco-2 cells. 3D cultures displayed native Caco-2 cells forming polarized cysts with a single layer thick epithelium, whereas Caco-2 cells with KRAS or BRAF mutations formed partially filled cystic structures or solid round structures where only the outermost layer was in contact with the ECM. Additionally, KRAS mutations induced reversed polarity to Caco-2 cells along with the emergence of solid growth. The present study demonstrated that KRAS and BRAF mutations induce anoikis resistance in Caco-2 colorectal cancer cells. The growth patterns generated from the KRAS and BRAF mutated cells in 3D cultures revealed a resemblance to the putative anoikis-resistant subpopulations in actual carcinomas, including micropapillary structures and solid tumor cell islands. Additionally, KRAS mutation induced the emergence of inverted polarity. In conclusion, 3D cultures with modified Caco-2 cells serve as a valid in vitro model for anoikis resistance and inverted polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Patankar
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Sinikka Eskelinen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomo J Karttunen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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18
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Tuomisto AE, Mäkinen MJ, Väyrynen JP. Systemic inflammation in colorectal cancer: Underlying factors, effects, and prognostic significance. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4383-4404. [PMID: 31496619 PMCID: PMC6710177 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i31.4383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation is a marker of poor prognosis preoperatively present in around 20%-40% of colorectal cancer patients. The hallmarks of systemic inflammation include an increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins that enter the circulation. While the low-level systemic inflammation is often clinically silent, its consequences are many and may ultimately lead to chronic cancer-associated wasting, cachexia. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis of cancer-related systemic inflammation, explore the role of systemic inflammation in promoting cancer growth, escaping antitumor defense, and shifting metabolic pathways, and how these changes are related to less favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Tuomisto
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Juha P Väyrynen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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19
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Paarnio K, Tuomisto A, Väyrynen SA, Väyrynen JP, Klintrup K, Ohtonen P, Mäkinen MJ, Mäkelä J, Karttunen TJ. Serum TLR2 and TLR4 levels in colorectal cancer and their association with systemic inflammatory markers, tumor characteristics, and disease outcome. APMIS 2019; 127:561-569. [PMID: 31132191 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis. However, the significance of serum TLR concentrations in CRC is unknown. We analyzed serum TLR2 and TLR4 concentrations with ELISA in preoperative samples from 118 patients with CRC and 88 matched controls. We also assessed tissue TLR expression with immunohistochemistry and by detecting serum determinants of systemic inflammation. Most participants (>70%) had undetectable serum TLR2. The mean serum TLR4 levels were lower in patients than in controls (1.1 vs 1.8 ng/mL; p = 0.015). Undetectable TLR4 was more common in stage I (39%) than in stages II-IV (11%, p < 0.001). TLR2 or TLR4 expression in tumor cells did not correlate with serum levels, but abundant TLR2 expression in normal colon epithelium was associated with detectable serum TLR2 (p = 0.034). Undetectable serum TLR2 was linked to high modified Glasgow prognostic scores (p = 0.010), high CRP levels (p = 0.013), blood vessel invasion (p = 0.013), and tended to be associated with worse 5-year survival (p = 0.052). In conclusion, serum TLR2 levels were inversely associated with systemic inflammation in patients with CRC. Moreover, serum TLR2 levels might depend more on normal colorectal mucosa contributions than on tumor tissue contributions. Further studies are required to assess the prognostic value of serum TLR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoliina Paarnio
- Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sara A Väyrynen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juha P Väyrynen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kai Klintrup
- Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pasi Ohtonen
- Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jyrki Mäkelä
- Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomo J Karttunen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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20
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Väyrynen JP, Väyrynen SA, Sirniö P, Minkkinen I, Klintrup K, Karhu T, Mäkelä J, Herzig KH, Karttunen TJ, Tuomisto A, Mäkinen MJ. Platelet count, aspirin use, and characteristics of host inflammatory responses in colorectal cancer. J Transl Med 2019; 17:199. [PMID: 31196200 PMCID: PMC6567577 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1950-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Platelets not only contribute to hemostasis but also to the regulation of inflammatory reactions and cancer pathogenesis. We hypothesized that blood platelet count would be associated with systemic inflammation, the densities of tumor infiltrating immune cells, and survival in colorectal cancer (CRC), and these relationships could be altered by aspirin use. Methods We measured blood platelet count in a cohort of 356 CRC patients and analyzed its relationships with tumor and patient characteristics including aspirin use, markers of systemic inflammation (modified Glasgow Prognostic Score, mGPS; serum levels of CRP, albumin, and 13 cytokines), blood hemoglobin levels, five types of tumor infiltrating immune cells (CD3, CD8, FoxP3, Neutrophil elastase, mast cell tryptase), and survival. Results Platelet count inversely correlated with blood hemoglobin levels (p < 0.001) and positively correlated with serum levels of CRP and multiple cytokines including IL-1RA, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-12, IFNγ, and PDGF-BB (p < 0.001 for all), while aspirin use was not associated with the levels of systemic inflammatory markers. High platelet count was also associated with high mGPS (p < 0.001) but did not show statistically significant multivariable adjusted associations with the densities of tumor infiltrating immune cells. Higher platelet counts were observed in higher tumor stage (p < 0.001), but platelet count or aspirin use were not associated with patient survival. Conclusions High platelet count is associated with systemic inflammation in CRC. This study could not demonstrate statistically significant associations between platelet count, aspirin use, and the densities of tumor infiltrating immune cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1950-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha P Väyrynen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland. .,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland. .,Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Sara A Väyrynen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Päivi Sirniö
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ilkka Minkkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kai Klintrup
- Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Toni Karhu
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jyrki Mäkelä
- Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tuomo J Karttunen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
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21
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Väyrynen JP, Tuomisto A, Mäkinen MJ. Regulatory mechanisms of T cell activation-From basic research discoveries to a new principle of cancer therapy and the Nobel Prize. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 225:e13224. [PMID: 30471201 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juha P. Väyrynen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit University of Oulu Oulu Finland
- Department of Pathology Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu Oulu Finland
- Department of Oncologic Pathology Dana‐Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit University of Oulu Oulu Finland
- Department of Pathology Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Markus J. Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit University of Oulu Oulu Finland
- Department of Pathology Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu Oulu Finland
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22
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Bengs S, Becker E, Busenhart P, Spalinger MR, Raselli T, Kasper S, Lang S, Atrott K, Mamie C, Vavricka SR, von Boehmer L, Knuth A, Tuomisto A, Mäkinen MJ, Hruz P, Turina M, Rickenbacher A, Petrowsky H, Weber A, Frei P, Halama M, Jenkins G, Sheppard D, Croner RS, Christoph J, Britzen-Laurent N, Naschberger E, Schellerer V, Stürzl M, Fried M, Rogler G, Scharl M. β 6 -integrin serves as a novel serum tumor marker for colorectal carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:678-685. [PMID: 30653264 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide and the need for novel biomarkers and therapeutic strategies to improve diagnosis and surveillance is obvious. This study aims to identify β6 -integrin (ITGB6) as a novel serum tumor marker for diagnosis, prognosis, and surveillance of CRC. ITGB6 serum levels were validated in retro- and prospective CRC patient cohorts. ITGB6 serum levels were analyzed by ELISA. Using an initial cohort of 60 CRC patients, we found that ITGB6 is present in the serum of CRC, but not in non-CRC control patients. A cut-off of ≥2 ng/mL ITGB6 reveals 100% specificity for the presence of metastatic CRC. In an enlarged study cohort of 269 CRC patients, ITGB6 predicted the onset of metastatic disease and was associated with poor prognosis. Those data were confirmed in an independent, prospective cohort consisting of 40 CRC patients. To investigate whether ITGB6 can also be used for tumor surveillance, serum ITGB6-levels were assessed in 26 CRC patients, pre- and post-surgery, as well as during follow-up visits. After complete tumor resection, ITGB6 serum levels declined completely. During follow-up, a new rise in ITGB6 serum levels indicated tumor recurrence or the onset of new metastasis as confirmed by CT scan. ITGB6 was more accurate for prognosis of advanced CRC and for tumor surveillance as the established marker carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Our findings identify ITGB6 as a novel serum marker for diagnosis, prognosis, and surveillance of advanced CRC. This might essentially contribute to an optimized patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Bengs
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eugenia Becker
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Busenhart
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marianne R Spalinger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tina Raselli
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Kasper
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kirstin Atrott
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Celine Mamie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan R Vavricka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Alexander Knuth
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research NCCCR, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Petr Hruz
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Turina
- Department of Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rickenbacher
- Department of Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Petrowsky
- Department of Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Frei
- Clinic for Gastroenterology Bethanien, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Halama
- Clinic for Gastroenterology Zurich-Fluntern, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gisli Jenkins
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Sheppard
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Roland S Croner
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jan Christoph
- Department of Medical Informatics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nathalie Britzen-Laurent
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Naschberger
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vera Schellerer
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Stürzl
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Fried
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Pussila M, Törönen P, Einarsdottir E, Katayama S, Krjutškov K, Holm L, Kere J, Peltomäki P, Mäkinen MJ, Linden J, Nyström M. Mlh1 deficiency in normal mouse colon mucosa associates with chromosomally unstable colon cancer. Carcinogenesis 2019; 39:788-797. [PMID: 29701748 PMCID: PMC5973430 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) genome is unstable and different types of instabilities, such as chromosomal instability (CIN) and microsatellite instability (MSI) are thought to reflect distinct cancer initiating mechanisms. Although 85% of sporadic CRC reveal CIN, 15% reveal mismatch repair (MMR) malfunction and MSI, the hallmarks of Lynch syndrome with inherited heterozygous germline mutations in MMR genes. Our study was designed to comprehensively follow genome-wide expression changes and their implications during colon tumorigenesis. We conducted a long-term feeding experiment in the mouse to address expression changes arising in histologically normal colonic mucosa as putative cancer preceding events, and the effect of inherited predisposition (Mlh1+/−) and Western-style diet (WD) on those. During the 21-month experiment, carcinomas developed mainly in WD-fed mice and were evenly distributed between genotypes. Unexpectedly, the heterozygote (B6.129-Mlh1tm1Rak) mice did not show MSI in their CRCs. Instead, both wildtype and heterozygote CRC mice showed a distinct mRNA expression profile and shortage of several chromosomal segregation gene-specific transcripts (Mlh1, Bub1, Mis18a, Tpx2, Rad9a, Pms2, Cenpe, Ncapd3, Odf2 and Dclre1b) in their colon mucosa, as well as an increased mitotic activity and abundant numbers of unbalanced/atypical mitoses in tumours. Our genome-wide expression profiling experiment demonstrates that cancer preceding changes are already seen in histologically normal colon mucosa and that decreased expressions of Mlh1 and other chromosomal segregation genes may form a field-defect in mucosa, which trigger MMR-proficient, chromosomally unstable CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjaana Pussila
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme
| | - Petri Törönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shintaro Katayama
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kaarel Krjutškov
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liisa Holm
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Päivi Peltomäki
- Medicum, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jere Linden
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, FCLAP, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Nyström
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme
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24
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Sirniö P, Väyrynen JP, Klintrup K, Mäkelä J, Karhu T, Herzig KH, Minkkinen I, Mäkinen MJ, Karttunen TJ, Tuomisto A. Alterations in serum amino-acid profile in the progression of colorectal cancer: associations with systemic inflammation, tumour stage and patient survival. Br J Cancer 2018; 120:238-246. [PMID: 30563990 PMCID: PMC6342921 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is a complex wasting syndrome affecting patients with advanced cancer, with systemic inflammation as a key component in pathogenesis. Protein degradation and release of amino acids (AAs) in skeletal muscle are stimulated in cachexia. Here, we define factors contributing to serum AA levels in colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS Serum levels of nine AAs were characterised in 336 CRC patients and their relationships with 20 markers of systemic inflammatory reaction, clinicopathological features of cancers and patient survival were analysed. RESULTS Low serum glutamine and histidine levels and high phenylalanine levels associated with indicators of systemic inflammation, including high modified Glasgow Prognostic Score, high blood neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and high serum levels of CRP, IL-6 and IL-8. Low levels of serum glutamine, histidine, alanine and high glycine levels also associated with advanced cancer stage and with poor cancer-specific survival in univariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS In CRC, serum AA levels are associated with systemic inflammation and disease stage. These findings may reflect muscle catabolism induced by systemic inflammation in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Sirniö
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha P Väyrynen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kai Klintrup
- Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jyrki Mäkelä
- Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Toni Karhu
- Department of Physiology, Research Unit of Biomedicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Physiology, Research Unit of Biomedicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ilkka Minkkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomo J Karttunen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland. .,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland.
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25
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García-Solano J, Turpin MC, Torres-Moreno D, Huertas-López F, Tuomisto A, Mäkinen MJ, Conesa A, Conesa-Zamora P. Two histologically colorectal carcinomas subsets from the serrated pathway show different methylome signatures and diagnostic biomarkers. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:141. [PMID: 30413173 PMCID: PMC6230233 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered methylation patterns are driving forces in colorectal carcinogenesis. The serrated adenocarcinoma (SAC) and sporadic colorectal carcinoma showing histological and molecular features of microsatellite instability (hmMSI-H) are two endpoints of the so-called serrated pathological route sharing some characteristics but displaying a totally different immune response and clinical outcome. However, there are no studies comparing the methylome of these two subtypes of colorectal carcinomas. The methylation status of 450,000 CpG sites using the Infinium Human Methylation 450 BeadChip array was investigated in 48 colorectal specimens, including 39 SACs and 9 matched hmMSI-H. RESULTS Microarray data comparing SAC and hmMSI-H showed an enrichment in functions related to morphogenesis, neurogenesis, cytoskeleton, metabolism, vesicle transport and immune response and also significant differential methylation of 1540 genes, including CD14 and HLA-DOA which were more methylated in hmMSI-H than in SAC and subsequently validated at the CpG, mRNA and protein level using pyrosequencing, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate particular epigenetic regulation patterns in SAC which may help to define key molecules responsible for the characteristic weak immune response of SAC and identify potential targets for treating SAC, which lacks molecular targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José García-Solano
- Department of Pathology, Santa Lucía General University Hospital (HGUSL), C/Mezquita s/n, 30202, Cartagena, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain.,Instituto Murciano de Investigaciones Biosanitarias (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - María C Turpin
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km. 1.800 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Torres-Moreno
- Department of Pathology, Santa Lucía General University Hospital (HGUSL), C/Mezquita s/n, 30202, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Francisco Huertas-López
- Microbiology and Cell Sciences Department, Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Department of Pathology, and Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Department of Pathology, and Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ana Conesa
- Microbiology and Cell Sciences Department, Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Genomics of Gene Expression Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain.,Genetics Institute, Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Pablo Conesa-Zamora
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain. .,Instituto Murciano de Investigaciones Biosanitarias (IMIB), Murcia, Spain. .,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Santa Lucía General University Hospital (HGUSL), C/Mezquita s/n, 30202, Cartagena, Spain.
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26
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Sirniö P, Tuomisto A, Tervahartiala T, Sorsa T, Klintrup K, Karhu T, Herzig KH, Mäkelä J, Karttunen TJ, Salo T, Mäkinen MJ, Väyrynen JP. High-serum MMP-8 levels are associated with decreased survival and systemic inflammation in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:213-219. [PMID: 29808017 PMCID: PMC6048114 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) is a protease mainly expressed by neutrophils that cleaves numerous substrates, including collagens and cytokines. We have previously shown that serum MMP-8 levels increase in colorectal cancer (CRC) and correlate with distant metastasis. However, short follow-up in our prospective cohort did not enable survival analyses at the time of the first publication. Methods Preoperative serum MMP-8 levels were measured by immunofluorometric assay in 271 CRC patients and related to clinicopathological parameters, markers of systemic inflammation (modified Glasgow Prognostic Score, mGPS; serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin and 13 cytokines), the density of six types of tumour-infiltrating immune cells and survival. Results Increased MMP-8 levels associated with higher mGPS and higher serum levels of CRP and several cytokines, including IL-1ra, IL-7 and IL-8 (p < 0.001 for all). Serum MMP-8 negatively correlated with tumour-infiltrating mast cells (invasive margin: p = 0.005, tumour centre: p = 0.010). The patients with high-serum MMP-8 levels (>100 ng/mL) had poor cancer-specific survival, independent of tumour stage, grade, lymphatic invasion, patient age, BRAF VE1 immunohistochemistry, mismatch repair deficiency, Immunoscore and mGPS (multivariate HR 2.12, 95% CI 1.21–3.71, p = 0.009). Conclusions High-serum MMP-8 levels are associated with systemic inflammation and adverse outcome in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Sirniö
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Taina Tervahartiala
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, POB 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Sorsa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, POB 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kai Klintrup
- Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Toni Karhu
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Biocenter Oulu, Department of Physiology, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Biomedicine and Biocenter Oulu, Department of Physiology, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jyrki Mäkelä
- Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomo J Karttunen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuula Salo
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, POB 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha P Väyrynen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland. .,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland.
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27
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Raza GS, Maukonen J, Mäkinen MJ, Niemi P, Niiranen L, Buchert J, Herzig K. Insoluble Fraction from Brewer's Spent Grain reduces hypercholesterolemia in Mice fed a Western style Diet. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.925.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Johanna Maukonen
- Dupont Nutrition & HealthKantvikFinland
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland LtdEspooFinland
| | - Markus J. Mäkinen
- Pathology, Research unit of Cancer and Translational MedicineUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
- Medical Research Center OuluUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Piritta Niemi
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland LtdEspooFinland
| | - Laura Niiranen
- Research unit of BiomedicineUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | | | - Karl‐Heinz Herzig
- Research unit of BiomedicineUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
- GastroenterologyPoznan University of Medical SciencesPoznanPoland
- Medical Research Center OuluUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
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28
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Väyrynen JP, Tuomisto A, Väyrynen SA, Klintrup K, Karhu T, Mäkelä J, Herzig KH, Karttunen TJ, Mäkinen MJ. Preoperative anemia in colorectal cancer: relationships with tumor characteristics, systemic inflammation, and survival. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1126. [PMID: 29348549 PMCID: PMC5773501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anemia is common in colorectal cancer (CRC) but its relationships with tumor characteristics, systemic inflammation, and survival have not been well characterized. In this study, blood hemoglobin levels and erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume (MCV) levels were measured in two independent cohorts of 148 CRC patients and 208 CRC patients, and their correlation with patient and tumor characteristics, systemic inflammatory markers (modified Glasgow Prognostic Score: mGPS; serum levels of thirteen cytokines, C-reactive protein, albumin), and survival were analyzed. We found that anemia, most frequently normocytic, followed by microcytic, was present in 43% of the patients. Microcytic anemia was most commonly associated with proximal colon tumor location. Average MCV and blood hemoglobin levels were lower in tumors with high T-class. Low blood hemoglobin associated with systemic inflammation, including high mGPS and high serum levels of C-reactive protein and IL-8. Particularly, normocytic anemia associated with higher mGPS. Normocytic anemia associated with a tendency towards worse overall survival (multivariate hazard ratio 1.61, 95% confidence interval 1.07–2.42, p = 0.023; borderline statistical significance considering multiple hypothesis testing). In conclusion, anemia in CRC patients is most frequently normocytic. Proximal tumor location is associated with predominantly microcytic anemia and systemic inflammation is associated with normocytic anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha P Väyrynen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu, 90014, Finland. .,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, POB 21, Oulu, 90029, Finland.
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, POB 21, Oulu, 90029, Finland
| | - Sara A Väyrynen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, POB 21, Oulu, 90029, Finland
| | - Kai Klintrup
- Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, Oulu, 90029, Finland
| | - Toni Karhu
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, Oulu, 90029, Finland
| | - Jyrki Mäkelä
- Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, Oulu, 90029, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, Oulu, 90029, Finland.,Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tuomo J Karttunen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, POB 21, Oulu, 90029, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, POB 21, Oulu, 90029, Finland
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29
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Peltola E, Hannula P, Huhtala H, Metso S, Kiviniemi U, Vornanen M, Sand J, Laukkarinen J, Tiikkainen M, Schalin-Jäntti C, Arola J, Sirén J, Piiroinen A, Soinio M, Nuutila P, Söderström M, Hämäläinen H, Moilanen L, Laaksonen D, Pirinen E, Sundelin F, Ebeling T, Salmela P, Mäkinen MJ, Jaatinen P. Characteristics and Outcomes of 79 Patients with an Insulinoma: A Nationwide Retrospective Study in Finland. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:2059481. [PMID: 30425741 PMCID: PMC6218736 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2059481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulinomas are rare pancreatic tumours. Population-based data on their incidence, clinical picture, diagnosis, and treatment are almost nonexistent. The aim of this study was to clarify these aspects in a nationwide cohort of insulinoma patients diagnosed during three decades. DESIGN AND METHODS Retrospective analysis on all adult patients diagnosed with insulinoma in Finland during 1980-2010. RESULTS Seventy-nine patients were diagnosed with insulinoma over the research period. The median follow-up from diagnosis to last control visit was one (min 0, max 31) year. The incidence increased from 0.5/million/year in the 1980s to 0.9/million/year in the 2000s (p = 0.002). The median diagnostic delay was 13 months and did not change over the study period. The mean age at diagnosis was 52 (SD 16) years. The overall imaging sensitivity improved from 39% in the 1980s to 98% in the 2000s (p < 0.001). Seventy-one (90%) of the patients underwent surgery with a curative aim, two (3%) had palliative surgery, and 6 (8%) were inoperable. There were no significant differences in the types of surgical procedures between the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s; tumour enucleations comprised 43% of the operations, distal pancreatic resections 45%, and pancreaticoduodenectomies 12%, over the whole study period. Of the patients who underwent surgery with a curative aim, 89% had a full recovery. Postoperative complications occurred in half of the patients, but postoperative mortality was rare. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of insulinomas has increased during the past three decades. Despite the improved diagnostic options, diagnostic delay has remained unchanged. To shorten the delay, clinicians should be informed and alert to consider the possibility of hypoglycemia and insulinoma, when symptomatic attacks are investigated in different sectors of the healthcare system. Developing the surgical treatment is another major target, in order to lower the overall complication rate, without compromising the high cure rate of insulinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Peltola
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland
- Division of Internal Medicine, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Päivi Hannula
- Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Saara Metso
- Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
| | - Ulla Kiviniemi
- Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
| | - Martine Vornanen
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pathology Department, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
| | - Juhani Sand
- Päijät-Häme Joint Authority for Health and Wellbeing, Finland
| | - Johanna Laukkarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
| | - Mirja Tiikkainen
- Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Camilla Schalin-Jäntti
- Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Arola
- Pathology, HUSLAB Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- Pathology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Sirén
- Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | | | - Minna Soinio
- Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Finland
- Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | | | - Hanna Hämäläinen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Leena Moilanen
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | | | - Elina Pirinen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Fia Sundelin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Tapani Ebeling
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
- Endocrinology, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | - Pasi Salmela
- Endocrinology, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | - Markus J. Mäkinen
- Research Unit of Cancer and Translational Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | - Pia Jaatinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland
- Division of Internal Medicine, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Finland
- Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
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Forsström LM, Sumi K, Mäkinen MJ, Oh JE, Herva R, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H, Aaltonen LA. Germline MSH6 Mutation in a Patient With Two Independent Primary Glioblastomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:848-853. [PMID: 28922847 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously reported a patient who had developed 2 glioblastomas at the age of 54 and 64 years, respectively. The first glioblastoma in the right frontal lobe was treated with surgery and radiotherapy. Ten years later, the patient developed a second, left frontal glioblastoma. Discordant patterns of TP53 and PTEN mutations suggested that the second tumor was not a recurrence but an independently developed glioblastoma. To determine the molecular mechanism underlying this enigmatic case with 10-year survival, we performed whole-exome sequencing. We found that both tumors were IDH-wildtype, excluding the possibility of secondary glioblastomas that developed from a less malignant astrocytic precursor lesion. We here report that the patient carried a heterozygous germline mutation [c.3305_3306insT; p.1102-fs-insT(Gly1105/TrpfsX3)] in the MSH6 mismatch repair gene. Further sequencing revealed that in addition to the germline MSH6 mutation, the first glioblastoma showed loss of the MSH6 wild-type allele, and the second glioblastoma carried a somatic MSH6 mutation [c.1403G>A; p.Arg468His]. Our results indicate that both glioblastomas had 2 hits in the MSH6 gene, and that loss of MSH6 function was the key event in the pathogenesis of these 2 independent primary glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Forsström
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Koichiro Sumi
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ji Eun Oh
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Riitta Herva
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Kleihues
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hiroko Ohgaki
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lauri A Aaltonen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Paarnio K, Väyrynen S, Klintrup K, Ohtonen P, Mäkinen MJ, Mäkelä J, Karttunen TJ. Divergent expression of bacterial wall sensing Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:4831-4838. [PMID: 28765705 PMCID: PMC5514649 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i26.4831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To characterize the expression of toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 in colorectal cancer (CRC) and in normal colorectal mucosa.
METHODS We analysed tissue samples from a prospective series of 118 unselected surgically treated patients with CRC. Sections from formalin fixed, paraffin embedded specimens were analysed for TLR2 and TLR4 expression by immunohistochemistry. Two independent assessors evaluated separately expression at the normal mucosa, at the invasive front and the bulk of the carcinoma, and in the lymph node metastases when present. Expression levels in different locations were compared and their associations with clinicopathological features including TNM-stage and the grade of the tumour and 5-year follow-up observations were analysed.
RESULTS Normal colorectal epithelium showed a gradient of expression of both TLR2 and TLR4 with low levels in the crypt bases and high levels in the surface. In CRC, expression of both TLRs was present in all cases and in the major proportion of tumour cells. Compared to normal epithelium, TLR4 expression was significantly weaker but TLR2 expression stronger in carcinoma cells. Weak TLR4 expression in the invasive front was associated with distant metastases and worse cancer-specific survival at 5 years. In tumours of the proximal colon the cancer-specific survival at 5 years was 36.9% better with strong TLR4 expression as compared with those with weak expression (P = 0.044). In contrast, TLR2 expression levels were not associated with prognosis. Tumour cells in the lymph node metastases showed higher TLR4 expression and lower TLR2 expression than cells in primary tumours.
CONCLUSION Tumour cells in CRC show downregulation of TLR4 and upregulation of TLR2. Low expression of TLR4 in the invasive front predicts poor prognosis and metastatic disease.
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32
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Moilanen JM, Löffek S, Kokkonen N, Salo S, Väyrynen JP, Hurskainen T, Manninen A, Riihilä P, Heljasvaara R, Franzke CW, Kähäri VM, Salo T, Mäkinen MJ, Tasanen K. Significant Role of Collagen XVII And Integrin β4 in Migration and Invasion of The Less Aggressive Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45057. [PMID: 28327550 PMCID: PMC5361192 DOI: 10.1038/srep45057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen XVII and integrin α6β4 have well-established roles as epithelial adhesion molecules. Their binding partner laminin 332 as well as integrin α6β4 are largely recognized to promote invasion and metastasis in various cancers, and collagen XVII is essential for the survival of colon and lung cancer stem cells. We have studied the expression of laminin γ2, collagen XVII and integrin β4 in tissue microarray samples of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and its precursors, actinic keratosis and Bowen's disease. The expression of laminin γ2 was highest in SCC samples, whereas the expression of collagen XVII and integrin β4 varied greatly in SCC and its precursors. Collagen XVII and integrin β4 were also expressed in SCC cell lines. Virus-mediated RNAi knockdown of collagen XVII and integrin β4 reduced the migration of less aggressive SCC-25 cells in horizontal scratch wound healing assay. Additionally, in a 3D organotypic myoma invasion assay the loss of collagen XVII or integrin β4 suppressed equally the migration and invasion of SCC-25 cells whereas there was no effect on the most aggressive HSC-3 cells. Variable expression patterns and results in migration and invasion assays suggest that collagen XVII and integrin β4 contribute to SCC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyri M. Moilanen
- Department of Dermatology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | - Stefanie Löffek
- Skin Cancer Unit of the Dermatology Department, Medical Faculty, West German Cancer Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Nina Kokkonen
- Department of Dermatology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | - Sirpa Salo
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha P. Väyrynen
- Department of Pathology, Research Unit of Cancer and Translational Medicine, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tiina Hurskainen
- Department of Dermatology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | - Aki Manninen
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pilvi Riihilä
- Department of Dermatology, Turku University Hospital, MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turki, Turku, Finland
| | - Ritva Heljasvaara
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Claus-Werner Franzke
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology, Turku University Hospital, MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turki, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuula Salo
- Research Unit of Cancer and Translational Medicine, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Finland
- HUSLAB, Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Pathology Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, SP-13414-903, Brazil
| | - Markus J. Mäkinen
- Department of Pathology, Research Unit of Cancer and Translational Medicine, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kaisa Tasanen
- Department of Dermatology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland
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33
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Väyrynen JP, Mutt SJ, Herzig KH, Väyrynen SA, Kantola T, Karhu T, Karttunen TJ, Klintrup K, Mäkelä J, Mäkinen MJ, Tuomisto A. Decreased preoperative serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels in colorectal cancer are associated with systemic inflammation and serrated morphology. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36519. [PMID: 27819306 PMCID: PMC5098144 DOI: 10.1038/srep36519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of vitamin D is associated with increased risk of several types of cancer including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, factors contributing to low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in CRC are not clear. Therefore, in this study serum 25(OH)D levels in 117 CRC patients and 86 controls were analyzed and correlated with the clinicopathological data including morphological subtype (serrated or conventional), quantity of tumor infiltrating immune cells, levels of systemic inflammatory markers, and disease outcome. We found that the patients had lower serum 25(OH)D levels compared to the controls. Interestingly, among the patients mismatch repair deficiency, serrated morphology, and high body mass index associated with lowest serum 25(OH)D levels. In addition, patients operated in summer or autumn had higher serum 25(OH)D levels. Furthermore, serum 25(OH)D levels inversely correlated with several systemic inflammatory markers, e.g. serum C reactive protein, but did not associate with prognosis. Mechanism leading to vitamin D deficiency in these patients are not clear but could be related to the effects of systemic inflammation. Longitudinal studies are warranted to assess vitamin D deficiency as a potential risk factor for serrated colorectal polyps and adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha P Väyrynen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Shivaprakash J Mutt
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029 Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Biomedicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna Str., 60-572, Poland
| | - Sara A Väyrynen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Tiina Kantola
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Toni Karhu
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomo J Karttunen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Kai Klintrup
- Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029 Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Jyrki Mäkelä
- Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029 Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029 Oulu, Finland
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Pelli A, Väyrynen JP, Klintrup K, Mäkelä J, Mäkinen MJ, Tuomisto A, Karttunen TJ. Gremlin1 expression associates with serrated pathway and favourable prognosis in colorectal cancer. Histopathology 2016; 69:831-838. [PMID: 27257976 DOI: 10.1111/his.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Gremlin1 is a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist with a suggested role in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. We have analysed Gremlin1 protein expression in CRC and assessed its correlation with clinicopathological characteristics, including developmental pathway and prognosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Material included a non-selected series of 148 surgically treated CRC cases. The tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, histological grade and inflammatory infiltrate at the invasive margin were assessed, and tumours were classified to serrated or non-serrated types. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to evaluate Gremlin1 expression. Prognosis (60-month follow-up) was analysed by Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox regression analysis. Gremlin1 expression was detected in epithelial cells both in normal mucosa and in carcinomas. Abundant expression in carcinomas associated with low TNM stage (P = 0.044), low histological grade (P = 0.044), serrated histology (P = 0.033 or P = 0.053 depending on the classification cut-off) and intensive inflammatory infiltrate at the invasive margin (P = 0.044), and was a stage independent indicator of extended survival (P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS Gremlin1 protein expression in CRC associates with low tumour stage and extended survival independently of tumour stage, suggesting that it represents a relevant prognostic indicator in CRC. High expression in carcinomas with serrated histology suggests a potential role for Gremlin1 in the serrated pathway of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Pelli
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha P Väyrynen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kai Klintrup
- Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jyrki Mäkelä
- Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomo J Karttunen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. .,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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Väyrynen SA, Väyrynen JP, Klintrup K, Mäkelä J, Tuomisto A, Mäkinen MJ. Ectopic crypt foci in conventional and serrated colorectal polyps. J Clin Pathol 2016; 69:1063-1069. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2015-203593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Väyrynen SA, Väyrynen JP, Klintrup K, Mäkelä J, Karttunen TJ, Tuomisto A, Mäkinen MJ. Clinical impact and network of determinants of tumour necrosis in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:1334-42. [PMID: 27195424 PMCID: PMC4984458 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The disease outcome in colorectal cancer (CRC) can vary in a wide range within the same tumour stage. The aim of this study was to clarify the prognostic value and the determinants of tumour necrosis in CRC. Methods: The areal proportion (%) of tumour tissue showing coagulative necrosis was evaluated in a cohort of 147 CRC patients and correlated with basic clinicopathological characteristics, microvascular density (MVD), cell proliferation rate, KRAS and BRAF mutations, and survival. To validate the prognostic significance of tumour necrosis, an independent cohort of 418 CRC patients was analysed. Results: Tumour necrosis positively correlated with tumour stage (P=8.5E−4)—especially with T class (4.0E−6)—and inversely correlated with serrated histology (P=0.014), but did not significantly associate with cell proliferation rate, MVD, and KRAS or BRAF mutation. Abundant (10% or more) tumour necrosis associated with worse disease-free survival independent of stage and other biological or clinicopathological characteristics in both cohorts, and the adverse effect was directly related to its extent. High CD105 MVD was also a stage independent marker for worse disease-free survival. Conclusions: Tumour necrosis percentage is a relevant histomorphological prognostic indicator in CRC. More studies are needed to disclose the mechanisms of tumour necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Väyrynen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, Oulu 90029, Finland
| | - Juha P Väyrynen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, Oulu 90029, Finland
| | - Kai Klintrup
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, Oulu 90029, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Jyrki Mäkelä
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, Oulu 90029, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Tuomo J Karttunen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, Oulu 90029, Finland
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, Oulu 90029, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, Oulu 90029, Finland
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Väyrynen JP, Kantola T, Väyrynen SA, Klintrup K, Bloigu R, Karhu T, Mäkelä J, Herzig KH, Karttunen TJ, Tuomisto A, Mäkinen MJ. The relationships between serum cytokine levels and tumor infiltrating immune cells and their clinical significance in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:112-21. [PMID: 26874795 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased inflammatory cell infiltration correlates to improved survival in colorectal cancer (CRC). Development and progression of CRC is associated with alterations in serum cytokine levels but their significance is not well defined. In this study, we investigated the relationships between the serum levels of 13 cytokines and the densities of eight types of tumor infiltrating inflammatory cells and their impact on disease-free survival (DFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) in a prospectively recruited group of 147 CRC patients. There were strong positive correlations between the serum concentrations of different cytokines, as well as between the different types of tumor infiltrating immune cells, whereas the associations between serum cytokines and tumor infiltrating immune cells were generally weak. High serum IL-12 levels associated with increased densities of peritumoral CD8(+) T cells, intraepithelial CD3(+) T cells and intratumoral neutrophils, while high serum CCL4 levels associated with increased densities of peritumoral CD68(+) cells. In multivariate survival models, increased infiltration of intraepithelial CD3(+) T cells and increased serum CCL4 associated with improved DFS, whereas higher intratumoral CD83(+) dendritic cell density and increased serum interferon gamma levels associated with improved CSS and OS. Also high density of peritumoral CD3(+) T cells associated with improved CSS. In conclusion, serum cytokines and tumor infiltrating immune cells in CRC represent entities with high intragroup correlations but relatively weak intergroup correlations. The results suggest that tumor infiltrating CD3(+) T cells, CD83(+) dendritic cells, serum CCL4 and serum interferon gamma represent relevant markers of disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha P Väyrynen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tiina Kantola
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sara A Väyrynen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kai Klintrup
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Risto Bloigu
- Medical Informatics Group, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Toni Karhu
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jyrki Mäkelä
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tuomo J Karttunen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Dunkel J, Vaittinen S, Koivunen P, Laranne J, Mäkinen MJ, Tommola S, Irjala H. Tumoral Expression of CD44 and HIF1α Predict Stage I Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma Outcome. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2016; 1:6-12. [PMID: 28894797 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS No biomarkers are used to estimate the prognosis in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In our previously published work, we have reported the prognostic value of CD44 and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α in patients with stage I disease. STUDY DESIGN In this study, we tested our previous observations in a larger cohort. We also studied the predictive value of common lymphatic endothelial and vascular endothelial receptor (CLEVER)-1 in this material. METHODS CD44, HIF1α, and CLEVER-1 were immunohistochemically analyzed in paraffin-embedded tissue material of stage I OSCC patients treated at three Finnish university hospitals. Microscopy results were correlated with OSCC outcome. RESULTS As in our pilot study, the CD44lowHIF1αhigh signature was associated with poorer disease-free survival. Clear correlations between CLEVER-1 expression and clinical outcome were not evident. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that immunohistochemistry of CD44 and HIF1α may be useful in identification of patients with poor prognoses. These parameters could be used to select the optimal treatment modalities for stage I OSCC patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Dunkel
- Medicity Research Laboratory and Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine University of Turku
| | - Samuli Vaittinen
- the Department of Pathology University of Turku and Turku University Hospital Turku
| | - Petri Koivunen
- the Research Center for Otorhinolaryngology and Ophthalmology, University of Oulu and Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital
| | - Jussi Laranne
- the Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Tampere University Hospital
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- the Department of Pathologyand Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu Oulu
| | - Satu Tommola
- the Department of Pathology University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland
| | - Heikki Irjala
- the Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Turku University Hospital
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Abstract
The application of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been evaluated in many studies, whereas the results were contradictive.The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate this issue.An original study was conducted to explore the diagnostic value of serum IL-6 in CRC. Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane library databases were searched for eligible studies.For diagnostic meta-analysis, aggregate data (AD) and individual participant data (IPD) meta-analyses were both adopted. The sensitivity and specificity were pooled and a summary receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed. For prognostic meta-analysis, study-specific hazard ratios (HRs) of IL-6 for survival were summarized. Secondary analysis of survival data was performed to synthesize the Kaplan-Meier curves.Total 17 studies (including our study) were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and area under curve (AUC) of serum IL-6 were 0.72 (95% CI: 0.46-0.88), 0.74 (95% CI: 0.56-0.86), and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.75-0.82) in CRC diagnosis, respectively. Further, IPD meta-analysis strengthened the diagnostic value of serum IL-6 (the AUC, sensitivity, and specificity were 0.794, 0.606, and 0.839, respectively). For prognostic analysis, the high serum level of IL-6 was inversely associated with overall survival (OS) (pooled HR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.42-2.19, P < 0.001) and disease-free survival (DFS) (pooled HR = 2.97, 95% CI: 1.76-5.01, P < 0.001). The synthesized Kaplan-Meier curves indicated that CRC patients with higher serum IL-6 level had a worse OS (P = 0.0027) and DFS (P < 0.001), which further support the prognostic value of serum IL-6 in CRC patients.The present study confirmed that serum IL-6 may be a potential biomarker for CRC diagnosis, and the high serum IL-6 level was associated with poor prognosis for both CRC overall survival and disease-free survival. The study has been registered in an international registry of systematic reviews PROSPERO (CRD42013006485).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Xu
- From the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, (JX, YY, PL, HW); Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, (JX, YY, DX, YW); Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (HZ); Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowska-Curie 24A, Bialystok, Poland (MS); Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu, Finland (MJM); Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (PL); and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (JY)
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Conesa-Zamora P, García-Solano J, Turpin MDC, Sebastián-León P, Torres-Moreno D, Estrada E, Tuomisto A, Wilce J, Mäkinen MJ, Pérez-Guillermo M, Conesa A. Methylome profiling reveals functions and genes which are differentially methylated in serrated compared to conventional colorectal carcinoma. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:101. [PMID: 26388956 PMCID: PMC4574063 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serrated adenocarcinoma (SAC) is a recently recognized colorectal cancer (CRC) subtype accounting for 7.5–8.7 % of CRCs. It has been shown that SAC has a worse prognosis and different histological and molecular features compared to conventional carcinoma (CC) but, to date, there is no study analysing its methylome profile. Results The methylation status of 450,000 CpG sites using the Infinium Human Methylation 450 BeadChip array was investigated in 103 colorectal specimens, including 39 SACs and 34 matched CCs, from Spanish and Finnish patients. Microarray data showed a higher representation of morphogenesis-, neurogenesis-, cytoskeleton- and vesicle transport-related functions and also significant differential methylation of 15 genes, including the iodothyronine deiodinase DIO3 and the forkhead family transcription factor FOXD2 genes which were validated at the CpG, mRNA and protein level using pyrosequencing, methylation-specific PCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry. A quantification study of the methylation status of CpG sequences in FOXD2 demonstrated a novel region controlling gene expression. Moreover, differences in these markers were also evident when comparing SAC with CRC showing molecular and histological features of high-level microsatellite instability. Conclusions This methylome study demonstrates distinct epigenetic regulation patterns in SAC which are consistent to previous expression profile studies and that DIO3 and FOXD2 might be molecular targets for a specific histology-oriented treatment of CRC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-015-0128-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Conesa-Zamora
- Department of Pathology, Santa Lucía General University Hospital (HGUSL), C/Mezquita s/n, 30202 Cartagena, Spain ; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - José García-Solano
- Department of Pathology, Santa Lucía General University Hospital (HGUSL), C/Mezquita s/n, 30202 Cartagena, Spain ; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Patricia Sebastián-León
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Yúfera, 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Torres-Moreno
- Department of Pathology, Santa Lucía General University Hospital (HGUSL), C/Mezquita s/n, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Eduardo Estrada
- Department of Social Psychology and Methodology, Autónoma University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jamie Wilce
- Department of Pathology, Santa Lucía General University Hospital (HGUSL), C/Mezquita s/n, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Pérez-Guillermo
- Department of Pathology, Santa Lucía General University Hospital (HGUSL), C/Mezquita s/n, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Ana Conesa
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Yúfera, 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain ; Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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Sajanti SA, Väyrynen JP, Sirniö P, Klintrup K, Mäkelä J, Tuomisto A, Mäkinen MJ. Annexin A10 is a marker for the serrated pathway of colorectal carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2014; 466:5-12. [PMID: 25395067 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Serrated adenocarcinoma (SAC), representing at least 10 % of colorectal carcinomas (CRC), differs from conventional carcinomas not only by its histology, but also by its molecular basis. However, the diagnosis of SAC in poorly differentiated cases and without an adjacent serrated adenoma can be challenging. In this study, we utilized previously described expression data and identified annexin A10 (ANXA10) as a potential marker for SAC. We conducted ANXA10 immunohistochemistry in groups of 146 CRC patients and 131 serrated and conventional polyps. In CRC cases, ANXA10 expression associated with serrated histology (sensitivity 42 % and specificity 98 %). BRAF V600E mutation correlated with ANXA10 expression but also seven BRAF wild-type tumors (5 %) were positive for ANXA10. Immunoreactivity for either ANXA10 or BRAF V600E was an accurate predictor of serrated histology (sensitivity 55 % and specificity 97 %). ANXA10 expression did not associate with tumor stage or grade. Of the 131 colorectal polyps, 30/30 of sessile serrated adenomas, 6/11 traditional serrated adenomas, 20/32 hyperplastic polyps, and 2/27 tubulovillous adenomas were positive for ANXA10, while 31/31 tubular adenomas were negative. In conclusion, the results suggest that ANXA10 is a marker with high specificity for the serrated pathway of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Sajanti
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
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42
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Sajanti SA, Väyrynen JP, Sirniö P, Klintrup K, Mäkelä J, Tuomisto A, Mäkinen MJ. Annexin A10 is a marker for the serrated pathway of colorectal carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2014. [PMID: 25395067 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1683-6014-1683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Serrated adenocarcinoma (SAC), representing at least 10 % of colorectal carcinomas (CRC), differs from conventional carcinomas not only by its histology, but also by its molecular basis. However, the diagnosis of SAC in poorly differentiated cases and without an adjacent serrated adenoma can be challenging. In this study, we utilized previously described expression data and identified annexin A10 (ANXA10) as a potential marker for SAC. We conducted ANXA10 immunohistochemistry in groups of 146 CRC patients and 131 serrated and conventional polyps. In CRC cases, ANXA10 expression associated with serrated histology (sensitivity 42 % and specificity 98 %). BRAF V600E mutation correlated with ANXA10 expression but also seven BRAF wild-type tumors (5 %) were positive for ANXA10. Immunoreactivity for either ANXA10 or BRAF V600E was an accurate predictor of serrated histology (sensitivity 55 % and specificity 97 %). ANXA10 expression did not associate with tumor stage or grade. Of the 131 colorectal polyps, 30/30 of sessile serrated adenomas, 6/11 traditional serrated adenomas, 20/32 hyperplastic polyps, and 2/27 tubulovillous adenomas were positive for ANXA10, while 31/31 tubular adenomas were negative. In conclusion, the results suggest that ANXA10 is a marker with high specificity for the serrated pathway of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Sajanti
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
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43
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44
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Väyrynen JP, Sajanti SA, Klintrup K, Mäkelä J, Herzig KH, Karttunen TJ, Tuomisto A, Mäkinen MJ. Characteristics and significance of colorectal cancer associated lymphoid reaction. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:2126-35. [PMID: 24154855 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A subset of colorectal cancers (CRCs) exhibits so-called Crohn's like lymphoid reaction (CLR), an inflammatory reaction pattern that consists of numerous transmural lymphoid aggregates. However, the composition of these aggregates, their biological mechanisms and their prognostic significance are not well-defined. We analyzed two CRC cohorts (418 and 149 patients) and determined clinicopathological features including survival. A new method for evaluating CLR based on counting the areal density of the lymphoid follicles (CLR density) was adopted. Immune cell densities at intratumoral and peritumoral regions, as well as the composition of the lymphoid follicles, were studied by immunohistochemistry. We found that CLR comprised of lymphoid aggregates with no evidence of granuloma formation. High CLR density associated with lower tumor stage, lack of preoperative radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy and deficient mismatch repair enzyme expression. CLR density had positive correlations with peritumoral and intratumoral densities of CD83(+) mature dendritic cells and T cells. High CLR density associated with better survival and had prognostic value that was independent of stage, Klintrup-Mäkinen score for peritumoral inflammation and the numbers of tumor infiltrating T cells. CLR density evaluation had excellent intraobserver and interobserver agreement. In conclusion, the results suggest that CLR contributes to the adaptive antitumor immunity. Quantitative evaluation of CLR density is a relevant prognostic indicator in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha P Väyrynen
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Finland; Oulu University Hospital Oulu, Finland, and Medical Research Center Oulu, Finland
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45
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Väyrynen JP, Tuomisto A, Klintrup K, Mäkelä J, Karttunen TJ, Mäkinen MJ. Detailed analysis of inflammatory cell infiltration in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:1839-47. [PMID: 24008661 PMCID: PMC3790164 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher-grade inflammatory infiltrate is a promising marker for better prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the knowledge on the interrelationships between different inflammatory cells and classifications is fragmentary. METHODS We analysed the densities of eight types of inflammatory cells in a prospectively recruited group of 117 CRC patients and determined their interrelationships and contributions to Klintrup-Mäkinen (K-M) score of overall peritumoural inflammation. We characterised the inflammatory infiltrate in relation to stage and recurrences in 24-month follow-up. RESULTS There were high positive correlations between the inflammatory cell densities, with the exception of mast cells and CD1a+ immature dendritic cells. High K-M score associated with high peri- and intratumoural densities of CD3+, CD8+, CD68+, CD83+, and FoxP3+ cells and neutrophils. Advanced stage associated with low K-M score, as well as low CD3+, CD8+, CD83+, and FoxP3+ cell counts, of which low K-M score, low CD3(+) T-cell count, and low FoxP3+ T-cell count were linked to higher recurrence rate. CONCLUSION The density of CRC inflammatory infiltrate declines as stage advances. Especially, low K-M score and low T-cell counts predict higher recurrence rate. The high positive correlations between the individual inflammatory markers support the value of overall inflammatory reaction scoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Väyrynen
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - A Tuomisto
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - K Klintrup
- Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Surgery, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - J Mäkelä
- Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Surgery, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - T J Karttunen
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - M J Mäkinen
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, 90029 Oulu, Finland
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Kantola T, Klintrup K, Väyrynen JP, Vornanen J, Bloigu R, Karhu T, Herzig KH, Näpänkangas J, Mäkelä J, Karttunen TJ, Tuomisto A, Mäkinen MJ. Reply: Comment on 'Stage-dependent alterations of the serum cytokine pattern in colorectal carcinoma'. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:1917-8. [PMID: 23579221 PMCID: PMC3658513 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Saarinen S, Pukkala E, Vahteristo P, Mäkinen MJ, Franssila K, Aaltonen LA. High familial risk in nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:938-43. [PMID: 23284040 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.43.5958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is one of the two established Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) subtypes. The risk factors of NLPHL are largely unknown. In general, genetic factors are known to have a modest effect on the risk of HL; however, familial risk in NLPHL has not been previously examined. We conducted a population-based study by using the Finnish registries and evaluated the familial risk in NLPHL. PATIENTS AND METHODS We launched a population-based search to identify patients with NLPHL and their relatives by examining the records of the Finnish Cancer Registry, established in 1953, and the official Finnish population registries. We collected a data set of 692 patients with NLPHL, identified their 4,280 first-degree relatives, and calculated the registry-based standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for different cancers in the first-degree relatives. In addition, the primary tumor biopsies of HL-affected relatives were collected when possible, the HL diagnoses were re-reviewed by a hematopathologist, and the SIR for NLPHL was calculated on the basis of confirmed NLPHL diagnoses. RESULTS On the basis of confirmed NLPHL diagnoses, the SIR for NLPHL was 19 (95% CI, 8.8 to 36) in the first-degree relatives. The risk was most prominent in female relatives of young patients. The registry-based SIR for classical HL was 5.3 (95% CI, 3.0 to 8.8), and for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, it was 1.9 (95% CI, 1.3 to 2.6). CONCLUSION Our results implicate an unexpectedly high familial component in the development of NLPHL. Research is warranted to identify the putative genetic and environmental factors underlying this finding and to develop strategies for better management of patients with NLPHL and their relatives.
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Kantola T, Klintrup K, Väyrynen JP, Vornanen J, Bloigu R, Karhu T, Herzig KH, Näpänkangas J, Mäkelä J, Karttunen TJ, Tuomisto A, Mäkinen MJ. Stage-dependent alterations of the serum cytokine pattern in colorectal carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:1729-36. [PMID: 23059742 PMCID: PMC3493870 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC), and cytokine levels are altered during colorectal carcinogenesis. Methods: The serum levels of 13 cytokines and their relation to clinical and pathological parameters, and systemic inflammatory response (mGPS, CRP and neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio), were analysed from a prospective series of 148 CRC patients and 86 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. Results: CRC patients had higher serum platelet-derived growth factor, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-7, and IL-8 levels and lower monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) levels than the controls. A logistic regression model for discriminating the patients from the controls – including the five most predictive cytokines (high IL-8, high IL-6, low MCP-1, low IL-1ra, and low IP-10) – yielded an area under curve value of 0.890 in receiver operating characteristics analysis. Serum cytokines showed distinct correlation with other markers of systemic inflammatory response, and advanced CRCs were associated with higher levels of IL-8, IL-1ra, and IL-6. A metastasised disease was accompanied by an orientation towards Th2 cytokine milieu. Conclusion: CRC is associated with extensive alterations in serum cytokine environment, highlighting the importance of studying relative cytokine level alterations. Serum cytokine profile shows promise in separating CRC patients from healthy controls but its clinical value is yet to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kantola
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
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García-Solano J, Conesa-Zamora P, Trujillo-Santos J, Torres-Moreno D, Mäkinen MJ, Pérez-Guillermo M. Immunohistochemical expression profile of β-catenin, E-cadherin, P-cadherin, laminin-5γ2 chain, and SMAD4 in colorectal serrated adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 2011; 43:1094-102. [PMID: 22209340 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The immunohistochemical expression of cell adhesion molecules in colorectal serrated adenocarcinoma is still unknown. The immunostaining patterns of β-catenin, E-cadherin, P-cadherin, laminin 5γ2, and SMAD4 and their relationship to survival were studied in different tumor areas, namely, tumor center and invasive front, the latter comprising tumor bud and non-tumor bud clusters, as described in a previous study of 66 serrated adenocarcinomas and matched conventional carcinomas. Compared with conventional carcinomas, serrated adenocarcinomas showed significantly reduced nuclear β-catenin, membranous E-cadherin, and nuclear SMAD4 but an increased cytoplasmic expression of laminin-5γ2 at the invasive front that was particularly pronounced in the tumor buds. E-cadherin loss at the invasive front was identified as an independent prognostic factor for a poorer outcome in serrated adenocarcinoma. Serrated adenocarcinoma shows a distinct immunohistochemical profile at the invasive front compared with conventional carcinoma, which may account for its less favorable outcome. The lower frequency of nuclear β-catenin in SAC, especially in right-sided tumors, suggests that molecular mechanisms other than the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway may have a role in tumor bud formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José García-Solano
- Department of Pathology. Hospital Universitario Santa María del Rosell (HUSMR), 30203 Cartagena, Spain
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García-Solano J, Conesa-Zamora P, Trujillo-Santos J, Mäkinen MJ, Pérez-Guillermo M. Tumour budding and other prognostic pathological features at invasive margins in serrated colorectal adenocarcinoma: a comparative study with conventional carcinoma. Histopathology 2011; 59:1046-56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.04043.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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