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Hao XL, Lv YF, Li DF, Bai FH, Gong J, Pan GQ, Su LX, Wang YL, Fu WL, Liu B, Huang L, Yan D, Tan QL, Liu JY, Guo QN. TC2N inhibits distant metastasis and stemness of breast cancer via blocking fatty acid synthesis. J Transl Med 2024; 22:6. [PMID: 38167440 PMCID: PMC10763294 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tandem C2 domains, nuclear (TC2N) is a C2 domain-containing protein that belongs to the carboxyl-terminal type (C-type) tandem C2 protein family, and acts as an oncogenic driver in several cancers. Previously, we preliminarily reported that TC2N mediates the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway to inhibit tumor growth of breast cancer (BC) cells. Beyond that, its precise biological functions and detailed molecular mechanisms in BC development and progression are not fully understood. METHODS Tumor tissues of 212 BC patients were subjected to tissue microarray and further assessed the associations of TC2N expression with pathological parameters and FASN expression. The protein levels of TC2N and FASN in cell lines and tumor specimens were monitored by qRT-PCR, WB, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. In vitro cell assays, in vivo nude mice model was used to assess the effect of TC2N ectopic expression on tumor metastasis and stemness of breast cancer cells. The downstream signaling pathway or target molecule of TC2N was mined using a combination of transcriptomics, proteomics and lipidomics, and the underlying mechanism was explored by WB and co-IP assays. RESULTS Here, we found that the expression of TC2N remarkedly silenced in metastatic and poorly differentiated tumors. Function-wide, TC2N strongly inhibits tumor metastasis and stem-like properties of BC via inhibition of fatty acid synthesis. Mechanism-wise, TC2N blocks neddylated PTEN-mediated FASN stabilization by a dual mechanism. The C2B domain is crucial for nuclear localization of TC2N, further consolidating the TRIM21-mediated ubiquitylation and degradation of FASN by competing with neddylated PTEN for binding to FASN in nucleus. On the other hand, cytoplasmic TC2N interacts with import proteins, thereby restraining nuclear import of PTEN to decrease neddylated PTEN level. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, we demonstrate a previously unidentified role and mechanism of TC2N in regulation of lipid metabolism and PTEN neddylation, providing a potential therapeutic target for anti-cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Lin Hao
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang-Fan Lv
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Feng Li
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Hai Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Gong
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Qiang Pan
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Xi Su
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Li Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Lei Fu
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Yan
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Lin Tan
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Yi Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiao-Nan Guo
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China.
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Sarkar A, Paul A, Banerjee T, Maji A, Saha S, Bishayee A, Maity TK. Therapeutic advancements in targeting BCL-2 family proteins by epigenetic regulators, natural, and synthetic agents in cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 944:175588. [PMID: 36791843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is amongst the deadliest and most disruptive disorders, having a much higher death rate than other diseases worldwide. Human cancer rates continue to rise, thereby posing the most significant concerns for medical health professionals. In the last two decades, researchers have gone past several milestones in tackling cancer while gaining insight into the role of apoptosis in cancer or targeting various biomarker tools for prognosis and diagnosis. Apoptosis which is still a topic full of complexities, can be controlled considerably by B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) and its family members. Therefore, targeting proteins of this family to prevent tumorigenesis, is essential to focus on the pharmacological features of the anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic members, which will help to develop and manage this disorder. This review deals with the advancements of various epigenetic regulators to target BCL-2 family proteins, including the mechanism of several microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Similarly, a rise in natural and synthetic molecules' research over the last two decades has allowed us to acquire insights into understanding and managing the transcriptional alterations that have led to apoptosis and treating various neoplastic diseases. Furthermore, several inhibitors targeting anti-apoptotic proteins and inducers or activators targeting pro-apoptotic proteins in preclinical and clinical stages have been summarized. Overall, agonistic and antagonistic mechanisms of BCL-2 family proteins conciliated by epigenetic regulators, natural and synthetic agents have proven to be an excellent choice in developing cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Abhik Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Tanmoy Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Avik Maji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Sanjukta Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
| | - Tapan Kumar Maity
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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Organelle-Specific Mechanisms in Crosstalk between Apoptosis and Ferroptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:3400147. [PMID: 36644574 PMCID: PMC9836800 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3400147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis has been extensively studied, whereas ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of regulated cell death that involves iron-dependent accumulations of lipid hydroperoxides. While these two cell death mechanisms were initially believed to be mutually exclusive, recent studies have revealed cellular contexts requiring a balanced interaction between them. Numerous subcellular sites and signaling molecules within these sites are involved in both processes, either as modules or switches that allow cells to choose on how to proceed. The close relationships between apoptosis and ferroptosis, as well as the possibility of switching from one to the other, are described in this review. To understand the crosstalk between apoptosis and ferroptosis, various organelle-specific mechanisms must be analyzed and compared. The ability to switch apoptosis to ferroptosis by targeting cellular organelles has a great potential in cancer therapy.
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Zhang B, Fu R, Duan Z, Shen S, Zhu C, Fan D. Ginsenoside CK induces apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells by targeting glutamine metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115101. [PMID: 35618001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) has replaced lung cancer as the most common cancer worldwide. Ginsenoside CK (CK) can effectively inhibit triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), the occurrence and development of which are associated with glutamine addiction. However, the connection between CK and glutamine metabolism in TNBC proliferation and the mechanism of cell death induction remains unclear. Here, we found that high glutamine-addicted TNBC cells were particularly sensitive to CK treatment. CK exerted antitumour activity against TNBC by suppressing glutamine consumption and glutamate production via downregulation of glutaminase 1 (GLS1) expression. CK treatment further decreased cellular ATP production, reduced the utilisation of amino acids associated with glutamine metabolism, and induced glutathione (GSH) depletion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, consequently triggering apoptosis in TNBC. Furthermore, CK decreased GLS1 expression in SUM159 xenograft mouse mammary tumours and significantly inhibited tumour growth with few side effects. Together, our data provide a powerful theoretical basis for the application of CK as a glutamine metabolic inhibitor in TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Rongzhan Fu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Zhiguang Duan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Shihong Shen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
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A Brief Review of the Structure, Cytotoxicity, Synthesis, and Biodegradation of Microcystins. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13162147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms pose an environmental health hazard due to the release of water-soluble cyanotoxins. One of the most prevalent cyanotoxins in nature is microcystins (MCs), a class of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins, and they are produced by several common cyanobacteria in aquatic environments. Once released from cyanobacterial cells, MCs are subjected to physical chemical and biological transformations in natural environments. MCs can also be taken up and accumulated in aquatic organisms and their grazers/predators and induce toxic effects in several organisms, including humans. This brief review aimed to summarize our current understanding on the chemical structure, exposure pathway, cytotoxicity, biosynthesis, and environmental transformation of microcystins.
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Li H, Dang C, Tai X, Xue L, Meng Y, Ma S, Zhang J. VALD-3, a Schiff base ligand synthesized from o-vanillin derivatives, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in breast cancer cells by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14985. [PMID: 34294779 PMCID: PMC8298535 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Schiff base compounds and their metal complexes have become important synthetic organic drugs due to their extensive biological activities, which include anticancer, antibacterial and antiviral effects. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of VALD-3, a Schiff base ligand synthesized from o-vanillin derivatives, on human breast cancer cells and the possible underlying mechanisms. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)-test was used to observe the proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells induced by VALD-3. Flow cytometry analysis showed that VALD-3 triggered cell cycle arrest and induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells. Western blot analysis revealed that VALD-3 upregulated pro-apoptotic proteins (Bad and Bax), downregulated anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, survivin and XIAP) and increased the expression of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8, Cyto-c and cleaved PARP. VALD-3 also regulated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in breast cancer cells, inhibiting the activation of downstream molecules. By xenografting human breast cancer cells into nude mice, we found that VALD-3 significantly suppressed tumor cell growth while showing low toxicity against major organs. In addition, survival analysis showed that VALD-3 can significantly prolong the survival time of mice (P = 0.036). This study is the first to show that VALD-3 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer cells by suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling, indicating that it could be a potential drug for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Li
- Division of Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, 204 Donggang West road, Chengguan district, Lanzhou City, 730000, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Chunyan Dang
- Division of Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, 204 Donggang West road, Chengguan district, Lanzhou City, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xiaohui Tai
- Division of Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, 204 Donggang West road, Chengguan district, Lanzhou City, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Li Xue
- Division of Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, 204 Donggang West road, Chengguan district, Lanzhou City, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yuna Meng
- Division of Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, 204 Donggang West road, Chengguan district, Lanzhou City, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Shuping Ma
- Division of Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, 204 Donggang West road, Chengguan district, Lanzhou City, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Division of Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, 204 Donggang West road, Chengguan district, Lanzhou City, 730000, Gansu Province, China
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Ertugrul B, Iplik ES, Cakmakoglu B. In Vitro Inhibitory Effect of Succinic Acid on T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cell Lines. Arch Med Res 2020; 52:270-276. [PMID: 33199038 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although several treatment regimens for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), trouble is still ongoing that relapse of disease after therapies in both pediatric and adult patients. Hence, the demand for new alternative therapeutics that are antiproliferative for cancer cells but do not harm healthy cells in treatments is increasing day by day. This study aimed to investigate whether succinic acid show anti-proliferative and apoptotic effect of on T-ALL cell lines. METHODS Time and dose-dependent effects of succinic acid on T-ALL cell lines were determined by using WST-1, caspase-3/ bicinchoninic acid (BCA), and Annexin V-Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) assays. We included the MRC-5 cell line in our study as a healthy control group. RESULTS Based on our findings, 25 and 50 mmol dosages of succinic acid has shown an apoptotic effect on T-ALL cell lines for 48 h treatment. Also, it has shown that after 48 h exposure of 25 and 50 mmol dosages of succinic acid has no significant cytotoxic effect in healthy MRC-5 cells. Apoptotic activity of succinic acid on CCRF-CEM cell line was caspase-3 dependent but not for MOLT-4. As a consequence, succinic acid was found to effect for T-ALL treatment in vitro and might also enlighten new study fields for different cancer experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Ertugrul
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Sinem Iplik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bedia Cakmakoglu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Debele TA, Wu HC, Wu SR, Shan YS, Su WP. Combination Delivery of Alpha-Tocopheryl Succinate and Curcumin Using a GSH-Sensitive Micelle (PAH-SS-PLGA) to Treat Pancreatic Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080778. [PMID: 32824299 PMCID: PMC7464675 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the highest causes of mortality throughout the world; thus, it requires an effective treatment strategy. Some chemotherapeutic agents used in the clinics or under clinical trials are hydrophobic and have poor aqueous solubility; consequently, they also have minimal systemic bioavailability. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery tactics have the potential for overcoming these limitations and enhancing their therapeutic efficacy. Herein, a glutathione (GSH)-sensitive micelle (PAH-SS-PLGA) was synthesized for the combined delivery of alpha-tocopheryl succinate (TOS) and curcumin to improve its therapeutic efficacy. The chemical structures of PAH-SS-PLGA were analyzed using Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, whereas the particle size, zeta potential, and surface morphology were observed using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In vitro drug release results revealed that more TOS and curcumin were released in the presence of GSH (5 mM) than the physiological pH value. Fluorescence microscopy images revealed that nanoformulated curcumin/rhodamine was uptaken by PAN02 pancreatic cancer cells. In vitro cytotoxicity assays showed higher cytotoxicity for nanoformulated TOS and/or curcumin than free TOS and/or curcumin. In addition, higher cytotoxicity was observed for combination drugs than free drugs alone. Most interestingly, at all tested concentrations of nanoformulated drugs (PAH-SS-PLGA, TOS, and curcumin), the calculated combination index (CI) value was less than one, which shows that TOS and curcumin have a synergistic effect on cellular proliferation inhibition. Overall, synthesized co-polymers are the best carriers for combination drugs, TOS, and curcumin, because they enhance the therapeutic efficacy and improve pancreatic cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilahun Ayane Debele
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.138, Sheng Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (T.A.D.); (Y.-S.S.)
| | - Hung-Chang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan;
| | - Shang-Rung Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan;
- Department of Dentistry & Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.138, Sheng Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (T.A.D.); (Y.-S.S.)
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Pin Su
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.138, Sheng Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (T.A.D.); (Y.-S.S.)
- Departments of Oncology and Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-2353535 (ext. 4252)
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Krishnan A, Koski G, Mou X. Characterization of microcystin-induced apoptosis in HepG2 hepatoma cells. Toxicon 2019; 173:20-26. [PMID: 31734250 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are a class of hepatotoxins that are commonly produced by freshwater cyanobacteria. MCs harm liver cells through inhibiting protein phosphatases 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A) and can produce dualistic effects, i.e., cell death and uncontrolled cellular proliferation. The induction of programmed cell death, i.e., apoptosis, in MC treated hepatic cells has been described previously; however, its exact pathway remains unclear. To address this, HepG2 human hepatoma cells were exposed to MC-LR, the most prevalent isomer of MCs, and morphological and physiological responses were examined. Microscopy and Alamar Blue assay showed that HepG2 cells responded to MC-LR treatment with apoptosis characteristics, such as clumping and shrinking of cells and detachment from the monolayer culture surface. A fluorescent caspase activation assay further revealed activation of all tested apoptosis-dependent caspases (i.e., caspase-3/7, 8 and 9) after 24 h of MC-LR treatment. Furthermore, caspase-8 was found being activated 4 h after MC-LR treatment, earlier than observed activation of caspase-9 (8 h after MC-LR treatment). These data demonstrated that MC-LR can induce apoptosis of HepG2 cells through both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways and that the extrinsic pathway may be activated before the intrinsic pathway. This indicates that extrinsic pathway is more sensitive than intrinsic pathway in MC induced apoptosis. This knowledge contributes to a better understanding of MC hepatotoxicity and can be further used for developing treatments for MC exposed hepatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Krishnan
- Biological Science Department, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States
| | - Gary Koski
- Biological Science Department, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States
| | - Xiaozhen Mou
- Biological Science Department, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States.
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Liu Y, Fan D. Ginsenoside Rg5 induces G2/M phase arrest, apoptosis and autophagy via regulating ROS-mediated MAPK pathways against human gastric cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:285-304. [PMID: 31301277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg5, a rare saponin belonging to the family of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides, has been demonstrated to have potential anti-tumor effects in various cancers. However, the effect of Rg5 on human gastric cancer and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In this study, Rg5 could suppress cell proliferation by causing G2/M phase arrest. Treatment with Rg5 could induce apoptosis through the extrinsic death receptor and intrinsic mitochondrial pathways. Autophagy induction was demonstrated by the formation of autophagosomes and autophagy-related proteins. Rg5-induced cell death was inhibited by the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA and apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. Moreover, the suppression of apoptosis weakened Rg5-induced autophagy, while the inhibition of autophagy attenuated Rg5-induced apoptosis. Further studies revealed that Rg5 induced ROS production and activated MAPK signaling pathways. The ROS scavenger NAC markedly diminished G2/M arrest, apoptosis, autophagy and activation of MAPK pathways induced by Rg5. The p38 inhibitor SB203580 or knockdown of p38 by siRNA clearly reversed Rg5-induced apoptosis and G2/M arrest. The JNK inhibitor SP600125 or knockdown of JNK by siRNA markedly attenuated Rg5-induced G2/M arrest, apoptosis and autophagy. The inhibition of ERK inhibitor U0126 or knockdown of ERK by siRNA clearly restored Rg5-induced apoptosis and autophagy. Finally, Rg5 significantly suppressed the growth of xenograft gastric tumors with fewer side effects. Overall, the evidence suggested that Rg5 is a novel and promising strategy for the treatment of gastric cancer owing to its high efficacy, multiple mechanisms and fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Reserch Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an 710069 Shaanxi, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Reserch Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an 710069 Shaanxi, China.
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Inhibition of PSMD4 blocks the tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gene 2019; 702:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hong Y, Fan D. Ginsenoside Rk1 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cells. Toxicology 2019; 418:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Liu Y, Fan D. Ginsenoside Rg5 induces apoptosis and autophagy via the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway against breast cancer in a mouse model. Food Funct 2019; 9:5513-5527. [PMID: 30207362 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01122b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and has become the main cause of cancer-related death among women worldwide. Traditional chemotherapy for breast cancer has serious side effects for patients, such as the first-line drug docetaxel. Ginsenoside Rg5, a rare ginsenoside and the main ingredient extracted from fine black ginseng, has been proved to have anti-breast cancer efficacy in vitro. Here, the in vivo anti-breast cancer efficacy, side effects and potential molecular mechanisms of Rg5 were investigated on a BALB/c nude mouse model of human breast cancer. The tumor growth inhibition rate of high dose Rg5 (20 mg kg-1) was 71.4 ± 9.4%, similar to that of the positive control docetaxel (72.0 ± 9.1%). Compared to docetaxel, Rg5 showed fewer side effects in the treatment of breast cancer. Treatment with Rg5 induced apoptosis and autophagy in breast cancer tissues. Rg5 was proved to induce caspase-dependent apoptosis via the activation of the extrinsic death receptor and intrinsic mitochondrial signaling pathways. The autophagy induction was related to the formation of an autophagosome and accumulation of LC3BII, P62 and critical Atg proteins. Further studies showed that Rg5 in a dose-dependent manner induced apoptosis and autophagy through the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway as indicated by the reduced phosphorylation level of PI3K and Akt. Taken together, Rg5 could be a novel and promising clinical antitumor drug targeting breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
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Li LN, Wang L, Cheng YN, Cao ZQ, Zhang XK, Guo XL. Discovery and Characterization of 4-Hydroxy-2-pyridone Derivative Sambutoxin as a Potent and Promising Anticancer Drug Candidate: Activity and Molecular Mechanism. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4898-4911. [PMID: 30223653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sambutoxin, a representative derivative of 4-hydroxy-2-pyridone, was isolated from Hericium alpestre for the first time in this study. The possible correlation between the sambutoxin-induced suppression of tumor growth and its influence on cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis was investigated. The effects of sambutoxin on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, DNA damage, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, cell apoptosis, and the expression of related proteins were evaluated. An in vitro cell viability study demonstrated that sambutoxin could inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cells. Treatment with sambutoxin induced the production of ROS, which caused DNA damage. Furthermore, the subsequent sambutoxin-induced activation of ATM and Chk2 resulted in G2/M arrest, accompanied by decreased expression of cdc25C, cdc2, and cyclin B1. Sambutoxin induced apoptosis by activating the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway through an increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), cytochrome (Cyt) c release, caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) degradation. The ROS elevation induced the sustained phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), while SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, nearly completely reversed sambutoxin-induced apoptosis. Accordingly, an in vivo study showed that sambutoxin exhibited potential antitumor activity in a BALB/c nude mouse xenograft model without significant systemic toxicity. Moreover, the expression changes in proteins related to the G2/M phase, DNA damage, and apoptosis in vivo were consistent with those in vitro. Importantly, sambutoxin has remarkable antiproliferative effects and is a promising anticarcinogen candidate for cancer treatment.
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Hepatocellular carcinomas are promoted by tocopheryl acetate but eliminated by tocopheryl succinate. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION & INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnim.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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16
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Yu Y, Li W, Ren L, Yang C, Li D, Han X, Sun Y, Lv C, Han F. Inhibition of autophagy enhanced cobalt chloride‑induced apoptosis in rat alveolar type II epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:2124-2132. [PMID: 29956802 PMCID: PMC6072215 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a type of cellular stress that may result in apoptosis and autophagy. The molecular mechanisms underlying the association between autophagy and apoptosis remain unclear, particularly in hypoxic conditions. Transmission electron microscope, AO-PI staining, flow cytometry and western blot were used to examine the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis in hypoxic conditions. Rat alveolar type II epithelial RLE-6TN cells were cultured in a long-term hypoxic environment established by cobalt (II) chloride. It was demonstrated that autophagy and apoptosis occurred in RLE-6TN cells under hypoxic conditions. Treatment of RLE-6TN cells with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine increased the generation of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial damage and hypoxia-induced apoptosis. The expression of caspases, particularly caspase-9, increased and may have participated in these processes. The data indicated that the inhibition of autophagy enhanced apoptosis through the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic pathway. These findings provide important insight into the molecular mechanism of autophagy and apoptosis crosstalk. This may provide new insights into pulmonary disease surveillance, diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Wanting Li
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Liqin Ren
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Dongze Li
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Xin Han
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Yeying Sun
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Changjun Lv
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Fang Han
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
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Ginsenoside Rh4 induces apoptosis and autophagic cell death through activation of the ROS/JNK/p53 pathway in colorectal cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 148:64-74. [PMID: 29225132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of ginsenosides in cancer therapy has been intensively investigated. The ginsenoside Rh4 (Rh4), a rare saponin obtained from Panax notoginseng, dissolves in water more readily than total saponins, making this compound easier to use in anti-cancer pharmaceutics. Here, we investigated the antiproliferative activity and mechanisms of Rh4 in colorectal cancer, both in vivo and in vitro. A colorectal cancer xenograft model showed that Rh4 significantly inhibited tumor growth with few side effects. CCK-8 assays, flow cytometric analysis, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry revealed that Rh4 effectively suppressed colorectal cancer cell proliferation via inducing G0/G1 phase arrest, caspase-dependent apoptosis and autophagic cell death but was not significantly cytotoxic to normal colon epithelial cells. Furthermore, apoptosis played a dominant role in Rh4-induced cell death, as the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK blocked cell death to a greater extent than the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. Moreover, Rh4 increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and subsequently activated the JNK-p53 pathway. An ROS scavenger and JNK and p53 inhibitors significantly attenuated Rh4-induced apoptosis and autophagy. Thus, the present study is the first to illustrate that Rh4 triggers apoptosis and autophagy via activating the ROS/JNK/p53 pathway in colorectal cancer cells, providing basic scientific evidence that Rh4 shows great potential as an anti-cancer agent.
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18
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Wang G, Zhang T, Sun W, Wang H, Yin F, Wang Z, Zuo D, Sun M, Zhou Z, Lin B, Xu J, Hua Y, Li H, Cai Z. Arsenic sulfide induces apoptosis and autophagy through the activation of ROS/JNK and suppression of Akt/mTOR signaling pathways in osteosarcoma. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 106:24-37. [PMID: 28188923 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a common primary malignant bone tumor, the cure rate of which has stagnated over the past 25-30 years. Arsenic sulfide (As2S2), the main active ingredient of the traditional Chinese medicine realgar, has been proved to have antitumor efficacy in several tumor types including acute promyelocytic leukemia, gastric cancer and colon cancer. Here, we investigated the efficacy and mechanism of As2S2 in osteosarcoma both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we demonstrated that As2S2 potently suppressed cell proliferation by inducing G2/M phase arrest in various osteosarcoma cell lines. Also, treatment with As2S2 induced apoptosis and autophagy in osteosarcoma cells. The apoptosis induction was related to PARP cleavage and activation of caspase-3, -8, -9. As2S2 was demonstrated to induce autophagy as evidenced by formation of autophagosome and accumulation of LC3II. Further studies showed that As2S2-induced apoptosis and autophagy could be significantly attenuated by ROS scavenger and JNK inhibitor. Moreover, we found that As2S2 inhibited Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, and suppressing Akt and mTOR kinases activity can increase As2S2-induced apoptosis and autophagy. Finally, As2S2in vivo suppressed tumor growth with few side effects. In summary, our results revealed that As2S2 induced G2/M phase arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy via activing ROS/JNK and blocking Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in human osteosarcoma cells. Arsenic sulfide may be a potential clinical antitumor drugs targeting osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhuoying Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dongqing Zuo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mengxiong Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zifei Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Binhui Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yingqi Hua
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Haoqing Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhengdong Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Wu H, Liu S, Gong J, Liu J, Zhang Q, Leng X, Zhang N, Li Y. VCPA, a novel synthetic derivative of α-tocopheryl succinate, sensitizes human gastric cancer to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis via ROS-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction. Cancer Lett 2017; 393:22-32. [PMID: 28216375 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gastric carcinoma is a common malignant disease worldwide and has a dismal prognosis. Doxorubicin (DOX), one of the most widely used chemotherapeutic agents, has limited use because of its side effects and the development of tumor-cell resistance. Combinations of doxorubicin and non-cross-resistant agents have been required for adjuvant chemotherapy of gastric cancer. Here, we report that VCPA, a novel synthetic derivative of α-Tocopheryl Succinate, induced apoptosis via production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). When used in combination with doxorubicin, lower doses of VCPA sensitized human gastric cancer cells to DOX-induced apoptosis. The DOX/VCPA combination treatment caused an imbalance in the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax and induced a lethal mitochondrial dysfunction. MAPKs were also activated in response to the DOX/VCPA treatment but played a protective role in DOX-induced cell death. In vivo studies further confirmed the sensitizing effect of VCPA. Combining DOX with VCPA markedly inhibited tumor growth in a tumor xenograft model of human gastric cancer. Taken together, our study revealed that VCPA, through increased ROS production, could synergize with DOX and circumvent DOX resistance in human gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wu
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors and Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaoping Liu
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Gong
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors and Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiuyang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors and Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors and Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohua Leng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors and Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Nian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors and Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors and Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, China; Department of Peritoneal Cancer Surgery, Cancer Center of Beijing Shijitan Hospital, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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20
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Savitskaya MA, Onischenko GE. α-Tocopheryl Succinate Affects Malignant Cell Viability, Proliferation, and Differentiation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:806-18. [PMID: 27677550 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916080034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of malignant tumors motivates great attention to finding and investigating effective new antitumor preparations. Such preparations include compounds of the vitamin E family. Among them, α-tocopheryl succinate (vitamin E succinate (VES)) has the most pronounced antitumor properties. In this review, various targets and mechanisms of the antitumor effect of vitamin E succinate are characterized. It has been shown that VES has multiple intracellular targets and effects, and as a result VES is able to induce apoptosis in tumor cells, inhibit their proliferation, induce differentiation, prevent metastasizing, and inhibit angiogenesis. However, VES has minimal effects on normal cells and tissues. Due to the variety of targets and selectivity of action, VES is a promising agent against malignant neoplasms. More detailed studies in this area can contribute to development of effective and safe chemotherapeutic preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Savitskaya
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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21
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Qu Q, Ma X, Zhao Y. Anticancer Effect of α-Tocopheryl Succinate Delivered by Mitochondria-Targeted Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:34261-34269. [PMID: 27998109 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria targeted mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) having an average diameter of 68 nm were fabricated and then loaded with hydrophobic anticancer agent α-tocopheryl succinate (α-TOS). The property of targeting mitochondria was achieved by the surface functionalization of triphenylphosphonium (TPP) on MSNPs, since TPP is an effective mitochondria-targeting ligand. Intracellular uptake and mitochondria targeting of fabricated MSNPs were evaluated in HeLa and HepG2 cancerous cell lines as well as HEK293 normal cell line. In addition, various biological assays were conducted with the aim to investigate the effectiveness of α-TOS delivered by the functional MSNPs, including studies of cytotoxicity, mitochondria membrane potential, intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, and apoptosis. On the basis of these experiments, high anticancer efficiency of α-TOS delivered by mitochondria targeted MSNPs was demonstrated, indicating a promising application potential of MSNP-based platform in mitochondria targeted delivery of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Qu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link, 637371 Singapore
| | - Xing Ma
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link, 637371 Singapore
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link, 637371 Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
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22
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Gonçalves BMF, Salvador JAR, Marín S, Cascante M. Synthesis and anticancer activity of novel fluorinated asiatic acid derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 114:101-17. [PMID: 26974379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel fluorinated Asiatic Acid (AA) derivatives were successfully synthesized, tested for their antiproliferative activity against HeLa and HT-29 cell lines, and their structure activity relationships were evaluated. The great majority of fluorinated derivatives showed stronger antiproliferative activity than AA in a concentration dependent manner. The most active compounds have a pentameric A-ring containing an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group. The compounds with better cytotoxic activity were then evaluated against MCF-7, Jurkat, PC-3, A375, MIA PaCa-2 and BJ cell lines. Derivative 14 proved to be the most active compound among all tested derivatives and its mechanism of action was further investigated in HeLa cell line. The results showed that compound 14 induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 stage as a consequence of up-regulation of p21(cip1/waf1) and p27(kip1) and down-regulation of cyclin D3 and Cyclin E. Furthermore, compound 14 was found to induce caspase driven-apoptosis with activation of caspases-8 and caspase-3 and the cleavage of PARP. The cleavage of Bid into t-Bid, the up-regulation of Bax and the down-regulation of Bcl-2 were also observed after treatment of HeLa cells with compound 14. Taken together, these mechanistic studies revealed the involvement of extrinsic and intrinsic pathways in the apoptotic process induced by compound 14. Importantly, the antiproliferative activity of this compound on the non-tumor BJ human fibroblast cell line is weaker than in the tested cancer cell lines. The enhanced potency (between 45 and 90-fold more active than AA in a panel of cancer cell lines) and selectivity of this new AA derivative warrant further preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M F Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge A R Salvador
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Silvia Marín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of University of Barcelona (IBUB) and Associated Unit to CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Cascante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of University of Barcelona (IBUB) and Associated Unit to CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
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23
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Lyakhovich A, Lleonart ME. Bypassing Mechanisms of Mitochondria-Mediated Cancer Stem Cells Resistance to Chemo- and Radiotherapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:1716341. [PMID: 26697128 PMCID: PMC4677234 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1716341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are highly resistant to conventional chemo- and radiotherapeutic regimes. Therefore, the multiple drug resistance (MDR) of cancer is most likely due to the resistance of CSCs. Such resistance can be attributed to some bypassing pathways including detoxification mechanisms of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RO/NS) formation or enhanced autophagy. Unlike in normal cells, where RO/NS concentration is maintained at certain threshold required for signal transduction or immune response mechanisms, CSCs may develop alternative pathways to diminish RO/NS levels leading to cancer survival. In this minireview, we will focus on elaborated mechanisms developed by CSCs to attenuate high RO/NS levels. Gaining a better insight into the mechanisms of stem cell resistance to chemo- or radiotherapy may lead to new therapeutic targets thus serving for better anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Lyakhovich
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A7, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Matilde E. Lleonart
- Oncology and Pathology Group, Institut de Recerca Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Lee KY, Chiang YT, Hsu NY, Yang CY, Lo CL, Ku CA. Vitamin E containing polymer micelles for reducing normal cell cytotoxicity and enhancing chemotherapy efficacy. Acta Biomater 2015; 24:286-96. [PMID: 26087112 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An α-tocopheryl succinate (α-TOS) containing diblock copolymer micellar system was used to deliver doxorubicin (Dox), an anticancer drug, for HCT116 colon cancer therapy. The α-TOS containing diblock copolymers were synthesized by conjugation of α-TOS molecules and a mPEG-b-PHEMA hydrophilic diblock copolymer by ester bonds. The Dox-loaded polymeric micelles were then obtained by solvent exchange process. In acidic surroundings such as endosomes or secondary lysosomes, the structures of the Dox-loaded polymeric micelles deformed and released the drug loads. Additionally, Dox-loaded polymeric micelles enhanced the cytotoxicity of Dox and α-TOS to cancer cells in vitro. Dox-loaded polymeric micelles also showed an exceptional tumor inhibiting effect in vivo. This study indicates that the α-TOS containing polymeric micelle system can be used as a drug carrier for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yi Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ning-Yu Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Yu Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Lo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Biophotonics & Molecular Imaging Research Center (BMIRC), National Yang Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Biomedical Engineering Research Center, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-An Ku
- Taiwan Textile Research Institute, New Taipei City 23674, Taiwan
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25
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Tegillarca granosa Extract Haishengsu Induces Apoptosis in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line BEL-7402 Via Fas-Signaling Pathways. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 71:837-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Zhang CZ, Fang EF, Zhang HT, Liu LL, Yun JP. Momordica charantia lectin exhibits antitumor activity towards hepatocellular carcinoma. Invest New Drugs 2014; 33:1-11. [PMID: 25200916 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-014-0156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain high worldwide. Drug screening from natural plants is one of the potential therapeutic approaches on HCC. METHODS The antitumor effect of momordica charantia lectin (MCL) was examined, using MTT, colony formation, AnnexinV/PI staining, western blot and animal model. RESULTS MCL treatment induced G2/M phase arrest, autophagy, DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial injury, and subsequently cell apoptosis in HCC cells. Activation of caspase and MAPK pathway was involved in MCL-induced apoptosis. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that up-regulation of truncated Bid (tBid) upon MCL treatment. Correlation analysis revealed that Bid expression was reversely associated with the IC50 of MCL. Bid suppression using Bid siRNA, BI-6C9 (Bid inhibitor) and Z-IETD-FMK (caspase 8 inhibitor) dramatically attenuated MCL-induced cell proliferation inhibition, caspase 3 activation, ΔΨm depolarization and apoptosis. In addition, combination of MCL and sorafenib exerted stronger lethal activity towards HCC in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION Our data show that the natural compound MCL manifests antitumor activities towards HCC and therefore suggest MCL as a promising chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Zhiyi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China,
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Bellezza I, Grottelli S, Gatticchi L, Mierla AL, Minelli A. α-Tocopheryl succinate pre-treatment attenuates quinone toxicity in prostate cancer PC3 cells. Gene 2014; 539:1-7. [PMID: 24530478 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED α-Tocopheryl succinate is one of the most effective analogues of vitamin E for inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing cell death in a variety of cancerous cell lines while sparing normal cells or tissues. αTocopheryl succinate inhibits oxidative phosphorylation at the level of mitochondrial complexes I and II, thus enhancing reactive oxygen species generation which, in turn, induces the expression of Nrf2-driven antioxidant/detoxifying genes. The cytoprotective role of Nrf2 downstream genes/proteins prompted us to investigate whether and how α-tocopheryl succinate increases resistance of PC3 prostate cancer cells to pro-oxidant damage. A 4h α-tocopheryl succinate pre-treatment increases glutathione intracellular content, indicating that the vitamin E derivative is capable of training the cells to react to an oxidative insult. We found that α-tocopheryl succinate pre-treatment does not enhance paraquat-/hydroquinone-induced cytotoxicity whereas it exhibits an additional/synergistic effect on H₂O₂₋/docetaxel-induced cytotoxicity. While glutathione and heme oxygenase-1 are not involved in α-tocopheryl succinate-induced adaptive response to paraquat, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase seems to be responsible, at least in part, for the lack of the additional response. Silencing the gene and/or the inhibition of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase activity counteracts the α-tocopheryl succinate-induced adaptive response. In conclusion, the adaptive response to α-tocopheryl succinate shows that the activation of Nrf2 can promote the survival of cancer cells in an unfavourable environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bellezza
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Piazzale Gambuli, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Grottelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Piazzale Gambuli, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Gatticchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Piazzale Gambuli, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Mierla
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Piazzale Gambuli, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alba Minelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Piazzale Gambuli, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
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Angulo-Molina A, Reyes-Leyva J, López-Malo A, Hernández J. The Role of Alpha Tocopheryl Succinate (α-TOS) as a Potential Anticancer Agent. Nutr Cancer 2013; 66:167-76. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.863367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Walluscheck D, Poehlmann A, Hartig R, Lendeckel U, Schönfeld P, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Reissig K, Bajbouj K, Roessner A, Schneider-Stock R. ATF2 knockdown reinforces oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in TE7 cancer cells. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:976-88. [PMID: 23800081 PMCID: PMC3780530 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells showing low apoptotic effects following oxidative stress-induced DNA damage are mainly affected by growth arrest. Thus, recent studies focus on improving anti-cancer therapies by increasing apoptosis sensitivity. We aimed at identifying a universal molecule as potential target to enhance oxidative stress-based anti-cancer therapy through a switch from cell cycle arrest to apoptosis. A cDNA microarray was performed with hydrogen peroxide-treated oesophageal squamous epithelial cancer cells TE7. This cell line showed checkpoint activation via p21WAF1, but low apoptotic response following DNA damage. The potential target molecule was chosen depended on the following demands: it should regulate DNA damage response, cell cycle and apoptosis. As the transcription factor ATF2 is implicated in all these processes, we focused on this protein. We investigated checkpoint activation via ATF2. Indeed, ATF2 knockdown revealed ATF2-triggered p21WAF1 protein expression, suggesting p21WAF1 transactivation through ATF2. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we identified a hitherto unknown ATF2-binding sequence in the p21WAF1 promoter. p-ATF2 was found to interact with p-c-Jun, creating the AP-1 complex. Moreover, ATF2 knockdown led to c-Jun downregulation. This suggests ATF2-driven induction of c-Jun expression, thereby enhancing ATF2 transcriptional activity via c-Jun-ATF2 heterodimerization. Notably, downregulation of ATF2 caused a switch from cell cycle arrest to reinforced apoptosis, presumably via p21WAF1 downregulation, confirming the importance of ATF2 in the establishment of cell cycle arrest. 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene also led to ATF2-dependent G2/M arrest, suggesting that this is a general feature induced by oxidative stress. As ATF2 knockdown also increased apoptosis, we propose ATF2 as a target for combined oxidative stress-based anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Walluscheck
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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30
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Yu Y, Fan SM, Yuan SJ, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Nitric oxide (•NO) generation but not ROS plays a major role in silibinin-induced autophagic and apoptotic death in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:1346-60. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.715369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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31
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Luo CL, Chen XP, Yang R, Sun YX, Li QQ, Bao HJ, Cao QQ, Ni H, Qin ZH, Tao LY. Cathepsin B contributes to traumatic brain injury-induced cell death through a mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:2847-58. [PMID: 20653046 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that lysosomal proteases play important roles in ischemic and excitotoxic neuronal cell death. We have previously reported that cathepsin B expression increased remarkably after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The present study sought to investigate the effects of a selective cathepsin B inhibitor (CBI) [N-L-3-trans-prolcarbamoyloxirane-2-carbonyl)-L-isoleucyl-L-proline] on cell death and behavioral deficits in our model. We examined the levels of cathepsin B enzymatic activity and its expression by double labelling damaged cells in the brain slice with propidium iodide (PI) and anticathepsin B. The results showed an elevated enzymatic activity associated with TBI-induced increase in a mature form of cathepsin B, suggesting that cathepsin B may play a role in TBI-induced cell injury. PI was found to label cells positive for the neuronal-specific nuclear marker NeuN, whereas fewer GFAP-positive cells were labelled by PI, suggesting that neurons are more sensitive to cell death induced by TBI. Additionally, we found that pretreatment with CBI remarkably attenuated TBI-induced cell death, lesion volume, and motor and cognitive dysfunction. To analyze the mechanism of action of cathepsin B in the cell death signaling pathway, we assessed DNA fragmentation by electrophoresis, Bcl-2/Bax protein expression levels, Bid cleavage, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 activation. The results imply that cathepsin B contributes to TBI-induced cell death through the present programmed cell necrosis and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Liang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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32
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Smirlis D, Duszenko M, Ruiz AJ, Scoulica E, Bastien P, Fasel N, Soteriadou K. Targeting essential pathways in trypanosomatids gives insights into protozoan mechanisms of cell death. Parasit Vectors 2010; 3:107. [PMID: 21083891 PMCID: PMC3136144 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a normal component of the development and health of multicellular organisms. However, apoptosis is now considered a prerogative of unicellular organisms, including the trypanosomatids of the genera Trypanosoma spp. and Leishmania spp., causative agents of some of the most important neglected human diseases. Trypanosomatids show typical hallmarks of apoptosis, although they lack some of the key molecules contributing to this process in metazoans, like caspase genes, Bcl-2 family genes and the TNF-related family of receptors. Despite the lack of these molecules, trypanosomatids appear to have the basic machinery to commit suicide. The components of the apoptotic execution machinery of these parasites are slowly coming into light, by targeting essential processes and pathways with different apoptogenic agents and inhibitors. This review will be confined to the events known to drive trypanosomatid parasites to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Smirlis
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Bas, Sofias Ave,, 11521 Athens, Greece.
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33
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Amin ARMR, Wang D, Zhang H, Peng S, Shin HJC, Brandes JC, Tighiouart M, Khuri FR, Chen ZG, Shin DM. Enhanced anti-tumor activity by the combination of the natural compounds (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and luteolin: potential role of p53. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:34557-65. [PMID: 20826787 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.141135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural dietary agents have drawn a great deal of attention toward cancer prevention because of their wide safety margin. However, single agent intervention has failed to bring the expected outcome in clinical trials; therefore, combinations of chemopreventive agents are gaining increasingly popularity. In the present study, we investigated a combinatorial approach using two natural dietary polyphenols, luteolin and EGCG, and found that their combination at low doses (at which single agents induce minimal apoptosis) synergistically increased apoptosis (3-5-fold more than the additive level of apoptosis) in both head and neck and lung cancer cell lines. This combination also significantly inhibited growth of xenografted tumors in nude mice. The in vivo findings also were supported by significant inhibition of Ki-67 expression and increase in TUNEL-positive cells in xenografted tissues. Mechanistic studies revealed that the combination induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in some cell lines and mitochondria-independent apoptosis in others. Moreover, we found more efficient stabilization and ATM-dependent Ser(15) phosphorylation of p53 due to DNA damage by the combination, and ablation of p53 using shRNA strongly inhibited apoptosis as evidenced by decreased poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase-3 cleavage. In addition, we observed mitochondrial translocation of p53 after treatment with luteolin or the combination of EGCG and luteolin. Taken together, our results for the first time suggest that the combination of luteolin and EGCG has synergistic/additive growth inhibitory effects and provides an important rationale for future chemoprevention trials of head and neck and lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R M Ruhul Amin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Huang X, Zhang Z, Jia L, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Wu K. Endoplasmic reticulum stress contributes to vitamin E succinate-induced apoptosis in human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. Cancer Lett 2010; 296:123-31. [PMID: 20435408 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E succinate (RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate, VES), an efficient inducer of apoptosis, acts as a potent agent for cancer therapy. However, the mechanism by which VES mediates the effects are not yet fully understood. Here we studied the effect of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) on VES-induced apoptosis of SGC-7901 human gastric cancer cells. VES caused cytological changes typical of apoptosis, increased ER dilation and cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration. And endogenous ER stress markers, GRP78 and GRP94 were transcriptionally and translationally altered. In response to VES, induction of CHOP, activation of caspase-4 and JNK were observed. Furthermore, VES also triggered activation of UPR components, including RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1), and ATF4 in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Consequently, our results suggest that VES-induced apoptosis is coupled to ER stress and UPR activation in SGC-7901 human gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Prochazka L, Dong LF, Valis K, Freeman R, Ralph SJ, Turanek J, Neuzil J. α-Tocopheryl succinate causes mitochondrial permeabilization by preferential formation of Bak channels. Apoptosis 2010; 15:782-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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