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Chen W, Xia T, Wang D, Huang B, Zhao P, Wang J, Qu X, Li X. Human astrocytes secrete IL-6 to promote glioma migration and invasion through upregulation of cytomembrane MMP14. Oncotarget 2018; 7:62425-62438. [PMID: 27613828 PMCID: PMC5308737 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain microenvironment has emerged as an important component in malignant progression of human glioma. However, astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the glioma microenvironment, have as yet a poorly defined role in the development of this disease, particularly with regard to invasion. Here, we co-cultured human astrocytes with human glioma cell lines, U251 and A172, in an in vitro transwell system in order to ascertain their influence on migration and invasion of gliomas. mRNA and protein expression assays were subsequently used to identify candidate proteins mediating this activity. Astrocytes significantly increased migration and invasion of both U251 and A172 cells in migration and invasion (plus matrigel) assays. Membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MMP14) originating from glioma cells was identified in qRT-PCR as the most highly up-regulated member of the MMP family of genes (~ 3 fold, p < 0.05) in this system. A cytokine array and ELISA were used to identify interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a highly increased factor in media collected from astrocytes, especially under co-culture conditions. IL-6 was also the key cytokine inducing cytomembrane MMP14 expression, the active form of MMP14, in glioma cells. Knockdown of MMP14 with siRNA led to decreased migration and invasion. Taken together, our results indicated that cytomembrane MMP14 was induced by IL-6 secreted from astrocytes, thereby enhancing the migration and invasion of glioma cells through activation of MMP2. Therefore, this IL-6 and MMP14 axis between astrocytes and glioma cells may become a potential target for treatment of glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology, Chinese Ministry of Health, Jinan, China
| | - Tongliang Xia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology, Chinese Ministry of Health, Jinan, China
| | - Donghai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Xun Qu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xingang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Bennett CG, Riemondy K, Chapnick DA, Bunker E, Liu X, Kuersten S, Yi R. Genome-wide analysis of Musashi-2 targets reveals novel functions in governing epithelial cell migration. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:3788-800. [PMID: 27034466 PMCID: PMC4857000 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Musashi-2 (Msi2) RNA-binding protein maintains stem cell self-renewal and promotes oncogenesis by enhancing cell proliferation in hematopoietic and gastrointestinal tissues. However, it is unclear how Msi2 recognizes and regulates mRNA targets in vivo and whether Msi2 primarily controls cell growth in all cell types. Here we identified Msi2 targets with HITS-CLIP and revealed that Msi2 primarily recognizes mRNA 3′UTRs at sites enriched in multiple copies of UAG motifs in epithelial progenitor cells. RNA-seq and ribosome profiling demonstrated that Msi2 promotes targeted mRNA decay without affecting translation efficiency. Unexpectedly, the most prominent Msi2 targets identified are key regulators that govern cell motility with a high enrichment in focal adhesion and extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, in addition to regulators of cell growth and survival. Loss of Msi2 stimulates epithelial cell migration, increases the number of focal adhesions and also compromises cell growth. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of Msi2's recognition and repression of targets and uncover a key function of Msi2 in restricting epithelial cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Bennett
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Kent Riemondy
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Douglas A Chapnick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Eric Bunker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Xuedong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Scott Kuersten
- Illumina Inc., 5602 Research Park Blvd. Suite 200, Madison, WI 53719, USA
| | - Rui Yi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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3
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Cecchi F, Lih CJ, Lee YH, Walsh W, Rabe DC, Williams PM, Bottaro DP. Expression array analysis of the hepatocyte growth factor invasive program. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 32:659-76. [PMID: 26231668 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9735-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Signaling by human hepatocyte growth factor (hHGF) via its cell surface receptor (MET) drives mitogenesis, motogenesis and morphogenesis in a wide spectrum of target cell types and embryologic, developmental and homeostatic contexts. Oncogenic pathway activation also contributes to tumorigenesis and cancer progression, including tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, in several prevalent malignancies. The HGF gene encodes full-length hHGF and two truncated isoforms known as NK1 and NK2. NK1 induces all three HGF activities at modestly reduced potency, whereas NK2 stimulates only motogenesis and enhances HGF-driven tumor metastasis in transgenic mice. Prior studies have shown that mouse HGF (mHGF) also binds with high affinity to human MET. Here we show that, like NK2, mHGF stimulates cell motility, invasion and spontaneous metastasis of PC3M human prostate adenocarcinoma cells in mice through human MET. To identify target genes and signaling pathways associated with motogenic and metastatic HGF signaling, i.e., the HGF invasive program, gene expression profiling was performed using PC3M cells treated with hHGF, NK2 or mHGF. Results obtained using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software showed significant overlap with networks and pathways involved in cell movement and metastasis. Interrogating The Cancer Genome Atlas project also identified a subset of 23 gene expression changes in PC3M with a strong tendency for co-occurrence in prostate cancer patients that were associated with significantly decreased disease-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Cecchi
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1501, USA
| | - Chih-Jian Lih
- Molecular Characterization and Clinical Assay Development Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. and Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - Young H Lee
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1501, USA
| | - William Walsh
- Molecular Characterization and Clinical Assay Development Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. and Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - Daniel C Rabe
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1501, USA
| | - Paul M Williams
- Molecular Characterization and Clinical Assay Development Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. and Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - Donald P Bottaro
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1501, USA. .,Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bldg 10 CRC Rm 2-3952, 10 Center Drive MSC 1107, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1107, USA.
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4
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Germ line knockout of IGFBP-3 reveals influences of the gene on mammary gland neoplasia. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 149:577-85. [PMID: 25614235 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is an important carrier protein for insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in the circulation. IGFBP-3 antagonizes the growth-promoting and anti-apoptotic activities of IGFs in experimental systems, but in certain contexts can increase IGF bioactivity, probably by increasing its half-life. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of IGFBP-3 in breast carcinogenesis and breast cancer metastasis. In the first part of the study, we exposed IGFBP-3 knockout and wild-type female mice to dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and followed them for appearance of primary tumors for up to 13 months. In the second part, mice of each genotype received an IV injection of 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells and then lung nodules were counted. Our results show that IGFBP-3 knockout mice developed breast tumors significantly earlier than the wild-type (13.9 ± 1.1 versus 22.5 ± 3.3 weeks, respectively, P = 0.0144), suggesting tumor suppression activity of IGFBP-3. In tumors of IGFBP-3 knockout mice, levels of phospho-AKT(Ser473) were increased compared to wild-type mice. The lung metastasis assay showed significantly more and larger lung nodules in IGFBP-3 knockout mice than in wild-type mice. While we observed increased levels of IGFBP-5 protein in the IGFBP-3 knockout mice, our findings suggest that this was not sufficient to completely compensate for the absence of IGFBP-3. Even though knockout of IGFBP-3 is associated with only a subtle phenotype under control conditions, our results reveal that loss of this gene has measurable effects on breast carcinogenesis and breast cancer metastasis.
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Naspi A, Panasiti V, Abbate F, Roberti V, Devirgiliis V, Curzio M, Borghi M, Lozupone F, Carotti S, Morini S, Gaudio E, Calvieri S, Londei P. Insulin-like-growth-factor-binding-protein-3 (IGFBP-3) contrasts melanoma progression in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98641. [PMID: 24905466 PMCID: PMC4048209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like-factor-binding-protein 3 (IGFBP-3) is known to modulate the activity of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) besides having a number of IGF-independent effects on cell growth and survival. IGFBP-3 has been reported to decrease significantly in the blood serum of patients affected by certain cancers. In the present work, we have evaluated the levels of IGFBP-3 in the blood serum and tissues of patients affected by cutaneous melanoma, showing that loss of IGFBP-3 from both is strongly correlated with disease progression and reduced survival. In vitro treatment with IGFBP-3 of human and murine metastatic melanoma cell lines specifically inhibited the cells' migratory and invasive behaviour, inducing up-regulation of melanocytic differentiation markers such as tyrosinase activity and melanin content. A molecular analysis of the cellular pathways transducing the effect of IGFBP-3 implicated the Akt-GSK3β axis. Moreover, administration of IGFBP-3 in vivo to SCID mice inoculated with human metastatic melanoma cells strongly reduced or completely inhibited tumor growth. In summary, IGFBP-3 appears to exert a specific inhibitory effect on melanoma growth and dissemination, suggesting that it may qualify as a useful therapeutic agent in melanomas and perhaps other cancers, at the least as a valid adjuvant therapy during treatment with conventional anti-tumoral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antimo Naspi
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Dpt. Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Vincenzo Panasiti
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Abbate
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Dpt. Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Roberti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Michela Curzio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Borghi
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Unit of Antitumor Drugs, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Lozupone
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Unit of Antitumor Drugs, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Carotti
- Department of Human Anatomy (CIR), University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Morini
- Department of Human Anatomy (CIR), University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Calvieri
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Londei
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Dpt. Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Birzniece V, Magnusson NE, Ho KKY, Frystyk J. Effects of raloxifene and estrogen on bioactive IGF1 in GH-deficient women. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 170:375-83. [PMID: 24347426 DOI: 10.1530/eje-13-0835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT GH action is attenuated by estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) administered orally. During GH therapy in hypopituitary women, co-treatment with raloxifene, a SERM, induced a smaller gain in lean body mass (LBM) compared with estrogen, despite an equal reduction in IGF1. As a higher IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) level was observed with raloxifene co-treatment, we hypothesize that an increase in IGFBP3 reduced IGF1 bioactivity causing the attenuated anabolic effect. OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of 17β-estradiol (E₂) and raloxifene on bioactive IGF1. DESIGN In study 1, 12 GH-deficient (GHD) women were randomized to raloxifene 120 mg/day or E₂ 4 mg/day for 1 month. In study 2, 16 GHD women were randomized to 1 month GH treatment alone (0.5 mg/day) and in combination with raloxifene (60 mg/day) or E₂ (2 mg/day). We measured bioactive IGF1, immunoreactive IGF1 and IGF2, and IGFBP3 immunoreactivity and fragmentation. RESULTS Raloxifene and estrogen suppressed (P<0.05) total IGF1 equally in GHD and GH-replaced hypopituitary women. In GHD patients, neither raloxifene nor estrogen affected bioactive IGF1. GH significantly increased IGF1 bioactivity, an effect attenuated by co-treatment with raloxifene (Δ -23 ± 7%, P<0.01) and estrogen (Δ -26 ± 3%, P=0.06). Total IGF1 correlated (r(2)=0.54, P<0.001) with bioactive IGF1, which represented 3.1 ± 0.2% of the total IGF1, irrespective of the treatments. Total IGF2 was unchanged by raloxifene and estrogen treatment. IGFBP3 was significantly higher during raloxifene administration, whereas no differences in IGFBP3 fragmentation were observed. CONCLUSION Raloxifene effect on bioactive IGF1 is similar to that of estrogen despite higher IGFBP3 levels during raloxifene administration. We conclude that the observed different effects on LBM between raloxifene and estrogen treatments cannot be explained by differences in IGF1 bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita Birzniece
- Department of Endocrinology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Regulation of retinal endothelial cell apoptosis through activation of the IGFBP-3 receptor. Apoptosis 2013; 18:361-8. [PMID: 23291901 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0793-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate whether insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 receptor (IGFBP-3 receptor) is required for IGFBP-3 to inhibit retinal endothelial cell (REC) apoptosis. REC were grown in normal glucose (5 mM) or high glucose medium (25 mM) for 3 days. Once cells reached confluence, they were transfected with an endothelial- specific IGFBP-3 plasmid DNA (non-IGF binding; IGFBP-3 NB) at 1 μg/ml for 24 h. Cell proteins were extracted and analyzed for IGFBP-3 receptor expression by Western blotting or use in coimmunoprecipitation or co-localization experiments for detection of IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-3 receptor binding. REC were also transfected with or without IGFBP-3 receptor siRNA before IGFBP-3NB plasmid DNA transfection. Cell lysates were processed for a cell death ELISA, a cleaved caspase 3 ELISA, and Western blotting to measure key pro- and anti-apoptotic markers: Bcl-xL, Bax, Cytochrome C and Akt. The IGFBP-3 receptor is present on REC. Overexpression of IGFBP-3 in REC significantly increased protein levels of IGFBP-3 receptor (p < 0.05). Significant increases in cell death were found in cells transfected with IGFBP-3 receptor siRNA versus not treated samples (p < 0.05). Data suggest that IGFBP-3 inhibits retinal endothelial cell death through activation of an IGFBP-3 receptor in a hyperglycemic environment. This is the first demonstration of the involvement of IGFBP-3 receptor in inhibition of REC cell death. Future studies will investigate the mechanism by which IGFBP-3 receptor may inhibit retinal endothelial cell death.
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Li Y, Zhang D, Chen C, Ruan Z, Li Y, Huang Y. MicroRNA-212 displays tumor-promoting properties in non-small cell lung cancer cells and targets the hedgehog pathway receptor PTCH1. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:1423-34. [PMID: 22357618 PMCID: PMC3327317 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-09-0777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of microRNA-212 promoted cell cycle progression and cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in non–small cell lung cancer cells. PTCH1, a receptor of hedgehog pathway, is a functional target of miR-212. The role of miR-212 in cell proliferation may be mediated by PTCH1. Dysexpression of microRNAs has been found in many tumors, including lung cancer. The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays an important role during normal development, and the abnormal regulation of its members has also been related to many tumors. However, little is known about the relationship between microRNA and the Hh pathway. In this paper, we report microRNA-212 (miR-212) playing a role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and targeting PTCH1, a receptor of the Hh pathway. We found that miR-212 was up-regulated when cells were treated with 4ß-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). We ectopically expressed miR-212 in NSCLC cell lines to examine the influence of miR-212 overexpression. The results showed that overexpression of miR-212 in NSCLC cells promoted cell cycle progression and cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The promoting effects of miR-212 on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were partially reversed by the miR-212 inhibitor anti-miR-212. These results suggested that miR-212 might have tumor-promoting properties. Potential targets of miR-212 were predicted, and we showed tumor suppressor PTCH1 was a functional target of miR-212. PTCH1 may be responsible for the effect of miR-212 on cell proliferation. Altogether, our results indicated that miR-212 was involved in tumorigenesis, and the oncogenic activity of miR-212 in NSCLC cells was due, in part, to suppression of PTCH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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