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Pérez Jorge G, Gontijo M, Silva MFE, Goes ICRDS, Jaimes-Florez YP, Coser LDO, Rocha FJS, Giorgio S, Brocchi M. Attenuated mutants of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium mediate melanoma regression via an immune response. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2024; 249:10081. [PMID: 38974834 PMCID: PMC11224151 DOI: 10.3389/ebm.2024.10081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The lack of effective treatment options for an increasing number of cancer cases highlights the need for new anticancer therapeutic strategies. Immunotherapy mediated by Salmonella enterica Typhimurium is a promising anticancer treatment. Candidate strains for anticancer therapy must be attenuated while retaining their antitumor activity. Here, we investigated the attenuation and antitumor efficacy of two S. enterica Typhimurium mutants, ΔtolRA and ΔihfABpmi, in a murine melanoma model. Results showed high attenuation of ΔtolRA in the Galleria mellonella model, and invasion and survival in tumor cells. However, it showed weak antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. Contrastingly, lower attenuation of the attenuated ΔihfABpmi strain resulted in regression of tumor mass in all mice, approximately 6 days after the first treatment. The therapeutic response induced by ΔihfABpmi was accompanied with macrophage accumulation of antitumor phenotype (M1) and significant increase in the mRNAs of proinflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6, and iNOS) and an apoptosis inducer (Bax). Our findings indicate that the attenuated ΔihfABpmi exerts its antitumor activity by inducing macrophage infiltration or reprogramming the immunosuppressed tumor microenvironment to an activated state, suggesting that attenuated S. enterica Typhimurium strains based on nucleoid-associated protein genes deletion could be immunotherapeutic against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genesy Pérez Jorge
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Immunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Research Group: Statistics and Mathematical Modeling Applied to Educational Quality, University of Sucre, Sincelejo, Sucre, Colombia
| | - Marco Gontijo
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Immunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Marina Flóro e Silva
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Immunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Yessica Paola Jaimes-Florez
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Immunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- GIMBIO Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona, Colombia
| | - Lilian de Oliveira Coser
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Laboratório de Regeneração Nervosa, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisca Janaína Soares Rocha
- Área Acadêmica de Medicina Tropical, Centro de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Selma Giorgio
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Immunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Pérez Jorge G, Gontijo MTP, Brocchi M. Salmonella enterica and outer membrane vesicles are current and future options for cancer treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1293351. [PMID: 38116133 PMCID: PMC10728604 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1293351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional cancer therapies have many limitations. In the last decade, it has been suggested that bacteria-mediated immunotherapy may circumvent the restrictions of traditional treatments. For example, Salmonella enterica is the most promising bacteria for treating cancer due to its intrinsic abilities, such as killing tumor cells, targeting, penetrating, and proliferating into the tumor. S. enterica has been genetically modified to ensure safety and increase its intrinsic antitumor efficacy. This bacterium has been used as a vector for delivering anticancer agents and as a combination therapy with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or photothermic. Recent studies have reported the antitumor efficacy of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from S. enterica. OMVs are considered safer than attenuated bacteria and can stimulate the immune system as they comprise most of the immunogens found on the surface of their parent bacteria. Furthermore, OMVs can also be used as nanocarriers for antitumor agents. This review describes the advances in S. enterica as immunotherapy against cancer and the mechanisms by which Salmonella fights cancer. We also highlight the use of OMVs as immunotherapy and nanocarriers of anticancer agents. OMVs derived from S. enterica are innovative and promising strategies requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genesy Pérez Jorge
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Laboratório de Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Biologia, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio Pardini Gontijo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Laboratório de Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Biologia, Campinas, Brazil
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Pérez Jorge G, Módolo DG, Jaimes-Florez YP, Fávaro WJ, Bispo de Jesus M, Brocchi M. p53 gene delivery via a recombinant Salmonella enterica Typhimurium leads to human bladder carcinoma cell death in vitro. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:1010-1020. [PMID: 35737820 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have attempted to restore the function of the tumour suppressor p53 as an anticancer strategy through gene delivery. However, most studies employed non-bacterial vectors to deliver p53. Various facultative and obligate anaerobic bacteria have been proposed as vectors because of their intrinsic tumour targeting ability and antitumour activity. Salmonella enterica Typhimurium is the most studied bacterial vector in anticancer therapy. We used the previously designed χ11218 strain of S. enterica Typhimurium, displaying regulated delayed lysis, as a vector for delivering p53 to human bladder carcinoma cells, restoring wild-type p53 protein function. We cloned p53 into pYA4545 (containing a eukaryotic expression system) to generate the χ11218 pYA4545p53 strain. Cloning of p53 did not affect the growth or interfere with the invasive and replicative capacity of χ11218 bacteria in tumour cells. Human bladder carcinoma cells (expressing mutated p53) transfected with pYA4545p53 showed a significant increase in the expression of p53 protein. We demonstrated that p53 supplied by χ11218 significantly decreased the viability of human bladder cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. This study demonstrates the applicability of the attenuated χ11218 strain as a vector for DNA plasmids expressing tumour suppressor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genesy Pérez Jorge
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Tropical Disease Laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Yessica Paola Jaimes-Florez
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Tropical Disease Laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner José Fávaro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bispo de Jesus
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Tropical Disease Laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Jiao Y, Xu P, Luan S, Wang X, Gao Y, Zhao C, Fu P. Molecular imaging and treatment of PSMA-positive prostate cancer with 99mTc radiolabeled aptamer-siRNA chimeras. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 104-105:28-37. [PMID: 34847481 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is highly expressed in prostate cancer (PCa). The aptamer (Apt) A10-3.2 can be used as a specific ligand for the early diagnosis and targeted treatment of PCa. siRNA-Apt has been used to therapeutically target PSMA-positive PCa. We aimed to synthesize a new type of molecular probe to facilitate the integration of diagnosis and treatment for PSMA-positive PCa. METHODS Chimeras were obtained by covalent linking PSMA Apt-A10-3.2 and the MDM2 siRNA. SHNH, a bifunctional chelating agent, was used to couple 99mTc with chimeras to synthesize a new molecular probe. Labeling efficiency, radiochemical purity, and stability were confirmed using a γ-well counter and Whatman paper No.1. SPECT imaging and biodistribution studies were performed on BALB/c mice bearing 22Rv1 or PC-3 xenografts. Tumor inhibition and cytotoxicity of Chimeras were evaluated. LNCaP, 22RV1, and PC-3 PCa cell lines were used for in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS [99mTc]Tc-chimeras showed high labeling efficiency (61.47% ± 2.85%, n = 3), radiochemical purity (>95%), and stability. Biodistribution studies and SPECT imaging with 99mTc-chimeras in mice bearing 22Rv1 xenografts demonstrated a high T/M ratio (4.63 ± 0.68, n = 3) and a high T/B ratio (3.61 ± 0.7, n = 3) at 2 h post-injection. 99mTc-chimeras showed rapid renal clearance. Compared with the PBS group, tumor growth in the chimera group was significantly inhibited (P < 0.01, n = 4), but there was no significant difference in body weight (p > 0.05, n = 4). H&E staining showed no obvious liver or kidney damage. CONCLUSIONS Our study proved that [99mTc]Tc-Aptamer-siRNA chimeras could be used to diagnose and treat PSMA-positive PCa in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Jiao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, 1st Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, 1st Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Sha Luan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, 4th Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, 4th Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, 4th Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Changjiu Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, 1st Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China.
| | - Peng Fu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, 1st Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China.
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Bacterial-based cancer therapy: An emerging toolbox for targeted drug/gene delivery. Biomaterials 2021; 277:121124. [PMID: 34534860 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Precise targeting and high therapeutic efficiency are the major requisites of personalized cancer treatment. However, some unique features of the tumor microenvironment (TME) such as hypoxia, low pH and elevated interstitial fluid pressure cause cancer cells resistant to most therapies. Bacteria are increasingly being considered for targeted tumor therapy owing to their intrinsic tumor tropism, high motility as well as the ability to rapidly colonize in the favorable TME. Compared to other nano-strategies using peptides, aptamers, and other biomolecules, tumor-targeting bacteria are largely unaffected by the tumor cells and microenvironment. On the contrary, the hypoxic TME is highly conducive to the growth of facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes. Live bacteria can be further integrated with anti-cancer drugs and nanomaterials to increase the latter's targeted delivery and accumulation in the tumors. Furthermore, anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria have also been combined with other anti-cancer therapies to enhance therapeutic effects. In this review, we have summarized the applications and advantages of using bacteria for targeted tumor therapy (Scheme 1) in order to aid in the design of novel intelligent drug delivery systems. The current challenges and future prospects of tumor-targeting bacterial nanocarriers have also been discussed.
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Employing siRNA tool and its delivery platforms in suppressing cisplatin resistance: Approaching to a new era of cancer chemotherapy. Life Sci 2021; 277:119430. [PMID: 33789144 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although chemotherapy is a first option in treatment of cancer patients, drug resistance has led to its failure, requiring strategies to overcome it. Cancer cells are capable of switching among molecular pathways to ensure their proliferation and metastasis, leading to their resistance to chemotherapy. The molecular pathways and mechanisms that are responsible for cancer progression and growth, can be negatively affected for providing chemosensitivity. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a powerful tool extensively applied in cancer therapy in both pre-clinical (in vitro and in vivo) and clinical studies because of its potential in suppressing tumor-promoting factors. As such oncogene pathways account for cisplatin (CP) resistance, their targeting by siRNA plays an important role in reversing chemoresistance. In the present review, application of siRNA for suppressing CP resistance is discussed. The first priority of using siRNA is sensitizing cancer cells to CP-mediated apoptosis via down-regulating survivin, ATG7, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and XIAP. The cancer stem cell properties and related molecular pathways including ID1, Oct-4 and nanog are inhibited by siRNA in CP sensitivity. Cell cycle arrest and enhanced accumulation of CP in cancer cells can be obtained using siRNA. In overcoming siRNA challenges such as off-targeting feature and degradation, carriers including nanoparticles and biological carriers have been applied. These carriers are important in enhancing cellular accumulation of siRNA, elevating gene silencing efficacy and reversing CP resistance.
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Wang D, Wei X, Kalvakolanu DV, Guo B, Zhang L. Perspectives on Oncolytic Salmonella in Cancer Immunotherapy-A Promising Strategy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:615930. [PMID: 33717106 PMCID: PMC7949470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.615930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first reported spontaneous regression of tumors in patients with streptococcus infection, cancer biological therapy was born and it evolved into today’s immunotherapy over the last century. Although the original strategy was unable to impart maximal therapeutic benefit at the beginning, it laid the foundations for the development of immune checkpoint blockade and CAR-T which are currently used for cancer treatment in the clinics. However, clinical applications have shown that current cancer immunotherapy can cause a series of adverse reactions and are captious for patients with preexisting autoimmune disorders. Salmonellae was first reported to exert antitumor effect in 1935. Until now, numerous studies have proved its potency as an antitumor agent in the near future. In this review, we summarize the currently available data on the antitumor effects of Salmonella, and discussed a possibility of integrating Salmonella into cancer immunotherapy to overcome current obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaodong Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dhan V Kalvakolanu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Baofeng Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Li XH, Li D, Liu C, Zhang MM, Guan XJ, Fu YP. p33ING1b regulates acetylation of p53 in oral squamous cell carcinoma via SIR2. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:398. [PMID: 32831651 PMCID: PMC7436958 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), a form of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has a poor 5-year survival rate. OSCC patients are often treated with cisplatin but resistance to chemotherapy is often observed. This makes it important identification of alternative therapeutic targets which will result in more favorable outcome in OSCC patients. The plant homeodomain (PHD)-containing protein Inhibitor of Growth family of tumor suppressor proteins (p33ING1b) has been indicated as a tumor suppressor in different cancers including OSCC. This protein has been shown to function by modulating transcriptional activity of p53; however, the exact mechanism(s) are not well defined. Methods Expression of total and acetylated p53 and p33ING1b protein was determined in OSCC cell lines YD-9, YD-8, and YD-38 by immunoblot analysis. Effect of modulation of p33ING1b protein expression on acetylation of p53 and cell proliferation was determined by immunoblot and MTT assay. Effect of modulation of p33ING1b protein expression on transactivation of p53 was assessed by heterologous promoter-based reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Effect of modulation of expression of p33ING1b on SIR2 mRNA and protein was determined by quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblot analyses. Impact of modulation of p33ING1b alone or in combination with SIR2 on chemosensitivity of YD-9 and YD-8 cells to cisplatin was determined in time and dose-dependent cell proliferation assays. Results Here, using a panel of OSCC cell lines with wild type or mutant p53, we show that p33ING1b expression is correlated to acetylation of p53 at lysine 382 residue. Increased acetylation of p53 following overexpression of p33ING1b was associated with increased expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins BAX, p21, and cleaved-Caspase 3, and decreased cell proliferation. Reporter assays with p21 and BAX promoters showed that p33ING1b expression levels directly correlated to promoter activity of these 2 genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that transcriptional regulation of p21 and BAX by acetylated p53 is dependent on expression level of p33ING1b. Differential acetylation of p53 following modulation of p33ING1b expression was indirect. Expression of p33ING1b was found to be inversely correlated to the NAD-dependent deacetylase silent information regulator 2 (SIR2). SIR2 was transcriptionally regulated by p33ING1b. Relative expression of p33ING1b was found to dictate chemosensitivity of OSCC cell lines to cisplatin treatment. Concomitant overexpression of p33ING1b and knockdown of SIR2 had a synergistic effect on chemosensitivity of OSCC cell lines to cisplatin, compared to either overexpression of p33ING1b or knockdown of SIR2 alone. Conclusions The results from the current study thus elucidate that p33ING1b regulates p53 acetylation irrespective of p53 mutation and subsequent transactivation by transcriptional regulation of SIR2 expression. The results also indicate that p33ING1b and SIR2 are potentially attractive therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Han Li
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning China
| | - Xiao-Jiao Guan
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning China
| | - Ya-Ping Fu
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning China
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Ashrafizadeh M, Hushmandi K, Rahmani Moghadam E, Zarrin V, Hosseinzadeh Kashani S, Bokaie S, Najafi M, Tavakol S, Mohammadinejad R, Nabavi N, Hsieh CL, Zarepour A, Zare EN, Zarrabi A, Makvandi P. Progress in Delivery of siRNA-Based Therapeutics Employing Nano-Vehicles for Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:E91. [PMID: 32784981 PMCID: PMC7552721 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) accounts for a high number of deaths in males with no available curative treatments. Patients with PCa are commonly diagnosed in advanced stages due to the lack of symptoms in the early stages. Recently, the research focus was directed toward gene editing in cancer therapy. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) intervention is considered as a powerful tool for gene silencing (knockdown), enabling the suppression of oncogene factors in cancer. This strategy is applied to the treatment of various cancers including PCa. The siRNA can inhibit proliferation and invasion of PCa cells and is able to promote the anti-tumor activity of chemotherapeutic agents. However, the off-target effects of siRNA therapy remarkably reduce its efficacy in PCa therapy. To date, various carriers were designed to improve the delivery of siRNA and, among them, nanoparticles are of importance. Nanoparticles enable the targeted delivery of siRNAs and enhance their potential in the downregulation of target genes of interest. Additionally, nanoparticles can provide a platform for the co-delivery of siRNAs and anti-tumor drugs, resulting in decreased growth and migration of PCa cells. The efficacy, specificity, and delivery of siRNAs are comprehensively discussed in this review to direct further studies toward using siRNAs and their nanoscale-delivery systems in PCa therapy and perhaps other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran;
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1419963114, Iran; (K.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Ebrahim Rahmani Moghadam
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134814336, Iran;
| | - Vahideh Zarrin
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134814336, Iran;
| | | | - Saied Bokaie
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1419963114, Iran; (K.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran;
| | - Shima Tavakol
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614525, Iran;
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kermaan 55425147, Iran;
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Research Services, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada;
| | - Chia-Ling Hsieh
- Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan;
| | - Atefeh Zarepour
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran;
| | | | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces (EFSUN), Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Micro-BioRobotics, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61537-53843, Iran
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Jiang Y, Fan L. Evaluation of anticancer activities of Poria cocos ethanol extract in breast cancer: In vivo and in vitro, identification and mechanism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 257:112851. [PMID: 32283190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Poria cocos Wolf (P. cocos), a well-known traditional East-Asian medicinal and edible fungus, is one of the most important components in Chinese medicine formulas like "Guizhi fuling wan" to treat hyperplasia of mammary glands and breast cancer. AIMING OF STUDY In this study, we attempted to verify the anticancer efficacy of the ethanol extract of P. cocos (PC) on the breast cancer as well as to investigate its most active compound and its underlying molecular mechanism in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS The key anti-cancer components were separated and purified through chromatography and identified by spectral analyses. The in vivo anti-breast cancer efficacy and side effects of PC were evaluated in BALB/c nude mice that have been subcutaneously injected with breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231. Cytotoxicity, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of PC were evaluated in vitro by cell viability assays and flow cytometry. The protein levels were examined via western blotting. RESULTS Pachymic acid (PA), separated and identified as the most active compound, induced the significant cytotoxicity on breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231(IC50 value, 2.13 ± 0.24 μg/mL) and was not active against the normal breast epithelium cells MCF-10A. The in vivo experiment revealed that PC could significantly inhibit the tumor development and the final mean tumor weight of the mice in the PC group (0.51 ± 0.12g) was significantly lower than that in the model group (1.22 ± 0.45g). Notably, compared to the first-line anticancer drug cisplatin, PC showed less side effects on the function of the vital organs and the muscle strength of the mice. Among in vitro study, PC significantly inhibited the cell growth of MDA-MB-231 by inducing cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrested at G0/G1 phase in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of cell cycle-associated cyclin D1, cyclin E, CDK2, and CDK4 were downregulated, while p53 and p21 expression were upregulated following the PA treatment. In addition, PA downregulated the apoptotic regulator Bcl-2, increased the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax, and promoted the release of cytochrome c and the activation of cleaved caspase-3, -9 and caspase -8 via mitochondria-mediated and death receptor-mediated signaling pathways. CONCLUSION This study verified the anticancer efficacy of PC on breast cancer in vivo and in vitro through induction of cell apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. The data also suggested that PA could be developed as an efficacious agent for breast cancer treatment with less side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liuping Fan
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Targeting Programmed Fusobacterium nucleatum Fap2 for Colorectal Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101592. [PMID: 31635333 PMCID: PMC6827134 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal patients generally have the maximum counts of Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) in tumors and elevate colorectal adenomas and carcinomas, which show the lowest rate of human survival. Hence, F. nucleatum is a diagnostic marker of colorectal cancer (CRC). Studies demonstrated that targeting fusobacterial Fap2 or polysaccharide of the host epithelium may decrease fusobacteria count in the CRC. Attenuated F. nucleatum-Fap2 prevents transmembrane signals and inhibits tumorigenesis inducing mechanisms. Hence, in this review, we hypothesized that application of genetically programmed fusobacterium can be skillful and thus reduce fusobacterium in the CRC. Genetically programmed F. nucleatum is a promising antitumor strategy.
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Abstract
Recent advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy have once again raised the hope that a cure might be within reach for many cancer types. Yet, most late-stage cancers are either insensitive to the therapies to begin with or develop resistance later. Therapy with live tumour-targeting bacteria provides a unique option to meet these challenges. Compared with most other therapeutics, the effectiveness of tumour-targeting bacteria is not directly affected by the 'genetic makeup' of a tumour. Bacteria initiate their direct antitumour effects from deep within the tumour, followed by innate and adaptive antitumour immune responses. As microscopic 'robotic factories', bacterial vectors can be reprogrammed following simple genetic rules or sophisticated synthetic bioengineering principles to produce and deliver anticancer agents on the basis of clinical needs. Therapeutic approaches using live tumour-targeting bacteria can either be applied as a monotherapy or complement other anticancer therapies to achieve better clinical outcomes. In this Review, we summarize the potential benefits and challenges of this approach. We discuss how live bacteria selectively induce tumour regression and provide examples to illustrate different ways to engineer bacteria for improved safety and efficacy. Finally, we share our experience and insights on oncology clinical trials with tumour-targeting bacteria, including a discussion of the regulatory issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Zhou
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Claudia Gravekamp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - David Bermudes
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Ke Liu
- Oncology Branch, Division of Clinical Evaluation, Pharmacology and Toxicology; Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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13
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Wan J, Zhang J, Zhang J. Expression of p53 and its mechanism in prostate cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:378-382. [PMID: 29928424 PMCID: PMC6006473 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the expression of tumor protein p53 (p53), and its mechanism of function, in prostate cancer (PC). Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to interfere with p53 expression in the PC cell line, DU145. Cell viability and p53 expression were analyzed using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and western blotting. The effects of p53 expression on the proliferation, migration and adhesion abilities of PC cells were analyzed using Cell Counting kit-8, Transwell and adhesion assays. Changes in cell proliferation, migration and adhesion ability were observed following treatment with extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor, PD184352, and janus kinase (JNK) inhibitor, SP60012. The expression level of p53 declined 24 h after siRNA transfection (P<0.05). Furthermore, JNK and ERK, downstream proteins of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-Src proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase (Src) signaling pathway, were activated. These effects were associated with reduced proliferation, migration and adhesion abilities of PC cells compared with untransfected control cells (P<0.05). PD184352 and SP600125 treatments also resulted in reduced proliferation, migration and adhesion abilities of PC cells (P<0.05). In conclusion, PC cells exhibited low p53 expression, and the proliferation, migration and adhesion abilities of PC cells were promoted by inhibiting the activation of JNK and ERK. Together, these results suggest that p53 has potential as a therapeutic target in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiukai Wan
- Department of Urology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, P.R. China
| | - Junqiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, P.R. China
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14
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Endostatin gene therapy delivered by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium in murine tumor models. Cancer Gene Ther 2018; 25:167-183. [DOI: 10.1038/s41417-018-0021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Knockdown of HIF-1α by siRNA-expressing plasmid delivered by attenuated Salmonella enhances the antitumor effects of cisplatin on prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7546. [PMID: 28790395 PMCID: PMC5548753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07973-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to cisplatin (DDP) and dose-related toxicity remain two important obstacles in the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) patients with DDP-based chemotherapy. We have investigated whether the knockdown of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) by siRNA could enhance the antitumor activity of DDP, and aimed to determine the underlying mechanisms. Intravenous injection of attenuated Salmonella carrying a HIF-1α siRNA-expressing plasmid was used to knockdown HIF-1α in a PC-3 xenograft model. The in vitro and in vivo effects of HIF-1α siRNA treatment and/or DPP on PCa cell proliferation, apoptosis, glycolysis, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed by examining molecular markers specific to each process. The results demonstrated that the treatment of tumor-bearing mice with attenuated Salmonella carrying the HIF-1α siRNA plasmid greatly enhanced the antitumor effects of low-dose DDP. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that knockdown of HIF-1α improved the response of PCa cells to DDP by redirecting aerobic glycolysis toward mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, leading to cell death through overproduction of ROS. Our findings indicate that DDP-based chemotherapy combined with targeting the HIF-1α-regulated cancer metabolism pathway might be an ideal strategy to treat PCa.
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16
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Jo DW, Kim YK, Yun PY. The influence of p53 mutation status on the anti-cancer effect of cisplatin in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016; 42:337-344. [PMID: 28053903 PMCID: PMC5206238 DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2016.42.6.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-cancer activity of cisplatin by studying its effects on cell viability and identifying the mechanisms underlying the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines with varying p53 mutation status. Materials and Methods Three OSCC cell lines, YD-8 (p53 point mutation), YD-9 (p53 wild type), and YD-38 (p53 deletion) were used. To determine the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin, MTS assay was performed. The cell cycle alteration and apoptosis were analyzed using flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of cell cycle alteration- or apoptosis-related proteins as well as p53. Results Cisplatin showed a time- and dose-dependent anti-proliferative effect in all cell lines. Cisplatin induced G2/M cell accumulation in the three cell lines after treatment with 0.5 and 1.0 µg/mL of cisplatin for 48 hours. The proportion of annexin V-FITC-stained cells increased following treatment with cisplatin. The apoptotic proportion was lower in the YD-38 cell line than in the YD-9 or YD-8 cell lines. Also, immunoblotting analysis indicated that p53 and p21 were detected only in YD-8 and YD-9 cell lines after cisplatin treatment. Conclusion In this study, cisplatin showed anti-cancer effects via G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis, with some difference among OSCC cell lines. The mutation status of p53 might have influenced the difference observed among cell lines. Further studies on p53 mutation status are needed to understand the biological behavior and characteristics of OSCCs and to establish appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deuk-Won Jo
- Department of Prosthodontics, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Young-Kyun Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Pil-Young Yun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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17
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Zheng JH, Min JJ. Targeted Cancer Therapy Using Engineered Salmonella typhimurium. Chonnam Med J 2016; 52:173-84. [PMID: 27689027 PMCID: PMC5040766 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2016.52.3.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obligate or facultative anaerobic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Salmonella, or Escherichia coli specifically colonize and proliferate inside tumor tissues and inhibit tumor growth. Among them, attenuated Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) has been widely studied in animal cancer models and Phase I clinical trials in human patients. S. typhimurium genes are easily manipulated; thus diverse attenuated strains of S. typhimurium have been designed and engineered as tumor-targeting therapeutics or drug delivery vehicles that show both an excellent safety profile and therapeutic efficacy in mouse models. An attenuated strain of S. typhimurium, VNP20009, successfully targeted human metastatic melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma in Phase I clinical trials; however, the efficacy requires further refinement. Along with the characteristics of self-targeting, proliferation, and deep tissue penetration, the ease of genetic manipulation allows for the production of more attenuated strains with greater safety profiles and vector systems that deliver designable cargo molecules for cancer diagnosis and/or therapy. Here, we discuss recent progress in the field of Salmonellae-mediated cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hai Zheng
- Laboratory of In Vivo Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Laboratory of In Vivo Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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18
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Zhao C, He J, Cheng H, Zhu Z, Xu H. Enhanced therapeutic effect of an antiangiogenesis peptide on lung cancer in vivo combined with salmonella VNP20009 carrying a Sox2 shRNA construct. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:107. [PMID: 27371094 PMCID: PMC4930618 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HM-3 is a polypeptide inhibiting angiogenesis. Recent reports suggest that the antitumor effect of angiogenesis inhibitors administered alone might be limited. Cancer stem cells can survive the lack of oxygen and nutrients. To achieve better anti-tumor effect, HM-3 was administered in combination with the attenuated Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009 transformed with a shRNA construct against sex determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2). METHODS Cell invasion assay and soft agar colony formation assay were used to assess the migration and growth capability of A549 cells once Sox2 was knocked down with the shRNA construct. The shRNA construct targeting Sox2 was transformed into VNP20009. After the mouse xenograft model of A549 was established, HM-3 was co-administered with VNP20009 carrying the shRNA construct. The growth of tumor was checked to compare the effectiveness of different therapies. Western blotting assay and immunohistochemistry staining of the tumor tissue were used to measure the levels of proteins associated with the apoptosis pathway. RESULTS Sox2 was necessary for the migration and growth of A549 cells. The expression of Sox2 was down regulated in the tumor tissue of the combined treatment group of HM-3 with VNP20009 carrying the Sox2 shRNA construct. Together with the accumulation of salmonella in tumor and the inhibition of angiogenesis by HM-3, more tumor cells went through cell apoptosis with increased expression of Bax, cleaved Caspase 3 and decreased expression of Bcl2. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest the combination of antiangiogenesis agent HM-3 with gene therapy targeting Sox2 delivered by salmonella as a promising strategy for the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Zhao
- />The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009 People’s Republic of China
| | - Junjin He
- />The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haoran Cheng
- />The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaohao Zhu
- />The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanmei Xu
- />The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009 People’s Republic of China
- />State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009 People’s Republic of China
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19
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Deng R, Liu B, Wang Y, Yan F, Hu S, Wang H, Wang T, Li B, Deng X, Xiang S, Yang Y, Zhang J. High Expression of the Newly Found Long Noncoding RNA Z38 Promotes Cell Proliferation and Oncogenic Activity in Breast Cancer. J Cancer 2016; 7:576-86. [PMID: 27053956 PMCID: PMC4820734 DOI: 10.7150/jca.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aberrant expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) has great impacts on cancer origination and progression. In the current study, a newly found lncRNA Z38, which was identified through combining experiments of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and reverse dot-blotting, was found to have high expression in breast cancer. More importantly, inhibiting Z38 expression by gene silencing greatly suppressed breast cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, and treatment with Z38 siRNAs significantly induced cell apoptosis and inhibited tumor growth. In conclusion, the newly found lncRNA Z38, which plays important roles in breast cancer, may act as a candidate biomarker and therapeutic target in carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rilin Deng
- 1. College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Bin Liu
- 1. College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yan Wang
- 2. Department of Biological Engineering, Zunyi Medical College, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519041, China
| | - Feng Yan
- 3. College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China
| | - Shifan Hu
- 1. College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Hongcan Wang
- 1. College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- 1. College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Bin Li
- 1. College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Xiyun Deng
- 4. Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Shuanglin Xiang
- 3. College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China
| | - Yinke Yang
- 1. College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- 1. College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
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20
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Nallar SC, Xu DQ, Kalvakolanu DV. Bacteria and genetically modified bacteria as cancer therapeutics: Current advances and challenges. Cytokine 2016; 89:160-172. [PMID: 26778055 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria act as pro- or anti- tumorigenic agents. Whole bacteria or cytotoxic or immunogenic peptides carried by them exert potent anti-tumor effects in the experimental models of cancer. The use of attenuated microorganism(s) e.g., BCG to treat human urinary bladder cancer was found to be superior compared to standard chemotherapy. Although the phase-I clinical trials with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, has shown limited benefits in human subjects, a recent pre-clinical trial in pet dogs with tumors reported some subjects benefited from this treatment strain. In addition to the attenuated host strains derived by conventional mutagenesis, recombinant DNA technology has been applied to a few microorganisms that have been evaluated in the context of tumor colonization and eradication using mouse models. There is an enormous surge in publications describing bacterial anti-cancer therapies in the past 15years. Vectors for delivering shRNAs that target oncogenic products, express tumor suppressor genes and immunogenic proteins have been developed. These approaches have showed promising anti-tumor activity in mouse models against various tumors. These can be potential therapeutics for humans in the future. In this review, some conceptual and practical issues on how to improve these agents for human applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreeram C Nallar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - De-Qi Xu
- Dalian Hissen Biopharm Co Ltd. E&T Development Zone, Dalian 116600, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Dhan V Kalvakolanu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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21
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Wu X, Tai Z, Zhu Q, Fan W, Ding B, Zhang W, Zhang L, Yao C, Wang X, Ding X, Li Q, Li X, Liu G, Liu J, Gao S. Study on the prostate cancer-targeting mechanism of aptamer-modified nanoparticles and their potential anticancer effect in vivo. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:5431-40. [PMID: 25473281 PMCID: PMC4247134 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s71101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-mediated prostate cancer (PCa)-targeting gene delivery is one of the focuses of research in recent years. Our previous study reported the successful preparation of aptamer-modified nanoparticles (APT-NPs) in our laboratory and demonstrated their PCa-targeting ability in vitro. However, the mechanism underlying this PCa-targeting effect and their anticancer ability in vivo have not yet been elucidated. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of using APT-NPs to deliver micro RNA (miRNA) systemically to PCa cells, to testify their tumor-targeting efficiency, and to observe their biodistribution after systemic administration to a xenograft mouse model of PCa. In addition, the effect of APT depletion and endocytosis inhibitors on cellular uptake was also evaluated quantitatively in LNCaP cells to explore the internalization mechanism of APT-NPs. Finally, blood chemistry, and renal and liver function parameters were measured in the xenograft mouse model of PCa to see whether APT-NPs had any demonstrable toxicity in mice in vivo. The results showed that APT-NPs prolonged the survival duration of the PCa tumor-bearing mice as compared with the unmodified NPs. In addition, they had a potential PCa-targeting effect in vivo. In conclusion, this research provides a prototype for the safe and efficient delivery of miRNA expression vectors to PCa cells, which may prove useful for preclinical and clinical studies on the treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongguang Tai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The 425th Hospital of PLA, Sanya, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoyue Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Medical College of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Department of Pharmaceutics, The 522nd Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueying Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaolin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyong Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Chiang KC, Tsui KH, Chung LC, Yeh CN, Feng TH, Chen WT, Chang PL, Chiang HY, Juang HH. Cisplatin modulates B-cell translocation gene 2 to attenuate cell proliferation of prostate carcinoma cells in both p53-dependent and p53-independent pathways. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5511. [PMID: 24981574 PMCID: PMC4076686 DOI: 10.1038/srep05511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a widely used anti-cancer drug. The B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) is involved in the cell cycle transition regulation. We evaluated the cisplatin effects on prostate cancer cell proliferation and the expressions of BTG2, p53, androgen receptor (AR) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) in prostate carcinoma, p53 wild-type LNCaP or p53-null PC-3, cells. Cisplatin treatments attenuated cell prostate cancer cell growth through inducing Go/G1 cell cycle arrest in lower concentration and apoptosis at higher dosage. Cisplatin treatments enhanced p53 and BTG2 expression, repressed AR and PSA expression, and blocked the activation of androgen on the PSA secretion in LNCaP cells. BTG2 knockdown in LNCaP cells attenuated cisplatin-mediated growth inhibition. Cisplatin enhanced BTG2 gene expression dependent on the DNA fragment located within -173 to -82 upstream of BTG2 translation initiation site in prostate cancer cells. Mutation of the p53 response element from GGGCAGAGCCC to GGGCACC or mutation of the NFκB response element from GGAAAGTCC to GGAAAGGAA by site-directed mutagenesis abolished the stimulation of cisplatin on the BTG2 promoter activity in LNCaP or PC-3 cells, respectively. Our results indicated that cisplatin attenuates prostate cancer cell proliferation partly mediated by upregulation of BTG2 through the p53-dependent pathway or p53-independent NFκB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Chun Chiang
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ke-Hung Tsui
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Li-Chuan Chung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Nan Yeh
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsui-Hsia Feng
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Tsung Chen
- National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism, Hsiao-Kang, Kaohsiung Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Phei-Lang Chang
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hou-Yu Chiang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Horng-Heng Juang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
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23
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Murine double minute 2 siRNA and wild-type p53 gene therapy enhances sensitivity of the SKOV3/DDP ovarian cancer cell line to cisplatin chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 2014; 343:200-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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24
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Shen J, Song G, An M, Li X, Wu N, Ruan K, Hu J, Hu R. The use of hollow mesoporous silica nanospheres to encapsulate bortezomib and improve efficacy for non-small cell lung cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2014; 35:316-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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