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Izumi Y, Kanayama M, Shen Z, Kai M, Kawamura S, Akiyama M, Yamamoto M, Nagao T, Okada K, Kawamata N, Toyota S, Ohteki T. An Antibody-Drug Conjugate That Selectively Targets Human Monocyte Progenitors for Anti-Cancer Therapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:618081. [PMID: 33692791 PMCID: PMC7937628 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.618081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As hematopoietic progenitors supply a large number of blood cells, therapeutic strategies targeting hematopoietic progenitors are potentially beneficial to eliminate unwanted blood cells, such as leukemic cells and immune cells causing diseases. However, due to their pluripotency, targeting those cells may impair the production of multiple cell lineages, leading to serious side effects such as anemia and increased susceptibility to infection. To minimize those side effects, it is important to identify monopotent progenitors that give rise to a particular cell lineage. Monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages play important roles in the development of inflammatory diseases and tumors. Recently, we identified human monocyte-restricted progenitors, namely, common monocyte progenitors and pre-monocytes, both of which express high levels of CD64, a well-known monocyte marker. Here, we introduce a dimeric pyrrolobenzodiazepine (dPBD)-conjugated anti-CD64 antibody (anti-CD64-dPBD) that selectively induces the apoptosis of proliferating human monocyte-restricted progenitors but not non-proliferating mature monocytes. Treatment with anti-CD64-dPBD did not affect other types of hematopoietic cells including hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelets, suggesting that its off-target effects are negligible. In line with these findings, treatment with anti-CD64-dPBD directly killed proliferating monocytic leukemia cells and prevented monocytic leukemia cell generation from bone marrow progenitors of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia patients in a patient-derived xenograft model. Furthermore, by depleting the source of monocytes, treatment with anti-CD64-dPBD ultimately eliminated tumor-associated macrophages and significantly reduced tumor size in humanized mice bearing solid tumors. Given the selective action of anti-CD64-dPBD on proliferating monocyte progenitors and monocytic leukemia cells, it should be a promising tool to target cancers and other monocyte-related inflammatory disorders with minimal side effects on other cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Izumi
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Kanayama
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhongchuzi Shen
- Oncology Research Laboratories, Oncology R&D Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kai
- Oncology Research Laboratories, Oncology R&D Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kawamura
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Akiyama
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahide Yamamoto
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshikage Nagao
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keigo Okada
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiko Kawamata
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Toyota
- Department of Hematology, Yokosuka Kyosai Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ohteki
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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Cheung LH, Zhao Y, Alvarez-Cienfuegos A, Mohamedali KA, Cao YJ, Hittelman WN, Rosenblum MG. Development of a human immuno-oncology therapeutic agent targeting HER2: targeted delivery of granzyme B. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:332. [PMID: 31362764 PMCID: PMC6668111 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Immunotherapeutic approaches designed to augment T and B cell mediated killing of tumor cells has met with clinical success in recent years suggesting tremendous potential for treatment in a broad spectrum of tumor types. After complex recognition of target cells by T and B cells, delivery of the serine protease granzyme B (GrB) to tumor cells comprises the cytotoxic insult resulting in a well-characterized, multimodal apoptotic cascade. Methods We designed a recombinant fusion construct, GrB-Fc-4D5, composed of a humanized anti-HER2 scFv fused to active GrB for recognition of tumor cells and internal delivery of GrB, simulating T and B cell therapy. We assessed the construct’s antigen-binding specificity and GrB enzymatic activity, as well as in vitro cytotoxicity and internalization into target and control cells. We also assessed pharmacokinetic and toxicology parameters in vivo. Results GrB-Fc-4D5 was highly cytotoxic to Her2 positive cells such as SKBR3, MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 with IC50 values of 56, 99 and 27 nM, respectively, and against a panel of HER2+ cell lines regardless of endogenous expression levels of the PI-9 inhibitor. Contemporaneous studies with Kadcyla demonstrated similar levels of in vitro activity against virtually all cells tested. GrB-Fc-4D5 internalized rapidly into target SKOV3 cells within 1 h of exposure rapidly delivering GrB to the cytoplasmic compartment. In keeping with its relatively high molecular weight (160 kDa), the construct demonstrated a terminal-phase serum half-life in mice of 39.2 h. Toxicity studies conducted on BALB/c mice demonstrated no statistically significant changes in SGPT, SGOT or serum LDH. Histopathologic analysis of tissues from treated mice demonstrated no drug-related changes in any tissues examined. Conclusion GrB-Fc-4D5 shows excellent, specific cytotoxicity and demonstrates no significant toxicity in normal, antigen-negative murine models. This construct constitutes a novel approach against HER2-expressing tumors and is an excellent candidate for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence H Cheung
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yunli Zhao
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Present address: Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Ana Alvarez-Cienfuegos
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Khalid A Mohamedali
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Yu J Cao
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Present Address: Shenzhen Graduate School, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Walter N Hittelman
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michael G Rosenblum
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Wezler X, Dübel S, Schirrmann T. Antibody fusion proteins with human ribonucleases 1 to 8. Hum Antibodies 2018; 26:177-192. [PMID: 29689715 DOI: 10.3233/hab-180337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ImmunoRNases combine tumor targeting by antibodies with the cytotoxic action of ribonucleases from the RNase A superfamily. This study investigated for the first time all catalytic active human RNase A family members (1 to 8) as effector components of antibody fusion proteins. ImmunoRNase fusion proteins were constructed using the CD30-specific bivalent recombinant scFv-Fc antibody SH313-B5. Production of the resulting entirely human immunoRNases 1 to 8 was done in mammalian cells by secretion of active forms. The immunoRNases mediated CD30-specific cell binding and showed ribonucleolytic activity. Interestingly, immunoRNases 1 and 2 were active in the presence of up to 5-/20-fold molar excess of the pancreatic RNase inhibitor (RI), which is supposed to efficiently inhibit all human RNase A activity. ImmunoRNases 3, 4, 6 and 7 were only inhibited by several fold molar excess of RI, whereas immunoRNases 5 and 8 were already completely inactive at equimolar RI concentrations. Compared to free RNases, activity and RI sensitivity were not significantly changed by antibody fusion or dimerisation. ImmunoRNase3 and 5 mediated tumor growth inhibition at low nanomolar concentrations. Anti-tumor activity was antigen-specific and did not show any correlation with ribonucleolytic activity or RI sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Wezler
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Dübel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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CD64-directed microtubule associated protein tau kills leukemic blasts ex vivo. Oncotarget 2018; 7:67166-67174. [PMID: 27564103 PMCID: PMC5341865 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fc gamma receptor I (FcγRI, CD64) is a well-known target antigen for passive immunotherapy against acute myeloid leukemia and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. We recently reported the preclinical immunotherapeutic potential of microtubule associated protein tau (MAP) against a variety of cancer types including breast carcinoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma. Here we demonstrate that the CD64-directed human cytolytic fusion protein H22(scFv)-MAP kills ex vivo 15–50% of CD64+ leukemic blasts derived from seven myeloid leukemia patients. Furthermore, in contrast to the nonspecific cytostatic agent paclitaxel, H22(scFv)-MAP showed no cytotoxicity towards healthy CD64+ PBMC-derived cells and macrophages. The targeted delivery of this microtubule stabilizing agent therefore offers a promising new strategy for specific treatment of CD64+ leukemia.
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Akinrinmade OA, Chetty S, Daramola AK, Islam MU, Thepen T, Barth S. CD64: An Attractive Immunotherapeutic Target for M1-type Macrophage Mediated Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5030056. [PMID: 28895912 PMCID: PMC5618314 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, no curative therapy is available for the treatment of most chronic inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, or autoimmune disorders. Current treatments require a lifetime supply for patients to alleviate clinical symptoms and are unable to stop the course of disease. In contrast, a new series of immunotherapeutic agents targeting the Fc γ receptor I (CD64) have emerged and demonstrated significant clinical potential to actually resolving chronic inflammation driven by M1-type dysregulated macrophages. This subpopulation plays a key role in the initiation and maintenance of a series of chronic diseases. The novel recombinant M1-specific immunotherapeutics offer the prospect of highly effective treatment strategies as they have been shown to selectively eliminate the disease-causing macrophage subpopulations. In this review, we provide a detailed summary of the data generated, together with the advantages and the clinical potential of CD64-based targeted therapies for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusiji A Akinrinmade
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Shivan Chetty
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Adebukola K Daramola
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Mukit-Ul Islam
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Theo Thepen
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology and Blood Bank. University Hospital Magdeburg A.ö.R, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Barth
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa.
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Klose D, Woitok M, Niesen J, Beerli RR, Grawunder U, Fischer R, Barth S, Fendel R, Nachreiner T. Generation of an artificial human B cell line test system using Transpo-mAbTM technology to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of novel antigen-specific fusion proteins. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180305. [PMID: 28704435 PMCID: PMC5509223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigen-specific targeting of autoreactive B cells via their unique B cell receptors (BCRs) is a novel and promising alternative to the systemic suppression of humoral immunity. We generated and characterized cytolytic fusion proteins based on an existing immunotoxin comprising tetanus toxoid fragment C (TTC) as the targeting component and the modified Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA') as the cytotoxic component. The immunotoxin was reconfigured to replace ETA' with either the granzyme B mutant R201K or MAPTau as human effector domains. The novel cytolytic fusion proteins were characterized with a recombinant human lymphocytic cell line developed using Transpo-mAb™ technology. Genes encoding a chimeric TTC-reactive immunoglobulin G were successfully integrated into the genome of the precursor B cell line REH so that the cells could present TTC-reactive BCRs on their surface. These cells were used to investigate the specific cytotoxicity of GrB(R201K)-TTC and TTC-MAPTau, revealing that the serpin proteinase inhibitor 9-resistant granzyme B R201K mutant induced apoptosis specifically in the lymphocytic cell line. Our data confirm that antigen-based fusion proteins containing granzyme B (R201K) are suitable candidates for the depletion of autoreactive B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Klose
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mira Woitok
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Judith Niesen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | - Rainer Fischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Barth
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rolf Fendel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Nachreiner
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Addressing the Immunogenicity of the Cargo and of the Targeting Antibodies with a Focus on Demmunized Bacterial Toxins and on Antibody-Targeted Human Effector Proteins. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5020028. [PMID: 28574434 PMCID: PMC5489814 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Third-generation immunotoxins are composed of a human, or humanized, targeting moiety, usually a monoclonal antibody or an antibody fragment, and a non-human effector molecule. Due to the non-human origin of the cytotoxic domain, these molecules stimulate potent anti-drug immune responses, which limit treatment options. Efforts are made to deimmunize such immunotoxins or to combine treatment with immunosuppression. An alternative approach is using the so-called “human cytotoxic fusion proteins”, in which antibodies are used to target human effector proteins. Here, we present three relevant approaches for reducing the immunogenicity of antibody-targeted protein therapeutics: (1) reducing the immunogenicity of the bacterial toxin, (2) fusing human cytokines to antibodies to generate immunocytokines and (3) addressing the immunogenicity of the targeting antibodies.
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Bochicchio A, Jordaan S, Losasso V, Chetty S, Perera RC, Ippoliti E, Barth S, Carloni P. Designing the Sniper: Improving Targeted Human Cytolytic Fusion Proteins for Anti-Cancer Therapy via Molecular Simulation. Biomedicines 2017; 5:E9. [PMID: 28536352 PMCID: PMC5423494 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted human cytolytic fusion proteins (hCFPs) are humanized immunotoxins for selective treatment of different diseases including cancer. They are composed of a ligand specifically binding to target cells genetically linked to a human apoptosis-inducing enzyme. hCFPs target cancer cells via an antibody or derivative (scFv) specifically binding to e.g., tumor associated antigens (TAAs). After internalization and translocation of the enzyme from endocytosed endosomes, the human enzymes introduced into the cytosol are efficiently inducing apoptosis. Under in vivo conditions such enzymes are subject to tight regulation by native inhibitors in order to prevent inappropriate induction of cell death in healthy cells. Tumor cells are known to upregulate these inhibitors as a survival mechanism resulting in escape of malignant cells from elimination by immune effector cells. Cytosolic inhibitors of Granzyme B and Angiogenin (Serpin P9 and RNH1, respectively), reduce the efficacy of hCFPs with these enzymes as effector domains, requiring detrimentally high doses in order to saturate inhibitor binding and rescue cytolytic activity. Variants of Granzyme B and Angiogenin might feature reduced affinity for their respective inhibitors, while retaining or even enhancing their catalytic activity. A powerful tool to design hCFPs mutants with improved potency is given by in silico methods. These include molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and enhanced sampling methods (ESM). MD and ESM allow predicting the enzyme-protein inhibitor binding stability and the associated conformational changes, provided that structural information is available. Such "high-resolution" detailed description enables the elucidation of interaction domains and the identification of sites where particular point mutations may modify those interactions. This review discusses recent advances in the use of MD and ESM for hCFP development from the viewpoints of scientists involved in both fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bochicchio
- German Research School for Simulation Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany.
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen 52062, Germany.
| | - Sandra Jordaan
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
| | - Valeria Losasso
- Scientific Computing Department, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, UK.
| | - Shivan Chetty
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
| | - Rodrigo Casasnovas Perera
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany.
| | - Emiliano Ippoliti
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany.
| | - Stefan Barth
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
| | - Paolo Carloni
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen 52062, Germany.
- JARA-HPC, Jülich Supercomputing Centre, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany.
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Zhang T, Liu H, Chen X, Wang Z, Wang S, Qu C, Zhang J, Xu X. Lipidated L2 epitope repeats fused with a single-chain antibody fragment targeting human FcγRI elicited cross-neutralizing antibodies against a broad spectrum of human papillomavirus types. Vaccine 2016; 34:5531-5539. [PMID: 27729176 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been identified, and the global burden of diseases associated with HPV infection is remarkable, especially in developing regions. Thus a low-cost broad-spectrum prophylactic vaccine is urgently needed. The N-terminal amino acid 17-36 of HPV 16 L2 protein is confirmed to be a major cross-neutralizing epitope (RG-1 epitope). Monomeric proteins containing RG-1 epitopes and scaffold proteins, such as bacterial thioredoxin or modified IgG1 Fc fragment and L2 epitope fusion protein, induced cross-neutralizing antibodies, arousing the possibility of the development of low-cost monomeric vaccine in bacterial expression system. Here we show that a novel immunogen-scaffold protein containing a lipidated triple-repeat HPV 16RG-1 epitope and a hFcγRI specific single-chain antibody fragment (H22scFv), named LpE3H22, elicited high titers of cross-neutralizing antibodies against a broad range of mucosal and cutaneous HPV types when adjuvanted with MF59 and poly I:C. LpE3H22 was produced in E. coli expression system. In contrast to three repeats of RG-1 epitope (E3) and unlipidated fusion protein E3H22, vaccination of LpE3H22 induced robust cross-neutralizing antibody responses in hFcγRI transgenic mice. Furthermore, the neutralizing antibody response induced by LpE3H22 was significantly weaker in WT mice than in the Tg mice. The cross-neutralizing antibodies induced by LpE3H22 sustained for at least 10months in Tg mice. Our results demonstrate that hFcγRI targeting and lipidation both contribute to the enhancement of immunogenicity of L2 antigen. Therefore, delivering the lipidated L2 antigen with H22scFv opens a new avenue for low-cost pan-HPV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyang Liu
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhirong Wang
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chunfeng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingzhi Zhang
- Changchun Werersai Biotec Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, Changchun, China
| | - Xuemei Xu
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Augmenting the Efficacy of Immunotoxins and Other Targeted Protein Toxins by Endosomal Escape Enhancers. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8070200. [PMID: 27376327 PMCID: PMC4963833 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxic moiety of almost all protein-based targeted toxins must enter the cytosol of the target cell to mediate its fatal effect. Although more than 500 targeted toxins have been investigated in the past decades, no antibody-targeted protein toxin has been approved for tumor therapeutic applications by the authorities to date. Missing efficacy can be attributed in many cases to insufficient endosomal escape and therefore subsequent lysosomal degradation of the endocytosed toxins. To overcome this drawback, many strategies have been described to weaken the membrane integrity of endosomes. This comprises the use of lysosomotropic amines, carboxylic ionophores, calcium channel antagonists, various cell-penetrating peptides of viral, bacterial, plant, animal, human and synthetic origin, other organic molecules and light-induced techniques. Although the efficacy of the targeted toxins was typically augmented in cell culture hundred or thousand fold, in exceptional cases more than million fold, the combination of several substances harbors new problems including additional side effects, loss of target specificity, difficulties to determine the therapeutic window and cell type-dependent variations. This review critically scrutinizes the chances and challenges of endosomal escape enhancers and their potential role in future developments.
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Hristodorov D, Mladenov R, von Felbert V, Huhn M, Fischer R, Barth S, Thepen T. Targeting CD64 mediates elimination of M1 but not M2 macrophages in vitro and in cutaneous inflammation in mice and patient biopsies. MAbs 2016. [PMID: 26218624 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1066950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key players in controlling the immune response that can adapt to microenvironmental signals. This results in distinct polarization states (classical M1 or alternative M2), that play a differential role in immune regulation. In general, the M1 contribute to onset of inflammation, whereas the M2 orchestrate resolution and repair, whereby failure to switch from predominantly M1 to M2 reinforces a pro-inflammatory environment and chronic inflammation. Here, we show selective elimination of M1 macrophages in vitro by a range of CD64-targeted immunotoxins, including H22(scFv)-ETA'. After re-polarization of already polarized macrophages, still only M1 polarization showed sensitivity toward CD64-directed immunotoxins. The selectivity for M1 was found linked to reduced endosomal protease activity in M1 macrophages as demonstrated by inhibition of endosomal proteases. Using the H22(scFv)-ETA' in a transgenic mouse model for chronic cutaneous inflammation, the M1 specificity was confirmed in vivo and a beneficial effect on inflammation demonstrated. Also ex vivo on skin biopsies from atopic dermatitis and diabetes type II patients with chronically-inflamed skin, a clear M1 specific effect was found. This indicates the potential relevance for human application. Our data show that targeting M1 macrophages through CD64 can be instrumental in developing novel intervention strategies for chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrij Hristodorov
- a Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy ; Institute of Applied Medical Engineering; University Hospital; RWTH Aachen University ; Aachen , Germany
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Buckley SA, Walter RB. Update on antigen-specific immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2016; 10:65-75. [PMID: 25896530 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-015-0250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Among the few drugs that have shown a benefit for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in randomized clinical trials over the last several decades is the CD33 antibody-drug conjugate, gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO). Undoubtedly, this experience has highlighted the value of antigen-specific immunotherapy in AML. A wide variety of therapeutics directed against several different antigens on AML cells are currently explored in preclinical and early clinical studies. On the one hand, these include passive strategies such as unconjugated antibodies targeting one or more antigens, antibodies armed with drugs, toxic proteins, or radionuclides, or adoptive immunotherapies, in particular utilizing T cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) or modified T cell receptor (TCR) genes; on the other hand, these include active strategies such as vaccinations. With the documented benefit for GO and the emerging data with several classes of therapeutics in other leukemias, in particular small bispecific antibodies and CAR T cells, the future is bright. Nevertheless, a number of important questions related to the choice of target antigen(s), patient population, exact treatment modality, and supportive care needs remain open. Addressing such questions in upcoming studies will ultimately be required to optimize the clinical use of antigen-specific immunotherapies in AML and ensure that such treatments become an effective, versatile tool for this disease for which the outcomes have remained unsatisfactory in many patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Buckley
- Hematology/Oncology Fellowship Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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13
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Mladenov R, Hristodorov D, Cremer C, Hein L, Kreutzer F, Stroisch T, Niesen J, Brehm H, Blume T, Brümmendorf TH, Jost E, Thepen T, Fischer R, Stockmeyer B, Barth S, Stein C. The Fc-alpha receptor is a new target antigen for immunotherapy of myeloid leukemia. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:2729-38. [PMID: 26041304 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based immunotherapy of leukemia requires the targeting of specific antigens on the surface of blasts. The Fc gamma receptor (CD64) has been investigated in detail, and CD64-targeting immunotherapy has shown promising efficacy in the targeted ablation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML) and chronic myeloid leukemia cells (CML). Here we investigate for the first time the potential of FcαRI (CD89) as a new target antigen expressed by different myeloid leukemic cell populations. For specific targeting and killing, we generated a recombinant fusion protein comprising an anti-human CD89 single-chain Fragment variable and the well-characterized truncated version of the potent Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA'). Our novel therapeutic approach achieved in vitro EC50 values in range 0.2-3 nM depending on the applied stimuli, that is, interferon gamma or tumor necrosis factor alpha. We also observed a dose-dependent apoptosis-mediated cytotoxicity, which resulted in the elimination of up to 90% of the target cells within 72 hr. These findings were also confirmed ex vivo using leukemic primary cells from peripheral blood samples of three previously untreated patients. We conclude that CD89-specific targeting of leukemia cell lines can be achieved in vitro and that the efficient elimination of leukemic primary cells supports the potential of CD89-ETA' as a potent, novel immunotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslav Mladenov
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dmitrij Hristodorov
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Cremer
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lea Hein
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Kreutzer
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Stroisch
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Judith Niesen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hannes Brehm
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Blume
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Henrik Brümmendorf
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Internal Medicine IV), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Edgar Jost
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Internal Medicine IV), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Theophilus Thepen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Stockmeyer
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 Hematology/Oncology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Barth
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christoph Stein
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Aachen, Germany
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14
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Cremer C, Braun H, Mladenov R, Schenke L, Cong X, Jost E, Brümmendorf TH, Fischer R, Carloni P, Barth S, Nachreiner T. Novel angiogenin mutants with increased cytotoxicity enhance the depletion of pro-inflammatory macrophages and leukemia cells ex vivo. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1575-86. [PMID: 26472728 PMCID: PMC11028715 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunotoxins are fusion proteins that combine a targeting component such as an antibody fragment or ligand with a cytotoxic effector component that induces apoptosis in specific cell populations displaying the corresponding antigen or receptor. Human cytolytic fusion proteins (hCFPs) are less immunogenic than conventional immunotoxins because they contain human pro-apoptotic enzymes as effectors. However, one drawback of hCFPs is that target cells can protect themselves by expressing endogenous inhibitor proteins. Inhibitor-resistant enzyme mutants that maintain their cytotoxic activity are therefore promising effector domain candidates. We recently developed potent variants of the human ribonuclease angiogenin (Ang) that were either more active than the wild-type enzyme or less susceptible to inhibition because of their lower affinity for the ribonuclease inhibitor RNH1. However, combining the mutations was unsuccessful because although the enzyme retained its higher activity, its susceptibility to RNH1 reverted to wild-type levels. We therefore used molecular dynamic simulations to determine, at the atomic level, why the affinity for RNH1 reverted, and we developed strategies based on the introduction of further mutations to once again reduce the affinity of Ang for RNH1 while retaining its enhanced activity. We were able to generate a novel Ang variant with remarkable in vitro cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells and pro-inflammatory macrophages. We also demonstrated the pro-apoptotic potential of Ang-based hCFPs on cells freshly isolated from leukemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Cremer
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hanna Braun
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Radoslav Mladenov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstr. 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lea Schenke
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Xiaojing Cong
- Department of Computational Biophysics, German Research School for Simulation Sciences (Joint Venture of RWTH Aachen University and Forschungszentrum Jülich), 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Simulations IAS-5, Computational Biomedicine, Forschungszentrum, Jülich, Germany
| | - Edgar Jost
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Internal Medicine IV), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim H Brümmendorf
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Internal Medicine IV), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstr. 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Paolo Carloni
- Department of Computational Biophysics, German Research School for Simulation Sciences (Joint Venture of RWTH Aachen University and Forschungszentrum Jülich), 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Simulations IAS-5, Computational Biomedicine, Forschungszentrum, Jülich, Germany
| | - Stefan Barth
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Thomas Nachreiner
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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15
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ten Haaf A, Pscherer S, Fries K, Barth S, Gattenlöhner S, Tur MK. Phage display-based on-slide selection of tumor-specific antibodies on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human tissue biopsies. Immunol Lett 2015; 166:65-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Targeted killing of rhabdomyosarcoma cells by a MAP-based human cytolytic fusion protein. Cancer Lett 2015; 365:149-55. [PMID: 25888452 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is challenging, and the prognosis remains especially poor for high-grade RMS with metastasis. The conventional treatment of RMS is based on multi-agent chemotherapy combined with resection and radiotherapy, which are often marked by low success rate. Alternative therapeutic options include the combination of standard treatments with immunotherapy. We generated a microtubule-associated protein (MAP)-based fully human cytolytic fusion protein (hCFP) targeting the fetal acetylcholine receptor, which is expressed on RMS cells. We were able to express and purify functional scFv35-MAP from Escherichia coli cells. Moreover, we found that scFv35-MAP is rapidly internalized by target cells after binding its receptor, and exhibits specific cytotoxicity toward FL-OH1 and RD cells in vitro. We also confirmed that scFv35-MAP induces apoptosis in FL-OH1 and RD cells. The in vivo potential of scFv35-MAP will need to be considered in further studies.
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17
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Fitting J, Blume T, ten Haaf A, Blau W, Gattenlöhner S, Tur MK, Barth S. Phage display-based generation of novel internalizing antibody fragments for immunotoxin-based treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. MAbs 2015; 7:390-402. [PMID: 25760770 PMCID: PMC4622674 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1007818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current standard treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is chemotherapy based on cytarabine and daunorubicine (7 + 3), but it discriminates poorly between malignant and benign cells. Dose-limiting off‑target effects and intrinsic drug resistance result in the inefficient eradication of leukemic blast cells and their survival beyond remission. This minimal residual disease is the major cause of relapse and is responsible for a 5-year survival rate of only 24%. More specific and efficient approaches are therefore required to eradicate malignant cells while leaving healthy cells unaffected. In this study, we generated scFv antibodies that bind specifically to the surface of AML blast cells and AML bone marrow biopsy specimens. We isolated the antibodies by phage display, using subtractive whole-cell panning with AML M2‑derived Kasumi‑1 cells. By selecting for internalizing scFv antibody fragments, we focused on potentially novel agents for intracellular drug delivery and tumor modulation. Two independent methods showed that 4 binders were internalized by Kasumi-1 cells. Furthermore, we observed the AML‑selective inhibition of cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis by a recombinant immunotoxin comprising one scFv fused to a truncated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (ETA'). This method may therefore be useful for the selection of novel disease-specific internalizing antibody fragments, providing a novel immunotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of AML patients.
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MESH Headings
- ADP Ribose Transferases/genetics
- ADP Ribose Transferases/immunology
- ADP Ribose Transferases/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/pharmacology
- Antibody Specificity/genetics
- Bacterial Toxins/genetics
- Bacterial Toxins/immunology
- Bacterial Toxins/pharmacology
- Blast Crisis/drug therapy
- Blast Crisis/immunology
- Blast Crisis/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Exotoxins/genetics
- Exotoxins/immunology
- Exotoxins/pharmacology
- Humans
- Immunotoxins/genetics
- Immunotoxins/immunology
- Immunotoxins/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Single-Chain Antibodies/genetics
- Single-Chain Antibodies/immunology
- Single-Chain Antibodies/pharmacology
- Virulence Factors/genetics
- Virulence Factors/immunology
- Virulence Factors/pharmacology
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Fitting
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy; Institute of Applied Medical Engineering; Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering; University Hospital RWTH Aachen; Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Blume
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy; Institute of Applied Medical Engineering; Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering; University Hospital RWTH Aachen; Aachen, Germany
| | - Andre ten Haaf
- Institute of Pathology; University Hospital; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Giessen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Blau
- Medical Clinic IV (Hematology); University Hospital; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Gattenlöhner
- Institute of Pathology; University Hospital; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Giessen, Germany
| | - Mehmet Kemal Tur
- Institute of Pathology; University Hospital; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Barth
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy; Institute of Applied Medical Engineering; Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering; University Hospital RWTH Aachen; Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology; Aachen, Germany
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18
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19
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Antimalarial activity of granzyme B and its targeted delivery by a granzyme B-single-chain Fv fusion protein. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:669-72. [PMID: 25313223 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04190-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We present here the first evidence that granzyme B acts against Plasmodium falciparum (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50], 1,590 nM; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1,197 to 2,112 nM). We created a novel antimalarial fusion protein consisting of granzyme B fused to a merozoite surface protein 4 (MSP4)-specific single-chain Fv protein (scFv), which targets the enzyme to infected erythrocytes, with up to an 8-fold reduction in the IC50 (176 nM; 95% CI, 154 to 202 nM). This study confirms the therapeutic efficacies of recombinant antibody-mediated antimalarial immunotherapeutics based on granzyme B.
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20
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Schiffer S, Rosinke R, Jost E, Hehmann-Titt G, Huhn M, Melmer G, Barth S, Thepen T. Targetedex vivoreduction of CD64-positive monocytes in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and acute myelomonocytic leukemia using human granzyme B-based cytolytic fusion proteins. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:1497-508. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Schiffer
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development; Fraunhofer IME; Aachen Germany
| | - Reinhard Rosinke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development; Fraunhofer IME; Aachen Germany
| | - Edgar Jost
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Internal Medicine IV); University Hospital RWTH Aachen; Germany
| | | | - Michael Huhn
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
| | | | - Stefan Barth
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development; Fraunhofer IME; Aachen Germany
| | - Theo Thepen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development; Fraunhofer IME; Aachen Germany
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Abstract
Unconjugated monoclonal antibodies that target hematopoietic differentiation antigens have been developed to treat hematologic malignancies. Although some of these have activity against chronic lymphocytic leukemia and hairy cell leukemia, in general, monoclonal antibodies have limited efficacy as single agents in the treatment of leukemia. To increase their potency, the binding domains of monoclonal antibodies can be attached to protein toxins. Such compounds, termed immunotoxins, are delivered to the interior of leukemia cells based on antibody specificity for cell surface target antigens. Recombinant immunotoxins have been shown to be highly cytotoxic to leukemic blasts in vitro, in xenograft model systems, and in early-phase clinical trials in humans. These agents will likely play an increasing role in the treatment of leukemia.
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22
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de Poot SAH, Lai KW, van der Wal L, Plasman K, Van Damme P, Porter AC, Gevaert K, Bovenschen N. Granzyme M targets topoisomerase II alpha to trigger cell cycle arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2013; 21:416-26. [PMID: 24185622 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocyte protease granzyme M (GrM) is a potent inducer of tumor cell death. The apoptotic phenotype and mechanism by which it induces cell death, however, remain poorly understood and controversial. Here, we show that GrM-induced cell death was largely caspase-dependent with various hallmarks of classical apoptosis, coinciding with caspase-independent G2/M cell cycle arrest. Using positional proteomics in human tumor cells, we identified the nuclear enzyme topoisomerase II alpha (topoIIα) as a physiological substrate of GrM. Cleavage of topoIIα by GrM at Leu(1280) separated topoIIα functional domains from the nuclear localization signals, leading to nuclear exit of topoIIα catalytic activity, thereby rendering it nonfunctional. Similar to the apoptotic phenotype of GrM, topoIIα depletion in tumor cells led to cell cycle arrest in G2/M, mitochondrial perturbations, caspase activation, and apoptosis. We conclude that cytotoxic lymphocyte protease GrM targets topoIIα to trigger cell cycle arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A H de Poot
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - K W Lai
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L van der Wal
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - K Plasman
- 1] Department of Medical Protein Research,VIB, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium [2] Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - P Van Damme
- 1] Department of Medical Protein Research,VIB, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium [2] Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - A C Porter
- Centre for Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - K Gevaert
- 1] Department of Medical Protein Research,VIB, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium [2] Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - N Bovenschen
- 1] Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands [2] Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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