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Kumar S, Dhamija B, Marathe S, Ghosh S, Dwivedi A, Karulkar A, Sharma N, Sengar M, Sridhar E, Bonda A, Thorat J, Tembhare P, Shet T, Gujral S, Bagal B, Laskar S, Jain H, Purwar R. The Th9 Axis Reduces the Oxidative Stress and Promotes the Survival of Malignant T Cells in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Patients. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:657-668. [PMID: 31996468 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune dysfunction is critical in pathogenesis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Few studies have reported abnormal cytokine profile and dysregulated T-cell functions during the onset and progression of certain types of lymphoma. However, the presence of IL9-producing Th9 cells and their role in tumor cell metabolism and survival remain unexplored. With this clinical study, we performed multidimensional blood endotyping of CTCL patients before and after standard photo/chemotherapy and revealed distinct immune hallmarks of the disease. Importantly, there was a higher frequency of "skin homing" Th9 cells in CTCL patients with early (T1 and T2) and advanced-stage disease (T3 and T4). However, advanced-stage CTCL patients had severely impaired frequency of skin-homing Th1 and Th17 cells, indicating attenuated immunity. Treatment of CTCL patients with standard photo/chemotherapy decreased the skin-homing Th9 cells and increased the Th1 and Th17 cells. Interestingly, T cells of CTCL patients express IL9 receptor (IL9R), and there was negligible IL9R expression on T cells of healthy donors. Mechanistically, IL9/IL9R interaction on CD3+ T cells of CTCL patients and Jurkat cells reduced oxidative stress, lactic acidosis, and apoptosis and ultimately increased their survival. In conclusion, coexpression of IL9 and IL9R on T cells in CTCL patients indicates the autocrine-positive feedback loop of Th9 axis in promoting the survival of malignant T cells by reducing the oxidative stress. IMPLICATIONS: The critical role of Th9 axis in CTCL pathogenesis indicates that strategies targeting Th9 cells might harbor significant potential in developing robust CTCL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Kumar
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhavuk Dhamija
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Soumitra Marathe
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sarbari Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Alka Dwivedi
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Atharva Karulkar
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- Medical oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manju Sengar
- Medical oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Epari Sridhar
- Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Avinash Bonda
- Medical oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jayashree Thorat
- Medical oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Tanuja Shet
- Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sumeet Gujral
- Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhausaheb Bagal
- Medical oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Siddhartha Laskar
- Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Hasmukh Jain
- Medical oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul Purwar
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
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Precision medicine approaches may be the future for CRLF2 rearranged Down Syndrome Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia patients. Cancer Lett 2018; 432:69-74. [PMID: 29879498 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Breakthrough studies over the past decade have uncovered unique gene fusions implicated in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The critical gene, cytokine receptor-like factor 2 (CRLF2), is rearranged in 5-16% of B-ALL, comprising 50% of Philadelphia-like ALL and cooperates with genomic lesions in the Jak, Mapk and Ras signalling pathways. Children with Down Syndrome (DS) have a predisposition to developing CRLF2 rearranged-ALL which is observed in 60% of DS-ALL patients. These patients experience a poor survival outcome. Mutations of genes involved in epigenetic regulation are more prevalent in DS-ALL patients than non-DS ALL patients, highlighting the potential for alternative treatment strategies. DS-ALL patients also suffer greater treatment-related toxicity from current ALL treatment regimens compared to non-DS-ALL patients. An increased gene dosage of critical genes on chromosome 21 which have roles in purine synthesis and folate transport may contribute. As the genomic landscape of DS-ALL patients is different to non-DS-ALL patients, targeted therapies for individual lesions may improve outcomes. Therapeutically targeting each rearrangement with targeted or combination therapy that will perturb the transforming signalling pathways will likely improve the poor survival rates of this subset of patients.
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Sarno J, Savino AM, Buracchi C, Palmi C, Pinto S, Bugarin C, Jager A, Bresolin S, Barber RC, Silvestri D, Israeli S, Dyer MJ, Cazzaniga G, Nolan GP, Biondi A, Davis KL, Gaipa G. SRC/ABL inhibition disrupts CRLF2-driven signaling to induce cell death in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 9:22872-22885. [PMID: 29796158 PMCID: PMC5955419 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Children with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) overexpressing the CRLF2 gene (hiCRLF2) have poor prognosis. CRLF2 protein overexpression leads to activated JAK/STAT signaling and trials are underway using JAK inhibitors to overcome treatment failure. Pre-clinical studies indicated limited efficacy of single JAK inhibitors, thus additional pathways must be targeted in hiCRLF2 cells. To identify additional activated networks, we used single-cell mass cytometry to examine 15 BCP-ALL primary patient samples. We uncovered a coordinated signaling network downstream of CRLF2 characterized by co-activation of JAK/STAT, PI3K, and CREB pathways. This CRLF2-driven network could be more effectively disrupted by SRC/ABL inhibition than single-agent JAK or PI3K inhibition, and this could be demonstrated even in primary minimal residual disease (MRD) cells. Our study suggests SCR/ABL inhibition as effective in disrupting the cooperative functional networks present in hiCRLF2 BCP-ALL patients, supporting further investigation of this strategy in pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda Sarno
- Department of Pediatrics, Bass Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- M. Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Clinic, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Buracchi
- M. Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Clinic, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Chiara Palmi
- M. Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Clinic, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Stefania Pinto
- M. Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Clinic, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Cristina Bugarin
- M. Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Clinic, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Astraea Jager
- Department of Pediatrics, Bass Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Silvia Bresolin
- Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ruth C. Barber
- Leicester Drug Discovery & Diagnostic Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Silvestri
- Biostatistics and Clinic Epidemiology Center, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Shai Israeli
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Martin J.S. Dyer
- Ernest and Helen Scott Haematological Research Institute, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Cazzaniga
- M. Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Clinic, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Garry P. Nolan
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Biondi
- M. Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Clinic, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, ASST-Monza, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Kara L. Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, Bass Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Gaipa
- M. Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Clinic, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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Forero-Castro M, Robledo C, Benito R, Bodega-Mayor I, Rapado I, Hernández-Sánchez M, Abáigar M, Maria Hernández-Sánchez J, Quijada-Álamo M, María Sánchez-Pina J, Sala-Valdés M, Araujo-Silva F, Kohlmann A, Luis Fuster J, Arefi M, de Las Heras N, Riesco S, Rodríguez JN, Hermosín L, Ribera J, Camos Guijosa M, Ramírez M, de Heredia Rubio CD, Barragán E, Martínez J, Ribera JM, Fernández-Ruiz E, Hernández-Rivas JM. Mutations in TP53 and JAK2 are independent prognostic biomarkers in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:256-265. [PMID: 28557976 PMCID: PMC5520505 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL), the identification of additional genetic alterations associated with poor prognosis is still of importance. We determined the frequency and prognostic impact of somatic mutations in children and adult cases with B-ALL treated with Spanish PETHEMA and SEHOP protocols. METHODS Mutational status of hotspot regions of TP53, JAK2, PAX5, LEF1, CRLF2 and IL7R genes was determined by next-generation deep sequencing in 340 B-ALL patients (211 children and 129 adults). The associations between mutation status and clinicopathological features at the time of diagnosis, treatment outcome and survival were assessed. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed to identify independent prognostic factors associated with overall survival (OS), event-free survival (EFS) and relapse rate (RR). RESULTS A mutation rate of 12.4% was identified. The frequency of adult mutations was higher (20.2% vs 7.6%, P=0.001). TP53 was the most frequently mutated gene (4.1%), followed by JAK2 (3.8%), CRLF2 (2.9%), PAX5 (2.4%), LEF1 (0.6%) and IL7R (0.3%). All mutations were observed in B-ALL without ETV6-RUNX1 (P=0.047) or BCR-ABL1 fusions (P<0.0001). In children, TP53mut was associated with lower OS (5-year OS: 50% vs 86%, P=0.002) and EFS rates (5-year EFS: 50% vs 78.3%, P=0.009) and higher RR (5-year RR: 33.3% vs 18.6% P=0.037), and was independently associated with higher RR (hazard ratio (HR)=4.5; P=0.04). In adults, TP53mut was associated with a lower OS (5-year OS: 0% vs 43.3%, P=0.019) and a higher RR (5-year RR: 100% vs 61.4%, P=0.029), whereas JAK2mut was associated with a lower EFS (5-year EFS: 0% vs 30.6%, P=0.035) and a higher RR (5-year RR: 100% vs 60.4%, P=0.002). TP53mut was an independent risk factor for shorter OS (HR=2.3; P=0.035) and, together with JAK2mut, also were independent markers of poor prognosis for RR (TP53mut: HR=5.9; P=0.027 and JAK2mut: HR=5.6; P=0.036). CONCLUSIONS TP53mut and JAK2mut are potential biomarkers associated with poor prognosis in B-ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Forero-Castro
- IBSAL, IBMCC, University of Salamanca, CSIC, Cancer Research Center, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca 37007, Spain.,School of Biological Sciences (GICBUPTC research group), Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC), Avenida Central del Norte 39-115, Tunja 150003, Colombia
| | - Cristina Robledo
- IBSAL, IBMCC, University of Salamanca, CSIC, Cancer Research Center, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Rocío Benito
- IBSAL, IBMCC, University of Salamanca, CSIC, Cancer Research Center, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Irene Bodega-Mayor
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Calle Diego de León, 62, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Rapado
- Department of Hematology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Avenida de Córdoba s/n, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - María Hernández-Sánchez
- IBSAL, IBMCC, University of Salamanca, CSIC, Cancer Research Center, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - María Abáigar
- IBSAL, IBMCC, University of Salamanca, CSIC, Cancer Research Center, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Jesús Maria Hernández-Sánchez
- IBSAL, IBMCC, University of Salamanca, CSIC, Cancer Research Center, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Miguel Quijada-Álamo
- IBSAL, IBMCC, University of Salamanca, CSIC, Cancer Research Center, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - José María Sánchez-Pina
- Department of Hematology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Avenida de Córdoba s/n, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Mónica Sala-Valdés
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Calle Diego de León, 62, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Fernanda Araujo-Silva
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Calle Diego de León, 62, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Alexander Kohlmann
- Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Darwin Building, 310 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - José Luis Fuster
- Department of Pediatric Oncohematology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Ctra. Madrid-Cartagena, s/n, El Palmar, Murcia 30120, Spain
| | - Maryam Arefi
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Río Carrión, Av. Donantes de Sangre, s/n, Palencia 34005, Spain
| | - Natalia de Las Heras
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Virgen Blanca, Altos de Nava s/n, León 24071, Spain
| | - Susana Riesco
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente, 88-182, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Juan N Rodríguez
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Juan Ramón Jiménez, Ronda Exterior Norte, s/n, Huelva 21005, Spain
| | - Lourdes Hermosín
- Department of Hematology, Hospital de Jerez, Carr Madrid-Cádiz, Jerez de la Frontera 11407, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jordi Ribera
- Department of Hematology, ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Instituto de Investigación Josep Carreras, (Can Ruti), Carretera de Canyet, s/n, Badalona, Barcelona 08916, Spain
| | - Mireia Camos Guijosa
- Hematology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Pediátrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona, Passeig de Sant Joan de Déu, 2, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona 08950, Spain
| | - Manuel Ramírez
- Pediatric Oncohematology, Hospital Universitario Infantil Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Av. de Menéndez Pelayo, 65, Madrid 28009, Spain
| | | | - Eva Barragán
- Molecular Biology Lab, Clinical Analysis Service, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico de La Fe, Avinguda de Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, Valencia 46026, Spain
| | - Joaquín Martínez
- Department of Hematology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Avenida de Córdoba s/n, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - José M Ribera
- Department of Hematology, ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Instituto de Investigación Josep Carreras, (Can Ruti), Carretera de Canyet, s/n, Badalona, Barcelona 08916, Spain
| | - Elena Fernández-Ruiz
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Calle Diego de León, 62, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Jesús-María Hernández-Rivas
- IBSAL, IBMCC, University of Salamanca, CSIC, Cancer Research Center, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca 37007, Spain.,Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente, 88-182, Salamanca 37007, Spain
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Genomic and transcriptional landscape of P2RY8-CRLF2-positive childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2016; 31:1491-1501. [PMID: 27899802 PMCID: PMC5508072 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Children with P2RY8-CRLF2-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia have an increased relapse risk. Their mutational and transcriptional landscape, as well as the respective patterns at relapse remain largely elusive. We, therefore, performed an integrated analysis of whole-exome and RNA sequencing in 41 major clone fusion-positive cases including 19 matched diagnosis/relapse pairs. We detected a variety of frequently subclonal and highly instable JAK/STAT but also RTK/Ras pathway-activating mutations in 76% of cases at diagnosis and virtually all relapses. Unlike P2RY8-CRLF2 that was lost in 32% of relapses, all other genomic alterations affecting lymphoid development (58%) and cell cycle (39%) remained stable. Only IKZF1 alterations predominated in relapsing cases (P=0.001) and increased from initially 36 to 58% in matched cases. IKZF1's critical role is further corroborated by its specific transcriptional signature comprising stem cell features with signs of impaired lymphoid differentiation, enhanced focal adhesion, activated hypoxia pathway, deregulated cell cycle and increased drug resistance. Our findings support the notion that P2RY8-CRLF2 is dispensable for relapse development and instead highlight the prominent rank of IKZF1 for relapse development by mediating self-renewal and homing to the bone marrow niche. Consequently, reverting aberrant IKAROS signaling or its disparate programs emerges as an attractive potential treatment option in these leukemias.
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Senkevitch E, Durum S. The promise of Janus kinase inhibitors in the treatment of hematological malignancies. Cytokine 2016; 98:33-41. [PMID: 28277287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Janus kinases (JAK) are a family of kinases that play an essential role in cytokine signaling and are implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and hematological malignancies. As a result, the JAKs have become attractive therapeutic targets. The discovery of a JAK2 point mutation (JAK2 V617F) as the main cause of polycythemia vera lead to the development and FDA approval of a JAK1/2 inhibitor, ruxolitinib, in 2011. This review focuses on the various JAK and associated components aberrations implicated in myeloproliferative neoplasms, leukemias, and lymphomas. In addition to ruxolitinib, other JAK inhibitors are currently being evaluated in clinical trials for treating hematological malignancies. The use of JAK inhibitors alone or in combination therapy should be considered as a way to deliver targeted therapy to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilee Senkevitch
- Cytokines and Immunity Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Scott Durum
- Cytokines and Immunity Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States.
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Lv X, Feng L, Ge X, Lu K, Wang X. Interleukin-9 promotes cell survival and drug resistance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:106. [PMID: 27364124 PMCID: PMC4929715 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-9 (IL-9) was discovered as a helper T cell growth factor. It has long been recognized as an important regulator in allergic inflammation. Recent years it was discovered to induce cell growth and differentiation of multiple transformed cells. However, its oncogenic activities in B-cell lymphomas have not been reported in detail. Methods Serum levels of IL-9 in DLBCL patients were quantified by ELISA, and its clinical significance was analysed. The expression of IL-9 receptor (IL-9R) was investigated in lymphoma cell lines by RT-PCR and western blot, respectively. In DLBCL cell lines LY1 and LY8, IL-9R genes were knocked down by RNA interference and stable transfected cells were selected with puromycin. Normal and final siIL-9R (and siControl) LY1 and LY8 cells were treated with IL-9 alone and in synergy with chemotherapeutic drugs. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by Brdu incorporation and flow cytometric analysis. The mRNA of apoptosis regulation genes were measured with real-time PCR. Results Elevated serum levels of IL-9 were detected in DLBCL patients (24/30) compared to healthy controls (0/15). Positive expression of IL-9 (defined as a serum level ≥1 pg/ml) was correlated with lower serum albumin levels and high international prognostic index (IPI) scores. IL-9R was expressed in both mRNA and protein levels in the five lymphoma cell lines, including LY1, LY8, MINO, SP53 and Jurkat. In vitro studies showed that IL-9 directly induced proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in LY1 and LY8 cells. It protects LY1 and LY8 cells from prednisolone induced apoptosis, and promotes their proliferation that were inhibited by rituximab, vincristine and prednisolone. Its molecular mechanism may be concerned with upregulating expression of p21CIP1 gene. Knock-down of IL-9R gene could reverse the effects of IL-9 on LY1 and LY8 cells. Conclusions IL-9 is associated with clinical features of DLBCL patients. It promotes survival of DLBCL cells and reduces the sensitivities of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs via upregulation of p21CIP1 genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-016-0374-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lv
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Lili Feng
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xueling Ge
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Kang Lu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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Chouchana L, Fernández-Ramos AA, Dumont F, Marchetti C, Ceballos-Picot I, Beaune P, Gurwitz D, Loriot MA. Molecular insight into thiopurine resistance: transcriptomic signature in lymphoblastoid cell lines. Genome Med 2015; 7:37. [PMID: 26015807 PMCID: PMC4443628 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There has been considerable progress in the management of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) but further improvement is needed to increase long-term survival. The thiopurine agent 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) used for ALL maintenance therapy has a key influence on clinical outcomes and relapse prevention. Genetic inheritance in thiopurine metabolism plays a major role in interindividual clinical response variability to thiopurines; however, most cases of thiopurine resistance remain unexplained. Methods We used lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from healthy donors, selected for their extreme thiopurine susceptibility. Thiopurine metabolism was characterized by the determination of TPMT and HPRT activity. We performed genome-wide expression profiling in resistant and sensitive cell lines with the goal of elucidating the mechanisms of thiopurine resistance. Results We determined a higher TPMT activity (+44%; P = 0.024) in resistant compared to sensitive cell lines, although there was no difference in HPRT activity. We identified a 32-gene transcriptomic signature that predicts thiopurine resistance. This signature includes the GTPBP4 gene coding for a GTP-binding protein that interacts with p53. A comprehensive pathway analysis of the genes differentially expressed between resistant and sensitive cell lines indicated a role for cell cycle and DNA mismatch repair system in thiopurine resistance. It also revealed overexpression of the ATM/p53/p21 pathway, which is activated in response to DNA damage and induces cell cycle arrest in thiopurine resistant LCLs. Furthermore, overexpression of the p53 target gene TNFRSF10D or the negative cell cycle regulator CCNG2 induces cell cycle arrest and may also contribute to thiopurine resistance. ARHGDIA under-expression in resistant cell lines may constitute a novel molecular mechanism contributing to thiopurine resistance based on Rac1 inhibition induced apoptosis and in relation with thiopurine pharmacodynamics. Conclusion Our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying thiopurine resistance and suggests a potential research focus for developing tailored medicine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-015-0150-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Chouchana
- INSERM UMR-S 1147, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, 75006 France ; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, 75006 France
| | - Ana Aurora Fernández-Ramos
- INSERM UMR-S 1147, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, 75006 France ; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, 75006 France
| | - Florent Dumont
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, 75006 France ; INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Mechain, Paris, 75014 France
| | - Catherine Marchetti
- INSERM UMR-S 1147, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, 75006 France ; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, 75006 France
| | - Irène Ceballos-Picot
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, 75006 France ; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Biochimie Métabolique, 149 Rue de Sèvres, Paris, 75015 France
| | - Philippe Beaune
- INSERM UMR-S 1147, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, 75006 France ; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, 75006 France ; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Biochimie Pharmacogénétique et Oncologie Moléculaire, 20 rue Leblanc, Paris, 75015 France
| | - David Gurwitz
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Marie-Anne Loriot
- INSERM UMR-S 1147, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, 75006 France ; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, 75006 France ; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Biochimie Pharmacogénétique et Oncologie Moléculaire, 20 rue Leblanc, Paris, 75015 France
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Kuhlen M, Borkhardt A. Cancer susceptibility syndromes in children in the area of broad clinical use of massive parallel sequencing. Eur J Pediatr 2015; 174:987-97. [PMID: 25982339 PMCID: PMC4516864 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-015-2565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Children diagnosed with cancer are considered for inherited cancer susceptibility testing according to well-established clinical criteria. With increasing efforts to personalize cancer medicine, comprehensive genome analyses will find its way into daily clinical routine in pediatric oncology. Whole genome and exome sequencing unavoidably generates incidental findings. The somatic "molecular make-up" of a tumor genome may suggest a germline mutation in a cancer susceptibility syndrome. At least two mechanisms are well-known, (a) chromothripsis (Li-Fraumeni syndrome) and (b) a high total number of mutational events which exceeds that of other samples of the same tumor type (defective DNA mismatch repair). Hence, pediatricians are faced with the fact that genetic events within the tumor genome itself can point toward underlying germline cancer susceptibility. Whenever genetic testing including next-generation sequencing (NGS) is initiated, the pediatrician has to inform about the benefits, risks, and alternatives, discuss the possibility of incidental findings and its disclosure, and to obtain informed consent prior to testing. CONCLUSIONS Genetic testing and translational research in pediatric oncology can incidentally uncover an underlying cancer susceptibility syndrome with implications for the entire family. Pediatricians should therefore increase their awareness of chances and risks that accompany the increasingly wide clinical implementation of NGS platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kuhlen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany,
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children’s Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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Abstract
The hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is a unique cell positioned highest in the hematopoietic hierarchical system. The HSC has the ability to stay in quiescence, to self-renew, or to differentiate and generate all lineages of blood cells. The path to be actualized is influenced by signals that derive from the cell's microenvironment, which activate molecular pathways inside the cell. Signaling pathways are commonly organized through inducible protein-protein interactions, mediated by adaptor proteins that link activated receptors to cytoplasmic effectors. This review will focus on the signaling molecules and how they work in concert to determine the HSC's fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igal Louria-Hayon
- Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel ; Department of Biotechnology, Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel
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Peer D. Precision medicine – Delivering the goods? Cancer Lett 2014; 352:2-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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