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Zhang K, Zhu J, Wang P, Chen Y, Wang Z, Ge X, Wu J, Chen L, Lu Y, Xu P, Yao J. Plasma metabolites as mediators in immune cell-pancreatic cancer risk: insights from Mendelian randomization. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1402113. [PMID: 38933268 PMCID: PMC11199692 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1402113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Immune cells play a crucial role in the development and progression of pancreatic cancer, yet the causal relationship remains uncertain due to complex immune microenvironments and conflicting research findings. Mendelian randomization (MR), this study aims to delineate the causal relationships between immune cells and pancreatic cancer while identifying intermediary factors. Methods The genome-wide association study (GWAS) data on immune cells, pancreatic cancer, and plasma metabolites are derived from public databases. In this investigation, inverse variance weighting (IVW) as the primary analytical approach to investigate the causal relationship between exposure and outcome. Furthermore, this study incorporates MR-Egger, simple mode, weighted median, and weighted mode as supplementary analytical approaches. To ensure the reliability of our findings, we further assessed horizontal pleiotropy and heterogeneity and evaluated the stability of MR results using the Leave-one-out method. In conclusion, this study employed mediation analysis to elucidate the potential mediating effects of plasma metabolites. Results Our investigation revealed a causal relationship between immune cells and pancreatic cancer, highlighting the pivotal roles of CD11c+ monocytes (odds ratio, ORIVW=1.105; 95% confidence interval, 95%CI: 1.002-1.218; P=0.045), HLA DR+ CD4+ antigen-presenting cells (ORIVW=0.920; 95%CI: 0.873-0.968; P=0.001), and HLA DR+ CD8br T cells (ORIVW=1.058; 95%CI: 1.002-1.117; P=0.041) in pancreatic cancer progression. Further mediation analysis indicated that oxalate (proportion of mediation effect in total effect: -11.6%, 95% CI: -89.7%, 66.6%) and the mannose to trans-4-hydroxyproline ratio (-19.4, 95% CI: -136%, 96.8%) partially mediate the relationship between HLA DR+ CD8br T cells and pancreatic cancer in nature. In addition, our analysis indicates that adrenate (-8.39%, 95% CI: -18.3%, 1.54%) plays a partial mediating role in the association between CD11c+ monocyte and pancreatic cancer, while cortisone (-26.6%, 95% CI: 138%, -84.8%) acts as a partial mediator between HLA DR+ CD4+ AC and pancreatic cancer. Conclusion This MR investigation provides evidence supporting the causal relationship between immune cell and pancreatic cancer, with plasma metabolites serving as mediators. Identifying immune cell phenotypes with potential causal effects on pancreatic cancer sheds light on its underlying mechanisms and suggests novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital Affiliated Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital Affiliated Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital Affiliated Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhengwang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital Affiliated Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Ge
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Junqing Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital Affiliated Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital Affiliated Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yipin Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital Affiliated Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital Affiliated Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital Affiliated Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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2
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Rehman M, Khaled A, Noel M. Cytotoxic Chemotherapy in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2022; 36:1011-1018. [PMID: 36154782 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Advanced pancreatic cancer remains one of the deadliest malignancies in 2022. Although there has been significant progress in treatment options with improved outcomes in many cancers, this growth has been slow in pancreatic cancer. This article examines specific components of approved first- and second-line therapies for advanced pancreatic cancer treatment and their effectiveness and concludes with a brief exploration of future directions for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb Rehman
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Care Center, 3800 Reservoir Road Northwest, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Aakib Khaled
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3800 Reservoir Road Northwest, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Marcus Noel
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Care Center, 3800 Reservoir Road Northwest, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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3
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Alausa A, Lawal KA, Babatunde OA, Obiwulu ENO, Oladokun OC, Fadahunsi OS, Celestine UO, Moses EU, Rejoice AI, Adegbola PI. Overcoming Immunotherapeutic Resistance in PDAC: SIRPα-CD47 blockade. Pharmacol Res 2022; 181:106264. [PMID: 35597384 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A daily increase in the number of new cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma remains an issue of contention in cancer research. The data revealed that a global cumulated case of about 500, 000 have been reported. This has made PDAC the fourteenth most occurring tumor case in cancer research. Furthermore, PDAC is responsible for about 466,003 deaths annually, representing the seventh prevalent type of cancer mortality. PDAC has no salient symptoms in its early stages. This has exasperated several attempts to produce a perfect therapeutic agent against PDAC. Recently, immunotherapeutic research has shifted focus to the blockade of checkpoint proteins in the management and of some cancers. Investigations have centrally focused on developing therapeutic agents that could at least to a significant extent block the SIRPα-CD47 signaling cascade (a cascade which prevent phagocytosis of tumors by dendritic cells, via the deactivation of innate immunity and subsequently resulting in tumor regression) with minimal side effects. The concept on the blockade of this interaction as a possible mechanism for inhibiting the progression of PDAC is currently being debated. This review examined the structure--function activity of SIRPα-CD47 interaction while discussing in detail the mechanism of tumor resistance in PDAC. Further, this review details how the blockade of SIRPα-CD47 interaction serve as a therapeutic option in the management of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Alausa
- Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo state.
| | - Khadijat Ayodeji Lawal
- Heamtalogy and Blood Transfusion Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | | | - E N O Obiwulu
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Delta, Agbor, Delta State
| | | | | | - Ugwu Obiora Celestine
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Enugu State University of Science and Technology
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4
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Cao PW, Liu L, Li ZH, Cao F, Liu FB. Prognostic Value of Drug Targets Predicted Using Deep Bioinformatic Analysis of m6A-Associated lncRNA-Based Pancreatic Cancer Model Characteristics and Its Tumour Microenvironment. Front Genet 2022; 13:853471. [PMID: 35547245 PMCID: PMC9081602 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.853471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-associated long-stranded non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in pancreatic cancer is unclear. Therefore, we analysed the characteristics and tumour microenvironment in pancreatic cancer and determined the value of m6A-related lncRNAs for prognosis and drug target prediction. An m6A-lncRNA co-expression network was constructed using The Cancer Genome Atlas database to screen m6A-related lncRNAs. Prognosis-related lncRNAs were screened using univariate Cox regression; patients were divided into high- and low-risk groups and randomised into training and test groups. In the training group, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) was used for regression analysis and to construct a prognostic model, which was validated in the test group. Tumor mutational burden (TMB), immune evasion, and immune function of risk genes were analysed using R; drug sensitivity and potential drugs were examined using the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer database. We screened 129 m6A-related lncRNAs; 17 prognosis-related m6A-related lncRNAs were obtained using multivariate analysis and three m6A-related lncRNAs (AC092171.5, MEG9, and AC002091.1) were screened using LASSO regression. Survival rates were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the low-risk than in the high-risk group. Risk score was an independent predictor affecting survival (p < 0.001), with the highest risk score being obtained by calculating the c-index. The TMB significantly differed between the high- and low-risk groups (p < 0.05). In the high- and low-risk groups, mutations were detected in 61 of 70 samples and 49 of 71 samples, respectively, with KRAS, TP53, and SMAD4 showing the highest mutation frequencies in both groups. A lower survival rate was observed in patients with a high versus low TMB. Immune function HLA, Cytolytic activity, and Inflammation-promoting, T cell co-inhibition, Check-point, and T cell co-stimulation significantly differed in different subgroups (p < 0.05). Immune evasion scores were significantly higher in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group. Eight sensitive drugs were screened: ABT.888, ATRA, AP.24534, AG.014699, ABT.263, axitinib, A.443654, and A.770041. We screened m6A-related lncRNAs using bioinformatics, constructed a prognosis-related model, explored TMB and immune function differences in pancreatic cancer, and identified potential therapeutic agents, providing a foundation for further studies of pancreatic cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Wei Cao
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The First Afliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The First Afliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zi-Han Li
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The First Afliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fu-Bao Liu
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The First Afliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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5
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Dong Q, Li Q, Duan L, Yin H, Wang X, Liu Y, Wang B, Li K, Yao X, Yuan G, Pan Y. Biochanin A Inhibits Glioblastoma Growth via Restricting Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation. Front Oncol 2021; 11:652008. [PMID: 34307130 PMCID: PMC8298062 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.652008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal metabolism serves a critical role in glioblastoma (GBM). Biochanin A (BCA), a flavonoid phenolic compound found in edible and herbal plants, has antioxidative and antitumor activities. However, it remains unclear whether BCA has an effect on energy metabolism. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anticancer effects and molecular mechanism of the effect of BCA on energy metabolism. We observed that BCA inhibited the growth of U251 cells by the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway. BCA treatment reduced metabolic function, repressed mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in GBM. In addition, we found that BCA decreased aerobic glycolysis by inactivation of the AKT/mTOR pathway. Taken together, the results demonstrate that treatment with BCA inhibited the proliferation of GBM by regulating metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuan Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yawen Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
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6
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B3GNT3 overexpression promotes tumor progression and inhibits infiltration of CD8 + T cells in pancreatic cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:2310-2329. [PMID: 33316775 PMCID: PMC7880340 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 3 (B3GNT3) has been associated with tumor progression in several solid tumors, and inhibits CD8+ T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity in breast cancer. However, little is known about the potential functions of B3GNT3 in immunosuppression in pancreatic cancer (PC). This study on B3GNT3 aims to provide novel insights into the mechanisms of immune suppression or evasion in PC. To this end, the clinical significance and oncologic roles of B3GNT3 were investigated through bioinformatic analysis and in vitro studies. Potential associations between the expression of B3GNT3 and tumor immunity were mainly analyzed by single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) and immunofluorescence in tissue microarray (TMA). B3GNT3 overexpression was observed in PC tissue and was associated with larger tumor sizes, higher histologic grades, and poorer overall survival (OS). B3GNT3 overexpression was associated with the mutation status and expression of driver genes, especially for KRAS and SMAD4. B3GNT3 knockdown inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of PC cells. B3GNT3 overexpression significantly correlated with decreased infiltration of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), especially CD8+ T cells. Overall, our results indicate that B3GTN3 plays a novel role in tumor progression and immunosuppression, thus serving as a potential therapeutic target in PC.
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7
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Cao L, Wu J, Qu X, Sheng J, Cui M, Liu S, Huang X, Xiang Y, Li B, Zhang X, Cui R. Glycometabolic rearrangements--aerobic glycolysis in pancreatic cancer: causes, characteristics and clinical applications. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:267. [PMID: 33256814 PMCID: PMC7708116 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01765-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most malignant tumors worldwide, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the most common type. In pancreatic cancer, glycolysis is the primary way energy is produced to maintain the proliferation, invasion, migration, and metastasis of cancer cells, even under normoxia. However, the potential molecular mechanism is still unknown. From this perspective, this review mainly aimed to summarize the current reasonable interpretation of aerobic glycolysis in pancreatic cancer and some of the newest methods for the detection and treatment of pancreatic cancer. More specifically, we reported some biochemical parameters, such as newly developed enzymes and transporters, and further explored their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.,Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Jiacheng Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.,Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Xianzhi Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.,Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Jiyao Sheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.,Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Mengying Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.,Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Shui Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.,Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Xu Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yien Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.,Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuewen Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China. .,Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Changchun, 130041, China.
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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8
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Tang Z, Ye W, Chen H, Kuang X, Guo J, Xiang M, Peng C, Chen X, Liu H. Role of purines in regulation of metabolic reprogramming. Purinergic Signal 2019; 15:423-438. [PMID: 31493132 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-019-09676-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purines, among most influential molecules, are reported to have essential biological function by regulating various cell types. A large number of studies have led to the discovery of many biological functions of the purine nucleotides such as ATP, ADP, and adenosine, as signaling molecules that engage G protein-coupled or ligand-gated ion channel receptors. The role of purines in the regulation of cellular functions at the gene or protein level has been well documented. With the advances in multiomics, including those from metabolomic and bioinformatic analyses, metabolic reprogramming was identified as a key mechanism involved in the regulation of cellular function under physiological or pathological conditions. Recent studies suggest that purines or purine-derived products contribute to important regulatory functions in many fundamental biological and pathological processes related to metabolic reprogramming. Therefore, this review summarizes the role and potential mechanism of purines in the regulation of metabolic reprogramming. In particular, the molecular mechanisms of extracellular purine- and intracellular purine-mediated metabolic regulation in various cells during disease development are discussed. In summary, our review provides an extensive resource for studying the regulatory role of purines in metabolic reprogramming and sheds light on the utilization of the corresponding peptides or proteins for disease diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Medicine Eight-Year Program, Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenrui Ye
- Clinical Medicine Eight-Year Program, Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haotian Chen
- Clinical Medicine Eight-Year Program, Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinwei Kuang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Minmin Xiang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cong Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Center for Molecular Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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9
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Drake TM, Søreide K. Cancer epigenetics in solid organ tumours: A primer for surgical oncologists. Eur J Surg Oncol 2019; 45:736-746. [PMID: 30745135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is initiated through both genetic and epigenetic alterations. The end-effect of such changes to the DNA machinery is a set of uncontrolled mechanisms of cell division, invasion and, eventually, metastasis. Epigenetic changes are now increasingly appreciated as an essential driver to the cancer phenotype. The epigenetic regulation of cancer is complex and not yet fully understood, but application of epigenetics to clinical practice and in cancer research has the potential to improve cancer care. Epigenetics changes do not cause changes in the DNA base-pairs (and, hence, does not alter the genetic code per se) but rather occur through methylation of DNA, by histone modifications, and, through changes to chromatin structure to alter genetic expression. Epigenetic regulators are characterized as writers, readers or erasers by their mechanisms of action. The human epigenome is influenced from cradle to grave, with internal and external life-time exposure influencing the epigenetic marks that may act as modifiers or drivers of carcinogenesis. Preventive and public health strategies may follow from better understanding of the life-time influence of the epigenome. Epigenetics may be used to define risk, to investigate mechanisms of carcinogenesis, to identify biomarkers, and to identify novel therapeutic options. Epigenetic alterations are found across many solid cancers and are increasingly making clinical impact to cancer management. Novel epigenetic drugs may be used for a more tailored and specific response to treatment of cancers. We present a primer on epigenetics for surgical oncologists with examples from colorectal cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Drake
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kjetil Søreide
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
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10
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Abstract
Autophagy is an important process of cellular degradation and has been proven to contribute to tumorigenesis. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is an abundant nonhistone protein that has been widely reported to play a central role in the induction of autophagy. In nucleus, HMGB1 upregulates the expression of HSP27 to induce autophagy. In cytoplasm, the Beclin-1/PI3K-III complex can be activated by HMGB1 to promote autophagy. Extracellular HMGB1 binds to the receptor for advanced glycation end products to induce autophagy. Recent studies have shown that HMGB1-induced autophagy exerts multiple functions in various cancers like proliferation. Moreover, inhibition of HMGB1-induced autophagy can reverse chemoresistance, which is regulated by noncoding RNAs such as microRNAs and lncRNAs. Here, we provide a brief introduction to HMGB1 and HMGB1-induced autophagy in cancer. We also discuss the challenges associated with performing further investigations on this issue. HMGB1-induced autophagy exerts significant functions in cancer and has potential utility for new strategy to reverse drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Lihua Jiang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,
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11
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High Glucose-Induced ROS Production Stimulates Proliferation of Pancreatic Cancer via Inactivating the JNK Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6917206. [PMID: 30584464 PMCID: PMC6280312 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6917206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant glucose metabolism of diabetes mellitus or hyperglycemia stimulates pancreatic tumorigenesis and progression. Hyperglycemic environment can increase the ROS level of tumors, but the role of upregulation of ROS levels in pancreatic cancer (PC) still remains controversial. Here, the same as other reports, we demonstrate that high glucose promoted pancreatic cancer cell growth and resulted in an increase in the level of ROS. However, it is interesting that the phosphorylation of JNK was reduced. When treating PC cells with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), the intracellular ROS generation is repressed, but the expression of phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun increased. Moreover, the JNK inhibitor SP600125 significantly promoted cell proliferation and suppressed cell apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells under high glucose conditions. Collectively, high levels of ROS induced by high glucose conditions stimulated the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells, and it may be achieved by inactivating the JNK pathway.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil Soreide
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway and Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK and Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
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13
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Wang L, Bai YY, Yang Y, Hu F, Wang Y, Yu Z, Cheng Z, Zhou J. Diabetes mellitus stimulates pancreatic cancer growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition-mediated metastasis via a p38 MAPK pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 7:38539-38550. [PMID: 27413117 PMCID: PMC5122409 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its accompanying chronic inflammation promote tumor progression. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is an essential kinase for inflammation. The effects of p38 MAPK on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-mediated diabetic pancreatic cancer metastasis remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that p38 MAPK phosphorylation was significantly increased in pancreatic cancer cells treated with high glucose and in pancreatic tumors from diabetic animals. A p38 MAPK inhibitor significantly suppressed the proliferation and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells under high-glucose conditions. Moreover, p38 MAPK inhibition not only significantly decreased both the tumor volume monitored by magnetic resonance imaging and EMT-related metastasis but also increased the survival of diabetic mice bearing pancreatic tumors. Furthermore, the inflammation in diabetic animals bearing pancreatic tumors was also significantly lower after therapy. Collectively, our findings reveal that p38 MAPK inhibitors may provide a novel intervention strategy for diabetic pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying-Ying Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangfang Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zeqian Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhangjun Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahua Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Chiaravalli M, Reni M, O'Reilly EM. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: State-of-the-art 2017 and new therapeutic strategies. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 60:32-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Li CJ, Liao WT, Wu MY, Chu PY. New Insights into the Role of Autophagy in Tumor Immune Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071566. [PMID: 28753959 PMCID: PMC5536054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex system that is affected by various factors, including hypoxia, acidosis, and immune and inflammatory responses, which have significant effects on tumor adhesion, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and autophagy. In this hostile tumor microenvironment, autophagy of tumor cells can promote tumor growth and metastasis. As autophagy is a double-edged sword in tumors, treatment of cancer via regulation of autophagy is extremely complicated. Therefore, understanding the relationship between tumor autophagy and the tumor microenvironment is extremely important. As the immune milieu plays an important role in tumor development, immunotherapy has become a promising form of cancer therapy. A multi-pronged treatment approach using immunotherapy and molecular targets may become the major direction for future cancer treatments. This article reviews existing knowledge regarding the immune factors in the tumor microenvironment and the status of tumor autophagy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Li
- Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
| | - Wan-Ting Liao
- Chinese Medicine Department, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Yu Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- Department of Pathology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan.
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16
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Plant Lectins as Medical Tools against Digestive System Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071403. [PMID: 28671623 PMCID: PMC5535896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestive system cancers-those of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon-rectum, liver, and pancreas-are highly related to genetics and lifestyle. Most are considered highly mortal due to the frequency of late diagnosis, usually in advanced stages, caused by the absence of symptoms or masked by other pathologies. Different tools are being investigated in the search of a more precise diagnosis and treatment. Plant lectins have been studied because of their ability to recognize and bind to carbohydrates, exerting a variety of biological activities on animal cells, including anticancer activities. The present report integrates existing information on the activity of plant lectins on various types of digestive system cancers, and surveys the current state of research into their properties for diagnosis and selective treatment.
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17
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Niu L, Xu Z, Liu H, Cao H, Yang G. Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm accompanied by invasive carcinoma of the pancreas: A case report and review of the literature. Mol Clin Oncol 2017; 6:676-682. [PMID: 28529742 PMCID: PMC5431636 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2017.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms (ITPNs) are rare pancreatic neoplasms accounting for ~0.4% of pancreatic tumors. However, their clinicopathological characteristics have not been clearly determined and the number of available clinical studies on this type of tumor is limited at present. Due to the rare incidence of ITPN, diagnosis is often delayed. We herein present a unique case of a 38-year-old man who was diagnosed with ITPN accompanied with invasive carcinoma of the pancreas and underwent total pancreatectomy. The morphological characteristics of ITPN include closely packed tubular glands, without mucin secretion, accompanied with invasion of the loose connective tissue. The immunohistochemical staining suggested that the tumors did not originate from the gastrointestinal tract but rather from the bile duct. In addition, the Ki-67 positive staining rate of tumor cells was <20%. The microsatellite instability analysis demonstrated microsatellite stability, without detected gene mutations of epidermal growth factor receptor, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog, neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog or B-Raf proto-oncogene. However, a mutation was identified in exon 9 of the P53 gene, the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer, which suggested the underlying mechanism of ITPN. On the basis of this case, the aim of this study was to summarize and review the relevant reports of ITPNs in recent years, in order to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and differential diagnosis of ITPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Niu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zhigao Xu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Hong Cao
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Guifang Yang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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18
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Gong J, Sachdev E, Robbins LA, Lin E, Hendifar AE, Mita MM. Statins and pancreatic cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:1035-1040. [PMID: 28454210 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains among the most lethal cancers, despite ongoing advances in treatment for all stages of the disease. Disease prevention represents another opportunity to improve patient outcome, with metabolic syndrome and its components, such as diabetes, obesity and dyslipidemia, having been recognized as modifiable risk factors for pancreatic cancer. In addition, statins have been shown to potentially reduce pancreatic cancer risk and to improve survival in patients with a combination of metabolic syndrome and pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, preclinical studies have demonstrated that statins exhibit antitumor effects in pancreatic cancer cell lines in vitro and animal models in vivo, in addition to delaying the progression of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and inhibiting PDAC formation in conditional K-Ras mutant mice. The mechanisms by which statins produce anticancer effects remain poorly understood, although appear to involve inhibition of the mevalonate/cholesterol synthesis pathway, thus blocking the synthesis of intermediates important for prenylation and activation of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, statins have been identified to modulate the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt serine/threonine kinase 1 and inflammation signaling pathways, and to alter the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, which are important for PDAC growth and proliferation. In addition, statins have been demonstrated to exhibit further antitumor mechanisms in a number of other cancer types, which are beyond the scope of the present review. In the present review, current evidence highlighting the potential of statins as chemopreventive agents in pancreatic cancer is presented, and the antitumor mechanisms of statins elucidated thus far in this disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gong
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Esha Sachdev
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Lori A Robbins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Emily Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Andrew E Hendifar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Monica M Mita
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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19
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Luo J, Hong Y, Tao X, Wei X, Zhang L, Li Q. An indispensable role of CPT-1a to survive cancer cells during energy stress through rewiring cancer metabolism. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10.1007/s13277-016-5382-6. [PMID: 27739027 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike normal cells, cancer cells are recently identified to rely on aerobic glycolysis for energy production called the Warburg effect. Several attempts are being made to target this metabolic reprogramming pathway in treating cancers; however, the successful rate is very limited. In this study, we investigated the functional roles of fatty acid oxidation key enzyme carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a (CPT-1a), during the metabolic programming of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells induced by glucose deprivation. Knockdown of CPT-1a decreased the intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and glutathione (GSH) generation, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and induced sensitivity to glucose deprivation, whereas upregulation of CPT-1a increased the intracellular ATP required for cell survival. Further investigation showed that CPT-1a inhibitor etomoxir (ETO) can restore the sensitivity of PDAC cells to gemcitabine and regress xenograft tumors in vivo. Finally, overexpression of CPT-1a expression is associated with chemoresistance in tumor specimens. Our data suggest that CPT-1a plays a key role in reprogramming cancer metabolism to escape from energy stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Luo
- The Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yun Hong
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, China
| | - Xiaoan Tao
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, China
| | - Xi Wei
- The Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Lun Zhang
- The Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Qiang Li
- The Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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20
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Wang X, Xiang L, Li H, Chen P, Feng Y, Zhang J, Yang N, Li F, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Li F, Cao F. The Role of HMGB1 Signaling Pathway in the Development and Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22527-40. [PMID: 26393575 PMCID: PMC4613322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The story of high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) in cancer is complicated and the function of HMGB1 in different cancers is uncertain. This review aims to retrieve literature regarding HMGB1 from English electronic resources, analyze and summarize the role of the HMGB1 signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and provide useful information for carcinogenesis and progression of HCC. Results showed that HMGB1 could induce cell proliferation, differentiation, cell death, angiogenesis, metastasis, inflammation, and enhance immunofunction in in vitro and in vivo HCC models. HMGB1 and its downstream receptors RAGE, TLRs and TREM-1 may be potential anticancer targets. In conclusion, HMGB1 plays an important role in oncogenesis and represents a novel therapeutic target, which deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanbin Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Longchao Xiang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Hongliang Li
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Ping Chen
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jingxuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Nian Yang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Fei Li
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Ye Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Quifang Zhang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Fang Li
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Fengjun Cao
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
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