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Nam HK, Jeong SR, Pyo MC, Ha SK, Nam MH, Lee KW. Methylglyoxal-Derived Advanced Glycation End Products (AGE4) Promote Cell Proliferation and Survival in Renal Cell Carcinoma Cells through the RAGE/Akt/ERK Signaling Pathways. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1697-1706. [PMID: 34719646 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are the products formed through a non-enzymatic reaction of reducing sugars with proteins or lipids. There is a potential for toxicity in the case of AGEs produced through glycation with dicarbonyl compounds including methylglyoxal, glyoxal, and 3-deoxyglucosone. The AGEs bind the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and stimulate the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway that can increase the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In addition, AGE-induced protein kinase B (Akt) signaling can promote cancer cell proliferation and contribute to many diseases such as kidney cancer. In light of the lack of extensive study of the relationship between methylglyoxal-induced AGEs (AGE4) and renal cancer, we studied the proliferous and anti-apoptotic effects of AGE4 on renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in this study. AGE4 treatment was involved in the proliferation and migration of RCC cells in vitro by upregulating proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and MMPs while suppressing apoptotic markers such as Bax and caspase 3. Moreover, Akt and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were phosphorylated in RCC cells with AGE4 treatment. As a result, this study demonstrated that AGE4-RAGE axis can promote the growth ability of RCC by inducing PCNA, MMPs, and inhibiting apoptosis in RCC via the Akt and ERK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Kyul Nam
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University
| | - So-Ra Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University
| | - Min Cheol Pyo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University
| | - Sang-Keun Ha
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute
| | - Mi-Hyun Nam
- Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado
| | - Kwang-Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University
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2
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Hiramoto K, Yamate Y, Goto K, Ohnishi S, Morita A, Yoshikawa N, Kawanishi S. Glycyrrhizin ameliorates melanoma cell extravasation into mouse lungs by regulating signal transduction through HMGB1 and its receptors. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2021; 69:52-60. [PMID: 34376914 PMCID: PMC8325763 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis, which accounts for the majority of all cancer-related deaths, occurs through several steps, namely, local invasion, intravasation, transport, extravasation, and colonization. Glycyrrhizin has been reported to inhibit pulmonary metastasis in mice inoculated with B16 melanoma. This study aimed to identify the mechanism through which glycyrrhizin ameliorates the extravasation of melanoma cells into mouse lungs. Following B16 melanoma cell injection, mice were orally administered glycyrrhizin once every two days over 2 weeks; lung samples were then obtained and analyzed. Blood samples were collected on the final day, and cytokine plasma levels were determined. We found that glycyrrhizin ameliorated the extravasation of melanoma cells into the lungs and suppressed the plasma levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and transforming growth factor-β. Furthermore, glycyrrhizin ameliorated the lung tissue expression of high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1), receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, RAS, extracellular signal-related kinase, NF-κB, myeloid differentiation primary response 88, IκB kinase complex, epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers, and vascular endothelial growth factor-A. Our study demonstrates that glycyrrhizin ameliorates melanoma metastasis by regulating the HMGB1/RAGE and HMGB1/TLR-4 signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Hiramoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki-cho, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan
| | - Yurika Yamate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki-cho, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan
| | - Kenji Goto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki-cho, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan
| | - Shiho Ohnishi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki-cho, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan
| | - Akihiro Morita
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki-cho, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan
| | - Nobuji Yoshikawa
- Matsusaka R&D Center, Cokey Co., Ltd., Matsusaka, Mie 515-0041, Japan
| | - Shosuke Kawanishi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki-cho, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan
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3
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Wang R, Wu W, Li W, Huang S, Li Z, Liu R, Shan Z, Zhang C, Li W, Wang S. Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome Promotes Foam Cell Formation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Atherogenesis Via HMGB1. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 7:e008596. [PMID: 30371306 PMCID: PMC6404867 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.008596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background This study aimed at investigating whether NLRP3 (the Nod like receptor family, pyrin domain‐containing 3 protein) inflammasome activation induced HMGB1 (high mobility group box‐1 protein) secretion and foam cell formation in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice. Methods and Results VSMCs or ApoE−/− mice were treated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and/or ATP or LPS and high‐fat diet to induce NLRP3 inflammasome activation. HMGB1 distribution and foam cell formation in VSMCs were characterized. Liver X receptor α and ATP‐binding cassette transporter expression were determined. The impact of NLRP3 or receptor for advanced glycation end product silencing, ZYVAD‐FMK (caspase‐1 inhibitor), glycyrrhizin (HMGB1 inhibitor) or receptor for advanced glycation end product antagonist peptide on HMGB1 secretion, foam cell formation, liver X receptor α and ATP‐binding cassette transporter expression was examined. Expression level of HMGB1 in human atherosclerosis obliterans arterial tissues was characterized. Our results found that NLRP3 inflammasome activation promoted foam cell formation and HMGB1 secretion in VSMCs. Extracellular HMGB1 was a key signal molecule in inflammasome activation‐mediated foam cell formation. Furthermore, inflammasome activation‐induced HMGB1 activity and foam cell formation were achieved by receptor for advanced glycation end product/liver X receptor α /ATP‐binding cassette transporter glycyrrhizin. Experiments in vivo found glycyrrhizin significantly attenuated the LPS/high‐fat diet‐induced atherosclerosis and serum HMGB1 levels in mice. Finally, levels of HMGB1 and NLRP3 were increased in tunica media adjacent to intima of atherosclerosis obliteran arteries. Conclusions Our results revealed that HMGB1 is a key downstream signal molecule of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and plays an important role in VSMCs foam cell formation and atherogenesis by downregulating liver X receptor α and ATP‐binding cassette transporter expression through receptor for advanced glycation end product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Weibin Wu
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Wen Li
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Shuichuan Huang
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Zilun Li
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Ruiming Liu
- 2 Laboratory of General Surgery Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Zhen Shan
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham AL
| | - Wen Li
- 2 Laboratory of General Surgery Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Shenming Wang
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China.,3 Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham AL
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Xu XC, Zhang WB, Li CX, Gao H, Pei Q, Cao BW, He TH. Up-Regulation of MiR-1915 Inhibits Proliferation, Invasion, and Migration of Helicobacter pylori-Infected Gastric Cancer Cells via Targeting RAGE. Yonsei Med J 2019; 60:38-47. [PMID: 30554489 PMCID: PMC6298885 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2019.60.1.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Helicobacter pylori (HP)-infected gastric cancer (GC) is known to be a fatal malignant tumor, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its proliferation, invasion, and migration remain far from being completely understood. Our aim in this study was to explore miR-1915 expression and its molecular mechanisms in regulating proliferation, invasion, and migration of HP-infected GC cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis were performed to determine miR-1915 and receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) expression in HP-infected GC tissues and gastritis tissues, as well as human gastric mucosal cell line GES-1 and human GC cell lines SGC-7901 and MKN45. CCK8 assay and transwell assay were performed to detect the proliferation, invasion, and migration capabilities. MiR-1915 mimics and miR-1915 inhibitor were transfected into GC cells to determine the target relationship between miR-1915 and RAGE. RESULTS MiR-1915 was under-expressed, while RAGE was over-expressed in HP-infected GC tissues and GC cells. Over-expressed miR-1915 could attenuate cellular proliferation, invasion, and migration capacities. RAGE was confirmed to be the target gene of miR-1915 by bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, HP-infected GC cellular proliferation, invasion, and migration were inhibited after treatment with pcDNA-RAGE. CONCLUSION MiR-1915 exerted tumor-suppressive effects on cellular proliferation, invasion, and migration of HP-infected GC cells via targeting RAGE, which provided an innovative target candidate for treatment of HP-infected GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cai Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Wen Bin Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
| | - Chun Xing Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Qi Pei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Bo Wei Cao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Tie Han He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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5
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García-Salido A, Melen G, Gómez-Piña V, Oñoro-Otero G, Serrano-González A, Casado-Flores J, Ramírez M. Circulating soluble RAGE and cell surface RAGE on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in healthy children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2018; 31:649-654. [PMID: 29723156 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2017-0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammation. In healthy children, its basal expression on the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and the basal circulating soluble RAGE (sRAGE) levels are unknown. The aim of this study was to describe both. METHODS This is a monocentric, observational and descriptive study of samples obtained from healthy children. The RAGE expression on PBMC was analyzed using flow cytometry. The sRAGE values were determined with a specific sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, later the relation between cellular RAGE and sRAGE was described. RESULTS Forty-three children were included. The median sRAGE level was 849.0±579.0 pg/mL. The RAGE mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) was 1382±506 in monocytes and 792±506 in lymphocytes. There were no differences between genders. A negative correlation was found between sRAGE and RAGE MFI in lymphocytes (r=-0.3; p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS We describe for the first time the RAGE surface levels on PBMC in children. It showed a negative correlation with sRAGE. The sRAGE circulating level is lower than the sRAGE level described in adult population or non-healthy children. Our findings should be confirmed in order to apply them as reference values for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto García-Salido
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo Melen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Gómez-Piña
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Oñoro-Otero
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Serrano-González
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Casado-Flores
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Ramírez
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Abstract
Lung diseases remain a serious problem for public health. The immune status of the body is considered to be the main influencing factor for the progression of lung diseases. HMGB1 (high‐mobility group box 1) emerges as an important molecule of the body immune network. Accumulating data have demonstrated that HMGB1 is crucially implicated in lung diseases and acts as independent biomarker and therapeutic target for related lung diseases. This review provides an overview of updated understanding of HMGB1 structure, release styles, receptors and function. Furthermore, we discuss the potential role of HMGB1 in a variety of lung diseases. Further exploration of molecular mechanisms underlying the function of HMGB1 in lung diseases will provide novel preventive and therapeutic strategies for lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Ding
- Beijing Key Lab of Basic Study on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Infectious Diseases, Beijing Research Institute of TCM, Beijing Hospital of TCM affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuran Cui
- Beijing Key Lab of Basic Study on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Infectious Diseases, Beijing Research Institute of TCM, Beijing Hospital of TCM affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingquan Liu
- Beijing Key Lab of Basic Study on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Infectious Diseases, Beijing Research Institute of TCM, Beijing Hospital of TCM affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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7
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Lubitz I, Ricny J, Atrakchi‐Baranes D, Shemesh C, Kravitz E, Liraz‐Zaltsman S, Maksin‐Matveev A, Cooper I, Leibowitz A, Uribarri J, Schmeidler J, Cai W, Kristofikova Z, Ripova D, LeRoith D, Schnaider‐Beeri M. High dietary advanced glycation end products are associated with poorer spatial learning and accelerated Aβ deposition in an Alzheimer mouse model. Aging Cell 2016; 15:309-16. [PMID: 26781037 PMCID: PMC4783343 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence of the involvement of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative processes including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their function as a seed for the aggregation of Aβ, a hallmark feature of AD. AGEs are formed endogenously and exogenously during heating and irradiation of foods. We here examined the effect of a diet high in AGEs in the context of an irradiated diet on memory, insoluble Aβ42, AGEs levels in hippocampus, on expression of the receptor for AGEs (RAGE), and on oxidative stress in the vasculature. We found that AD‐like model mice on high‐AGE diet due to irradiation had significantly poorer memory, higher hippocampal levels of insoluble Aβ42 and AGEs as well as higher levels of oxidative stress on vascular walls, compared to littermates fed an isocaloric diet. These differences were not due to weight gain. The data were further supported by the overexpression of RAGE, which binds to Aβ42 and regulates its transport across the blood–brain barrier, suggesting a mediating pathway. Because exposure to AGEs can be diminished, these insights provide an important simple noninvasive potential therapeutic strategy for alleviating a major lifestyle‐linked disease epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Lubitz
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center Tel Hashomer Ramat Gan 52621 Israel
| | - Jan Ricny
- Department of Biochemistry and Brain Pathophysiology National Institute of Mental Health Topolova 748 Klecany 250 67 Czech Republic
| | | | - Chen Shemesh
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center Tel Hashomer Ramat Gan 52621 Israel
| | - Efrat Kravitz
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center Tel Hashomer Ramat Gan 52621 Israel
| | | | | | - Itzik Cooper
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center Tel Hashomer Ramat Gan 52621 Israel
| | - Avshalom Leibowitz
- Department of Internal Medicine D and Hypertension Unit Sheba Medical CenterRamat Gan 52621 Israel
| | - Jaime Uribarri
- Department of Psychiatry Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York NY 10029 USA
| | - James Schmeidler
- Department of Psychiatry Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York NY 10029 USA
| | - Weijing Cai
- Department of Psychiatry Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York NY 10029 USA
| | - Zdena Kristofikova
- Department of Biochemistry and Brain Pathophysiology National Institute of Mental Health Topolova 748 Klecany 250 67 Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Ripova
- Department of Biochemistry and Brain Pathophysiology National Institute of Mental Health Topolova 748 Klecany 250 67 Czech Republic
| | - Derek LeRoith
- Department of MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai New York NY 10029 USA
| | - Michal Schnaider‐Beeri
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center Tel Hashomer Ramat Gan 52621 Israel
- Department of Psychiatry Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York NY 10029 USA
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8
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Wang X, Xiang L, Li H, Chen P, Feng Y, Zhang J, Yang N, Li F, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Li F, Cao F. The Role of HMGB1 Signaling Pathway in the Development and Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22527-40. [PMID: 26393575 PMCID: PMC4613322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The story of high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) in cancer is complicated and the function of HMGB1 in different cancers is uncertain. This review aims to retrieve literature regarding HMGB1 from English electronic resources, analyze and summarize the role of the HMGB1 signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and provide useful information for carcinogenesis and progression of HCC. Results showed that HMGB1 could induce cell proliferation, differentiation, cell death, angiogenesis, metastasis, inflammation, and enhance immunofunction in in vitro and in vivo HCC models. HMGB1 and its downstream receptors RAGE, TLRs and TREM-1 may be potential anticancer targets. In conclusion, HMGB1 plays an important role in oncogenesis and represents a novel therapeutic target, which deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanbin Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Longchao Xiang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Hongliang Li
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Ping Chen
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jingxuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Nian Yang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Fei Li
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Ye Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Quifang Zhang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Fang Li
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Fengjun Cao
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
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9
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Li M, Guo L, Wang H, Wang T, Shen Y, Liao Z, Wen F, Chen L. RAGE-ligands axis: A new 'driving force' for cigarette smoke-induced airway inflammation in COPD? Respirology 2015; 20:998-9. [PMID: 25998568 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) was recently shown to contribute to cigarette smoke (CS)-induced airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this study, RAGE small interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA) transfection attenuated increased messenger RNA levels of common RAGE ligands HMGB1, S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12, but not S100B following exposure to CS extract. Our findings and those from recent studies suggest a positive feedback involving RAGE and its ligands as a new 'driving force' for CS-induced airway inflammation in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingli Guo
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongchun Shen
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zenglin Liao
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fuqiang Wen
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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10
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Tan X, Gu J, Zhao B, Wang S, Yuan J, Wang C, Chen J, Liu J, Feng L, Jia X. Ginseng improves cognitive deficit via the RAGE/NF-κB pathway in advanced glycation end product-induced rats. J Ginseng Res 2014; 39:116-24. [PMID: 26045684 PMCID: PMC4452525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng (PG), is used widely as a herbal medicine to prevent and treat various diseases. Panax ginseng has pharmacological effects on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of PG and its possible neuroprotective mechanisms in advanced glycation end product (AGE)-induced AD in a rat model. METHODS Advanced glycation end products were injected bilaterally into the CA3 region of the rats' brains. The Morris water maze test and step-down type passive avoidance test were performed to evaluate their memory and cognitive abilities. The oxidation indexes in the hippocampus were detected. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to visualize the receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGEs) and nuclear factor-kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB). RESULTS Behavioral results showed that PG (1 g/kg, 0.5 g/kg, and 0.25 g/kg) significantly shortened the escape latency, remarkably increased the number of crossing times, significantly decreased the number of errors, and prolonged the latency in rats with AGE-induced AD. Panax ginseng also significantly reduced the malondialdehyde level, increased the glutathione content, and increased superoxide dismutase activity in the hippocampus. Panax ginseng significantly decreased the expression of RAGE and NF-κB. The blockade of anti-RAGE antibody could significantly reduce AGE-induced impairments and regulate these expressions. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that PG significantly inhibits AGE-induced memory impairment and attenuates Alzheimer-like pathophysiological changes. These neuroprotective effects of PG may be associated with the RAGE/NF-κB pathway. Our results provided the experimental basis for applying PG in preventing and treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Tan
- Key Laboratory of Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junfei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China ; College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China ; College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China ; Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiarui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China ; College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China ; College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiping Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Liang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- Key Laboratory of Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Moschonas DP, Piperi C, Korkolopoulou P, Levidou G, Kavantzas N, Trigka EA, Vlachos I, Arapostathi C, Perrea D, Mitropoulos D, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Papavassiliou AG. Impact of diet-induced obesity in male mouse reproductive system: The role of advanced glycation end product- receptor for advanced glycation end product axis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:937-947. [PMID: 24872429 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214531899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity represents a route to broad physiological dysfunction affecting major organs including male urogenital system. Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and oxidative stress associated with obesity augment the formation of reactive metabolic by-products, namely advanced glycation end products (AGEs), leading to increased tissue deposition and damage. The exogenous intake and the endogenous accumulation of AGEs contribute to metabolic and reproductive abnormalities in both women and men. The present study assessed the effects of a diet high in saturated fatty acids (SAFA) on the lipid and metabolic profile (AGE levels, oxidative stress) as well as pathogenic (AGE, receptor for AGEs [RAGE] expression, apoptosis) and morphometric parameters of male reproductive system in vivo. Effects of switching to a diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) or equal in the proportion MUFA to SAFA were further investigated. SAFA-fed animals were characterized by increased serum lipid concentrations (p < .05) compared to controls, but AGEs and peroxide levels were not significantly different across the different experimental groups. Elevated AGE deposition was detected for the first time in germ cells with a higher staining intensity in animals on the SAFA diet, compared to MUFA or MUFA-SAFA-fed animals or the control samples (p = .018). In Leydig cells, AGE localization was higher in the entire cohort of high-fat-fed animals compared to controls (p < .05). High-fat-fed mice displayed enhanced apoptosis compared to controls (p < .005). Furthermore, prostatic tissue demonstrated reduction in epithelial folding, an effect which was significantly reversed after MUFA diet administration. Our findings provide the basis for further investigation of AGE-RAGE axis in testicular and prostatic disturbances associated with diet-induced obesity. Simple dietetic intervention has beneficial effects on metabolic dysfunction of reproductive system before overt manifestations, indicating glycation as a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios P Moschonas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens Medical School, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens Medical School, Athens 11527, Greece
| | | | - Georgia Levidou
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kavantzas
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Eleni-Andriana Trigka
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Ioannis Vlachos
- Laboratory for Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research "N.S. Christeas," University of Athens Medical School, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Christina Arapostathi
- Laboratory for Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research "N.S. Christeas," University of Athens Medical School, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Despina Perrea
- Laboratory for Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research "N.S. Christeas," University of Athens Medical School, Athens 11527, Greece
| | | | - Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis
- Endocrine Unit, Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens Medical School, Athens 11527, Greece
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12
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Kyung SY, Byun KH, Yoon JY, Kim YJ, Lee SP, Park JW, Lee BH, Park JS, Jang AS, Park CS, Jeong SH. Advanced glycation end-products and receptor for advanced glycation end-products expression in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and NSIP. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2013; 7:221-228. [PMID: 24427342 PMCID: PMC3885476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are associated with the pathogenesis of various diseases. AGEs induce excess accumulation of extracellular matrix and expression of profibrotic cytokines. In addition, studies on receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) have shown that the ligand-RAGE interaction activates several intracellular signaling cascades associated with several fibrotic diseases. We investigated the expression of AGEs and RAGE in samples from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). Lung tissues and plasma samples from patients with IPF (n=10), NSIP (n=10), and control subjects (n=10) were obtained. Expression of AGEs and RAGE was determined by immunofluorescence assay of lung tissue. Circulating AGEs were measured by Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Lungs with IPF showed strong expression for both AGEs and RAGE compared to that in NSIP and controls. However, no difference in AGE or RAGE expression was observed in lungs with NSIP compared to that in the controls. Levels of circulating AGEs also increased significantly in lungs of patients with IPF compared to those with NSIP and normal control. Increased AGE-RAGE interaction may play an important role in the pathogenesis of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Kyung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical CenterIncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Byun
- Department of Anatomy, Gachon University of Medicine and ScienceIncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical CenterIncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical CenterIncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Pyo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical CenterIncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Woong Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical CenterIncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Hee Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Gachon University of Medicine and ScienceIncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Sook Park
- Genome Research Center for Allergy and Respiratory diseases, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon HospitalBucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - An Soo Jang
- Genome Research Center for Allergy and Respiratory diseases, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon HospitalBucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon Sik Park
- Genome Research Center for Allergy and Respiratory diseases, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon HospitalBucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical CenterIncheon, Republic of Korea
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13
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Zhao GW, Wang Y, Li YC, Jiang ZL, Sun L, Xi X, He P, Wang GH, Xu SH, Ma DM, Ke KF. The neuroprotective effect of modified "Shengyu" decoction is mediated through an anti-inflammatory mechanism in the rat after traumatic brain injury. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 151:694-703. [PMID: 24296086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE "Shengyu" decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been used to treat diseases with deficit in "qi" and "blood" induced frequently by profound loss of blood or by long sores with heavy pus, in which a potential anti-inflammatory effect is implied. The modified "Shengyu" decoction (MSD) used in the present study was designed on the basis of the "Shengyu" decoction, additional four herbs were added in. Many ingredients in these herbs have been demonstrated to be anti-inflammatory and thus MSD may be used for the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). To evaluate the neuroprotective effect and the underlying mechanisms of MSD on the rat brain after TBI. MATERIALS AND METHODS TBI was induced in the right cerebral cortex of male adult rats using Feeney's weight-drop method. The rats were administered a gavage of MSD (0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 ml/200 g) 6h after TBI. The neurological functions, brain water content, contusion volume, and neuron loss were determined. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 and the number of GFAP- and Iba1-positive cells in the brain ipsilateral to TBI were also measured. Moreover, the influence of MSD on these variables was observed at the same time. RESULTS The neurological deficits, brain water content, and neuron loss were significantly reduced after 1.0 or 2.0 ml/200 g of MSD treatment but not after 0.5 ml/200 g. In addition, treatment with MSD (1.0 ml/200 g) significantly increased the level of IL-10 and reduced the level of TNF-α and IL-1β and the number of GFAP- and Iba1-positive cells after TBI. However, the contusion volume of brain tissue and the expression of IL-6 were not significantly changed. CONCLUSION MSD may be a potential therapeutic for the treatment of TBI because MSD alleviated secondary brain injury induced by TBI. In addition, MSD inhibited the inflammatory response through reducing the expression of inflammatory cytokines and the activation of microglial cells and astrocytes in the brain tissue of rats after TBI. Therefore, a potential anti-inflammatory mechanism of the "Shengyu" decoction was confirmed, which may be one of the main reasons of "Shengyu" decoction used to treat diseases with obvious inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Wei Zhao
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, 20 Xishi Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China; Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Gaocheng, Hebei 052160, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Chinese Medicine, The People's Hospital of Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yong-Cai Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Ningxia, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China.
| | - Zheng-Lin Jiang
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, 20 Xishi Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China.
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xin Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Chinese Medicine, The People's Hospital of Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Peng He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Ningxia, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Guo-Hua Wang
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Shi-Hui Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Ningxia, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Dong-Ming Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Ningxia, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Kai-Fu Ke
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, 20 Xishi Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
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14
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Gaens KH, Stehouwer CDA, Schalkwijk CG. The N ε-(carboxymethyl)lysine-RAGE axis: putative implications for the pathogenesis of obesity-related complications. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2010; 5:839-854. [PMID: 30780826 DOI: 10.1586/eem.10.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an important contributor to the burden of insulin resistance, Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. An important mechanism by which excess adiposity causes obesity-associated complications is the dysregulated production and secretion of biologically active molecules derived from adipocytes. These adipokines affect the vascular wall and contribute to the development of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. However, factors that cause an increased production of pro-inflammatory adipokines, while decreasing anti-inflammatory adipokines, have not been fully clarified. Owing to local conditions in adipose tissue, that is, increased fatty acids, hypoxia and oxidative stress, we speculate that an increased formation of the major advanced lipoxidation end product, Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), may play a role. CML-adducts in proteins are major ligands for the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). The consequence of RAGE activation by CML is the activation of important signaling inflammatory pathways. The putative role of CML-modified proteins in obesity is addressed in this article. The identification of this pathway may provide an important strategy for novel therapeutic approaches against obesity-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Hj Gaens
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P Debeyelaan 25, PO Box 5800, 6206 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
- b Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Coen DA Stehouwer
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P Debeyelaan 25, PO Box 5800, 6206 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
- b Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Casper G Schalkwijk
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P Debeyelaan 25, PO Box 5800, 6206 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
- b Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- c
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